413:
treatment of
American Indian human remains, funerary objects, sacred objects, and objects of cultural patrimony into two basic categories. Under the inadvertent discovery and planned excavation component of the act and regulations, if federal officials anticipate that activities on federal and tribal lands after November 16, 1990 might have an effect on American Indian burials—or if burials are discovered during such activities—they must consult with potential lineal descendants or American Indian tribal officials as part of their compliance responsibilities. For planned excavations, consultation must occur during the planning phase of the project. For inadvertent discoveries, the regulations delineate a set of short deadlines for initiating and completing consultation. The repatriation provision, unlike the ownership provision, applies to remains or objects discovered at any time, even before the effective date of the act, whether or not discovered on tribal or federal land. The act allows
822:
469:(founded in 1846) and museums associated with universities, but also between museums in the United States and museums in Europe. In the 1880s and 1890s, collecting was done by untrained adventurers. As of the year 1990, federal agencies reported having the remains of 14,500 deceased Natives in their possession, which had accumulated since the late 19th century. Many institutions said they used the remains of Native Americans for anthropological research, to gain more information about humans. At one time, in since discredited comparative racial studies, institutions such as the Army Medical Museum sought to demonstrate racial characteristics to prove the inferiority of Native Americans.
386:. If lineal descendants cannot be identified, then those remains and objects, along with associated funerary and sacred objects, and objects of cultural patrimony belong to the tribe on whose lands the remains were found or the tribe having the closest known relationship to them. Tribes find the burden of proof is on them, if it becomes necessary to demonstrate a cultural relationship that may not be well-documented or understood. Nowhere has this issue been more pronounced than in California, where many small bands were extinguished before they could be recognized, and only a handful have obtained federal recognition as Native Americans and descendants of Native American bands.
624:, along with other notable anthropologists, in the hopes of preventing the repatriation of the skeleton. In 2004, the court sided with the plaintiffs' assertion that due to the skeleton's age, there was not enough information available at the time to conclude whether the Kennewick Man had any cultural or genetic ties to any present day Native American tribes, and granted the plaintiffs' request to further study the remains. New evidence could still emerge in defense of tribal claims to ancestry, but emergent evidence may require more sophisticated and precise methods of determining genetic descent, given that there was no cultural evidence accompanying the remains.
40:
422:
contain items subject to NAGPRA. Additionally, federal agencies and institutions must prepare inventories of human remains and funerary objects. Under the act, funerary objects are considered "associated" if they were buried as part of a burial ceremony with a set of human remains still in possession of the federal agency or other institution. "Unassociated" funerary objects are artifacts where human remains were not initially collected by—or were subsequently destroyed, lost, or no longer in possession of—the agency or institution. Consequently, this legislation also applies to many Native
American
402:
691:
240:
347:: The colonizing population formed much of the legal system that developed over the course of settling the United States. This law did not often take into account the unique Native American practices concerning graves and other burial practices. It did not account for government actions against Native Americans, such as removal, the relationship that Native Americans as different peoples maintain with their dead, and sacred ideas and myths related to the possession of graves.
321:, prehistoric presence, cultural affiliation with antiquities, and the return of remains and objects can be controversial and contested. It includes provisions that delineate the legal processes by which museums and federal agencies are required to return certain Native American cultural items—human remains, gravesite materials, and other objects of cultural patrimony—to proven lineal descendants, culturally-related Native American tribes, and Native Hawaiian groups.
628:
coalition of
Columbia Basin tribes for reburial according to their traditions. The coalition includes the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation, the Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation, the Nez Perce Tribe, the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Reservation, and the Wanapum Band of Priest Rapids. The remains were buried on February 18, 2017, with 200 members of five Columbia Basin tribes, at an undisclosed location in the area.
813:(Assembly Bill (978) is an act created by the state of California which was signed into law in 2001. The act was created to implement the same repatriation expectations for state-funded institutions, museums, repositories, or collections as those federally supported through NAGPRA. Cal NAGPRA also supports non-federally recognized tribes within California that were exempt from legal rights to repatriation under the federal NAGPRA act.
523:, finally gaining an audience with him after sitting outside his office in traditional attire. "You can give me back my people's bones and you can quit digging them up", she responded when the governor asked what he could do for her. The ensuing controversy led to the passage of the Iowa Burials Protection Act of 1976, the first legislative act in the United States that specifically protected Native American remains.
868:
660:
359:: As in most racial and social groups, Native American burial practices relate strongly to their religious beliefs and practices. They held that when tribal dead were desecrated, disturbed, or withheld from burial, their religious beliefs and practices are being infringed upon. Religious beliefs and practices are protected by the First Amendment.
906:. About two weeks after arrival at the museum, all six of the Inuit became sick with colds and fever. They began to perform their tribal healing process and were mocked for their bizarre behavior. Viewing these people became a form of entertainment for the Americans. By November 1, 1897, they were admitted to the
372:: From the beginning of the U.S. government and tribe relations, the tribe maintained rights unless specifically divested to the U.S. government in a treaty. The U.S. government does not have the right to disturb Native American graves or their dead, because it has not been granted by any treaty.
