552:. The Hyperwords concept grew out of the Engelbart web-documentary Invisible Revolution. The aim of the project is to allow users to interact with all the words on the Web, not only the links. Hyperwords works through a simple hierarchical menu, but also gives users access to keyboard "phrases" in the spirit of NLS commands and features Views, which are inspired by the powerful NLS ViewSpecs. The Views allow the user to re-format web pages on the fly. Engelbart was on the Advisory Board of The Hyperwords Company from its inception in 2006 until his death in 2013.
291:
494:. NLS was not designed to be easy to learn; it employed the heavy use of program modes, relied on a strict hierarchical structure, did not have a point-and-click interface, and forced the user to have to learn cryptic mnemonic codes to do anything useful with the system. The chord keyset, which complemented the modal nature of NLS, forced the user to learn a 5-bit binary code if they did not want to use the keyboard. Finally, with the arrival of the
405:
and therefore focused on making the user more powerful, not simply on making the system easier to use. These features therefore supported a full-interaction paradigm with rich interaction possibilities for a trained user, rather than what
Engelbart referred to as the WYSIAYG (What You See Is All You
195:
developed his concepts while supported by the US Air Force from 1959 to 1960 and published a framework in 1962. The strange acronym, NLS (rather than OLS), was an artifact of the evolution of the system. Engelbart's first computers were not able to support more than one user at a time. First was the
218:
The design continued to support this "off-line" workflow, as well as an interactive "on-line" ability to edit the same documents. To avoid having two identical acronyms (OLTS), the Off-Line Text System was abbreviated FLTS and the On-Line Text System was abbreviated NLTS. As the system evolved to
392:
operating system). By mid-1971, the TENEX implementation of NLS was put into service as the new
Network Information Center, but even this computer could handle only a small number of simultaneous users. Access was possible from either custom-built display workstations, or simple typewriter-like
211:. Once the tape was complete, an off-line user would then feed into the computer the paper tape on which the last document draft had been stored, followed by the new commands to be applied, and the computer would print out a new paper tape containing the latest version of the document. Without
215:, this could be awkward, since the user had to mentally simulate the cumulative effects of their commands on the document text. On the other hand, it matched the workflow of the 1960s office, where managers would give marked-up printouts of documents to secretaries.
526:, were successful. It was transported to other research institutes, such as USC/Information Sciences (ISI), which manufactured mice and keysets for NLS. NLS was also extended at ISI to use the newly emerging Xerox laser printers.
342:, and, on a 22-foot-high (6.7 m) screen with video insets, the audience could follow Engelbart's actions on his display, observe how he used the mouse, and watch as members of his team in Menlo Park joined in the presentation.
310:", as it not only demonstrated the groundbreaking features of NLS, but also involved the assembly of some remarkable state-of-the-art video technologies. Engelbart's onstage terminal keyboard and mouse were linked by a homemade
607:
It is important to not confuse Dr. Evans with the numerous other persons who share the same name. He was
Managing Director and CEO of MRI magnet startup Magnetica, and participated in the 1998 symposium honoring Engelbart's
283:(CRT), enclosed by a special cover, and a superimposed video image was received by a professional-quality black-and-white TV camera. The information was sent from the TV camera to the closed-circuit camera control and
345:
One of the most revolutionary features of NLS, "the
Journal", was developed in 1970 by Australian computer engineer David A. Evans as part of his doctoral thesis. The Journal was a primitive hypertext-based
203:
As a short-term measure, the team developed a system that allowed off-line users—that is, anyone not sitting at the one available terminal—to edit their documents by punching a string of commands onto
366:'s archives; these provide a valuable record of the evolution of the ARC community from 1970 until the advent of commercialization in 1976. An additional set of Journal documents exists at the
1256:
482:
Engelbart said: "Many of those firsts came right out of the staff's innovations — even had to be explained to me before I could understand them. more recognition."
354:). It was used by ARC members to discuss, debate, and refine concepts in the same way that wikis are being used today. The Journal was used to store documents for the
350:
program, which can be seen as a predecessor (if not the direct ancestor) of all contemporary server software that supports collaborative document creation (like
842:
230:
370:
in
California, along with a large collection of ARC backup tapes dating from the early 1970s, as well as some of the SDS 940 tapes from the 1960s.
