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1066:) use the system more than less developed countries; the relationship between GDP per capita and ADS use is not linear. The range of ADS usage per capita far exceeds the range of GDP per capita, and basic research carried out in a country, as measured by ADS usage, has been found to be proportional to the square of the country's GDP divided by its population. Statistics also imply that there are about three times as many astronomers in countries of European culture as in countries of
190:
516:. The astronomy database is by far the most advanced and its use accounts for about 85% of the total ADS usage. Articles are assigned to the different databases according to the subject rather than the journal they are published in, so that articles from any one journal might appear in all three subject databases. The separation of the databases allows searching in each discipline to be tailored, so that words can automatically be given different
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year, and another found that in 2002 its effect was equivalent to 736 full-time researchers, or all the astronomical research done in France. ADS has allowed literature searches that would previously have taken days or weeks to carry out to be completed in seconds, and it is estimated that ADS has increased the readership and use of the astronomical literature by a factor of about three since its inception.
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provided to a preprint, where one exists. The system also generates a link to "also-read" articles – that is, those which have been most commonly accessed by those reading the article. In this way, an ADS user can determine which papers are of most interest to astronomers who are interested in the subject of a given paper.
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ADS is almost universally used as a research tool among astronomers, and there are several studies that have estimated quantitatively how much more efficient ADS has made astronomy; one estimated that ADS increased the efficiency of astronomical research by 333 full-time equivalent research years per
523:
Data in the preprint archive is updated daily from arXiv which is the dominant repository of physics and astronomy preprints. The advent of preprint servers has, like ADS, had a significant impact on the rate of astronomical research, as papers are often made available from preprint servers weeks or
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In monetary terms, this increase in efficiency represents a considerable amount. There are about 12,000 active astronomical researchers worldwide, so ADS is the equivalent of about 5% of the working population of astronomers. The global astronomical research budget is estimated at between 4,000 and
680:
While the database contains the complete contents of all the major journals and many minor ones as well, its coverage of references and citations is much less complete. References in and citations of articles in the major journals are fairly complete, but references such as "private communication",
449:
software. Some of these scanned articles up to around 1995 are available for free by agreement with the journal publishers, with some dating from as far back as the early 19th century. Eventually, because of a wider spread of online editions of journal publications, abstracts would start to instead
1008:
Although it was conceived as a means of accessing abstracts and papers, ADS provides a substantial amount of ancillary information along with search results. For each abstract returned, links are provided to other papers in the database which are referenced, and which cite the paper, and a link is
726:
names, title words, and words in the abstract text, and results can be filtered according to a number of criteria. It works by first gathering synonyms and simplifying search terms as described above, and then generating an "inverted file", which is a list of all the documents matching each search
638:
For electronic articles, a list of the references given at the end of the article is easily extracted. For scanned articles, reference extraction relies on OCR. The reference database can then be "inverted" to list the citations for each paper in the database. Citation lists have been used in the
414:
for query refinement and selection. In 2013, ADS Labs 2.0 started featuring a new search engine, full-text search functionality, scalable facets, and an API was introduced. In 2015, the new ADS, code-named
Bumblebee, was released as ADS-beta. The ADS-beta system features a micro-services API and
595:
ADS currently (2005) receives abstracts or tables of contents from almost two hundred journal sources. The service may receive data referring to the same article from multiple sources, and creates one bibliographic reference based on the most accurate data from each source. The common use of
677:), coverage is complete, with all issues indexed from number 1 to the present. These journals account for about two-thirds of the papers in the database, with the rest consisting of papers published in over 100 other journals from around the world, as well as in conference proceedings.
1048:. A 2002 report by a visiting committee to the Center for Astrophysics, meanwhile, said that the service had "revolutionized the use of the astronomical literature", and was "probably the most valuable single contribution to astronomy research that the CfA has made in its lifetime".
1070:, perhaps suggesting cultural differences in the importance attached to astronomical research. The amount of basic research carried out in a country is found to be proportional to the number of astronomers in that country multiplied by its GDP per capita, with considerable scatter.
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Accomazzi, Alberto; Kurtz, Michael J.; Henneken, Edwin; Grant, Carolyn S.; Thompson, Donna M.; Chyla, Roman; McDonald, Steven; Shaulis, Taylor J.; Blanco-Cuaresma, Sergi; Shapurian, Golnaz; Hostetler, Timothy W.; Templeton, Matthew R.; Lockhart, Kelly E. (January 2018).
