744:
Due to the historical word shortening from Proto-Bantu, Nzadi does not have the stem-level vowel harmony that many other Bantu languages do. However, one kind of harmony does present itself: /e-/ or /o-/ noun prefixes will harmonize to É- or É- if the stem has an identical /É/ or /É/ vowel.
518:
All stems necessarily begin with a consonant, and monosyllabic stems take four possible structures: CV, CVC, CVV, or CVVC. In the case of bisyllabic stems, both syllables begin with a consonant, and long vowels never occur in the first syllable, and rarely in the second.
969:
When a contour tone is followed by another tone that begins with the same tone level as the end of the first, the first tone is simplified by dropping the final tone level. For example, a HL contour followed by a L tone will be simplified to H.
1273:
527:
As a result of the systematic shortening of word stems, Nzadi words tend to have more vowel clusters than other Bantu languages, and in many cases adjusts one or more of the adjacent vowels by the following processes.
2212:
485:
Unlike other Bantu languages, which favor polysyllabic word stems, Nzadi consists primarily of monosyllabic stems. Bisyllabic stems are also present, but they are primarily borrowings or reduplications.
1266:
1060:
Despite the functional load of tone in Nzadi, intonation can interact or interfere with lexical tones, particularly when a pause in the utterance is taken. In this case, a H boundary tone is inserted.
3493:
1259:
753:
Nzadi, like other Bantu languages, has two contrastive tone leves, high (H) and low (L), which can combine to form falling (HL), rising (LH), and rising-falling (LHL) contour tones.
2205:
875:
Tone in Nzadi conveys important lexical and grammatical information, and can be the only difference between different words and forms, as seen in the minimal quintuplet here:
1354:
1282:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
2198:
1002:
Contour simplification is similar to tone absorption, but occurs when adjacent tone levels are different, as seen in the following possessive constructions:
3441:
2226:
177:
99:
1956:
264:
Nzadi contains seven contrastive vowels, which can be either long or short. The table below shows all the vowel phonemes found in the language:
2179:
1192:
1452:
1961:
1208:
243:." The number of speakers of Nzadi is not known, but is estimated to be in the thousands. The Nzadi language has three dialects,
228:
80:
85:
74:
2515:
2338:
2190:
1540:
3498:
2568:
2556:
2550:
2159:
1853:
679:
In cases in which coalescence does not occur, a long vowel followed immediately by another vowel will shorten.
536:
When two different vowels occur in succession, one of three things can happen, depending on several factors:
2758:
2474:
2462:
2456:
1560:
3034:
1739:
1495:
3432:
3236:
3230:
3200:
3194:
2910:
2892:
2886:
2880:
2279:
2261:
1971:
1813:
1724:
1613:
1525:
3158:
2046:
1863:
1575:
1467:
1251:
3188:
3182:
2273:
1689:
1397:
1339:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3164:
2940:
2071:
1873:
1661:
1237:
3444:
is geographic and its groupings do not imply a relationship between the languages within them.
2958:
2934:
2716:
2710:
2031:
2026:
1565:
1364:
1188:
240:
90:
3105:
2898:
2740:
2728:
2509:
2486:
2480:
2285:
2267:
2139:
2129:
2076:
2061:
2016:
1906:
1896:
1891:
1848:
1782:
1681:
1646:
1603:
1590:
1580:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1515:
1505:
1427:
1387:
1329:
1324:
1229:
3361:
3319:
3313:
3260:
3123:
3058:
2999:
2946:
2904:
2787:
2734:
2722:
2704:
2698:
2674:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2432:
2222:
2086:
2036:
1991:
1951:
1901:
1858:
1843:
1714:
1704:
1671:
1608:
1535:
1432:
1422:
1407:
1377:
1317:
224:
105:
95:
66:
2503:
3425:
3349:
3343:
3337:
3331:
3325:
3307:
3295:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3152:
3146:
3140:
3117:
3111:
3099:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3052:
3046:
3028:
3005:
2993:
2981:
2975:
2928:
2922:
2916:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2770:
2764:
2746:
2686:
2639:
2586:
2527:
2521:
2468:
2438:
2426:
2409:
2403:
2391:
2385:
2332:
2326:
2320:
2255:
2249:
2106:
2101:
2066:
2056:
2051:
2011:
1996:
1976:
1936:
1931:
1911:
1838:
1823:
1795:
1790:
1772:
1744:
1734:
1729:
1719:
1709:
1699:
1694:
1666:
1656:
1641:
1633:
1623:
1618:
1598:
1570:
1520:
1510:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1457:
1447:
1437:
1417:
1402:
1392:
1312:
1296:
167:
3487:
3398:
3392:
3386:
3379:
3373:
3367:
3355:
3301:
3093:
3040:
3011:
2987:
2952:
2874:
2805:
2752:
2692:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2603:
2580:
2574:
2450:
2444:
2397:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2350:
2344:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2134:
2124:
2096:
2091:
2006:
1986:
1981:
1966:
1946:
1941:
1921:
1916:
1886:
1881:
1818:
1754:
1749:
1651:
1530:
1500:
1475:
1442:
1382:
1372:
1333:
1241:
111:
2799:
2793:
2680:
2154:
2081:
2041:
2001:
1926:
1185:
A grammar of Nzadi : a Bantu language of the
Democratic Republic of the Congo
2562:
2544:
2144:
2021:
1828:
236:
47:
1220:
Hyman, Larry (June 2012). "Post-Verbal subject in the Nzadi relative clause".
