879:
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824:
486:
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366:
687:
1382:
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315:
27:
905:
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452:: Near-infrared multi-object spectroscopic observations (redshift range typically from 1 to 7) at spectral resolutions around 1000 observation of a large number of galaxies and spatially-resolved NIRS at spectral resolutions around 1000 and 3000 in order to conduct detailed studies of a smaller number of objects.
522:
A set of 5 fixed slits are available in order to perform high contrast spectroscopic observations which is e.g. required for spectroscopic observations of transiting extra-solar planets. Of the five fixed slits, three are 0.2 arcseconds wide, one is 0.4 arcsecond wide and one is a square aperture of
513:
The integral field spectrometry will primarily be used for large, extended objects like galaxies. In this mode a 3 × 3 arcsecond field of view is sliced into 0.1 arcsecond bands which are thereafter re-arranged into a long slit. This allows to obtain spatially resolved spectra of large scenes and can
535:
only. In this mode no dispersive element is placed in the optical path and any objects are directly imaged on the detector. Since the microshutter array which is sitting in an instrument intermediate focal plan is imaged in parallel, it is possible to arrange the JWST observatory such that any to be
506:
is covered using 4 arrays of programmable slit masks. These programmable slit masks consist of 250 000 micro shutters where each can individually be programmed to 'open' or 'closed'. The contrast between an 'open' or 'closed' shutter is better than 1:2000. If an object like e.g. a galaxy is placed
823:
446:(NIRS) at spectral resolutions around 100 and 1000 for studying the first light sources (stars, galaxies and active nuclei) that mark the beginning of the phase of re-ionization of the Universe that is believed to take place between redshifts 15–14 and 6.
866:
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353:
which are mounted on the JWST Integrated
Science Instrument Module (ISIM). The radiators are connected to NIRSpec using thermally conductive heat straps. The mirror mounts and the optical bench base plate all manufactured out of
2093:
1356:
921:
458:: Near-infrared high-contrast slit spectroscopy at spectral resolution ranging from 100 to several thousands in order to gain a more complete view of the formation and evolution of the stars and their planetary systems.
507:
into an 'open' shutter, the spectra of the light emitted by the object can be dispersed and imaged onto the detector plane. In this mode up to 100 objects can simultaneously be observed and the spectra be measured.
2560:
682:
NIRSpec has been built by
Astrium Germany with subcontractors and partners spread over Europe and with the contribution of NASA from the US which provided the Detector Subsystem and the Micro-shutter Assembly.
476:
objects as well as of extra-solar planetary systems, high-contrast and spatially resolved NIRS at medium to high spectral resolution while maintaining high relative spectro-photometric stability is required.
514:
be used to measure the motion speed and direction within an extended object. Since measured spectra in the IFU mode would overlap with spectra of the MOS mode it can not be used in parallel.
1433:
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1318:
878:
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1039:
Ferruit, P.; et al. (2012). Clampin, Mark C; Fazio, Giovanni G; MacEwen, Howard A; Oschmann, Jacobus M (eds.). "The JWST near-infrared spectrograph NIRSpec: status".
2712:
829:
NIRSpec in Multi-Object Mode. The image shows the spectra of a
Spectral Line Calibration Lamp (Fabry–Perot type) imaged onto the 2 detector Sensor Chip Assemblies (SCA)
381:
the Filter Wheel
Assembly (FWA) – 8 positions, carrying 4 long pass filters for science, 2 broadband filters for target acquisition, one closed and one open position
294:
to 5.0 μm. It also features a set of slits and an aperture for high contrast spectroscopy of individual sources, as well as an integral-field unit (IFU) for 3D
3702:
2441:
1620:
2535:
1412:
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2157:
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623:* In R = 1000 mode, using one single 200 mas wide shutter or fixed slit, NIRSpec will be capable of measuring the flux in an unresolved emission line of
597:
MEMS technology based on micro-shutter arrays with 4 times 365 × 171 = 250 000 individual shutters, each of them with a size of 80 μm × 180 μm
362:
and weighs 196 kg (432 lb) including 100 kg of silicon carbide. The operation of the instrument is performed with three electronic boxes.
2632:
2258:
1855:
1311:
398:
Calibration
Assembly (CAA) – carrying 11 illumination sources and an integrating sphere; for instrument internal spectral and flat-field calibration
264:
light from the first stars and galaxies. In comparison to HST, its instruments will allow looking further back in time and will study the so-called
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983:
Greenhouse, M. (2013). MacEwen, Howard A; Breckinridge, James B (eds.). "The JWST science instrument payload: mission context and status".
938:
286:
spectrum of up to 100 objects like stars or galaxies with low, medium and high spectral resolutions. The observations are performed in a 3
872:
NIRSpec in IFU Mode. The image shows the spectra of a
Spectral Line Calibration Lamp (Fabry–Perot type) imaged onto the 2 detector SCA's.