864:
1171:
1135:
657:
779:
393:
terminals which were less expensive and more common at the time. By 1974, the NIC had spun off to a separate project on its own computer.
1261:
222:
583:
1012:
529:
Frustrated by the direction of
Engelbart's "bootstrapping" crusade, many top SRI researchers left, with many ending up at the
299:
127:
898:
323:
135:
40:
257:
246:
918:
Engelbart, D., Study for the development of Human
Augmentation Techniques. Final Report, July 1968. Sections 4 and 5.
574:, saw Doug Engelbart demonstrate the oN-Line System, which was part of Bricklin's inspiration to create Visicalc.
290:
279:
to one of two display controllers and display generators. The input text was then sent to a 5-inch (127 mm)
212:
720:
850:
389:
1052:
260:. It had an approximately 96 MB storage disk and could support up to 16 workstations, each comprising a
1130:(1. Simon & Schuster trade paperback ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks. p. 354.
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174:
76:
59:
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technology that seemed practical with a small number of users became impractical over a distributed
758:
728:
363:
275:. Typed text was sent from the keyset to a specific subsystem that relayed the information along a
219:
support more than just text, the "T" was dropped, and the interactive version became known as NLS.
181:
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208:
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36:
937:
Proceedings of the June 4-8, 1973, national computer conference and exposition on - AFIPS '73
950:
645:
503:
402:
385:
373:
The NLS was implemented using several domain-specific languages that were handled using the
280:
264:
154:
66:
1192:
1155:
1072:
549:
276:
20:
1128:
The innovators: how a group of hackers, geniuses and geeks created the digital revolution
1204:
637:
401:
All of the features of NLS were in support of
Engelbart's goal of augmenting collective
1200:
932:
816:
692:
530:
491:
268:
249:
in 1966 and became the lead programmer for NLS until leaving the organization in 1973.
237:, he was able to provide additional funding to the project. NLS development moved to a
147:
1029:
490:
The downfall of NLS, and subsequently, of ARC in general, was the program's difficult
1245:
544:
Some of the "full-interaction" paradigm lives on in different systems, including the
511:
362:
archives. Most
Journal documents have been preserved in paper form and are stored in
303:
242:
1214:
1162:
Bootstrapping: Douglas
Engelbart, Coevolution, and the Origins of Personal Computing
962:
667:
567:
523:
507:
499:
272:
1196:
1195:
for links to the demo and to later panel discussions by participants in the demo;
1160:
298:
NLS was demonstrated by Engelbart on December 9, 1968, to a large audience at the
165:, and other modern computing concepts. It was funded by ARPA (the predecessor to
515:
319:
284:
261:
151:
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compiler-compiler system. The eventual implementation language was called L10.
545:
204:
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347:
143:
1101:
931:
Douglas C. Englebart; Richard W. Watson; James C. Norton (June 4–8, 1973).
691:
English, William K.; Engelbart, Douglas C.; Huddart, Bonnie (July 1965).
642:
Proceedings of the ACM Conference on the history of personal workstations
571:
534:
355:
335:
238:
197:
649:
588:
495:
253:
142:(SRI). It was the first computer system to employ the practical use of
1225:
HyperScope, a browser-based project to recreate and extend NLS/Augment
987:
890:
519:
381:
755:
Study for the Development of Human Intellect Augmentation Techniques
1230:
359:
311:
289:
234:
166:
351:
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226:
170:
1188:
537:
in 1977 and renamed it Augment. Tymshare was, in turn, sold to
158:
287:, and finally displayed on each workstation's video monitor.
200:
in 1963, which had very little programming power of its own.
225:, who had a background in psychology, provided support from
1219:
506:; time-sharing was rapidly being replaced with individual
1224:
725:
Stanford and the Silicon Valley Oral History Interviews
518:. Attempts to port NLS to other hardware, such as the
1227:
Douglas Engelbart himself is involved in this project
1015:, Harvey Lehtmann, Interactions, issue 2/1997, p. 51.