1805:
160:
144:
1233:
151:
2116:
1764:
37:
2149:
1833:
1183:
Crane, Thera M.; Hyman, Larry M.; Tukumu, Simon
Nsielanga (2011).
232:
3449:
Narrow Bantu languages by
Guthrie classification zone templates
2194:
1255:
3287:
3174:
3132:
3085:
3020:
2967:
2866:
2825:
2818:
2779:
2666:
2595:
2536:
2495:
2418:
2359:
2294:
2241:
2234:
2172:
2115:
1872:
1804:
1781:
1763:
1680:
1632:
1589:
1466:
1363:
1348:
1305:
1289:
637:
The two vowels can be realized without modification
210:
202:
194:
174:
158:
142:
137:
63:
59:
unknown, but probably several thousands (2011)
53:
43:
33:
21:
3494:Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1283:Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1187:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
666:meet when two lexical words occur in sequence
2206:
1267:
8:
1222:Journal of African Languages and Linguistics
3473:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones NâS)
3468:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones JâM)
3463:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones EâH)
3458:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones CâD)
3453:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones AâB)
2822:
2238:
2213:
2199:
2191:
1360:
1274:
1260:
1252:
601:deletes with compensatory lengthening of V
18:
565:deletes without affecting the length of V
1178:
1067:
1004:
877:
755:
538:
353:
266:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1154:
191:
704:'the day that the man ate the banana'
7:
729:'the day that the man ate the food'
3431:Languages between parentheses are
14:
229:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1209:New Updated Guthrie List Online
3435:of the language on their left.
1:
1104:'a maggot I gave the child'
235:along the north side of the
1142:'a cloth I gave the child'
1085:'a fruit I gave the child'
3515:
16:Bantu language of DR Congo
3417:
1957:Kango (Bas-Uélé District)
1123:'a rat I gave the child'
26:
1207:Jouni Filip Maho, 2009.