3113:
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1304:
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1980:
1879:
1932:
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3402:
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3121:
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1613:
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633:* In R = 100 mode, using one single 200 mas wide shutter or fixed slit, NIRSpec will be capable of measuring the continuum flux of
390:
the
Grating Wheel Assembly (GWA) – 8 positions, carrying 6 gratings and one prism for science and one mirror for target acquisition
641:
from a point source at an observed wavelength of 3 μm at SNR = 10 per resolution element in a total exposure of 10 s or less
536:
observed objects fall directly into the center of open shutters (MOS-mode), the IFU aperture (IFU-mode) or the slits (SLIT mode).
2500:
2173:
759:
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from a point source at an observed wavelength of 2 μm at SNR = 10 per resolution element in a total exposure of 10 s or less
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2012:
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800:
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195 kg (430 lb) with about 100 kg silicon carbide parts, Electronic boxes: 30.5 kg (67 lb)
485:
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1972:
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443:
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the Micro
Shutter Assembly (MSA) – for multi-object spectroscopy but also carrying the fixed slits and IFU aperture
350:
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497:
370:
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Kutyrev, A.S.; et al. (2008). Oschmann, Jr, Jacobus M; De Graauw, Mattheus W. M; MacEwen, Howard A (eds.).
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3582:
3288:
3184:
3176:
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1676:
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Posselt, W.; et al. (2004). Mather, John C (ed.). "NIRSpec – Near
Infrared Spectrograph for the JWST".
420:
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54:
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2 MCT Sensor Chip
Assemblies (SCA's) of 2048 × 2048 pixels each. Pixel pitch = 18 μm × 18 μm
958:
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260:(HST) and is developed to receive more information about the origins of the universe by observing
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1956:
1948:
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1008:
532:
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the Collimator Optics TMA (COL) – collimating the light onto the Grating Wheel dispersive element
401:
Focal Plane Assembly (FPA) – includes the focal plane which consists of 2 sensor chip assemblies
1291:
835:
365:
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686:
44:
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1199:
1142:
1056:
1000:
1381:
987:. UV/Optical/IR Space Telescopes and Instruments: Innovative Technologies and Concepts VI.
416:
the Coupling Optics Assembly – which couples the light from the JWST telescope into NIRSpec
3653:
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3192:
3073:
2025:
1644:
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409:
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And finally the Integral Field Unit (IFU) image slicer, used in the instrument IFU mode.
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1238:
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996:
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314:
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The NIRSpec instrument operates at −235 °C and is passively cooled by cold space
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1996:
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1563:
1254:
1211:
1068:
1043:. Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2012: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Wave.
1012:
794:
283:
226:
1164:
523:
1.6 arcseconds. The SLIT mode can be used simultaneously with the MOS or IFU modes.
2545:
2369:
465:
384:
the Refocus Mechanism Assembly (RMA) – carrying 2 mirrors for instrument refocusing
331:
318:
Infographic of JWST instruments and their observation ranges of light by wavelength
295:
279:
202:
1652:
615:
Diffraction limited at 3.17 μm at FPA: WFE = 238 nm RMS (Strehl = 0.80)
493:
In order to achieve the scientific objectives NIRSpec has four operational modes:
775:
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) – Customer Furnished Items:
768:
Optical Ground Support Equipment (Shack-Hartman-Sensor, Calibration Light Source)
613:
Diffraction limited at 2.45 μm at MSA: WFE = 185 nm RMS (Strehl = 0.80)
2849:
1988:
1887:
1729:
1474:
1186:. Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2008: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter.
1146:
1086:"ESA Science & Technology: NIRSpec – the Near-Infrared Spectrograph on JWST"
473:
343:
179:
698:
APCO Technologies SA – Mechanical Ground Support Equipment and Kinematic Mounts
268:
during which the universe was opaque, about 150 to 800 million years after the
3328:
2640:
2480:
2197:
1180:"Microshutter arrays: high contrast programmable field masks for JWST NIRSpec"
429:
the Camera Optics TMA (CAM) – which finally images the spectra on the detector
26:
1296:
718:(AIP) – Instrument Quick Look, Analysis and Calibration Software Contribution
2993:
2401:
2109:
1924:
1815:
1553:
1492:
1480:
563:
When operating in R = 1000 and R = 2700 mode, split in three spectral bands:
503:
1131:. Astrophysics and Space Science Library. Vol. 396. pp. 45–101.