1514:
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Convention. The UNESCO convention membership increased to 86 countries by 1997, and 193 by 2007. UNESCO appears to be reducing the illicit antiquities trade. Although difficult to track, the scholar
Phyllis Messenger notes that some antiquities traders have written articles denouncing the agreements,
421:
A criminal provision of the Act prohibits trafficking in Native
American human remains, or in Native American "cultural items." Under the inventory and notification provision of the act, federal agencies and institutions that receive federal funds are required to summarize their collections that may
412:
The statute attempts to mediate a significant tension that exists between the tribes' communal interests in the respectful treatment of their deceased ancestors and related cultural items and the scientists' individual interests in the study of those same human remains and items. The act divides the
627:
One tribe claiming ancestry to
Kennewick Man offered up a DNA test, and in 2015 it was found that the Kennewick man is "more closely related to modern Native Americans than any other living population." In September 2016, the U.S. House and Senate passed legislation to return the ancient bones to a
610:
Archaeologists said that because of
Kennewick Man's great age, there was insufficient evidence to connect him to modern tribes. The great age of the remains makes this discovery scientifically valuable. As archaeologists, forensic specialists, and linguists differed about whether the adult male was
570:
A number of archeologists are concerned that they are being prevented from studying ancient remains which cannot be traced to any historic tribe. Many of the tribes migrated to their territories at the time of
European encounter within 100–500 years from other locations, so their ancestors were not
393:
The act also requires each federal agency, museum, or institution that receives federal funds to prepare an inventory of remains and funerary objects and a summary of sacred objects, cultural patrimony objects, and unassociated funerary objects. The act provides for repatriation of these items when
324:
Outcomes of NAGPRA repatriation efforts are slow and cumbersome, leading many tribes to spend considerable effort documenting their requests; collections' holders are obliged to inform and engage with tribes whose materials they may possess. NAGPRA was enacted primarily at the insistence and by the
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origin, the standing law, if conclusively found by a preponderance of evidence to be Native
American, would give the tribe of the geographic area where he was found a claim to the remains. Anthropologists wanted to preserve and study the remains, however, steps had already been taken to repatriate
381:
The Native
American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act is a law that establishes the ownership of cultural items excavated or discovered on federal or tribal land after November 16, 1990. The act also applies to land transferred by the federal government to the states under the Water Resources
292:
NAGPRA also establishes procedures for the inadvertent discovery or planned excavation of Native American cultural items on federal or tribal lands. While these provisions do not apply to discoveries or excavations on private or state lands, the collection provisions of the Act may apply to Native
642:
is an inter-religious project whose goal is to inter unidentified remains in regional burial sites. Over 110,000 remains that cannot be associated with a particular tribe are held in institutions across the United States, as of 2006. The project seeks to enable a process of reconciliation between
514:
of NAGPRA". In the early 1970s, Pearson was appalled that the skeletal remains of Native Americans were treated differently from white remains. Her husband, an engineer with the Iowa Department of Transportation, told her that both Native American and white remains were uncovered during road
300:
The Department of the Interior amended NAGPRA in 2023 to clarify steps for its implementation. The amendment, which went into effect on January 12, 2024, states "...museums and Federal agencies must defer to the Native American traditional knowledge of lineal descendants, Indian Tribes, and
926:
to Greenland for proper burial. Representatives of the Museum went to Greenland that year to participate. In contrast to peoples in other areas, some local Inuit thought that the burial was more desired by the Christian representatives of the museum, and that the remains could have just as
943:(ARPA) protects archaeological sites on federally owned lands. Privately owned sites are controlled by the owners. In some areas, archaeological foundations or similar organizations buy archaeological sites in order to conserve cultural resources associated with such properties.
365:
Rights: Native Americans hold unique rights as sovereign bodies, leading to their relations to be controlled by their own laws and customs. The relationship between the people and their dead is an internal relationship, to be understood as under the sovereign jurisdiction of the
918:
was adopted by a superintendent of the museum, while Uissakassak returned to his homeland in Greenland. Later, after being lied to and being told that his father Qisuk had received a proper Inuit burial, Minik was shocked to find his father's skeleton on display in the museum.
389:
Congress attempted to "strike a balance between the interest in scientific examination of skeletal remains and the recognition that Native Americans, like people from every culture around the world, have a religious and spiritual reverence for the remains of their ancestors."
296:
NAGPRA makes it a criminal offense to traffic in Native American human remains without right of possession or in Native American cultural items obtained in violation of the Act. Penalties for a first offense may reach 12 months imprisonment and a $ 100,000 fine.
864:. The Hague Convention was the first international convention to focus on preserving cultural heritage from the devastation of war. Looting and destruction of other civilizations have been characteristics of war recorded from the first accounts of all cultures.
861:
826:
397:
Since the legislation passed, the human remains of approximately 32,000 individuals have been returned to their respective tribes. Nearly 670,000 funerary objects, 120,000 unassociated funerary objects, and 3,500 sacred objects have been returned.
2807:
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The late 19th century was one of the most difficult periods in Native American history regarding the loss of cultural artifacts and land. With the founding of museums and scholarly studies of Native American peoples increasing with the growth of
417:
teams a short time for analysis before the remains must be returned. Once it is determined that human remains are American Indian, analysis can occur only through documented consultation (on federal lands) or consent (on tribal lands).
1671:
Mission: The Return to the Earth project supports Native Americans in burying unidentifiable ancestral remains now scattered across the United States and enables a process of education and reconciliation between Native and Non-Native
976:, use national ownership laws to declare national ownership for all cultural artifacts. These laws cover control of artifacts that have not been discovered, to try to prevent looting of potential sites before exploration.
464:
as disciplines, private collectors and museums competed to acquire artifacts, which many Native Americans considered ancestral assets, but others sold. This competition existed not only between museums such as the
2670:
1039:"Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act Systematic Processes for Disposition or Repatriation of Native American Human Remains, Funerary Objects, Sacred Objects, and Objects of Cultural Patrimony"
554:, in which human remains were tossed to the side while relics were stolen, made national news and helped to galvanize popular support for protection of Native American graves. Likewise, several protests at the
575:; fears have been voiced that an anti-scientific sentiment could well have permeated politics to an extent that scientists might find their work to be continuously barred by Native Americans rights activists.
2480:
2770:
426:, especially burial items and religious artifacts. It has necessitated mass cataloguing of the Native American collections in order to identify the living heirs, culturally affiliated Indian tribes, and
1369:
Peason, Maria D. (2000). "Give Me Back My People's Bones: Repatriation and Reburial of American Indian Skeletal Remains in Iowa". In Bataille, Gretchen; Gradwohl, David M.; Silet, Charles L. P. (eds.).
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villages, and Native Hawaiian organizations. Cultural items include human remains, funerary objects, sacred objects, and objects of cultural patrimony. A program of federal grants assists in the
1038:
914:, which they likely had contracted before their trip. In February, the first Inuit died, followed shortly after by two more. By the time the sickness had run its course, only two men survived.