415:
client-side dynamic page loading served on a cloud platform. In May 2018 the beta label was dropped and
Bumblebee became the default ADS interface—with some legacy features (ADS Classic) remaining available. Development continues to the present day, with an extensible
528:
to the required standard for publication in the main journals. The database of ADS links preprints with subsequently published articles wherever possible, so that citation and reference searches will return links to the journal article where the preprint was cited.
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Search results can be filtered according to a number of criteria, including specifying a range of years such as "1945 to 1975", "2000 to the present day" or "before 1900", and what type of journal the article appears in non-peer-reviewed articles such as
1176:
Bibliographie générale de l'astronomie ou catalogue méthodique des ouvrages, des mémoires et des observations astronomiques publiés depuis l'origine de l'imprimerie jusqu'en 1880: Mémoires et notices insérés dans les
Collections académiques et les
524:
months before they are published in the journals. The incorporation of preprints from arXiv into ADS means that the search engine can return the most current research available, with the caveat that preprints may not have been peer-reviewed or
430:, a mirroring utility which allows updates to only the portions of the database which have changed. All updates are triggered centrally, but they initiate scripts at the mirror sites which "pull" updated data from the main ADS servers.
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or surname. The accurate conversion of names requires a detailed knowledge of the names of authors active in astronomy, and ADS maintains an extensive database of author names, which is also used in searching the database (see below).
681:"in press" or "in preparation" cannot be matched, and author errors in reference listings also introduce potential errors. Astronomical papers may cite and be cited by articles in journals which fall outside the scope of ADS, such as
500:
of scans, which consisted of 1,128,955 article pages comprising 138,789 articles. By 2005 this had grown to 650 GB and was expected to grow further to about 900 GB by 2007. No further information has been published (2005).
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can easily be used to determine the user's geographical location. Studies reveal that the highest per-capita users of ADS are France and
Netherlands-based astronomers, and while more developed countries (measured by
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ADS has also been used to show that the fraction of single-author astronomy papers has decreased substantially since 1975 and that astronomical papers with more than 50 authors have become more common since 1990.
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Because it is used almost universally by astronomers, ADS can reveal much about how astronomical research is distributed around the world. Most users access the system from institutes of higher education, whose
735:
The system indexes author names by surname and initials, and accounts for the possible variations in spelling of names using a list of variations. This is common in the case of names including accents such as
721:
assume that the user is well-versed in astronomy and able to interpret search results which are designed to return more than just the most relevant papers. The database can be queried for author names,
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published the first comprehensive history of astronomy in 1741 and the first astronomical bibliography in 1755. This was an effort to archive and classify earlier astronomical knowledge and works.
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The software runs on a system that was written specifically for the ADS, allowing for extensive customization for astronomical needs that would not have been possible with general purpose
1725:
Preserving The
Astronomical Windows. Proceedings of Joint Discussion number 5 of the 23rd General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union held in Kyoto, Japan 22–23 August 1997
626:
format is actually one of the more difficult to automate, due to the wide variety of naming conventions around the world and the possibility that a given name such as Davis could be a
667:
1604:
971:, and the user can specify which fields must be matched in the search results. This allows complex searches to be built; for example, the user could search for papers concerning
407:
a few months later. In early 1994 the ADS web-based service was launched, which effectively quadrupled the number of active users in the five weeks following its introduction.
673:
1665:
Kurtz, M.J.; Eichhorn G.; Accomazzi A.; Grant C.S.; Demleitner M.; Murray S.S. (2005). "Worldwide Use and Impact of the NASA Astrophysics Data System
Digital Library".
1020:
object name databases, via which a user can quickly find out basic observational data about the objects analyzed in a paper, and find further papers on those objects.
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Search results page from ADS – A, F, G, C, R etc. are links to associated data for each abstract such as full-text article, citations, also-read papers and so on.
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Papers are indexed within the database by their bibliographic record which contains the details of the journal they were published in, and various associated
1933:
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Eichhorn, G.; Kurtz, M.J.; Accomazzi, A.; Grant, C.S.; Murray, S.S. (2000). "The NASA Astrophysics Data System: The search engine and its user interface".
557:
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US$ 5,000 million, so the value of ADS to astronomy would be about 200–250 million USD annually. Its operating budget is a small fraction of this amount.
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by almost all scientific journals greatly facilitates the incorporation of bibliographic data into the system in a standardized format, and importing
51:
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of which has commended ADS on its work and success, particularly noting its importance to astronomers in the developing world, in reports of the
473:(Extensible Markup Language) format in 2000. Bibliographic records are now stored as an XML element with sub-elements for the various metadata.