700:. Menlo Park: Stanford Research Institute. p. xi
884:
882:
1215:
The original 1968 Demo as streaming RealVideo clips
865:"engelbart's unfinished revolution: David A. Evans"
555:From 2005 through 2008, a volunteer group from the
533:, taking the mouse idea with them. SRI sold NLS to
109:
101:
93:
85:
75:
65:
54:
46:
32:
1159:
1238:, another now defunct NLS/Augment implementation
1220:A high-resolution version of the 1968 Demo video
570:, the creator of the first spreadsheet program,
330:, 48 kilometers southeast of San Francisco. Two
1102:"NLS Restoration Technical Discussion Archives"
644:. Palo Alto, California: ACM. pp. 73–83.
686:
684:
8:
27:
843:"Dr David Evans, Managing Director and CEO"
468:Grammar-driven command language interpreter
462:Universal "user interface" front-end module
130:developed in the 1960s. It was designed by
1023:
1021:
26:
944:
926:
924:
891:"Network Journal Submission and Delivery"
584:File Retrieval and Editing System (FRESS)
334:carried video from Menlo Park back to an
167:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
981:
979:
631:
629:
627:
625:
231:Information Processing Techniques Office
1166:. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
719:conducted by Judy Adams and Henry Low.
621:
600:
1209:Engelbart Archives Special Collections
456:Distributed client-server architecture
157:, information organized by relevance,
134:and implemented by researchers at the
1257:History of human–computer interaction
1051:Thomas J. Lueck (February 28, 1984).
751:"Quarterly Technical Letter Report 1"
252:In 1968, NLS development moved to an
7:
811:
809:
16:1960s computer collaboration system
986:Frode Hegland and Fleur Klijnsma.
933:"The augmented knowledge workshop"
638:"The augmented knowledge workshop"
636:Douglas C. Englebart (June 1986).
477:Compilable "Command Meta Language"
417:In-file object addressing, linking
14:
817:"The Click Heard Round The World"
780:"Johns Frederick (Jeff) Rulifson"
749:Douglas C. Engelbart (May 1966).
559:attempted to restore the system.
271:, and an input device known as a
235:Advanced Research Projects Agency
1189:Doug Engelbart Institute website
180:The NLS was demonstrated in the
531:Xerox Palo Alto Research Center
474:Remote procedure call protocols
471:Protocols for virtual terminals
406:Get) paradigm that came later.
380:In 1970, NLS was ported to the
233:of the US Defense Department's
1231:NLS documents at bitsavers.org
694:Computer-Aided Display Control
444:Shared-screen teleconferencing
306:. This has since been dubbed "
300:Fall Joint Computer Conference
1:
1013:"What you see is ALL you get"
414:2-dimensional display editing
128:computer collaboration system
899:Augmentation Research Center
136:Augmentation Research Center
41:Augmentation Research Center
1077:Software Preservation Group
1053:"McDonnell to buy Tymshare"
435:Integrated hypermedia email
258:Berkeley Timesharing System
229:. When Taylor moved to the
140:Stanford Research Institute
1278:
1262:SRI International software
889:D. Meyer (July 31, 1973).
356:Network Information Center
18:
1126:Isaacson, Walter (2015).
384:computer (as modified by
213:interactive visualization
105:raster scan video display
1193:1968 Demo resources page
441:Document version control
336:Eidophor video projector
294:Videoconferencing on NLS
19:For quantum theory, see
1106:Computer History Museum
1081:Computer History Museum
955:10.1145/1499586.1499593
557:Computer History Museum
447:Computer-aided meetings
368:Computer History Museum
326:'s SDS 940 computer in
308:The Mother of All Demos
126:", was a revolutionary
113:video input, serial out
60:The Mother of All Demos
988:"Invisible Revolution"
849:. 2006. Archived from
486:Decline and succession
465:Multi-tool integration
459:Uniform command syntax
453:Context-sensitive help
295:
1032:. Englebart Institute
1028:Christina Engelbart.