643:
Native and non-Native peoples, construct cedar burial boxes, produce burial cloths and fund the repatriation of remains. The first of the burial sites is near the Cheyenne Cultural Center in
3921:
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791:
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Residential and commercial development was a driving force in the desecration of many Native American burial sites, particularly in the 20th century with the expansion of suburbs and
519:. While the remains of 26 white burials were quickly reburied, the remains of a Native American mother and child were sent to a lab for study instead. Pearson protested to Governor
510:
is often credited with being the earliest catalyst for the passage of NAGPRA legislation; she has been called "the Founding Mother of modern Indian repatriation movement" and the "
317:
for the return of human remains and cultural objects unlawfully obtained from pre-contact, post-contact, former, and current Native American homelands. Interpretation of human and
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2433:
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1201:
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Department Act. However, the provisions of the legislation do not apply to private lands. The Act states that Native American remains and associated funerary objects belong to
2634:
2289:
591:. The almost complete skeleton was close to 9,000 years old. Ancient remains from North America are rare, making it a valuable scientific discovery. The federally recognized
1417:
341:: Historically, states only regulated and protected marked graves. Native American graves were often unmarked and did not receive the protection provided by these statutes.
192:
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had each claimed Kennewick Man as their ancestor, and sought permission to rebury him. Kennewick, Washington is classified as part of the ancestral land of the Umatilla.
1907:
1600:
1001:
832:
The issues of such resources are being addressed by international groups dealing with Indigenous rights. For example, in 1995 the United States signed an agreement with
356:
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national leaders, and her efforts, combined with the work of many other activists, led to the creation of NAGPRA. Pearson and other activists were featured in the 1995
2645:
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Selective export control laws control the trade of the most important artifacts while still allowing some free trade. Countries that use these laws include Canada,
1536:
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495:. A descendant of the people, Wana the Bear, attempted to prevent further desecration by arguing that the site should continue to be protected as a cemetery. The
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931:' study of the case shows the complexity of reburial and repatriation cases, and the need for individual approaches to each case by all affected parties.
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1024:
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353:: Native Americans, as well as others, often found that the remains of Native American graves were treated differently from the dead of other races.
3248:
2795:
940:
756:
483:
286:
787:
holds 5804 human remains and an additional 692,500 potential cultural items such as artifacts, animal bone, and samples on 21 of its 23 campuses.
2093:"Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act: After Almost 20 Years, Key Federal Agencies Still Have Not Fully Complied with the Act"
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requested by the appropriate descendant of the tribe. This applies to remains or objects discovered at any time, even before November 16, 1990.
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3323:
3258:
3238:
2060:
Redman, Samuel J. Bone Rooms: From Scientific Racism to Human Prehistory in Museums. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2016,
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986:
274:
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2142:
996:
1717:
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2580:
2241:
3593:
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3198:
2800:
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1127:
895:
784:
760:
717:
439:
142:
129:
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2209:
2039:
2024:
1179:
1113:
3338:
2297:
178:
1072:
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located in the historic territories. The issue has repeatedly stalled archaeological investigations, such as in the case of the
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3328:
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2135:
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401:
110:
102:
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3130:
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902:
Franz Boas, in order to "obtain leisurely certain information which will be of the greatest scientific importance" regarding
1630:
667:
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1515:"The repatriation of the Palaeoamericans: Kennewick Man/the Ancient One and the end of a non-Indian ancient North America"
499:
sided with the construction company, which finished in its destruction of the burial grounds for residential development.
438:
in the United States. In many cases, NAGPRA helped stimulate interactions of archaeologists and museum professionals with
333:
Tribes had many reasons based in law that made legislation concerning tribal grave protection and repatriation necessary.
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3303:
2755:
2610:
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2158:
406:
247:
72:
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in order to protect all pre‑Columbian artifacts from leaving the region. Soon after, it signed similar agreements with
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3203:
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2765:
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2111:
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496:
314:
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2185:
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1325:
778:
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2329:
711:
263:
39:
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2696:
2598:
2574:
2401:
1763:
907:
771:
1881:
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laws are used by some countries to enact an embargo and completely shut off export of cultural property. Many
239:
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3578:
3538:
3413:
3145:
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1020:
730:
690:
466:
2081:
1929:
562:, where numerous Indian skeletons were exposed on display, also increased national awareness of the issue.
3523:
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3090:
3033:
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2952:
2760:
2663:
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2417:
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2257:
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1967:
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holds at least 271 individuals’ remains and 539 funerary objects with almost half the remains being from
3717:
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3598:
3493:
3160:
3125:
3115:
3056:
2508:
2425:
2201:
1908:"After Damning Audit, Tribal Leaders Demand Cal State Return 700,000 Indigenous Remains, Cultural Items"
1594:
1162:
743:
588:
435:
293:
American cultural items if they come under the control of an institution that receives federal funding.
3393:
430:
organizations of remains and artifacts. NAGPRA has had a dramatic effect on the day-to-day practice of
95:
1562:
3288:
3140:
3012:
2193:
1635:
767:
695:
492:
1744:
3779:
3075:
3002:
2977:
2942:
2922:
2701:
2177:
2127:
1930:"USC, others in SC have Native American human remains 33 years after federal law said return them"
3864:
3676:
3408:
3403:
3263:
3110:
3046:
3027:
2962:
2957:
2889:
2740:
2721:
2526:
2514:
2502:
2496:
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2047:
In the Smaller Scope of Conscience: The Struggle for National Repatriation Legislation, 1986–1990
1997:
1695:
1582:
1319:
962:
928:
749:
612:
383:
136:
2982:
170:
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3691:
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3155:
3135:
2917:
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2103:
2061:
2050:
2035:
2020:
1815:
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1135:
1109:
1080:
798:
644:
621:
617:
572:
318:
227:
1790:"A Top UC Berkeley Professor Taught With Remains That May Include Dozens of Native Americans"
3834:
3671:
3623:
3573:
3513:
3428:
3353:
3343:
3318:
3273:
3120:
3070:
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3041:
2992:
2987:
1574:
1343:
596:
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350:
155:
1486:
3727:
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3378:
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3228:
3150:
3007:
2937:
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2912:
2879:
2728:
2457:
2377:
2281:
2249:
2085:
604:
427:
302:
1866:
277:"cultural items" to lineal descendants and culturally affiliated American Indian tribes,
1002:
Visual arts by Indigenous peoples of the Americas: Cultural sensitivity and repatriation
616:
the Kennewick Man given that he was discovered on federal lands. A lawsuit was filed by
146:
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3794:
3784:
3686:
3423:
3253:
3208:
3105:
3017:
2972:
2785:
2562:
2233:
1816:"Why haven't KU, others returned hundreds of Native American remains to Kansas tribes?"