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Once search terms have been preprocessed, the database is queried with the revised search term, as well as synonyms for it. As well as simple
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are also synonymous. ADS's synonym list was created manually, by grouping the list of words in the database according to similar meanings.
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in 1988. The ADS Abstract
Service became available for general use via proprietary network software in April 1993, and it was connected to
1608:
809:
to identify papers referring to a given object, and can also search by object position, listing papers which concern objects within a 10
793:
The capability to search for papers on specific astronomical objects is one of ADS's most powerful tools. The system uses data from the
639:
past to identify popular articles missing from the database; mostly these were from before 1975 and have now been added to the system.
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distribution. As of 2022, there are mirrors located in China, Chile, France, Germany, Japan, Russia, the United
Kingdom, and Ukraine.
992:
proceedings. These can be excluded or specifically searched for, or specific journals can be included in or excluded from the search.
922:
1302:
Kurtz, M.J.; Eichhorn G.; Accomazzi A.; Grant C.S.; Murray S.S.; Watson J.M. (2000). "The NASA Astrophysics Data System: Overview".
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As the number of astronomers and astronomical publications grew, bibliographical efforts became institutional tasks, first at the
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Accomazzi, A.; Eichhorn, G.; Kurtz, M.J.; Grant, C.S.; Murray, S.S. (2000). "The NASA Astrophysics Data System: Architecture".
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Synonym replacement can be disabled if required, so that a rare term which is a synonym of a much more common term (such as '
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e-prints. Abstracts and full-text of major astronomy and physics publications are indexed and searchable through the portal.
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The database initially contained only astronomical references, but has now grown to incorporate three databases, covering
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term. The user-selected logic and filters are then applied to this inverted list to generate the final search results.
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as possible, given the need to facilitate mirroring on different systems around the world, although the growing use of
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synonyms, ADS also searches for
English translations of foreign search terms and vice versa, so that a search for the
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objects is simplified and a user input of M45, M 45 or M-45 all result in the same query being executed; similarly,
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1607:. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. 2.2.2.2 - SIMBAD/NED/LPI/IAUC Object Names/Position. Archived from
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both within fields and between fields. Search terms in each field can be combined with OR, AND, simple logic or
553:
of choice within astronomy has led to increasing optimization of the scripts for installation on that platform.
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format but eventually the limitations of this encouraged the database maintainers to migrate all records to an
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under any of its other catalog designations or popular names, such as M45, the Seven
Sisters or Melotte 22.
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The database now contains over fifteen million articles. In the cases of the major journals of astronomy (
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are stripped of spaces. Unimportant words such as AT, OR and TO are stripped out, although in some cases
821:. These databases combine the many catalogue designations an object might have, so that a search for the
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references (including instrumentation and geosciences), as well as preprints of scientific papers from
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to eliminate needlessly frequent regenerations for popular articles. As of 2000, ADS contained 250
145:. The reason given is: most content is from 2005, ignoring the updates and improvements since then.
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Woltjer, L. (1998). "Economic Consequences of the Deterioration of the Astronomical Environment".
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The first suggestion of a digital database of journal paper abstracts was made at a conference on
322:. ADS maintains three bibliographic collections containing over 15 million records, including all
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forms, ADS also searches for a large number of specifically astronomical synonyms. For example,
717:. The search engine is tailor-made for searching astronomical abstracts, and the engine and its
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An example of a complex search combining object, title and abstract queries with a date filter.
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available: enabling users to build their own utilities on top of the ADS bibliographic record.
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1727:. 23rd General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union. Vol. 139. p. 243.
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The search engine first filters search terms in several ways. An M followed by a space or
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in different database searches, depending on how common they are in the relevant field.
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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A library collection of software documentation specific to astronomical data reduction
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An initial version of ADS, with a database consisting of 40 papers, was created as a
1704:
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484:. The TIFF files are converted on demand into GIF files, for on-screen viewing, and
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1633:. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. 2.2.1.2 - Stop Words. Archived from
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in 1803, a work that covered the period from 480 BCE to the year of publication.
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Squibb, G.F.; Cheung, C.Y. (1988). "NASA astrophysics data system (ADS) study".
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in twelve countries and with the database synchronized by weekly updates using
1771:; French, J.C.; Powell, A.L.; Eichhorn, G.; Kurtz, M.J.; Murray, S.S. (1997).
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was published from 1899 to 1968. After 1968, this was replaced by the yearly
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scripts for importing, processing and standardizing bibliographic data.