694:
The individual subcontractors and their corresponding contributions were:
3280:
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2769:
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2425:
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1940:
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269:
261:
156:
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2664:
2656:
2648:
2361:
2345:
2313:
1357:
Fine Guidance Sensor and Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph
1004:
922:
Fine Guidance Sensor and Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph
701:
303:
112:
1246:
1203:
1060:
3607:
3344:
3200:
2913:
2857:
2825:
2817:
2740:
2720:
2575:
2290:
2189:
2165:
2004:
1831:
1791:
1668:
1366:
932:
287:
31:
NIRSpec Instrument within the Astrium Cleanroom in Ottobrunn, Germany
1179:
1598:
394:
Further NIRSpec includes two electro-optical assemblies which are:
3577:
3572:
3375:
3312:
3232:
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3164:
3159:
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3149:
3144:
3134:
3065:
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2833:
2801:
2793:
2393:
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1137:
806:
Terma – Electrical Ground Support Equipment (Data Handling System)
788:
685:
484:
469:
364:
313:
291:
214:
169:
73:
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2409:
2101:
1515:
962:
58:
1602:
1300:
1268:"JWST NIRSpec Press Conference". Astrium GmbH, Ottobrunn. 2013.
791:– Mirror Polishing and Mirror Assembly, Integration and Testing
423:(FOR) – which provides the intermediate focal plane for the MSA
929:(James Webb Space Telescope's 5–28 micron camera/spectrograph)
290:× 3 arcmin field of view over the wavelength range from 0.6
1286:
369:
The Calibration Assembly, one component of the NIRSpec, at
707:
Astrium CRISA – Instrument Control Electronic and Software
68:
252:) is one of the four scientific instruments flown on the
440:
The end of the Dark Ages – first light and re-ionization
1281:
710:
Astrium SAS – Silicon Carbide (SiC) Engineering Support
78:
1229:. Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Space Telescopes.
1127:
Zaroubi, Saleem (2013). "The Epoch of Reionization".
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
941:(ISIM, houses NIRSpec and the other JWST instruments)
935:(NIR camera for JWST up to 5 micron wavelength light)
594:
Number of commendable open/ closed spectrometer slits
358:
ceramic SiC100. The instrument size is approximately
3631:
3486:
3387:
3356:
2609:
2461:
2306:
2209:
2024:
1915:
1749:
1704:
1643:
1636:
1546:
1508:
1467:
1450:
1426:
1395:
1347:
502:In MOS the total instrument field of view of 3 × 3
208:
198:
193:
175:
162:
147:
139:
134:
118:
108:
103:
85:
64:
50:
40:
721:Boostec – SiC Mirrors and Structures Manufacturing
306:together with a group of European subcontractors.
408:The optical path is represented by the following
256:(JWST). The JWST is the follow-on mission to the
464:: In order to observe various components of the
282:and is capable of simultaneously measuring the
884:Basic principle of Integral Field Spectroscopy
745:European Space Agency (ESA) – NIRSpec Customer
16:Spectrograph on the James Webb Space Telescope
1614:
1312:
339:the birth of stars and protoplanetary systems
8:
751:
737:
713:
544:The NIRSpec key performance parameters are:
489:Basic principle of Multi-Object Spectroscopy
19:
668:38 K (−235.2 °C; −391.3 °F)
1640:
1621:
1607:
1599:
1319:
1305:
1297:
739:Centre de Rechereche Astrophysique de Lyon
298:. The instrument is a contribution of the
18:
1136:
753:Industrieanlagen-Betriebsgesellschaft mbH
742:(CRAL) – Instrument Performance Simulator
704:CASA Espacio – Optical Instrument Harness
377:NIRSpec includes 4 mechanisms which are:
546:
462:Planetary systems and the origin of life
456:The birth of stars and planetary systems
959:"Extracting Information From Starlight"
950:
888:
862:
819:
342:the birth of planetary systems and the
3703:James Webb Space Telescope instruments
518:High-Contrast Slit Spectroscopy (SLIT)
1080:
1078:
898:NIRSpec CAD view with main assemblies
7:
1403:Integrated Science Instrument Module
939:Integrated Science Instrument Module
748:Iberespacio – Optical Assembly Cover
715:Astrophysikalisches Institut Potsdam
610:Wavefront Error, including Telescope
1408:Optical Telescope Element (mirrors)
