804:
645:(GSFC), located in Greenbelt, Maryland, was commissioned by NASA on March 1, 1959. It is the largest combined organization of scientists and engineers in the United States dedicated to increasing knowledge of the Earth, the Solar System, and the Universe via observations from space. GSFC is a major U.S. laboratory for developing and operating unmanned scientific spacecraft. GSFC conducts scientific investigation, development and operation of space systems, and development of related technologies. Goddard scientists can develop and support a mission, and Goddard engineers and technicians can design and build the spacecraft for that mission. Goddard scientist John C. Mather shared the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on
858:
340:
609:
722:
260:
412:, an American fighter pilot, astronaut and politician. Glenn supports all of the agency's missions and major programs. Glenn excels in researching and developing innovative technologies for both aeronautics and space flight. A multitude of NASA missions have included elements from Glenn, from the Mercury and Gemini projects to the Space Shuttle Program and the International Space Station. The center's core competencies include air-breathing and in-space propulsion and cryogenics, communications, power energy storage and conversion, microgravity sciences, and advanced materials.
349:
25:
618:
446:
731:
455:
540:
331:, which was expanded into the Manned Spacecraft Center and moved to Houston in 1961–1962. The selection of Houston as the location of the Manned Spacecraft Center resulted in some controversy at NASA Langley and in the surrounding area at the time, given they had previously expected either for Langley to be expanded or for a nearby location in the Hampton Roads region to be selected for the center.
251:
531:
795:
144:
112:
80:
32:
176:
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64:
48:
902:(MDSCC), in Spanish and officially Complejo de Comunicaciones de Espacio Profundo de Madrid, is a satellite ground station located in Robledo de Chavela, Spain, and operated by the Instituto Nacional de TĂ©cnica Aeroespacial (INTA) that is a part of the Deep Space Network of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)
839:
at its creation on July 1, 1962, it was renamed in honor of the late U.S. president on
November 29, 1963, and has been the launch site for every United States human space flight since 1968. KSC continues to manage and operate uncrewed rocket launch facilities for America's civilian space program from
212:
in
Washington, DC provides overall guidance and political leadership to the agency. There are 10 NASA field centers, which provide leadership for and execution of NASA's work. All other facilities fall under the leadership of at least one of these field centers. Some facilities serve more than one
388:. Historically, Ames was founded to do wind-tunnel research on the aerodynamics of propeller-driven aircraft; however, it has expanded its role to doing research and technology in aeronautics, spaceflight, and information technology. It provides leadership in
583:
propulsion and its external tank. From
December 1959, it contained the Launch Operations Directorate, which moved to Florida to become the Launch Operations Center on July 1, 1962. The MSFC was named in honor of
2446:
952:
848:
by volume and was the largest when completed in 1965. A total of 10,733 people worked at the center as of
September 2021. Approximately 2,140 are employees of the federal government; the rest are contractors.
674:
506:(Caltech). The Laboratory's primary function is building and operating robotic planetary spacecraft, though it also conducts Earth-orbit and astronomy missions. It is also responsible for operating NASA's
494:, one of the agencies behind Explorer 1, America's first robotic satellite, and also together with ABMA one of the first agencies to become a part of NASA. The facility is headquartered in the city of
803:
2265:
1315:
713:. It is currently used for rocket testing by over 30 local, state, national, international, private, and public companies and agencies. It also contains the NASA Shared Services Center.
408:, was established in 1942 as a laboratory for aircraft engine research. In 1999, the center was officially renamed the NASA John H. Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field after
1616:
1969:
1947:
1447:
1642:
1223:
1147:
2250:
890:
and was officially opened on 19 March 1965. The station is separated from
Canberra by the Coolamon Ridge, Urambi Hills and Bullen Range that help shield the city's
775:
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658:
2530:
2419:
1071:
984:
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519:
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866:
857:
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1319:
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980:
898:
515:
221:(BRAC) style organization to consolidate NASA's little used facilities. The OIG determined at least 33 of NASA's 155 facilities were underutilized.