955:
899:
862:
Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict
555:
516:
50:
An Act to provide for the protection of Native American graves, and for other purposes.
1372:
The Worlds between Two Rivers: Perspectives on American Indians in Iowa (expanded ed.)
3905:
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3661:
3553:
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3498:
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3473:
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3095:
2907:
2884:
2790:
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1586:
1219:"Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (U.S. National Park Service)"
966:
923:
915:
903:
871:
733:(previously the Ohio Historical Society) is estimated to hold more than 7100 remains.
584:
520:
507:
338:
278:
243:
2032:
Respect for the Ancestors: American Indian Cultural Affiliation in the American West
2001:
Skull Wars: Kennewick Man, Archaeology, and the Battle for Native American Identity,
1840:
1023:
is exempt from this act, but rather must comply with similar requirements under the
3869:
3824:
3774:
3764:
3744:
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3613:
3568:
3548:
3333:
3313:
3278:
3193:
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2869:
2604:
1968:"Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict"
911:
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600:
478:
457:
282:
2808:
United States Congressional Joint Special Committee on Conditions of Indian Tribes
2121:
3722:
3603:
3583:
3448:
3308:
3298:
3183:
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2706:
1293:
The future of the past : archaeologists, Native Americans, and repatriation
1259:
In the Courts of the Conqueror : the 10 Worst Indian Law Cases Ever Decided
1218:
867:
833:
431:
414:
362:
1882:"CSU facing new scrutiny over possession of Native American artifacts, remains"
1158:
1156:
946:
Other countries may use three basic types of laws to protect cultural remains:
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2818:
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547:
511:
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344:
211:
201:
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Brewer, Logan Jaffe; Hudetz, Mary; Ngu, Ash; Lee, Graham (January 11, 2023).
1311:
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1139:
1084:
860:
An international predecessor of the UNESCO Convention and NAGPRA is the 1954
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ancestral remains were bulldozed in the development of a residential area in
3533:
3363:
2532:
2520:
891:
845:
2092:
1614:
313:
The intent of the NAGPRA legislation is to address long-standing claims by
1291:
1257:
710:, which has more than 5000 human remains; some of these may belong to the
3732:
3696:
3646:
3508:
3293:
1955:
The Ethics of Collecting Cultural Property Whose Culture? Whose Property?
1073:"Congress Told Colleges to Return Native Remains. What's Taking So Long?"
875:
559:
551:
527:
174:
114:
1764:"America's Biggest Museums Fail to Return Native American Human Remains"
3739:
3223:
3100:
3022:
182:
55:
1537:"A Long, Complicated Battle Over 9,000-Year-Old Bones Is Finally Over"
1128:"Remains of Nearly 5,000 Native Americans Will Be Returned, U.S. Says"
17:
3085:
2017:
Grave Injustice: The American Indian Repatriation Movement and NAGPRA
973:
853:
837:
801:
in Charleston, South Carolina, has 80 remains after repatriating two.
369:
1464:
George Johnson, "Indian Tribes' Creationists Thwart Archeologists,"
781:
discovered dozens of remains in collections on campus in March 2022.
698:
announced in 2022 that remains were being stored in Lippincott Hall.
720:
in Manhattan, New York is estimated to hold more than 1900 remains.
3829:
951:
887:
866:
820:
689:
488:
400:
238:
2481:
List of United States Supreme Court cases involving Indian tribes
1106:
Readings in American Indian Law: Recalling the Rhythm of Survival
262:), Pub. L. 101-601, 25 U.S.C. 3001 et seq., 104 Stat. 3048, is a
3789:
2078:
849:
841:
2822:
2131:
1971:
1374:. Iowa City, Iowa: University of Iowa Press. pp. 131–141.
583:
Compliance with the legislation can be complicated such as the
654:
531:
1479:"The Nevada Journal: Scalping Science: Sensitivity Run Amok"
27:
1990 US law protecting Native American remains and artifacts
1296:. Tamara L. Bray. New York: Garland Pub. 2001. p. 15.
289:
may assess civil penalties on museums that fail to comply.
2362:
County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State
794:
has 252 ancestral remains and 9748 known funerary objects.
2102:. U.S. Government Accountability Office. July 10, 2010.
1867:"Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act"
1418:"Battle over Athlete Jim Thorpe's burial site continues"
1348:
Still Running: A Tribute to Maria Pearson, Yankton Sioux
792:
South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology
273:
and institutions that receive federal funding to return
1037:
Office of the Secretary, Interior (December 13, 2023).
857:
which suggests that it is reducing items sold to them.
726:
in Chicago is estimated to hold more than 1000 remains.
671:
546:
The 1987 looting of a 500-year-old burial mound at the
2623:
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
2587:
Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act
256:
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
2122:
Summary of NAGPRA laws from the National Park Service
1108:
Temple University Press, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
852:
and demonstrated leadership in implementing the 1970
33:
Native American Grave Protection and Repatriation Act
2434:
City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York
2314:
Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida
3705:
3637:
3169:
2898:
2684:
2644:
2635:
Cherokee Nation Truth in Advertising for Native Art
2489:
2290:
Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation
2169:
220:
on October 27, 1990 (passed without objection)
153:
135:
125:
120:
101:
91:
86:
78:
67:
54:
46:
1788:Brewer, Mary Hudetz; Graham, Lee (March 5, 2023).