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The apparently mundane task of converting author names into a standard
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Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
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The great importance of ADS to astronomers has been recognized by the
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In 2011 the ADS launched ADS Labs Streamlined Search which introduced
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1477:. March Meeting 2007, American Physical Society. Vol. 52. U20.9
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1162:(in French). F. Hayez, Imprimeur de L'Académie Royale de Belgique.
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At first, the journal articles available via ADS were exclusively
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European Southern Observatory Conference and Workshop Proceedings
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European Southern Observatory Conference and Workshop Proceedings
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European Southern Observatory Conference and Workshop Proceedings
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European Southern Observatory Conference and Workshop Proceedings
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have basically the same meaning, and in an astronomical context
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created from the paper journals and the abstracts created using
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book series, which continued until the end of the 20th century.
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1360:. 231st Meeting of the American Astronomical Society. 362.17.
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Access to astronomical literature through commercial databases
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Bibliographie générale de l’astronomie, Volume I and Volume II
127:
72:
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1525:. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. Archived from
1499:. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. Archived from
508:
references (including planetary sciences and solar physics),
1474:
myADS-arXiv: A fully customized, open access virtual journal
1046:
United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
709:
Since its inception, the ADS has developed a highly complex
1453:. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. 23 June 2005
1220:
Intelligent access to a bibliographical full text data base
1773:"Trends in Astronomical Publication Between 1975 and 1996"
748:. An example of an entry in the author synonym list is:
1777:
Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
845:
has the space or hyphen removed, so that searching for
668:
Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
608:-coded web-based articles is also simple. ADS utilizes
1831:
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The ADS service is distributed worldwide with twelve
558:
Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian
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1272:Rhodes, C.; Kurtz, M.J.; Rey-Watson, J.M. (1988).
27:Digital library portal operated by the Smithsonian
1451:"NASA ADS Abstract Service Mirroring Information"
674:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
492:files for printing. The generated files are then
366:was published from 1881 to 1898, and then at the
1523:"ADS Bibliographic Codes: Journal Abbreviations"
1385:
1383:
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1749:. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
1084:List of academic databases and search engines
853:designations and common search terms such as
205:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
8:
1553:Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series
1392:Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series
1304:Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series
825:will also find papers which list the famous
541:software. The scripts are designed to be as
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66:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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170:Learn how and when to remove this message
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
1631:"SAO/NASA ADS HELP: Abstract Query Form"
1605:"SAO/NASA ADS HELP: Abstract Query Form"
1838:
1445:
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1441:
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901:replacement such as searching for both
1159:Bibliographie générale de l'astronomie
556:The main ADS server is located at the
181:
1929:Discipline-oriented digital libraries
955:') can be searched for specifically.
465:. Originally this data was stored in
320:Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
201:Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
7:
1939:Full-text scholarly online databases
377:Astronomy and Astrophysics Abstracts
255:Index & abstract & full-text
1934:Bibliographic databases and indexes
1497:"SAO/NASA ADS at SAO: Mirror Sites"
963:The search engine allows selection
1218:Adorf, H.-M.; Busch, E.K. (1988).
88:tone or style may not reflect the
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296:SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System
183:SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System
47:This article has multiple issues.
1901:
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803:International Astronomical Union
799:NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database
370:in Heidelberg, where the yearly
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98:guide to writing better articles
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1012:Also returned are links to the
480:format at both medium and high
476:Scanned articles are stored in
390:Astronomy from Large Data-Bases
55:or discuss these issues on the
1173:Houzeau, Jean-Charles (1882).
1052:Sociological studies using ADS
568:server with two quad-core 3.0
368:Astronomischer Rechen-Institut
360:Observatoire Royal de Belgique
1:
1280:. Vol. 28. p. 459.
1253:. Vol. 28. p. 453.
1226:. Vol. 28. p. 143.
865:is maintained, so that while
807:Lunar and Planetary Institute
450:be loaded into ADS directly.
447:optical character recognition
340:This effort was continued by
1747:"ADS Awards and Recognition"
372:Astronomischer Jahresbericht
1018:NASA Extragalactic Database
837:Title and abstract searches
564:, and is a dual 64-bit X86
1960:
1358:ADS Bumblebee comes of age
740:and transliterations from
713:to query the abstract and
662:Astronomy and Astrophysics
346:Bibliographie astronomique
306:portal for researchers on
1245:Rey-Watson, J.M. (1988).