694:
213:
application for historic or administrative reasons. NASA has used or supported various observatories and telescopes, and an example of this is the
2302:
2297:
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1080:
762:
on
November 1, 1961, the facility consists of a complex of 100 buildings constructed in 1962–1963 on 1,620 acres (660 ha) of land donated by
218:
295:
was flight-tested at the facility and a number of high-profile space missions have been planned and designed on-site. Established in 1917 by the
905:
In addition to JPL (above), there are other
Government-Owned / Contractor-Operated NASA facilities operated under grant provisions, such as the
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549:
1720:
339:
608:
1233:
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1141:
947:
666:
631:
585:
495:
2069:"50 - Statement About Signing a Bill Designating the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston, Texas, as the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center"
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832:
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503:
906:
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1243:
1088:
932:
416:
214:
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2022:
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740:
191:
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657:), develops and maintains advanced space and Earth science data information systems, and develops satellite systems for the
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38:
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safety, performance, and efficiency. Both
Langley Field and the Langley Laboratory are named for aviation pioneer
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24:
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1948:"Stennis Space Center tests rocket engines that will be used in NASA's historic Artemis I mission to the moon"
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formed soon after the creation of NASA to co-ordinate the US human spaceflight program. It is home to the
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and is responsible for training astronauts from the U.S. and its international partners, and includes the
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54:
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392:, small satellites, robotic lunar exploration, intelligent/adaptive systems and thermal protection.
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1397:
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758:(JSC) is NASA’s center for human spaceflight training, research and flight control. Created as the
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in the world. On
January 16, 2014, the center previously known as Dryden was renamed in honor of
234:
111:
380:, a founding member of the NACA. ARC is one of NASA's 10 major field centers and is located in
175:
31:
2214:
921:
817:
779:
288:
209:
237:; and NASA commissioned and built the other four itself shortly after its formation in 1958.
2387:
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63:
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891:
763:
588:
424:, is NASA's premier site for aeronautical research and operates some of the most advanced
401:
324:
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143:
1643:"Why does everyone say NASA's JPL is in Pasadena when this other city is its real home?"
1595:
1504:
250:
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1166:
871:
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in New
Orleans, Louisiana to build and assemble hardware components for space systems.
429:
385:
1694:
454:
95:
2525:
2514:
2329:
1747:"NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center: A hub for historic and modern-day rocket power"
1669:"New director of NASA's storied Jet Propulsion Lab takes on ballooning mission costs"
1115:
650:
580:
205:
1901:
579:(ISS) design and assembly; payloads and related crew training; and was the lead for
127:
47:
2026:
1829:"New Orleans' NASA Michoud Facility Is The History And Future Of Space Exploration"
1366:
1316:"Does NASA Need a Closure Commission To Shut Down Idle Facilities? – SpaceNews.com"
539:
389:
229:
NASA has ten field centers. Four of these were inherited from its predecessor, the
1803:
1877:"NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center: Exploring Earth and space by remote control"
1273:
649:. GSFC also operates two spaceflight tracking and data acquisition networks (the
698:
308:
304:
300:
1996:
530:
1420:
1238:
1189:
778:. The center was renamed in honor of the late U.S. president and Texas native
571:
near Huntsville, Alabama, is one of NASA's largest centers. MSFC is where the
409:
381:
316:
217:. In 2013 a NASA Office of the Inspector General's (OIG) Report recommended a
1925:"NASA renames facility for real-life 'Hidden Figures' hero Katherine Johnson"
875:
702:
1617:"NASA Center Redesignated for Neil Armstrong; Test Range for Hugh Dryden"
1065:
879:
572:
425:
312:
794:
291:, Virginia. LaRC focuses primarily on aeronautical research, though the
1655:
575:
rocket and Spacelab were developed. Marshall is NASA's lead center for
1108:
1448:"Williamsburg recalls watching Apollo 11 and helping crew get there"
2447:
Katherine Johnson Independent Verification and Validation Facility
2171:
953:
Katherine Johnson Independent Verification and Validation Facility
856:
675:
Katherine Johnson Independent Verification and Validation Facility
1419:
Swenson Jr., Lloyd S.; Grimwood, James M.; Alexander, Charles C.