1071:Smith, Mitch; Bosman, Julie (September 15, 2022).
442:that were felt to be constructive by all parties.
3922:United States federal Native American legislation
2079:NAGPRA information from the National Park Service
1182:. Archived from the original on December 31, 2001
325:direction of members of Native American nations.
2386:Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield
1923:
1921:
1337:
1335:
1200:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2712:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
1126:Medina, Eduardo; Rubin, April (April 4, 2023).
2266:United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co.
708:Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History
526:Emboldened by her success, Pearson went on to
2834:
2143:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1631:"Tribes lay remains of Kennewick Man to rest"
1599:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 (
8:
2370:South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe, Inc.
763:is estimated to hold more than 9000 remains.
752:is estimated to hold more than 4800 remains.
746:is estimated to hold more than 7500 remains.
740:is estimated to hold more than 6100 remains.
32:
1720:. City of Clinton, Oklahoma. Archived from
969:and Mediterranean countries use these laws.
738:Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology
702:Institutions with non-repatriated remains:
2841:
2827:
2819:
2306:McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Commission
2150:
2136:
2128:
1563:"The Forbidden Discovery of Kennewick Man"
1522:British Society for the History of Science
1025:National Museum of the American Indian Act
825:Distinctive Marking of Cultural Property,
3349:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
1957:New York: University of New Mexico, 1999.
1618:National Park Service Archeology Program.
1524:: 79–98 – via Cambridge University.
1468:, 22 October 1996, accessed 19 June 2011.
1352:Journal of the Iowa Archeological Society
1213:
1211:
587:, a skeleton found on July 28, 1996 near
1639:. Spokane, Washington. February 20, 2017
1448:"Neighbors Mourn Dickson Mounds' Demise"
1398:. British Broadcasting Corporation. 1995
2659:Federal recognition of Native Hawaiians
1180:"Native American Graves Protection Act"
1012:
941:Archaeological Resources Protection Act
757:Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology
484:Wana the Bear v. Community Construction
473:Residential and commercial developments
2019:, University of Nebraska Press, 2002,
1743:Devarajan, Kumari (October 13, 2021).
1682:
1680:
1592:
1513:Kakaliouras, Ann M. (August 8, 2019).
1317:
1246:Temple University Press, 1998, p. 169.
1193:
992:National Museum of the American Indian
31:
2593:American Indian Religious Freedom Act
2410:Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho
2163:Native Americans in the United States
2117:from the original on January 8, 2012.
2049:, University of Arizona Press, 2012,
1508:
1506:
1504:
1342:Gradwohl, David M.; Thomson, Joe B.;
987:American Indian Religious Freedom Act
927:appropriately been kept in New York.
7:
2274:Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States
1066:
1064:
997:Tribal Historic Preservation Officer
3820:Norse colonization of North America
2581:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
2242:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy
1880:Stallworth, Leo (August 31, 2023).
898:in New York, at the request of the
2100:U.S. GAO: Office of Public Affairs
896:American Museum of Natural History
882:On September 30, 1897, Lieutenant
785:California State University System
761:University of California, Berkeley
718:American Museum of Natural History
193:House Interior and Insular Affairs
25:
2751:National Indian Gaming Commission
2346:Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe
2210:New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble
2034:, Bauu Press, Boulder, Colorado.
1912:The Chronicle of Higher Education
1354:. Vol. 52. Iowa City, Iowa:
1167:American Indian Law in a Nutshell
3927:Archaeology of the United States
2298:Menominee Tribe v. United States
1620:May 2004 (retrieved 6 May 2009).
1244:Readings In American Indian Law.
658:
218:House agreed to Senate amendment
38:
3840:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
2505:(1790,1793,1796,1799,1802,1834)
1928:Riddle, Lyn (October 5, 2023).
1814:Moore, Katie (August 6, 2023).
1163:Canby Jr., William C.
924:return the four Inuit skeletons
2735:In the Courts of the Conqueror
2338:Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez
1906:Hall, Emma (August 29, 2023).
266:enacted on November 16, 1990.
1:
3932:Art and cultural repatriation
2617:Native American Languages Act
1886:ABC7 Los Angeles (California)
1535:Raja, Tasneem (May 5, 2016).
922:In 1993 the museum agreed to
542:Slack Farm and Dickson Mounds
3917:101st United States Congress
3805:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
3755:Eastern Agricultural Complex
2756:Native American civil rights
2611:Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
2450:Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl
1541:National Public Radio (U.S.)
1435:National Geographic Magazine
935:Protecting cultural property
407:Native American reservations
248:State Museum of Pennsylvania
246:artifacts on display at the
73:101st United States Congress
3189:Bandelier National Monument
3063:List of Mississippian sites
2850:Pre-Columbian North America
2771:Recognition of sacred sites
2766:Native American Rights Fund
2671:Federally recognized tribes
2551:Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act
1692:Mennonite Central Committee
1581:(inactive March 11, 2024).
497:California Courts of Appeal
315:federally recognized tribes
3958:
3609:West Oak Forest Earthlodge
3214:The Bluff Point Stoneworks
2923:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)
2629:Indian Arts and Crafts Act
2186:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
1953:Messenger, Phyllis Mauch.
1845:University of North Dakota
1718:"Cheyenne Cultural Center"
1356:Iowa Archeological Society
1256:Echo-Hawk, Walter (2010).
939:In the United States, the
779:University of North Dakota
210:on October 25, 1990 (
200:on October 22, 1990 (
3878:
3850:Three Sisters agriculture
2856:
2545:Indian Reorganization Act
2472:Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta
2330:United States v. Antelope
1745:"Skeletons In The Closet"
1579:10.1007/s12129-000-1034-8
1483:archive.nevadajournal.com
1169:. St. Paul: West, p. 276.