364:Bibliography of Astronomy
187:
141:This article needs to be
940:retrieves references to
562:Cambridge, Massachusetts
457:, such as author lists,
335:Johann Friedrich Weidler
1575:2000A&AS..143...61E
1414:2000A&AS..143...85A
1326:2000A&AS..143...41K
1156:Houzeau, J. C. (1887).
1944:Astronomical databases
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1136:ui.adsabs.harvard.edu
1102:Planetary Data System
1003:
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650:Astrophysical Journal
533:Software and hardware
881:er is converted to "
873:nd is converted to "
789:Object name searches
656:Astronomical Journal
543:platform independent
394:Garching bei MĂĽnchen
1789:1997PASP..109.1278S
1733:1998ASPC..139..243W
1689:2005JASIS..56...36K
1583:10.1051/aas:2000171
1422:10.1051/aas:2000172
1366:2018AAS...23136217A
1334:10.1051/aas:2000170
1286:1988ESOC...28..459R
1259:1988ESOC...28..453R
1232:1988ESOC...28..143A
1205:1988ESOC...28..489S
1024:Impact on astronomy
893:Synonym replacement
731:Author name queries
724:astronomical object
260:Geospatial coverage
184:
1503:on 28 January 2022
1006:
813:radius of a given
805:Circulars and the
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434:Data in the system
344:who published his
342:JĂ©rĂ´me de La Lande
330:Historical context
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847:Messier catalogue
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1113:Michael J. Kurtz
1042:General Assembly
983:Result filtering
930:English language
863:case sensitivity
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551:operating system
518:weight functions
401:proof of concept
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951:' rather than '
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746:Cyrillic script
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1673:(1): 36–45.
1670:
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1639:. Retrieved
1635:the original
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1609:the original
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1556:
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1527:the original
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1501:the original
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911:spectrograph
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827:open cluster
792:
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778:AFANS’IEV, V
777:
773:AFANASYEV, V
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758:AFANAS’EV, V
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753:AFANASJEV, V
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252:Record depth
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49:Please help
46:
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1924:NASA online
1884:Outer space
1132:"About ADS"
1094:INSPIRE-HEP
928:As well as
919:metallicity
819:Declination
768:AFANASEV, V
687:mathematics
632:middle name
238:Disciplines
1918:Categories
1641:30 October
1615:30 October
1533:30 October
1481:30 October
1457:2 November
1119:References
1059:IP address
990:conference
783:AFANSEV, V
693:journals.
628:first name
490:PostScript
482:resolution
459:references
396:in 1987.
106:March 2023
52:improve it
1896:Education
1860:Astronomy
1807:122859920
1680:0909.4786
923:abundance
875:Andromeda
811:arcminute
683:chemistry
624:, Initial
526:proofread
506:astronomy
463:citations
308:astronomy
263:Worldwide
242:Astronomy
58:talk page
1753:25 March
1711:Preprint
1705:15181632
1342:17583122
1078:See also
977:NGC 7009
973:NGC 6543
949:dateline
907:singular
883:Hercules
823:Pleiades
671:and the
643:Coverage
591:Indexing
539:database
455:metadata
392:held in
283:.harvard
233:Coverage
203:for the
197:Producer
153:May 2023
18:NASA ADS
1908:Science
1848:Physics
1834:Portals
1785:Bibcode
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1571:Bibcode
1507:26 July
1430:7182316
1410:Bibcode
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1141:20 July
1089:Bibcode
1016:and/or
899:synonym
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877:", and
859:T Tauri
738:umlauts
691:biology
622:Surname
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510:physics
443:bitmaps
440:scanned
384:History
318:by the
312:physics
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281:.adsabs
273:Website
246:physics
212:History
143:updated
1805:
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1177:Revues
1108:PubMed
1040:, the
1014:SIMBAD
938:soleil
934:French
903:plural
843:hyphen
831:Taurus
801:, the
797:, the
795:SIMBAD
742:Arabic
610:Python
581:CentOS
494:cached
412:facets
405:SIMBAD
220:Access
1872:Stars
1803:S2CID
1701:S2CID
1675:arXiv
1587:S2CID
1561:arXiv
1426:S2CID
1400:arXiv
1338:S2CID
1312:arXiv
1104:(PDS)
965:logic
936:word
602:LaTeX
585:Linux
566:Intel
547:Linux
514:arXiv
467:ASCII
428:rsync
324:arXiv
268:Links
1755:2022
1643:2008
1617:2008
1535:2008
1509:2024
1483:2008
1459:2008
1143:2024
1099:NASA
953:date
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612:and
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310:and
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285:.edu
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577:RAM
570:GHz
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