2202:
2090:"The National Archives, Lyndon B. Johnson Executive Order 11129"
1125:
835:
in Florida, is one of the best known NASA facilities. Named the
705:
border. Commissioned on October 25, 1961, it was NASA's largest
284:
2175:
1721:"Rocket City, Alabama: Space history and an eye on the future"
1367:"What to Know About the Real Research Lab From Hidden Figures"
376:
was founded on December 20, 1939. The center was named after
299:, the center currently devotes two-thirds of its programs to
1044:
2266:
Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Directorate
420:(AFRC), established by NACA before 1946 and located inside
1596:"House passes bill to rename NASA facility for Armstrong"
1574:"History of John H. Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field"
1695:"Microsoft helps JPL with Deep Space Network scheduling"
786:
in Las Cruces, New Mexico to support rocket testing.
233:(NACA); two others were transferred to NASA from the
661:(NOAA). External facilities of the GSFC include the
2485:
2402:
2355:
2228:
2221:
766:in Houston, Texas. The center grew out of the
490:area of Los Angeles County, CA, was, together with
1970:"Stennis Space Center set for active testing year"
552:test stands (left) and Saturn V stage assembly at
1393:"What's in a name? NASA Langley Research Center"
1224:Category:NASA groups, organizations, and centers
1148:Independent Verification and Validation Facility
1479:"Should NASA Ames Be Renamed After Sally Ride?"
909:at Johns Hopkins University which operates the
776:Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center
659:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
502:mailing address. JPL is managed by the nearby
886:run by JPL. It is commonly referred to as the
2187:
8:
1505:"Ames Research Center: R&D Lab for NASA"
861:Canberra Deep Space Communication, Australia
782:on February 19, 1973. JSC also operates the
2152:"Kennedy Space Center Annual Report (2021)"
2048:"Houston Space Center Is Named for Johnson"
1421:"Space Task Group Gets a New Home and Name"
1136:Manufacturing, test and research facilities
1072:Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex
976:Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex
432:, the first astronaut to walk on the Moon.
297:National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
231:National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
2225:
2194:
2180:
2172:
283:(LaRC), founded in 1917, is the oldest of
1804:"Marshall Space Flight Center, ca. 1960s"
1062:Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex
991:Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex
867:Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex
404:Flight Propulsion Laboratory, located in
1993:"NASA Shared Services Center Background"
1854:"History of Goddard Space Flight Center"
1552:"NASA Glenn Research Center Name Change"
981:Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex
899:Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex
272:(left) and its research aircraft (right)
2276:Space Environment Simulation Laboratory
2067:Nixon, Richard M. (February 19, 1973).
1264:
1081:Madrid Deep Space Communication Complex
888:Tidbinbilla Deep Space Tracking Station
219:Base Realignment and Closure Commission
2016:
2014:
1050:Communication and telescope facilities
323:. Starting in 1958, when NASA started
1875:Fentress, Steve (February 10, 2020).
1784:from the original on October 25, 2011
1477:Pearlman, Robert (January 15, 2014).
846:eighth-largest structure in the world
7:
2531:Space technology research institutes
1991:Dubuisson, Rebecca (July 19, 2007).
1391:Tennant, Diane (September 5, 2011).
1234:Columbia Scientific Balloon Facility
307:. LaRC researchers use more than 40
2442:Goddard Institute for Space Studies
1142:Goddard Institute for Space Studies
948:Goddard Institute for Space Studies
840:three pads at Cape Canaveral. Its
667:Goddard Institute for Space Studies
632:Goddard Institute for Space Studies
2493:Cape Canaveral Space Force Station
2467:Scientific Balloon Flight Facility
1827:Haines, Matt (November 14, 2019).
1693:Werner, Debra (January 27, 2022).
1530:"NASA Glenn's Historical Timeline"
1503:Tillman, Nola (January 12, 2018).
1295:"NASA Center Assignments by State"
833:Cape Canaveral Space Force Station
504:California Institute of Technology
14:
1972:. Meridian Star. January 22, 2022
1365:Rothman, Lily (January 5, 2017).
907:Space Telescope Science Institute
665:at Wallops Island, Virginia, the
2368:Armstrong Flight Research Center
2325:Operations and Checkout Building
2315:Central Instrumentation Facility
2056:. February 20, 1973. p. 19.
2023:"Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center"
1923:Yan, Holly (February 24, 2019).
1745:Fentress, Steve (July 6, 2021).