972:Other countries, such as
712:Seminole Tribe of Florida
651:Institutions with remains
287:Secretary of the Interior
264:United States federal law
162:
37:
3937:Native American religion
3389:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site
2948:Buttermilk Creek complex
2697:Bureau of Indian Affairs
2599:Indian Child Welfare Act
2402:South Dakota v. Bourland
2015:Fine-Dare, Kathleen S.,
908:Bellevue Hospital Center
3589:Town Creek Indian Mound
3559:Sierra de San Francisco
3414:Meadowcroft Rockshelter
2746:Long Walk of the Navajo
2676:State recognized tribes
2575:Indian Civil Rights Act
1561:Custred, Glynn (2000).
1350:. Special issue of the
1021:Smithsonian Institution
731:Ohio History Connection
467:Smithsonian Institution
189:Committee consideration
3244:Coso Rock Art District
3131:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
3034:List of Hopewell sites
2761:Native American gaming
2664:Legal status of Hawaii
2539:Indian Citizenship Act
2418:Idaho v. United States
2322:Bryan v. Itasca County
2258:Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock
2218:Standing Bear v. Crook
2084:July 19, 2006, at the
1613:McManamon, F. P.
1324:: CS1 maint: others (
879:
829:
817:International policies
699:
409:
251:
3652:Arlington Springs Man
3494:Portsmouth Earthworks
2569:Indian Relocation Act
2426:United States v. Lara
2202:Fellows v. Blacksmith
2003:New York: Basic Books
1998:Thomas, David H.
1688:"Return to the Earth"
1661:. Religions for Peace
1659:"Return to the Earth"
1396:"Bones of Contention"
1262:. New York: Fulcrum.
1104:Carrillo, Jo (1998).
870:
824:
744:Illinois State Museum
736:Harvard University's
693:
589:Kennewick, Washington
451:Cultural exploitation
436:physical anthropology
404:
242:
3912:1990 in American law
3860:Transoceanic contact
3750:Container Revolution
3324:Gila Cliff Dwellings
3289:Etowah Indian Mounds
2194:Worcester v. Georgia
1820:The Kansas City Star
1698:on November 20, 2006
1636:The Spokesman-Review
1454:. November 26, 1991.
768:University of Kansas
696:University of Kansas
672:adding missing items
493:Stockton, California
487:(1982), two-hundred
230:on November 16, 1990
3942:Native American art
3780:Green Corn Ceremony
3594:Turkey River Mounds
3384:Lake Jackson Mounds
3204:Blue Spring Shelter
2741:Indian reservations
2702:Cherokee Commission
2178:Johnson v. McIntosh
1489:on November 5, 2018
1049:(2023–27040): 86452
878:) in New York, 1897
640:Return to the Earth
633:Return to the Earth
536:Bones of Contention
156:Legislative history
34:
3865:Underwater panther
3539:Rosenstock Village
3409:Marmes Rockshelter
3394:L'Anse aux Meadows
2801:Self-determination
2796:Tribal sovereignty
2722:Eagle-bone whistle
2515:Indian Removal Act
2503:Nonintercourse Act
2497:Blood quantum laws
2464:McGirt v. Oklahoma
1567:Academic Questions
1242:Carrillo, Jo, ed.
1132:The New York Times
1077:The New York Times
963:export restriction
929:David Hurst Thomas
880:
830:
806:Related state laws
750:Indiana University
700:
670:; you can help by
481:. For example, in
410:
384:lineal descendants
252:
185:) on July 10, 1990
130:25 U.S.C.: Indians
3899:
3898:
3891:Pre-Columbian era
3692:Spirit Cave mummy
3489:Plum Bayou Mounds
3399:Lynch Quarry Site
2918:Ancient Beringian
2816:
2815:
2717:Eagle feather law
2651:State recognition
2442:Cobell v. Salazar
2354:Solem v. Bartlett
2226:Ex parte Crow Dog
1424:. March 17, 2012.
1344:Perry, Michael J.
1303:978-1-136-54352-4
1269:978-1-55591-788-3
799:Charleston Museum
688:
687:
645:Clinton, Oklahoma
622:Robson Bonnichsen
573:Spirit Cave mummy
319:Indigenous rights
269:The Act requires
237:
236:
228:George H. W. Bush
208:Passed the Senate
104:Statutes at Large
82:November 16, 1990
16:(Redirected from
3949:
3835:Projectile point
3672:Leanderthal Lady
3599:Upward Sun River
3574:Stallings Island
3564:Shell ring sites
3514:Recapture Canyon
3429:Moorehead Circle
3274:El Fin del Mundo
3259:Cueva de la Olla
3065:
3052:Maritime Archaic
3036:
2866:
2843:
2836:
2829:
2820:
2692:Aboriginal title
2509:Civilization Act
2445:(D.C. Cir. 2009)
2152:
2145:
2138:
2129:
2118:
2116:
2097:
2045:McKeown, C. T.,
2004:
1995:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1970:. Archived from
1964:
1958:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1925:
1916:
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1897:
1896:
1894:
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1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1724:on April 7, 2007
1714:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1694:. Archived from
1684:
1675:
1674:
1668:
1666:
1655:
1649:
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1646:
1644:
1627:
1621:
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1549:
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1532:
1526:
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1519:
1510:
1499:
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1496:
1494:
1485:. Archived from
1475:
1469:
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1456:
1455:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1414:
1408:
1407:
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1205:
1199:
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1123:
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1102:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1068:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1043:Federal Register
1034:
1028:
1017:
827:Hague Convention
772:Wyandotte County
724:The Field Museum
683:
680:
662:
661:
655:
605:Nez Perce tribes
515:construction in
440:Native Americans
351:Equal Protection
305:organizations."