1025:'the friend's forehead'
1962:Kango (Tshopo District)
3442:Guthrie classification
2227:Guthrie classification
1234:10.1515/jall-2012-0004
998:Contour simplification
725:esĂșĂș na o dzĂ© iba esaa
700:esĂșĂș na o dzĂ© iba ikwÉ
1047:'the person's spear'
989:'the father's friend'
589:is a non-stem vowel
231:, "from Kwamuntu to
2180:French African Sign
1140:epĂșĂș, mi Ăł pĂ© mwÇĂ n
1121:mpĂșĂč, mi Ăł pĂ© mwÇĂ n
1102:mbÇm, mi Ăł pĂ© mwÇĂ n
1083:mbÇm, mi Ăł pĂ© mwÇĂ n
1014:'the woman's nose'
545:Coalescence Process
508:'car' (from French
1306:National languages
1036:'the man's spear'
960:General tone rules
523:Phonological rules
481:Syllable structure
245:Ngiemba, Lensibun,
3481:
3480:
3426:extinct languages
3413:
3412:
2814:
2813:
2188:
2187:
2168:
2167:
1290:Official language
1146:
1145:
1051:
1050:
955:
954:
906:'to bury, plant'
873:
872:
670:
669:
532:Vowel coalescence
478:
477:
347:
346:
241:Bandundu Province
218:
217:
190:
189:
3506:
2823:
2239:
2225:(Zones AâB) (by
2215:
2208:
2201:
2192:
1591:Kasai-Occidental
1541:Ngbaka Minagende
1361:
1276:
1269:
1262:
1253:
1246:
1245:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1180:
1068:
1005:
977:/mbéÚ/ 'friend'
891:'that very one'
878:
756:
675:Vowel shortening
629:is a stem vowel
539:
354:
267:
192:
186:
180:
170:
154:
147:
69:
19:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3499:Bantu languages
3484:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3409:
3283:
3170:
3128:
3081:
3016:
2963:
2862:
2810:
2775:
2662:
2658:South-West Fang
2591:
2532:
2491:
2414:
2355:
2290:
2230:
2223:Bantu languages
2219:
2189:
2184:
2164:
2111:
1868:
1800:
1777:
1759:
1676:
1628:
1585:
1462:
1352:
1350:
1344:
1301:
1285:
1280:
1250:
1249:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1182:
1181:
1156:
1151:
1058:
1000:
967:
965:Tone absorption
962:
951:'bury! plant!"
751:
742:
677:
665:
661:
655:
651:
647:
643:
628:
622:
618:
614:
610:
604:
600:
588:
582:
578:
574:
568:
564:
534:
525:
483:
352:
262:
257:
184:
181:
176:
166:
150:
143:
133:
70:
67:Language family
65:
56:
55:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
3512:
3510:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3486:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3437:
3436:
3429:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3401:
3395:
3389:
3383:
3376:
3370:
3364:
3358:
3352:
3346:
3340:
3334:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3298:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3275:
3269:
3263:
3257:
3251:
3245:
3239:
3233:
3227:
3221:
3215:
3209:
3203:
3197:
3191:
3185:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3161:
3155:
3149:
3143:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3120:
3114:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3073:
3067:
3061:
3055:
3049:
3043:
3037:
3031:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3008:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2955:
2949:
2943:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2907:
2901:
2895:
2889:
2883:
2877:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2829:
2827:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2767:
2761:
2755:
2749:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2713:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2388:
2382:
2380:Southeast Bobe
2376:
2374:Southwest Bobe
2370:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2264:
2258:
2252:
2245:
2243:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2195:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2176:
2174:
2173:Sign languages
2170:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2121:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1878:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1810:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1787:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1769:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1686:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1638:
1636:
1634:Kasai-Oriental
1630:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1595:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1369:
1367:
1358:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1327:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1256:
1248:
1247:
1212:
1200:
1193:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1066:
1065:
1057:
1054:
1049:
1048:
1042:
1041:/ikÉÌĆ Ă© mĂčĂčr/
1038:
1037:
1031:
1030:/ikÉÌĆ Ă© ibaa/
1027:
1026:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1009:
1008:/mbwÉÌm okĂĄĂ r/
999:
996:
995:
994:
993:
992:
991:
990:
984:
966:
963:
961:
958:
953:
952:
949:
944:
938:
937:
934:
929:
923:
922:
919:
914:
908:
907:
904:
899:
893:
892:
889:
884:
871:
870:
867:
862:
859:
854:
848:
847:
844:
839:
836:
831:
825:
824:
821:
816:
813:
808:
802:
801:
798:
793:
790:
785:
779:
778:
775:
770:
767:
762:
750:
747:
741:
738:
737:
736:
735:
734:
733:
732:
731:
730:
709:
708:
707:
706:
705:
676:
673:
668:
667:
663:
659:
656:
653:
649:
645:
641:
638:
635:
631:
630:
626:
623:
620:
616:
612:
608:
605:
602:
598:
595:
591:
590:
586:
583:
580:
576:
572:
569:
566:
562:
559:
555:
554:
549:
547:
542:
533:
530:
524:
521:
516:
515:
514:
513:
503:
497:
482:
479:
476:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
463:
459:
458:
456:
454:
452:
449:
447:
443:
442:
440:
438:
436:
433:
430:
426:
425:
423:
421:
419:
416:
413:
409:
408:
406:
404:
402:
399:
396:
392:
391:
388:
385:
383:
380:
377:
373:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
351:
348:
345:
344:
342:
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331:
330:
327:
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322:
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315:
312:
310:
307:
301:
300:
297:
295:
292:
286:
285:
280:
275:
270:
261:
258:
256:
253:
227:spoken in the
225:Bantu language
216:
215:
212:
208:
207:
204:
200:
199:
196:
188:
187:
182:
175:
172:
171:
164:
156:
155:
148:
140:
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138:Language codes
135:
134:
132:
131:
130:
129:
128:
127:
126:
125:
124:
123:
122:
121:
120:
119:
81:AtlanticâCongo
73:
71:
64:
61:
60:
57:
54:
51:
50:
45:
41:
40:
35:
34:Native to
31:
30:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3511:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
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3474:
3471:
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3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
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3396:
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3353:
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3333:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3250:
3246:
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3208:
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3097:
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3019:
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3009:
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2995:
2991:
2989:
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2979:
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2807:
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2700:
2696:
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2678:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2588:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2546:
2542:
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2539:
2535:
2529:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2216:
2211:
2209:
2204:
2202:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
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1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
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1817:
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1812:
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1809:
1807:
1803:
1797:
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1780:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1753:
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1748:
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1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
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1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1496:Central Banda
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
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1436:
1434:
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1426:
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1421:
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1409:
1406:
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1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1334:Congo Swahili
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1228:(1): 97â117.
1227:
1223:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1196:
1194:9780520098862
1190:
1186:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1055:
1053:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1003:
997:
988:
985:
982:
979:
978:
976:
975:
973:
972:
971:
964:
959:
957:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
939:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
924:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
909:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
894:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
879:
876:
868:
866:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
849:
845:
843:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
826:
822:
820:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
803:
799:
797:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
780:
776:
774:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
757:
754:
748:
746:
740:Vowel harmony
739:
728:
727:
726:
723:
722:
721:
717:
713:
710:
703:
702:
701:
698:
697:
696:
692:
688:
685:
684:
682:
681:
680:
674:
672:
657:
639:
636:
633:
632:
624:
606:
596:
593:
592:
584:
570:
560:
557:
556:
553:
550:
548:
546:
543:
541:
540:
537:
531:
529:
522:
520:
511:
507:
504:
501:
498:
495:
492:
491:
489:
488:
487:
480:
473:
471:
468:
466:
464:
461:
460:
457:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
444:
441:
439:
437:
434:
431:
428:
427:
424:
422:
420:
417:
414:
411:
410:
407:
405:
403:
400:
397:
394:
393:
389:
386:
384:
381:
378:
375:
374:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
356:
355:
349:
343:
340:
338:
336:
333:
332:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
317:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
302:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
287:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
268:
265:
259:
254:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
183:
179:
173:
169:
165:
163:
162:
157:
153:
149:
146:
141:
136:
118:
115:
114:
113:
110:
109:
107:
104:
103:
101:
97:
94:
93:
92:
89:
88:
87:
84:
83:
82:
79:
78:
76:
72:
68:
62:
58:
52:
49:
46:
42:
39:
36:
32:
29:
25:
20:
3421:
3404:
1725:Luba-Katanga
1412:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1203:
1184:
1139:
1133:
1128:
1120:
1114:
1109:
1101:
1095:
1090:
1082:
1076:
1071:
1059:
1052:
1044:
1033:
1022:
1011:
1001:
986:
980:
968:
956:
946:
941:
931:
926:
916:
911:
901:
896:
886:
881:
874:
864:
856:
851:
841:
833:
828:
818:
810:
805:
795:
787:
782:
772:
764:
759:
752:
743:
724:
719:
715:
711:
699:
694:
690:
686:
678:
671:
551:
544:
535:
526:
517:
509:
505:
499:
493:
484:
334:
319:
304:
289:
282:
277:
272:
263:
248:
244:
220:
219:
178:Guthrie code
159:
116:
27:
3399:West Ngongo
2145:Kinyarwanda
1829:Kinyarwanda
1576:South Banda
1045:ikÉĆ e mĂșĂčr
1019:/mbÇn mbĂ©Ăš/
1012:mbwÉm okĂĄĂ r
983:'my friend'
921:'firewood'
552:Occurs When
371:labiovelar
237:Kasai River
86:BenueâCongo
75:NigerâCongo
48:Kasai River
3488:Categories
3167:(spurious)
2451:South Kogo
2445:North Kogo
2368:North Bobe
1690:Bangubangu
1398:Lia-Ntomba
1349:Indigenous
1149:References
1056:Intonation
974:Examples:
792:'mushroom'
683:Examples:
412:fricatives
395:affricates
350:Consonants
106:BomaâDzing
3433:varieties
3424:indicate
3332:East Yans
3231:Ndzindziu
3195:Ngungwele
3183:Tege-Kali
2941:Metombola
2881:West Kele
2072:Nyanga-li
1874:Orientale
1806:Nord-Kivu
1662:Salampasu
1351:languages
1242:146842539
1034:ikÉĆ ibĂĄĂ
1023:mbun mbéÚ
869:'ground'
846:'father'
823:'dress!'