1446:Korsgaard, Sean (20 July 2019).
1244:Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility
1089:NASA Infrared Telescope Facility
933:Armstrong Flight Research Center
802:
793:
729:
720:
616:
607:
591:. The center also operates the
538:
529:
453:
444:
417:Armstrong Flight Research Center
361:(left) and of Hangar One (right)
347:
338:
258:
249:
215:NASA Infrared Telescope Facility
174:
158:
142:
126:
110:
94:
78:
62:
46:
30:
23:
1946:Lopez, Kenny (August 9, 2022).
1902:"About NASA's IV&V Program"
1719:Dunn, Marcia (August 6, 2018).
1454:. Tribune Media. Archived from
593:Michoud Assembly Facility (MAF)
1619:. 9 March 2015. Archived from
1318:. 1 April 2013. Archived from
1274:"Welcome to NASA Headquarters"
16:Overview of NASA field centers
1:
2462:Santa Susana Field Laboratory
1667:Voosen, Paul (June 3, 2022).
1598:. Spaceflight Now. 2012-12-31
1452:Virginia Gazette, Daily Press
1334:"NASA Facilities and Centers"
1272:Shouse, Mary (July 9, 2009).
882:. The complex is part of the
772:United States Astronaut Corps
743:in Houston, Texas (left) and
287:'s field centers, located in
2383:Rendezvous Docking Simulator
2342:Marshall Space Flight Center
2113:. NASA. 1991. Archived from
2111:"Kennedy Space Center Story"
1229:List of NASA Visitor Centers
1105:Fairbanks North Star Borough
1022:Marshall Space Flight Center
894:(RF) noise from the dishes.
812:View of the SLS exiting the
745:Kraft Mission Control Center
564:Marshall Space Flight Center
2452:Manned Space Flight Network
2271:Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory
2236:Goddard Space Flight Center
2140:: 17598. September 8, 2004.
1249:National Transonic Facility
1122:Guam Remote Ground Terminal
943:Goddard Space Flight Center
707:rocket engine test facility
691:Hancock County, Mississippi
642:Goddard Space Flight Center
577:International Space Station
510:which includes stations in
2547:
2410:Carnarvon Tracking Station
2256:Lunar Receiving Laboratory
1856:. NASA. September 20, 2016
1576:. NASA. September 20, 2016
816:(left) and aerial view of
2477:White Sands Test Facility
2457:Michoud Assembly Facility
2288:Vehicle Assembly Building
2241:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
2212:
2157:. nasa.gov. November 2021
1195:White Sands Test Facility
1157:Michoud Assembly Facility
1101:Poker Flat Research Range
1027:Michoud Assembly Facility
1005:White Sands Test Facility
965:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
842:Vehicle Assembly Building
784:White Sands Test Facility
687:Mississippi Test Facility
483:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
436:Transferred from the Army
2320:Shuttle Landing Facility
1254:Shuttle Landing Facility
1219:Category:NASA facilities
1181:Wallops Island, Virginia
1159:, New Orleans, Louisiana
1040:List of minor facilities
837:Launch Operations Center
760:Manned Spacecraft Center
508:Deep Space Network (DSN)
2472:Wallops Flight Facility
2435:Space Flight Operations
2378:Langley Research Center
2261:Lunar Sample Laboratory
1808:Encyclopedia of Alabama
1425:This New Ocean, SP-4201
1177:Wallops Flight Facility
1152:Fairmont, West Virginia
1017:Langley Research Center
970:NASA Deep Space Network
958:Wallops Flight Facility
878:at Tidbinbilla outside
831:(KSC), located west of
663:Wallops Flight Facility
567:(MSFC), located on the
321:Samuel Pierpont Langley
280:Langley Research Center
2498:Mercury Control Center
1532:. NASA. April 16, 2015
1339:. NASA. Archived from
1322:on September 12, 2014.
1199:Las Cruces, New Mexico
1118:(SN) Ground Terminals
911:Hubble Space Telescope
862:
693:, on the banks of the
685:(SSC), originally the
486:(JPL), located in the
422:Edwards Air Force Base
208:and around the world.
