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revenue would aid the government in securing its plans for a socialist society, while also strengthening the economy. In the eyes of those who supported the policy, NEPmen were nothing more than a stepping stone, providing stability for the creation of the Soviet socialist state in that era. However, by the time of Lenin's death in 1924, the NEPmen were being phased out of society to make room for socialist values, and during the Stalin era, NEPman became a dying breed.
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reduced taxes, state loans were no longer mandatory, and employee penalties were alleviated (i.e., lower number of employees, lower taxes). Although NEPmen enjoyed a more hospitable economic and social environment, it did not indicate that they were universally accepted, but rather tolerated. Stalin frequently expressed his disdain for the NEP and NEPmen. It was public knowledge that he was frustrated with members within the
Communist Party who supported the policy.
36:
234:, suggesting that NEPmen would also be replaced. However, some scholars argue that a modified version of NEPmen existed into the 1930s. Nonetheless, with Stalin's increasingly unlimited power, tensions escalated, and force became an acceptable means of removing the wealthier class or the "enemy of the people".
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Lenin combated this slander and disapproval by asserting that the NEP was just a temporary measure required to repair the Soviet's crumbling economy. He also pointed out that the NEPmen were helping the economy because they could be heavily taxed, providing more revenue for the state. The increase in
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controlled by the state. The disapproval of the NEP by many members of society greatly affected a NEPman's quality of life. They were closely scrutinized and heavily taxed, and their right to vote was revoked. Socialist advertising was also produced to oppose the NEPmen's capitalistic activities, and
165:
When the NEP was introduced by Lenin in 1921, many NEPmen took advantage of the chance to establish themselves in Soviet society. Lenin's plan was to use the NEP as a temporary measure to rebuild the devastated Soviet economy. The NEPmen's role in the new economic climate was to help spread trade to
211:
had begun. Given the instability in
Russian leadership, NEPmen gained a small window of opportunity. After a dramatic drop in sales directly from state industry to NEPmen (14.7% to 2.1%) in 1924, the Soviet economy once again relied heavily on NEPmen for stabilization. Decrees in 1925 and 1926
127:
The biggest group of the 3 million or so NEPmen were engaged in handicrafts in the countryside, but those who traded or ran small businesses in the cities faced the most negative attitudes, especially because some amassed considerable fortunes. One of the main objectives of the
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124: instituted the NEP, which encouraged private buying and selling. However, many Bolsheviks saw the policy as "a step backwards". That included Lenin himself, who defended the measure as "taking one step backward to take two steps forward later on".
223:, and could no longer threaten Stalin. As a result, Stalin gained the maneuverability to propose a new economic strategy, and the freedom to develop means of eliminating private entrepreneurship. In 1928, Stalin reignited the attitudes of the
170:'s retail trade. However, not everyone in the country was happy about the NEP and the emergence of NEPmen. Many Bolsheviks saw the NEPmen as competition and feared that they would end up in positions of power, turning the
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compared to their poor, working class counterparts, NEPmen became reviled, and stereotyped as greedy. Among ordinary folk, traditional hatred of profiteers found focus in the NEPmen, some of it acquiring an
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During Stalin's rise to power, his moderate position was opposed by both the anti-NEP left wing of the party led by
Trotsky, and the pro-NEP right wing led by Bukharin. By October 1927,
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behavior of the NEPmen challenged that goal. However, given the economic benefits that NEPmen provided, the government allowed their existence. As they gained a better
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In 1922, Lenin had his second stroke, which affected his ability to lead. Before his death in 1924, an obvious power struggle between Stalin and
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consolidated his power, he moved aggressively to end the NEP and to put NEPmen out of business, eventually abolishing private commerce in 1931.
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the parts of the country the government could not reach. In fact, in 1922 the NEPmen accounted for almost 75% of the
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this war on capitalism became one of the main goals of Soviet socialist advertising at the time.