490:Examples
255:Phonology
249:Ndzé Ntaa
161:Glottolog
145:ISO 639-3
3279:Tsitsege
3189:Njiningi
3159:Kaning'i
2959:Mahongwe
2947:Molengue
2935:Ndambomo
2875:Sekiyani
2771:Koonzime
2628:Yangafek
2117:Sud-Kivu
2032:Mangbutu
2027:Mangbetu
1765:Kinshasa
1566:Pagibete
1468:Ăquateur
1365:Bandundu
1355:province
1340:Tshiluba
1098:'maggot'
1064:Example:
987:mbéé tà å
981:mbĂ©Ă© mÇË
936:'trunk'
720:iba esaa
695:iba ikwÉ
512:'truck')
390:kp (gb)
362:alveolar
305:high-mid
211:Language
168:nzad1234
38:DR Congo
3422:Italics
3249:Musieno
3106:Tsaangi
2994:Himbaka
2899:Mbangwe
2834:Mpongwe
2741:Ukwedjo
2729:Bomwali
2711:Medjime
2699:Konabem
2640:GbĂŻgbĂŻl
2563:Bacenga
2557:Mangisa
2551:Yambasa
2522:Ngayaba
2510:Kaalong
2487:Yambeta
2475:Aling'a
2339:Mulimba
2303:Bomboko
2286:Nkongho
2268:Bonkeng
2221:Narrow
2150:Kirundi
2140:Kabwari
2130:Fuliiru
2077:Nzakara
2062:Ngelima
2017:Lugbara
1907:Barambu
1897:Bangala
1892:Avokaya
1849:Talinga
1834:Kirundi
1783:Maniema
1682:Katanga
1647:Dengese
1604:Bushong
1581:Yangere
1556:Ngbundu
1551:Ngbinda
1546:Ngbandi
1516:Mbandja
1506:Losengo
1428:Sengele
1388:Hungana
1330:Swahili
1325:Lingala
1136:'cloth'
1079:'fruit'
838:'theft'
815:'chair'
800:'load'
777:'wine'
500:pÉtpÉÌt
496:'mango'
494:mĂ ĂĄĆgÇl
446:liquids
398:(pf) bv
365:palatal
320:low-mid
278:central
91:Bantoid
3382:(Ngwi)
3366:[B821
3277:[B701
3207:Tsaayi
3201:Mpumpu
3165:Yangho
3157:[B602
3153:Nduumo
3147:Mbaama
3110:[B501
3059:Varama
3051:[B401
3000:Bongwe
2986:[B301
2915:[B201
2905:Wumbvu
2852:Dyumba
2819:Zone B
2788:Kwakum
2733:[A801
2723:Mpiemo
2717:Mpompo
2705:Bekwil
2675:Mvumbo
2656:[A751
2634:Bëbëlë
2610:Ewondo
2573:[A621
2526:[A501
2473:[A441
2463:Nyokon
2433:Bankon
2392:Bapoko
2343:[A221
2309:Baakpe
2278:[A141
2262:Balong
2235:Zone A
2087:Pambia
2037:Mayogo
1992:Likile
1952:Kaliko
1902:Bangba
1859:Vanuma
1844:Nyanga
1715:Kaonde
1705:Chokwe
1672:Tetela
1609:Chokwe
1561:Ngombe
1536:Ndunga
1433:Shinji
1423:Sakata
1408:Mpuono
1378:Chokwe
1318:Kituba
1297:French
1240:
1191:
510:camion
506:kamyÉÌ
462:glides
429:nasals
359:labial
260:Vowels
214:Indzéé
206:Andzéé
203:People
198:Ondzéé
195:Person
108:(B.80)
100:Zone B
44:Region
28:Indzéé
3405:Nzadi
3403:B865
3397:B864
3393:Mpiin
3391:B863
3385:B862
3378:B861
3372:B822
3362:Mbuun
3348:B85e
3344:Ntsuo
3342:B85d