285:process and the
271:federal agencies
214:) with amendment
198:Passed the House
169:in the House as
158:
139:sections created
105:
60:
42:
35:
21:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3895:
3886:Genetic history
3874:
3728:Ceremonial pipe
3701:
3682:Minnesota Woman
3639:
3633:
3454:Ocmulgee Mounds
3434:Morrison Mounds
3379:Kolomoki Mounds
3369:Kimball Village
3229:Candelaria Cave
3171:
3165:
3146:Suwannee Valley
3081:Old Cordilleran
3061:
3032:
2900:
2894:
2860:
2852:
2847:
2817:
2812:
2729:Hunting license
2680:
2649:
2640:
2557:Nationality Act
2485:
2458:Sharp v. Murphy
2378:Hodel v. Irving
2282:Williams v. Lee
2250:Talton v. Mayes
2165:
2156:
2114:
2095:
2091:
2086:Wayback Machine
2075:
2012:
2010:Further reading
2007:
1996:
1987:
1977:
1975:
1974:on May 25, 1997
1966:
1965:
1961:
1952:
1948:
1938:
1936:
1927:
1926:
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1890:
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1629:
1628:
1624:
1612:
1608:
1591:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1545:
1543:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1517:
1512:
1511:
1502:
1492:
1490:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1463:
1459:
1452:Chicago Tribune
1446:
1445:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1422:Washington Post
1416:
1415:
1411:
1401:
1399:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1341:
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1333:
1316:
1304:
1290:
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1270:
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1237:
1227:
1225:
1217:
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1209:
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1177:
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1103:
1099:
1089:
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1052:
1050:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1018:
1014:
1010:
983:
937:
819:
808:
684:
678:
675:
659:
653:
637:
581:
568:
544:
505:
475:
453:
448:
428:Native Hawaiian
379:
357:First Amendment
331:
329:Tribal concerns
311:
303:Native Hawaiian
275:Native American
233:
224:Signed into law
154:
103:
68:Enacted by
58:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3955:
3953:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
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3894:
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3888:
3883:
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3876:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3810:Mound Builders
3807:
3802:
3797:
3795:Medicine wheel
3792:
3787:
3785:Horned Serpent
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3725:
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3715:
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3649:
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3641:
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3601:
3596:
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3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3524:Roberts Island
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3459:Old Stone Fort
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3424:Moaning Cavern
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3374:Kincaid Mounds
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3254:Cuarenta Casas
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3209:Bluefish Caves
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3175:
3173:
3170:Archaeological
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3054:
3049:
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3038:
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3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2968:Caloosahatchee
2965:
2960:
2955:
2953:Caborn-Welborn
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2904:
2902:
2899:Archaeological
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2848:
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2838:
2831:
2823:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2793:
2788:
2786:Trail of Tears
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2731:
2726:
2725:
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2714:
2709:
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2626:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2563:Public Law 280
2560:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2500:
2499:(1705 onwards)
2493:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
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2476:
2468:
2454:
2446:
2438:
2430:
2422:
2414:
2406:
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2374:
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2342:
2334:
2326:
2318:
2310:
2302:
2294:
2286:
2278:
2270:
2262:
2254:
2246:
2238:
2234:Elk v. Wilkins
2230:
2222:
2221:(D. Neb. 1879)
2214:
2206:
2198:
2190:
2182:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2147:
2140:
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1847:. May 3, 2023
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1114:1-56639-582-8
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904:Inuit culture
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872:Minik Wallace
869:
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703:
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669:
666:This list is
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625:
623:
619:
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585:Kennewick Man
579:Kennewick Man
578:
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574:
565:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
541:
539:
537:
533:
529:
524:
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521:Robert D. Ray
518:
513:
509:
508:Maria Pearson
503:Maria Pearson
502:
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339:Statutory Law
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328:
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280:
279:Alaska Native
276:
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244:Susquehannock
241:
229:
226:by President
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36:
30:
19:
3870:Water glyphs
3825:Oasisamerica
3815:N.A.G.P.R.A.
3814:
3775:Folsom point
3765:Effigy mound
3745:Clovis point
3713:Aridoamerica
3614:Wickiup Hill
3569:Spiro Mounds
3549:Salmon Ruins
3544:Russell Cave
3339:Helen Blazes
3334:Grimes Point
3314:Fort Juelson
3304:Fort Ancient
3279:El Vallecito
3239:Chaco Canyon
3179:Angel Mounds
3141:Steed-Kisker
3091:Paleo-Arctic
3013:Glacial Kame
2998:Fort Ancient
2890:Post-Classic
2861:
2733:
2622:
2605:Diminishment
2470:
2462:
2456:
2448:
2440:
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2272:
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2256:
2248:
2240:
2232:
2224:
2216:
2208:
2200:
2192:
2184:
2176:
2099:
2046:
2031:
2016:
2000:
1978:November 12,
1976:. Retrieved
1972:the original
1962:
1954:
1949:
1937:. Retrieved
1933:
1911:
1901:
1891:September 4,
1889:. Retrieved
1885:
1875:
1861:
1849:. Retrieved
1844:
1835:
1823:. Retrieved
1819:
1809:
1797:. Retrieved
1793:
1783:
1771:. Retrieved
1767:
1757:
1748:
1738:
1726:. Retrieved
1722:the original
1712:
1700:. Retrieved
1696:the original
1670:
1663:. Retrieved
1653:
1643:February 20,
1641:. Retrieved
1634:
1625:
1617:
1609:
1595:cite journal
1573:(3): 12–30.