756:(IABG) – Instrument Test Facilities
569:2.9 μm – 5.0 μm Band III
1282:James Webb Space Telescope on NASA
14:
3649:List of proposed space telescopes
2330:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
1526:Space Telescope Science Institute
1287:James Webb Space Telescope on ESA
567:1.7 μm – 3.0 μm Band II
3677:
3676:
1583:
1582:
1386:
1380:
1107:"The James Webb Space Telescope"
903:
891:
877:
865:
846:
834:
822:
803:Ltd (SSTL) – Integral Field Unit
760:Mullard Space Science Laboratory
565:1.0 μm – 1.8 μm Band I
468:(from planets and satellites to
25:
2551:Nautilus Deep Space Observatory
816:Multi-Object Spectroscopy (MOS)
927:MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument)
511:Integral Field Unit Mode (IFU)
1:
3659:List of heliophysics missions
589:R = 2700 (fixed Slits + IFU)
531:The imaging mode is used for
910:NIRSpec and the optical path
587:R = 1000 (MOS + fixed Slits)
326:'s main science themes are:
275:The NIRSpec instrument is a
3639:Great Observatories program
1521:Goddard Space Flight Center
1147:10.1007/978-3-642-32362-1_2
853:NIRSpec Microshutter arrays
801:Surrey Satellite Technology
690:NIRSpec industrial partners
3729:
3130:Orbiting Solar Observatory
1372:Near-Infrared Spectrograph
1328:James Webb Space Telescope
651:1900 mm × 1400 mm × 700 mm
444:Near-infrared spectroscopy
360:1900 mm × 1400 mm × 700 mm
324:James Webb Space Telescope
254:James Webb Space Telescope
250:Near-Infrared Spectrograph
20:Near-Infrared Spectrograph
3682:Category:Space telescopes
3672:
1578:
1378:
1334:
1088:. Sci.esa.int. 2013-09-06
752:
738:
714:
561:0.6 μm – 5.0 μm
498:Multi-Object Spectroscopy
371:University College London
336:the assembly of galaxies,
238:
234:
189:
185:
130:
126:
122:196 kg (432 lb)
99:
95:
36:
24:
3644:List of space telescopes
1434:Launch and commissioning
450:The assembly of galaxies
57:with contributions from
1458:Webb's First Deep Field
1362:Mid-Infrared Instrument
646:NIRSpec optics envelope
2970:HEAO-2 (Einstein Obs.)
781:Microshutter Subsystem
730:Grating Wheel Assembly
691:
540:Performance parameters
490:
374:
319:
302:(ESA) and is built by
258:Hubble Space Telescope
2591:Space Solar Telescope
1538:Canadian Space Agency
1533:European Space Agency
727:Filter Wheel Assembly
724:Cassidian Optronics:
689:
665:Operating temperature
488:
373:prior to integration.
368:
317:
300:European Space Agency
104:Spacecraft properties
3664:List of planetariums
2561:NRO donation to NASA
1367:Near-Infrared Camera
841:Microshutter closeup
765:Calibration Assembly
620:Limiting sensitivity
3708:Infrared telescopes
3360:(Mission completed)
1645:Radio and Microwave
1570:List of deep fields
1440:Ariane flight VA256
1239:2004SPIE.5487..688P
1227:Proceedings of SPIE
1196:2008SPIE.7010E..3DK
1184:Proceedings of SPIE
1053:2012SPIE.8442E..2OF
1041:Proceedings of SPIE
997:2013SPIE.8860E..04G
985:Proceedings of SPIE
859:Integral Field Unit
797:– Refocus Mechanism
678:Industrial partners
582:Spectral resolution
412:mirror assemblies:
21:
3297:Suzaku (Astro-EII)
3122:OAO-3 (Copernicus)
3106:Mikhailo Lomonosov
2954:Hinotori (Astro-A)
2556:New Worlds Mission
1292:NIRSpec on YouTube
1129:The First Galaxies
1005:10.1117/12.2023366
692:
533:target acquisition
527:Imaging Mode (IMA)
491:
434:Science objectives
375:
320:
3690:
3689:
3588:SIM & SIMlite
2962:Hisaki (SPRINT-A)
2922:Hakucho (CORSA-b)
2476:Astro-1 Telescope
2302:
2301:
1596:
1595:
1247:10.1117/12.555659
1204:10.1117/12.790192
1156:978-3-642-32361-4
1061:10.1117/12.925810
778:Detector Subsytem
672:
671:
481:Operational modes
242:
241:
143:December 25, 2021
3720:
3680:
3679:
3479:
3475:Hitomi (Astro-H)
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3333:
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2334:
2326:
2318:
2295:
2287:
2279:
2271:
2263:
2255:
2247:
2239:
2231:
2223:
2212:or unclassified)
2202:
2194:
2186:
2178:
2170:
2162:
2154:
2146:
2138:
2130:
2122:
2114:
2106:
2098:
2090:
2082:
2074:
2066:
2058:
2050:
2042:
2017:
2009:
2001:
1993:
1985:
1977:
1969:
1961:
1957:Hinode (Solar-B)
1953:
1945:
1937:
1929:
1908:
1900:
1892:
1884:
1876:
1868:
1860:
1852:
1848:Hinode (Solar-B)
1844:
1836:
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1804:
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1641:
1630:Space telescopes
1623:
1616:
1609:
1600:
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1585:
1390:
1384:
1339:Timeline of JWST
1321:
1314:
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1016:
980:
974:
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907:
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881:
869:
850:
838:
826:
755:
754:
741:
740:
717:
716:
652:
640:
638:
630:
628:
558:Wavelength range
547:
419:the Fore Optics
361:
330:First light and
230:
222:
135:Start of mission
89:5 years (design)
86:Mission duration
29:
22:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3686:
3668:
3654:X-ray telescope
3627:
3509:Constellation-X
3482:
3477:
3469:
3461:
3453:
3445:
3437:
3429:
3421:
3413:
3405:
3397:
3383:
3378:
3370:
3359:
3358:
3352:
3347:
3345:Yokoh (Solar-A)
3339:
3331:
3323:
3315:
3313:Tenma (Astro-B)
3307:
3299:
3291:
3283:
3275:
3267:
3259:
3251:
3243:
3235:
3227:
3219:
3211:
3203:
3195:
3187:
3179:
3124:
3116:
3108:
3100:
3092:
3084:
3076:
3074:LISA Pathfinder
3068:
3060:
3052:
3044:
3036:
3028:
3020:
3012:
3004:
2996:
2988:
2980:
2972:
2964:
2956:
2948:
2940:
2932:
2930:HALCA (MUSES-B)
2924:
2916:
2908:
2906:Ginga (Astro-C)
2900:
2892:
2884:
2876:
2868:
2860:
2852:
2844:
2836:
2828:
2820:
2812:
2804:
2796:
2788:
2780:
2772:
2764:
2756:
2748:
2723:
2715:
2707:
2699:
2691:
2683:
2675:
2667:
2659:
2651:
2643:
2635:
2627:
2625:Akari (Astro-F)
2619:
2605:
2457:
2452:
2444:
2436:
2428:
2420:
2412:
2404:
2396:
2388:
2380:
2372:
2364:
2356:
2348:
2340:
2332:
2324:
2316:
2298:
2293:
2285:
2277:
2269:
2261:
2253:
2245:
2237:
2229:
2221:
2211:
2210:Other (particle
2205:
2200:
2192:
2184:
2176:
2168:
2160:
2152:
2144:
2136:
2128:
2120:
2112:
2104:
2096:
2088:
2080:
2072:
2064:
2056:
2048:
2040:
2020:
2015:
2007:
1999:
1991:
1983:
1975:
1967:
1959:
1951:
1943:
1935:
1927:
1911:
1906:
1898:
1890:
1882:
1874:
1866:
1858:
1850:
1842:
1834:
1826:
1818:
1810:
1802:
1794:
1786:
1778:
1769:
1761:
1745:
1740:
1732:
1724:
1716:
1700:
1695:
1687:
1679:
1671:
1663:
1655:
1632:
1627:
1597:
1592:
1574:
1542:
1504:
1463:
1446:
1422:
1391:
1385:
1376:
1349:
1343:
1330:
1325:
1278:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1157:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1112:
1110:
1109:. Jwst.nasa.gov
1105:
1104:
1100:
1091:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1076:
1038:
1037:
1020:
982:
981:
977:
968:
966:
957:
956:
952:
948:
918:
911:
908:
899:
896:
885:
882:
873:
870:
854:
851:
842:
839:
830:
827:
813:
680:
657:Instrument mass
650:
636:
634:
632:
626:
624:
614:
588:
586:
568:
566:
564:
562:
542:
483:
436:
410:silicon carbide
359:
356:silicon carbide
344:origins of life
312:
224:
212:
91:10 years (goal)
90:
77:
72:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3726:
3724:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3695:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3472:
3464:
3456:
3448:
3440:
3432:
3424:
3416:
3408:
3400:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3373:
3364:
3362:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3342:
3334:
3326:
3318:
3310:
3302:
3294:
3286:
3278:
3270:
3262:
3254:
3246:
3238:
3230:
3222:
3214:
3206:
3198:
3190:
3182:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3127:
3119:
3111:
3103:
3095:
3087:
3079:
3071:
3063:
3055:
3047:
3039:
3031:
3023:
3015:
3007:
2999:
2991:
2983:
2975:
2967:
2959:
2951:
2943:
2935:
2927:
2919:
2911:
2903:
2895:
2887:
2879:
2871:
2863:
2855:
2847:
2839:
2831:
2823:
2815:
2807:
2799:
2791:
2786:Compton (CGRO)
2783:
2775:
2767:
2759:
2751:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2718:
2713:ASCA (Astro-D)
2710:
2702:
2694:
2686:
2678:
2670:
2662:
2654:
2646:
2638:
2630:
2622:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2511:Hypertelescope
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2491:Fresnel Imager
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2447:
2439:
2431:
2423:
2415:
2407:
2399:
2391:
2383:
2375:
2367:
2359:
2351:
2343:
2335:
2327:
2319:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2288:
2280:
2272:
2264:
2256:
2248:
2240:
2232:
2224:
2215:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2195:
2187:
2179:
2171:
2163:
2155:
2147:
2139:
2134:Max Valier Sat
2131:
2123:
2115:
2107:
2099:
2091:
2083:
2075:
2070:HXMT (Insight)
2067:
2062:Einstein Probe
2059:
2051:
2046:Chandra (AXAF)
2043:
2034:
2032:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2010:
2002:
1994:
1986:
1978:
1970:
1962:
1954:
1946:
1938:
1930:
1921:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1901:
1893:
1885:
1877:
1869:
1861:
1853:
1845:
1837:
1829:
1821:
1813:
1805:
1797:
1789:
1781:
1777:constellation
1772:
1764:
1755:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1735:
1727:
1719:
1710:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1690:
1682:
1674:
1666:
1658:
1649:
1647:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1603:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1561:
1559:OTE Pathfinder
1556:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1487:JADES-GS-z13-0
1484:
1478:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1413:Spacecraft bus
1410:
1405:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
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1344:
1342:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1316:
1309:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1277:
1276:External links
1274:
1272:
1271:
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1170:
1155:
1119:
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1074:
1018:
975:
949:
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711:
708:
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661:
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654:
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649:Approximately
647:
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621:
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583:
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194:Main telescope
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3:
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3725:
3714:
3713:Spectrographs
3711:
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3683:
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3404:
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3396:
3393:
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3390:
3386:
3377:
3374:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3355:
3346:
3343:
3338:
3335:
3330:
3327:
3322:
3319:
3314:
3311:
3306:
3305:Taiyo (SRATS)
3303:
3298:
3295:
3290:
3287:
3282:
3279:
3274:
3271:
3266:
3263:
3258:
3255:
3250:
3247:
3242:
3239:
3234:
3231:
3226:
3223:
3218:
3215:
3210:
3207:
3202:
3199:
3194:
3191:
3186:
3183:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3123:
3120:
3115:
3112:
3107:
3104:
3099:
3096:
3091:
3088:
3083:
3080:
3075:
3072:
3067:
3064:
3059:
3056:
3051:
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3040:
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3032:
3027:
3024:
3019:
3016:
3011:
3008:
3003:
3000:
2995:
2992:
2987:
2984:
2979:
2976:
2971:
2968:
2963:
2960:
2955:
2952:
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2944:
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2923:
2920:
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2899:
2896:
2891:
2888:
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2880:
2875:
2872:
2867:
2864:
2859:
2856:
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2848:
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2827:
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2811:
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2803:
2800:
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2779:
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2760:
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2703:
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2392:
2387:
2386:Solar-C EUVST
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2379:
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2363:
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2305:
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2289:
2284:
2283:Solar Orbiter
2281:
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2260:
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2236:
2233:
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2216:
2214:
2208:
2199:
2196:
2191:
2188:
2183:
2180:
2175:
2172:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2156:
2151:
2148:
2143:
2140:
2135:
2132:
2127:
2124:
2119:
2116:
2111:
2108:
2103:
2100:
2095:
2092:
2087:
2084:
2079:
2076:
2071:
2068:
2063:
2060:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2044:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2014:
2011:
2006:
2003:
1998:
1997:Solar Orbiter
1995:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1979:
1974:
1971:
1966:
1963:
1958:
1955:
1950:
1947:
1942:
1939:
1934:
1931:
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1661:Solar Orbiter
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1568:
1565:
1564:James E. Webb
1562:
1560:
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585:R = 100 (MOS)
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574:Field of View
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560:
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28:
23:
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3357:Hibernating
3109:(2016–2019?)
2652:(1962, 1964)
2546:Nano-JASMINE
2370:NEO Surveyor
2294:(since 2006)
2286:(since 2020)
2278:(since 1995)
2270:(since 2019)
2262:(since 2017)
2254:(since 2008)
2246:(since 2015)
2238:(since 2015)
2230:(since 2011)
2222:(since 1997)
2201:(since 1999)
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2185:(since 2023)
2177:(since 2022)
2169:(since 2012)
2161:(since 2017)
2153:(since 2018)
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2113:(since 2019)
2105:(since 2021)
2097:(since 2020)
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2065:(since 2024)
2057:(since 2015)
2049:(since 1999)
2041:(since 2015)
2016:(since 2004)
2008:(since 2006)
2000:(since 2020)
1992:(since 2008)
1984:(since 1995)
1976:(since 2010)
1968:(since 2013)
1960:(since 2006)
1952:(since 2021)
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1936:(since 2022)
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1899:(since 2004)
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1509:Institutions
1436:(2021-2022)
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1263:
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1111:. Retrieved
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1090:. Retrieved
1044:
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965:. 2010-03-30
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693:
681:
673:
639:10 WmHz
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466:Solar System
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332:reionization
321:
296:spectroscopy
280:spectrograph
277:multi-object
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243:
203:Spectrograph
109:Manufacturer
41:Mission type
3470:(2014–2015)
3422:(2012–2013)
3388:Lost/Failed
3379:(1998–2010)
3371:(1998–2005)
3348:(1991–2001)
3340:(2001–2010)
3324:(1970–1973)
3316:(1983–1985)
3308:(1975–1980)
3300:(2005–2015)
3292:(2003–2020)
3284:(2011–2019)
3276:(1979–1985)
3268:(1975–1979)
3260:(1972–1973)
3252:(1992–2004)
3244:(1995–2012)
3236:(1990–1999)
3228:(2002–2018)
3220:(1983–1984)
3212:(2009–2013)
3196:(2006–2016)
3125:(1972–1981)
3117:(1968–1973)
3101:(1996–1997)
3093:(2003–2019)
3085:(2015–2017)
3077:(2015–2017)
3069:(1997–2002)
3061:(1990–2001)
3053:(2009–2018)
3045:(1996–2004)
3037:(1978–1996)
3029:(1996–1998)
3021:(1995–1996)
2997:(1989–1993)
2989:(2000–2008)
2981:(1979–1981)
2973:(1978–1982)
2965:(2013–2023)
2957:(1981–1991)
2949:(2009–2013)
2941:(1977–1979)
2933:(1997–2005)
2925:(1979–1985)
2917:(1989–1998)
2909:(1987–1991)
2901:(1990–1992)
2893:(2003–2013)
2885:(1987–2001)
2877:(1999–2007)
2869:(1992–2001)
2861:(1983–1986)
2850:Explorer 11
2821:(2017–2019)
2813:(1989–1993)
2805:(1975–1982)
2797:(2006–2013)
2789:(1991–2000)
2781:(2003–2008)
2773:(1996–2003)
2765:(1974–1976)
2757:(1983–1991)
2716:(1993–2000)
2708:(1973–1974)
2700:(2017–2019)
2692:(1979–1982)
2684:(1974–1980)
2676:(1971–1972)
2668:(1967–1969)
2644:(1962–1972)
2636:(1993–2005)
2628:(2006–2011)
2620:(2007–2024)
1917:Ultraviolet
1475:CEERS-93316
1468:Discoveries
1350:and sensors
1348:Instruments
1233:: 688–697.
474:Kuiper belt
209:Wavelengths
180:Arianespace
163:Launch site
151:As part of
140:Launch date
119:Launch mass
3697:Categories
3329:Vanguard 3
2641:Alouette 1
2481:AstroSat-2
2198:XMM-Newton
1714:James Webb
1566:(namesake)
1190:: 70103D.
1113:2015-01-20
1092:2013-12-13
1047:: 84422O.
991:: 886004.
969:2014-04-09
946:References
629:10 Wm
504:arcminutes
176:Contractor
3532:Eddington
3487:Cancelled
2994:Hipparcos
2402:Spektr-UV
2267:Mini-EUSO
2259:ISS-CREAM
2110:Spektr-RG
2030:Gamma-ray
1925:Aditya-L1
1816:Hayabusa2
1693:Queqiao 2
1637:Operating
1554:SpaceWire