2373:Glenn Research Center
2310:Launch Control Center
1904:. NASA. March 9, 2015
1171:Glenn Research Center
938:Glenn Research Center
860:
711:Space Shuttle program
709:until the end of the
630:campus (left) and of
397:Glenn Research Center
225:List of field centers
2363:Ames Research Center
2347:Stennis Space Center
2283:Kennedy Space Center
2246:Johnson Space Center
2138:Congressional Record
1034:Stennis Space Center
1012:Kennedy Space Center
1000:Johnson Space Center
928:Ames Research Center
828:Kennedy Space Center
755:Johnson Space Center
682:Stennis Space Center
496:La Cañada Flintridge
400:(GRC), formerly the
378:Joseph Sweetman Ames
369:Ames Research Center
192:class=notpageimage|
2335:Crawler-transporter
1398:The Virginian-Pilot
1346:on October 25, 2020
1186:White Sands Complex
1076:Barstow, California
874:that is located in
671:Columbia University
293:Apollo lunar lander
241:Inherited from NACA
2415:Deep Space Network
2222:Primary 10 centers
2053:The New York Times
1297:. NASA. 2012-09-10
1163:Plum Brook Station
1095:Near Earth Network
1056:Deep Space Network
884:Deep Space Network
863:
677:in West Virginia.
655:Near Earth Network
589:George C. Marshall
488:San Gabriel Valley
327:, LaRC housed the
311:to study improved
303:, and the rest to
235:United States Army
195:NASA field centers
2508:
2507:
2398:
2397:
2293:Launch Complex 39
2215:NASA Headquarters
1772:"MSFC_Fact_sheet"
1209:
1208:
922:NASA Headquarters
818:Launch Complex 39
780:Lyndon B. Johnson
210:NASA Headquarters
2538:
2403:Other facilities
2388:Space Task Group
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2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2025:. Archived from
2018:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1999:on July 16, 2009
1995:. Archived from
1988:
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1097:(NEN) Terminals
1045:
853:Other facilities
806:
797:
768:Space Task Group
733:
724:
689:, is located in
634:location (right)
620:
611:
569:Redstone Arsenal
542:
533:
457:
448:
406:Brook Park, Ohio
351:
342:
329:Space Task Group
262:
253:
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146:
130:
114:
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82:
66:
50:
34:
27:
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2521:NASA facilities
2511:
2510:
2509:
2504:
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2394:
2351:
2251:Mission Control
2217:
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2118:
2117:on May 20, 2017
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1458:on 24 July 2019
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1144:, New York City
1138:
1083:, Madrid, Spain
1058:(DSN) stations
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892:radio frequency
855:
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764:Rice University
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739:Aerial view of
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467:(left) and the
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514:, California;
462:
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434:
430:Neil Armstrong
386:Silicon Valley
356:
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2330:NASA Railroad
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2091:
2085:
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2063:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2043:
2040:
2029:on 1998-12-01
2028:
2024:
2017:
2015:
2011:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1984:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1949:
1942:
1939:
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1833:verylocal.com
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1119:
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1116:Space Network
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599:Built by NASA
598:
596:
594:
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581:Space Shuttle
578:
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522:, Australia.