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nation. Lenin was highly criticized by his party members for the NEP because it was essentially
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tinge. That was reinforced by the official media representation of NEPmen as vulgar
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Hitler, Stalin, and
Mussolini : totalitarianism in the twentieth century
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Ball, Alan (2006), "Building a new state and society: NEP, 1921–1928",
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Farm to factory: A reinterpretation of the Soviet industrial revolution
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27:
Businessman who took advantage of the 1921 Soviet New
Economic Policy
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Everyday Life In Early Soviet Russia: Taking the
Revolution Inside
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199:"Businessman", from the series "Grimaces of NEP", 1922, by artist
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Allen, Robert C. (2003). "The
Development Problem in the 1920s".
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and
Trotsky, Stalin's main opposition, had been removed from the
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A History of the Soviet Union from the
Beginning to the End
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era, and aggressively propagated anti-NEPmen propaganda.
100:, who took advantage of the opportunities for private
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230:In the same year, the NEP was replaced by Stalin's
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343:The making of the West : peoples and cultures
406:The Russian Revolution: A very short introduction
532:Russia's last capitalists the Nepmen, 1921-1929
8:
582:(Revised, third ed.). Harlow, England:
493:Soviet State and Society Between Revolutions
283:(2006). "New Economic Policies, 1921–1929".
43:It has been suggested that this article be
751:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
668:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
723:(4th ed.). Chichester, West Sussex.
638:Stalin : new biography of a dictator
617:"Russia is hit hard by war on 'Nepmen'"
508:"Russia is Hard Hit by War on 'NEPmen'"
495:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
272:
744:
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636:Khlevni︠u︡k, Oleg Vitalʹevich (2015).
640:. Favorov, Nora Seligman. New Haven.
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484:
482:
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434:Seventeen Moments in Soviet History
116:epitomized the adverse effects of
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120:, and to mitigate those effects,
615:Duranty, Walter (July 8, 1924).
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34:
719:Pauley, Bruce F. (2014-06-27).
685:The Cambridge History of Russia
536:University of California Press
1:
697:10.1017/chol9780521811446.008
457:Fitzpatrick, Sheila (1991).
788:Economy of the Soviet Union
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689:Cambridge University Press
491:Siegelbaum, Lewis (1992).
318:Princeton University Press
289:Cambridge University Press
60:Proposed since April 2024.
793:1920s in the Soviet Union
578:McCauley, Martin (2008).
559:Kiaer, Christina (2006).
341:Hunt, Lynn Avery (2009).
106:small-scale manufacturing
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565:Indiana University Press
534:. Berkeley, California:
506:Duranty, Walter (1924).
463:Indiana University Press
459:Russia in the Era of NEP
803:Social groups of Russia
769:Nicholas V. Riasanovsky
412:Oxford University Press
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112:(NEP, 1921–1928). The
402:Smith, S. A. (2002).
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691:, pp. 168–191,
580:Stalin and Stalinism
379:"Market Corrections"
765:A History of Russia
530:Ball, Alan (1990).
114:famine of 1921–1922
110:New Economic Policy
108:provided under the
50:New Economic Policy
798:Soviet phraseology
622:The New York Times
538:. pp. 26–45.
512:The New York Times
383:Lapham's Quarterly
347:St. Martin's Press
320:. pp. 48–51.
291:. pp. 59–61.
225:October Revolution
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142:standard of living
773:Mark D. Steinberg
545:978-0-520-07174-2
298:978-0-511-16930-4
221:Central Committee
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414:. pp.
161:Under Lenin
147:antisemitic
782:Categories
440:2019-02-18
388:2020-05-03
345:. Bedford/
267:References
180:capitalism
176:capitalist
138:capitalist
136:, and the
747:cite book
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664:cite book
656:893896537
602:191898287
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134:socialism
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430:"Nepmen"
245:See also
217:Zinoviev
174:into a
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55:Discuss
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