1493:LHS 475 b
1481:GLASS-z12
1418:Sunshield
1255:121365299
1212:106493827
1138:1206.0267
1069:123316716
1013:173183643
550:PARAMETER
351:radiators
266:Dark Ages
45:Astronomy
3583:Sentinel
3281:Spektr-R
3217:RELIKT-1
3058:Kristall
2946:Herschel
2770:BeppoSAX
2526:JEM-EUSO
2521:iWF-MAXI
2463:Proposed
2426:LiteBIRD
2418:Spektr-M
2150:MinXSS-2
2078:INTEGRAL
1941:Astrosat
1767:Astrosat
1706:Infrared
1588:Category
1499:AzTECC71
1396:Elements
1165:58931662
916:See also
762:(MSSL):
602:Detector
310:Overview
270:Big Bang
262:infrared
225:5.0 μm (
157:Ariane 5
155:onboard
51:Operator
3632:Related
3543:FINESSE
3521:Destiny
3504:Astro-G
3467:Tsubame
3459:Astro-E
3435:ABRIXAS
3289:Spitzer
3273:Solwind
3225:R/HESSI
3185:Orion 2
3177:Orion 1
2882:Kvant-1
2778:CHIPSat
2741:Astro-2
2721:Astro-1
2697:ASTERIA
2689:Ariel 6
2681:Ariel 5
2673:Ariel 4
2665:Ariel 3
2657:Ariel 2
2649:Ariel 1
2610:Retired
2601:THESEUS
2586:Solar-D
2581:PhoENiX
2421:(2030+)
2378:JASMINE
2346:Xuntian
2314:SPHEREx
2307:Planned
1856:NEOSSat
1751:Optical
1677:Queqiao
1547:Related
1235:Bibcode
1192:Bibcode
1049:Bibcode
993:Bibcode
702:Astrium
304:Astrium
246:NIRSpec
113:Astrium
76:Germany
74:Astrium
65:Website
3608:TAUVEX
3515:Darwin
3494:Aelita
3478:(2016)
3462:(2000)
3454:(1999)
3446:(1996)
3443:HETE-1
3438:(1999)
3430:(1965)
3414:(1976)
3406:(1970)
3398:(1966)
3332:(1959)
3249:SAMPEX
3209:Planck
3204:(2018)
3201:PicSat
3193:PAMELA
3188:(1973)
3180:(1971)
3082:MinXSS
3050:Kepler
3013:(1983)
3005:(2024)
2986:HETE-2
2978:HEAO-3
2938:HEAO-1
2914:Granat
2858:EXOSAT
2853:(1961)
2845:(2010)
2837:(2008)
2829:(1993)
2818:CXBN-2
2754:Astron
2749:(1995)
2724:(1990)
2660:(1964)
2633:ALEXIS
2576:PETREL
2536:LUVOIR
2486:EXCEDE
2453:(2035)
2445:(2035)
2442:Athena
2437:(2033)
2429:(2032)
2413:(2030)
2405:(2030)
2397:(2029)
2389:(2028)
2381:(2028)
2373:(2027)
2365:(2027)
2357:(2027)
2349:(2026)
2341:(2026)
2333:(2026)
2325:(2026)
2322:K-EUSO
2317:(2025)
2291:STEREO
2227:AMS-02
2190:XPoSat
2166:NuSTAR
2005:STEREO
1949:Hibari
1840:Hubble
1832:HiRISE
1808:Euclid
1800:DSCOVR
1792:CHEOPS
1669:STEREO
1501:(2023)
1495:(2023)
1489:(2022)
1483:(2022)
1477:(2022)
1460:(2022)
1451:Images
1427:Stages
1253:
1210:
1163:
1153:
1067:
1011:
933:NIRCam
811:Images
553:VALUE
470:comets
288:arcmin
219:orange
167:Kourou
148:Rocket
71:Europe
3603:SPOrt
3598:SPICA
3578:OSO K
3573:OSO J
3427:OSO C
3411:CORSA
3403:OAO-B
3395:OAO-1
3376:TRACE
3321:Uhuru
3265:SAS-C
3257:SAS-B
3233:ROSAT
3170:OSO 8
3165:OSO 7
3160:OSO 6
3155:OSO 5
3150:OSO 4
3145:OSO 3
3140:OSO B
3135:OSO 1
3114:OAO-2
3066:LEGRI
3002:ILO-X
2898:Gamma
2890:GALEX
2842:EPOXI
2834:EPOCh
2802:Cos-B
2794:CoRoT
2729:BBXRT
2617:AGILE
2596:THEIA
2566:ORBIS
2516:ILO-1
2501:HabEx
2496:FOCAL
2471:Arcus
2434:Taiji
2394:ARIEL
2338:PLATO
2243:DAMPE
2235:CALET
2182:XRISM
2158:NICER
2126:Swift
2094:GECAM
2086:Fermi
2054:DAMPE
2038:CALET
2026:X-ray
2013:Swift
1989:SOLAR
1933:ASO-S
1896:Swift
1888:SOLAR
1784:CHASE
1775:BRITE
1730:SOLAR
1251:S2CID
1208:S2CID
1161:S2CID
1133:arXiv
1065:S2CID
1009:S2CID
789:Sagem
500:(MOS)
170:ELA-3
3623:XIPE
3618:XEUS
3593:SNAP
3568:LOFT
3563:JDEM
3548:GEMS
3538:FAME
3526:EChO
3499:AOSO
3451:WIRE
3419:CXBN
3368:SWAS
3337:WMAP
3241:RXTE
3090:MOST
3042:IXAE
3018:IRTS
3010:IRAS
2874:FUSE
2866:EUVE
2810:COBE
2541:Lynx
2531:LUCI
2450:LISA
2410:UVEX
2362:LORD
2354:COSI
2275:SOHO
2251:IBEX
2174:LEIA
2142:MAXI
2118:SVOM
2102:IXPE
2028:and
1981:SOHO
1965:IRIS
1904:TESS
1880:SOHO
1864:Odin
1824:Gaia
1738:WISE
1722:Odin
1685:Wind
1653:NCLE
1516:NASA
1231:5487
1188:7010
1151:ISBN
1045:8442
989:8860
963:NASA
472:and
322:The
244:The
213:0.6
199:Type
153:JWST
79:NASA
59:NASA
3613:TPF
3558:IXO
3553:HOP
3098:MSX
3034:IUE
3026:ISO
2826:DXS
2762:ANS
2745:HUT
2734:HUT
2705:ATM
2571:OST
2506:HWO
2219:ACE
1973:SDO
1872:SDO
1759:Aoi
1243:doi
1200:doi
1143:doi
1057:doi
1001:doi
635:1.2
625:5.2
421:TMA
223:to
69:ESA
55:ESA
3699::
2747:)
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1077:^
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1021:^
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442::
292:μm
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215:μm
2743:(
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637:×
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248:(
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217:(
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