521:
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419:
418:
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411:
407:
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375:
374:Moffett Field
371:
370:
360:
350:
341:
332:
330:
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314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
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206:United States
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113:
104:
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2229:Space flight
2159:. Retrieved
2146:
2137:
2131:
2119:. Retrieved
2115:the original
2105:
2093:. Retrieved
2084:
2072:. Retrieved
2062:
2051:
2042:
2031:. Retrieved
2027:the original
2001:. Retrieved
1997:the original
1986:
1976:September 4,
1974:. Retrieved
1964:
1954:September 4,
1952:. Retrieved
1941:
1931:September 4,
1929:. Retrieved
1918:
1908:September 4,
1906:. Retrieved
1896:
1886:September 8,
1884:. Retrieved
1880:
1870:
1860:September 4,
1858:. Retrieved
1848:
1838:September 7,
1836:. Retrieved
1832:
1822:
1811:. Retrieved
1807:
1798:
1786:. Retrieved
1766:
1756:September 8,
1754:. Retrieved
1750:
1740:
1730:September 8,
1728:. Retrieved
1724:
1714:
1704:September 7,
1702:. Retrieved
1698:
1688:
1678:September 7,
1676:. Retrieved
1672:
1662:
1651:
1637:
1625:. Retrieved
1621:the original
1611:
1600:. Retrieved
1590:
1580:September 4,
1578:. Retrieved
1568:
1558:September 4,
1556:. Retrieved
1546:
1536:September 4,
1534:. Retrieved
1524:
1514:September 7,
1512:. Retrieved
1508:
1498:
1488:September 8,
1486:. Retrieved
1482:
1472:
1460:. Retrieved
1456:the original
1451:
1441:
1429:. Retrieved
1424:
1414:
1404:September 5,
1402:. Retrieved
1396:
1386:
1376:September 8,
1374:. Retrieved
1370:
1360:
1348:. Retrieved
1341:the original
1328:
1320:the original
1310:
1299:. Retrieved
1289:
1277:. Retrieved
1267:
1203:
920:
917:Organization
904:
897:
896:
887:
865:
864:
836:
826:
825:
759:
753:
752:
686:
680:
679:
640:
639:
562:
561:
481:
479:
474:site (right)
415:
414:
395:
394:
390:astrobiology
367:
366:
309:wind tunnels
278:
277:
228:
201:
199:
18:
2121:November 5,
1673:science.com
1068:, Australia
699:Mississippi
695:Pearl River
301:aeronautics
204:across the
2515:Categories
2206:facilities
2161:October 4,
2136:"Senate".
2033:2008-08-27
1813:2021-09-14
1788:October 1,
1699:Space News
1602:2013-01-01
1301:2013-01-23
1260:References
1239:Crawlerway
1190:New Mexico
972:stations:
673:, and the
410:John Glenn
382:California
317:spacecraft
200:There are
2420:Goldstone
2095:April 26,
1950:. WGNO TV
1881:space.com
1751:space.com
1509:space.com
1483:space.com
876:Australia
703:Louisiana
469:Goldstone
372:(ARC) at
2430:Canberra
2356:Research
2003:July 15,
1779:Archived
1777:. NASA.
1656:NASA.gov
1627:18 April
1431:July 24,
1371:time.com
1350:July 30,
1279:July 15,
1213:See also
1091:, Hawaii
1066:Canberra
880:Canberra
653:and the
626:View of
573:Saturn V
548:View of
520:Canberra
500:Pasadena
463:View of
426:aircraft
357:View of
313:aircraft
268:View of
2486:Related
2074:July 9,
1725:ap news
1462:24 July
820:(right)
747:(right)
697:at the
586:General
556:(right)
512:Barstow
498:with a
289:Hampton
2425:Madrid
2021:NASA.
1554:. NASA
1427:. NASA
1204:
1169:(near
1109:Alaska
516:Madrid
2155:(PDF)
1927:. CNN
1782:(PDF)
1775:(PDF)
1344:(PDF)
1337:(PDF)
402:Lewis
305:space
2526:NASA
2203:NASA
2163:2022
2123:2015
2097:2010
2076:2011
2005:2009
1978:2022
1956:2022
1933:2022
1910:2022
1888:2022
1862:2022
1840:2022
1790:2011
1758:2022
1732:2022
1706:2022
1680:2022
1629:2014
1582:2022
1560:2022
1538:2022
1516:2022
1490:2022
1464:2019
1433:2019
1406:2011
1378:2022
1352:2020
1281:2009
1126:Guam
985:INTA
647:COBE
628:GSFC
550:MSFC
492:ABMA
480:The
315:and
285:NASA
270:LaRC
151:LaRC
119:MSFC
87:AFRC
39:GSFC
2303:39B
2298:39A
814:VAB
741:JSC
669:at
554:MAF
472:DSN
465:JPL
384:'s
359:ARC
183:SSC
167:JSC
135:ARC
103:GRC
71:JPL
55:KSC
2517::
2050:.
2013:^
1879:.
1831:.
1806:.
1749:.
1723:.
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1671:.
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2125:.
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2007:.
1980:.
1958:.
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1890:.
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1760:.
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1682:.
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1540:.
1518:.
1492:.
1466:.
1435:.
1408:.
1380:.
1354:.
1304:.
1283:.
1173:)
987:)
701:–
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