3336:B85c
3330:B85b
3326:Mbiem
3324:B85a
3320:Mpuun
3318:B84b
3314:Mpuon
3312:B84a
3308:Mfinu
3296:Tiene
3273:Wuumu
3265:B77b
3261:Kukwa
3259:B77a
3253:B76b
3247:B76a
3235:B74b
3229:B74a
3223:B73d
3217:B73c
3213:Laali
3211:B73b
3205:B73a
3199:B72b
3193:B72a
3187:B71b
3181:B71a
3163:B603
3141:Mbete
3122:B503
3118:Mwele
3116:B502
3112:Wanzi
3100:Nzebi
3077:Bwali
3075:B411
3071:Ngubi
3069:B404
3065:Vungu
3063:B403
3057:B402
3053:Bwisi
3047:Lumbu
3035:Sangu
3010:B305
3006:Pinzi
3004:B304
2998:B303
2992:B302
2982:Kande
2976:Tsogo
2957:B252
2953:Shake
2951:B251
2945:B221
2939:B205
2933:B204
2927:B203
2923:Sighu
2921:B202
2917:Ndasa
2891:B22c
2885:B22b
2879:B22a
2858:Nkomi
2856:B11e
2850:B11d
2846:Galwa
2844:B11c
2840:Rongo
2838:B11b
2832:B11a
2798:A92b
2792:A92a
2769:A842
2765:Bajue
2763:A841
2759:Bekol
2757:A832
2751:A831
2747:Shiwe
2745:A803
2739:A802
2735:Gyele
2721:A86c
2715:A86b
2709:A86a
2703:A85b
2697:A85a
2687:Makaa
2638:A73b
2632:A73a
2626:A72d
2622:Bakja
2620:A72c
2616:Mvele
2614:A72b
2608:A72a
2587:Mbule
2585:A623
2579:A622
2545:Ngoro
2528:Hijuk
2485:A462
2481:Bonek
2479:A461
2469:Mandi
2457:Banen
2449:A43c
2443:A43b
2439:Mbene
2437:A43a
2427:Lombi
2410:Benga
2404:Kombe
2402:A33b
2396:A33a
2390:A32b
2386:Banoo
2384:A32a
2378:A31c
2372:A31b
2366:A31a
2349:A231
2345:Bubia
2333:Pongo
2321:Duala
2284:A151
2256:Barue
2250:Londo
2160:Tembo
2107:Zande
2102:Tagbo
2067:Nyali
2057:Ngbee
2052:Ndaka
2012:Lombo
1997:Linga
1977:Lendu
1937:Dongo
1932:Bwela
1912:Beeke
1854:Tembo
1839:Nande
1824:Hunde
1796:Zimba
1791:Hendo
1773:Mfinu
1745:Tabwa
1740:Sanga
1735:Ruund
1730:Lunda
1720:Kebwe
1710:Hemba
1700:Bwile
1695:Bemba
1667:Songe
1657:Nkutu
1642:Budya
1624:Wongo
1619:Lwalu
1599:Binji
1571:Sango
1531:Ndolo
1521:Mongo
1511:Mbaka
1491:Budza
1486:Bango
1481:Bangi
1458:Yansi
1448:Tiene
1438:Sonde
1418:Pende
1413:Nzadi
1403:Mbala
1393:Kwese
1313:Kongo
1238:S2CID
1117:'rat'
861:'eye'
796:bvuur
769:'bee'
662:and V
634:(iii)
502:'mud'
451:l (r)
401:ts dz
387:k (g)
376:stops
368:velar
329:É ÉÉ
314:o oo
299:u uu
294:i ii
273:front
233:Ilebo
223:is a
221:Nzadi
185:B.865
117:Nzadi
96:Bantu
22:Nzadi
3440:The
3387:Lwel
3380:Ngul
3374:Nunu
3360:B87
3354:B86
3350:Mpur
3338:Yeei
3306:B83
3302:Boma
3300:B82
3294:B81
3271:B78
3267:Fumu
3255:Ngee
3243:Bali
3241:B75
3237:Boma