1570:
1566:
1556:
1546:December 10,
1544:. Retrieved
1540:
1530:
1521:
1491:. Retrieved
1487:the original
1482:
1473:
1465:
1460:
1451:
1442:
1434:
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1421:
1412:
1400:. Retrieved
1390:
1371:
1364:
1351:
1347:
1292:
1286:
1258:
1251:
1243:
1238:
1226:. Retrieved
1222:
1186:November 12,
1184:. Retrieved
1174:
1166:
1143:. Retrieved
1131:
1121:
1105:
1100:
1088:. Retrieved
1076:
1053:December 22,
1051:. Retrieved
1046:
1042:
1032:
1015:
945:
938:
921:
912:tuberculosis
886:brought six
884:Robert Peary
881:
859:
831:
809:
701:
676:
639:
638:
632:
626:
609:
582:
569:
545:
535:
534:documentary
525:
506:
482:
479:urban sprawl
476:
458:anthropology
454:
420:
411:
396:
392:
388:
380:
332:
323:
312:
299:
295:
291:
283:repatriation
268:
259:
255:
253:
223:
217:
207:
197:
188:
166:
121:Codification
59:(colloquial)
29:
3855:Thunderbird
3723:Black drink
3687:Peñon woman
3624:Winterville
3604:Velda Mound
3584:Taos Pueblo
3479:Parkin Park
3464:Orwell site
3449:Nodena site
3344:Holly Bluff
3319:Four Mounds
3309:Fort Center
3234:Casa Grande
3184:Anzick site
3076:Monongahela
3003:Fort Walton
2978:Coles Creek
2943:Belle Glade
2928:Anishinaabe
2707:Dawes Rolls
2490:Legislation
2030:Jones, P.,
1402:December 1,
1228:January 27,
1223:www.nps.gov
834:El Salvador
432:archaeology
377:Description
363:Sovereignty
3906:Categories
3800:Metallurgy
3760:Eden point
3657:Buhl Woman
3529:Rock Eagle
3519:River Styx
3444:Mummy Cave
3439:Moundville
3419:Mesa Verde
3404:Marksville
3151:Tchefuncte
3111:Plaquemine
3047:Las Palmas
2963:Calf Creek
2958:Cades Pond
2781:Survivance
2527:Curtis Act
2066:0674660412
2055:0816526877
1939:October 6,
1794:ProPublica
1768:ProPublica
1381:087745700X
954:, and the
811:Cal NAGPRA
668:incomplete
613:Indigenous
566:Challenges
548:Slack Farm
512:Rosa Parks
462:archeology
345:Common Law
309:Background
212:voice vote
202:voice vote
167:Introduced
92:Public law
47:Long title
3845:Stickball
3534:Rock Hawk
3364:Key Marco
3156:Troyville
3136:St. Johns
3121:Red Ocher
2880:Formative
2533:Burke Act
2521:Dawes Act
2108:651015196
1934:The State
1825:August 7,
1728:April 13,
1702:April 13,
1587:143256888
1493:March 19,
1320:cite book
1312:817236389
1278:646788565
1140:0362-4331
1085:0362-4331
892:Greenland
846:Guatemala
679:June 2023
424:artifacts
143:25 U.S.C.
109:104
87:Citations
79:Effective
3733:Chanunpa
3718:Ballgame
3697:Vero man
3647:Anzick-1
3619:Windover
3579:SunWatch
3509:Rassawek
3329:Glenwood
3219:Brewster
3071:Mogollon
3042:La Jolla
3028:Hopewell
2988:Deptford
2901:cultures
2170:Case law
2112:Archived
2082:Archived
1851:July 26,
1799:June 28,
1773:June 28,
1749:NPR News
1672:peoples.
1346:(2005).
1196:cite web
1165:(2004).
1145:April 5,
1090:April 5,
1027:of 1989.
981:See also
876:Inughuaq
597:Colville
593:Umatilla
560:Illinois
558:site in
552:Kentucky
175:Mo Udall
56:Acronyms
3882:Related
3740:Chunkey
3640:remains
3629:Wupatki
3469:Paquime
3359:Huápoca
3224:Cahokia
3194:Bastian
3101:Patayan
3023:Hohokam
3008:Fremont
2983:ComondĂş
2938:Baytown
2933:Avonlea
2913:Alachua
2885:Classic
2875:Archaic
2863:Periods
2685:Related
2646:Federal
1665:July 6,
894:to the
759:at the
635:project
446:History
405:Map of
96:101-601
3299:Folsom
3264:Cutler
3199:Benson
3086:Oneota
3018:Glades
2993:Folsom
2973:Clovis
2870:Lithic
2637:(2008)
2631:(1990)
2625:(1990)
2619:(1990)
2613:(1988)
2607:(1984)
2601:(1978)
2595:(1978)
2589:(1975)
2583:(1971)
2577:(1968)
2571:(1956)
2565:(1953)
2559:(1940)
2553:(1936)
2547:(1934)
2541:(1924)
2535:(1906)
2529:(1898)
2523:(1887)
2517:(1830)
2511:(1819)
2475:(2022)
2467:(2020)
2453:(2013)
2437:(2005)
2429:(2004)
2421:(2001)
2413:(1997)
2405:(1993)
2397:(1990)
2389:(1989)
2381:(1987)
2373:(1986)
2365:(1985)
2357:(1984)
2349:(1982)
2341:(1978)
2333:(1977)
2325:(1976)
2317:(1974)
2309:(1973)
2301:(1968)
2293:(1960)
2285:(1959)
2277:(1955)
2269:(1941)
2261:(1903)
2253:(1896)
2245:(1896)
2237:(1884)
2229:(1883)
2213:(1858)
2205:(1857)
2197:(1832)
2189:(1831)
2181:(1823)
2159:Rights
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974:Mexico
961:Total
854:UNESCO
848:, and
838:Canada
603:, and
601:Yakima
370:Treaty
366:tribe.
337:State
260:NAGPRA
250:, 2007
147:ch. 32
137:U.S.C.
113:
63:NAGPRA
18:NAGPRA
3830:Piasa
3638:Human
3269:Eaker
3172:sites
3106:Plano
2908:Adena
2115:(PDF)
2096:(PDF)
1583:S2CID
1518:(PDF)
1008:Notes
952:Japan
916:Minik
910:with
890:from
888:Inuit
528:lobby
489:Miwok
145:
111:Stat.
3790:Kiva
2104:OCLC
2062:ISBN
2051:ISBN
2036:ISBN
2021:ISBN
1980:2009
1941:2023
1893:2023
1853:2023
1827:2023
1801:2023
1775:2023
1730:2007
1704:2007
1667:2023
1645:2017
1601:link
1548:2021
1495:2018
1404:2009
1376:ISBN
1326:link
1308:OCLC
1298:ISBN
1274:OCLC
1264:ISBN
1230:2024
1202:link
1188:2009
1147:2023
1136:ISSN
1110:ISBN
1092:2023
1081:ISSN
1055:2023
1019:The
850:Mali
842:Peru
797:The
790:The
777:The
766:The
755:The
729:The
706:The
694:The
620:and
460:and
434:and
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71:the
3294:Eva
2648:and
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