450:Formatting directives
438:Hypermedia publishing
426:Flexible view control
293:
256:computer running the
163:presentation programs
58:December 9, 1968, at
1030:"A Lifetime Pursuit"
498:at SRI in 1969, the
340:Ames Research Center
1191:see especially the
1073:"NLS Augment Index"
759:Stanford University
729:Stanford University
721:"Douglas Engelbart"
650:10.1145/12178.12184
364:Stanford University
182:Mother of All Demos
29:
1058:The New York Times
869:unrev.Stanford.edu
432:Cross-file editing
423:Outline processing
411:The computer mouse
358:and early network
322:that connected to
296:
1197:About NLS/Augment
1173:978-0-8047-3723-4
1137:978-1-4767-0869-0
939:. pp. 9–12.
853:on July 18, 2008.
823:. January 1, 2004
788:SRI International
659:978-0-89791-176-4
539:McDonnell Douglas
522:and later on the
338:loaned by NASA's
267:, a three-button
193:Douglas Engelbart
132:Douglas Engelbart
117:
116:
37:SRI International
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871:. Archived from
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847:Magnetica.com.au
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790:. Archived from
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429:Multiple windows
281:cathode ray tube
159:screen windowing
67:Operating system
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1149:Further reading
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946:10.1.1.729.1832
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875:on May 8, 1999.
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794:on July 1, 2013
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332:microwave links
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21:NLTS Conjecture
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1199:; Engelbart's
1183:
1182:External links
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698:(Final Report)
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1201:Bibliography
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1109:. Retrieved
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1084:. Retrieved
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1046:
1034:. Retrieved
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996:. Retrieved
991:
966:. Retrieved
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902:. Retrieved
894:
873:the original
868:
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851:the original
846:
837:
825:. Retrieved
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796:. Retrieved
792:the original
783:
774:
762:. Retrieved
754:
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732:. Retrieved
724:
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702:. Retrieved
693:
671:. Retrieved
641:
603:
568:Dan Bricklin
566:
554:
543:
528:
524:DECSYSTEM-20
516:workstations
500:time-sharing
496:ARPA Network
489:
481:
400:
379:
372:
344:
297:
273:chord keyset
251:
221:
217:
202:
191:
179:
175:US Air Force
123:
119:
118:
110:Connectivity
55:Release date
24:
1236:OpenAugment
1205:Videography
548:add-on for
510:(and later
388:to run the
320:leased line
285:patch panel
262:raster-scan
209:Flexowriter
188:Development
152:raster-scan
1246:Categories
1207:; and the
704:January 3,
616:References
546:Hyperwords
420:Hypermedia
328:Menlo Park
318:through a
205:paper tape
173:, and the
122:, or the "
1252:Hypertext
1111:April 15,
1086:April 15,
1036:April 13,
998:April 13,
968:April 20,
941:CiteSeerX
904:April 19,
827:April 19,
764:April 19,
734:April 19,
673:April 20,
541:in 1984.
375:Tree Meta
348:groupware
241:in 1965.
146:links, a
144:hypertext
33:Developer
1158:(2000).
994:. London
963:52827267
798:June 13,
578:See also
572:Visicalc
563:Visicalc
535:Tymshare
314:at 2400
239:CDC 3100
198:CDC 160A
102:Graphics
1187:On the
895:RFC 543
668:9530266
589:ENQUIRE
504:network
265:monitor
254:SDS 940
245:joined
207:with a
94:Storage
50:Concept
1170:
1134:
961:
943:
666:
656:
520:PDP-10
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397:Firsts
382:PDP-10
86:Memory
1211:page.
959:S2CID
821:Wired
664:S2CID
608:work.
595:Notes
390:TENEX
360:email
352:wikis
312:modem
269:mouse
1168:ISBN
1132:ISBN
1113:2011
1088:2011
1038:2011
1000:2011
970:2011
906:2011
829:2011
800:2013
766:2011
736:2011
706:2017
675:2011
654:ISBN
316:baud
227:NASA
171:NASA
97:none
89:none
81:none
71:none
47:Type
951:doi
646:doi
386:BBN
324:ARC
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277:bus
247:SRI
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120:NLS
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