3151:B63
3145:B62
3139:B61
3124:Vili
3104:B53
3098:B52
3094:Duma
3092:B51
3045:B44
3041:Punu
3039:B43
3033:B42
3029:Sira
3027:B41
3012:Vove
2988:Viya
2980:B32
2974:B31
2929:Sama
2911:Kota
2909:B25
2903:B24
2897:B23
2893:Bubi
2887:Ngom
2873:B21
2806:Kako
2804:A93
2800:Pomo
2786:A91
2753:Byep
2727:A87
2693:Njem
2691:A84
2685:A83
2679:A82
2673:A81
2652:Fang
2650:A75
2646:Bulu
2644:A74
2604:Eton
2602:A71
2581:Gunu
2575:Baca
2569:Bati
2567:A65
2561:A64
2555:A63
2549:A62
2543:A61
2520:A54
2514:A53
2508:A52
2502:A51
2467:A46
2461:A45
2455:A44
2431:A42
2425:A41
2408:A34
2398:Yasa
2351:Kole
2337:A27
2331:A26
2325:A25
2319:A24
2313:A23
2307:A22
2301:A21
2280:Bafo
2272:A15
2266:A14
2260:A13
2254:A12
2248:A11
2135:Havu
2125:Buyu
2097:Soko
2092:Poke
2007:Logo
2002:Loki
1987:Lika
1982:Lese
1972:Kele
1967:Kari
1947:Hema
1942:Guru
1922:Budu
1917:Bila
1887:Asoa
1882:Alur
1864:Yaka
1819:Havu
1814:Amba
1755:Yazi
1750:Zela
1652:Luna
1614:Lele
1526:Mono
1501:Furu
1476:Bala
1453:Yaka
1443:Suku
1383:Ding
1373:Boma
1353:(by
1189:ISBN
1134:epĂșĂș
1115:mpĂșĂč
1110:L-HL
1096:mbÇm
1091:L-LH
1077:mbum
947:kÇËn
942:LHL:
932:ikÇn
917:ekûn
902:okun
887:ĆkĂșn
865:mÇĂ n
857:dzÇË
852:LHL:
834:bvÇm
819:wĂĄĂ r
773:mĂĄĂĄn
749:Tone
716:esaa
712:ibaa
691:ikwÉ
687:ibaa
594:(ii)
341:a aa
324:É ÉÉ
309:e ee
290:high
283:back
247:and
112:Ding
3368:Mpe
3288:B80
3225:Kwe
3219:Yaa
3175:B70
3133:B60
3086:B50
3021:B40
2968:B30
2867:B20
2826:B10
2794:Pol
2780:A90
2667:A80
2596:A70
2537:A60
2516:Kpa
2504:Faâ
2496:A50
2419:A40
2360:A30
2327:Oli
2295:A20
2274:Mbo
2242:A10
2155:Shi
2082:Omi
2047:Mbo
2042:Mba
1927:Bwa
1230:doi
1129:L-H
1072:L-L
927:LH:
912:HL:
842:tĂ ĂĄ
829:LH:
811:kĂźt
806:HL:
788:bwÉ
765:nwĂ
648:â V
644:+ V
615:â V
611:+ V
579:â V
575:+ V
558:(i)
418:s z
415:f v
382:t d
379:p b
335:low
239:in
152:nzd
3490::
3356:Di
2681:So
2315:Su
2022:Ma
1236:.
1226:33
1224:.
1157:^
897:L:
882:H:
783:L:
760:H:
718:=
714:+
693:=
689:+
474:w
251:.
77:?
3428:.
2229:)
2214:e
2207:t
2200:v
1357:)
1336:)
1332:(
1275:e
1268:t
1261:v
1244:.
1232::
1197:.
664:2
660:1
658:V
654:2
652:V
650:1
646:2
642:1
640:V
627:1
625:V
621:2
619:V
617:2
613:2
609:1
607:V
603:2
599:1
597:V
587:1
585:V
581:2
577:2
573:1
571:V
567:2
563:1
561:V
469:y
435:n
432:m
102:)
98:(
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