609:. This allowed a larger coal capacity—46 tons—so the Harmon, New York to Chicago run (928.1 miles) could be done with one stop for coal. The stop was at Wayneport, New York: 14 miles east of Rochester, which left 602.2 miles to Chicago via the Cleveland lakefront. This worked with the 46-ton coal capacity of the PT tenders, though coal was fairly low in the tenders by the time La Salle Station was reached, with an approximate mileage of 15 miles per ton of coal for such a high-horsepower steam locomotive. To fit within the existing turntables, the tender had an overhang of over 9 feet beyond the last pair of wheels.
602:. This application of the "Franklin System of Steam Distribution" was very similar to the existing Type A, but a different valve layout lead to the official designation of FSSD or Franklin Type A1. The Niagaras did not have steam domes, as did most steam locomotives, which resulted in a smooth contour along the top of the boiler. A perforated pipe collected steam instead. This was necessary because of the lower loading gauge (height clearance restrictions) of the New York Central (15 ft 2 in versus 16 ft 2 in (4.93 m) for other American railroads), particularly east of Buffalo.
598:
as an increased boiler pressure of 290 psi. This was to maintain the S-1a's initially higher tractive effort and compare boiler efficiencies with the S-1b. The last
Niagara, also delivered in 1946 as the New York Central's last steam locomotive, was Class S-2a No. 5500, dubbed the "Super Niagara." The locomotive was mechanically identical to the S-1b's, but instead of Baker gear and piston valves, it had Franklin
1261: in (31.76 m), an overall weight of 970,400 lb (440.17 t), a slightly-longer PT-class centipede tender with a required extra axle, the same amount of weight on drivers, four 20 in Ă— 26 in (508 mm Ă— 660 mm) cylinders, boiler pressure of 290 lbf/in (2.00 MPa) and a tractive effort rating of 64,901 lbf (288.7 kN).
1275:
694:
firebox while the locomotive was still in steam and cleared all of the tubes, repaired the brick arch, etc. As the temperature inside the firebox itself would have been well over 212 degrees
Fahrenheit (100 C), and the working area these maintenance workers would have been standing on was the still-hot firebars of the grate, all references describe these workers as 'heroic'.
597:
The first
Niagara was Class S-1a No. 6000, delivered in March, 1945; the S-1b's (6001-6025) were delivered in 1945 and 1946. All S-1's were equipped with Baker valve gear, but S-1a No. 6000 was built with 75 in. driving wheels. It later received 79 in. wheels like the S-1b's were built with, as well
1331:
The entire series was retired and scrapped between late 1955 and July, 1956, with #6015 the last engine to go. (S2a #5500 was retired earlier, in 1951, and served as a spare-parts supply for the other
Niagaras until 1956). The reason that none of the NYC Niagara locomotives survive in preservation
709:
All 27 locomotives received weekly maintenance at Harmon, while overhauls were carried out at Beech Grove in
Indiana. Despite the size limitations imposed on the design, the Niagaras were the largest locomotives on the New York Central, and Beech Grove was the only shop on the railroad that could
693:
The six days per week running schedule of these locomotives meant that all of the maintenance work normally done over the course of that week would have to be done on one day. This meant a specialized system was developed, where men in "hot suits" (asbestos heat-resistant coveralls) entered the
1214:
The results were much closer than the diesel salesmen were comfortable with, but these steam locomotives were hampered by several factors: a series of coal miners' strikes; aggressive dieselization sales efforts; and a failure of the highly-expensive firebox-wrapper metallurgy to withstand the
722:
Six of these locomotives were chosen by their designer, Paul W. Kiefer, for the famous 1946 Steam Versus Diesel road trials, where the 6,000 hp (4,500 kW) Niagaras were put up against some 4,000 hp (3,000 kW) diesels (E7's). The locomotives were run along the 928.1 miles
588:
is the best-known, the design was actually quite new. Some steam experts have claimed the
Niagara to be the ultimate locomotive, as it had the speed of an FEF (the Union Pacific's nickname for their 'four eight fours' was FEF) and the power of Northerns with smaller driver wheels.
1340:, L2d #2933 and L3a #3001, managed to survive by lucky flukes.) As the NYC gained less than $ 15,000 in scrap value from Luria Brothers for each Niagara, which cost about $ 248,000 each in 1945, this "leadership" was and is an enormous historic-preservation tragedy and outrage.
710:
accommodate them. Their high utilization resulted in somewhat frequent overhauls. 1950 and 1951 each saw 15 Niagaras overhauled, but the total number of overhauls undertaken in the former year was 16 due to S-1b No. 6006 receiving Class 3 repairs
40:
705:
and David
Wardale. These designers based their modern steam locomotives on the experience gained with these Niagara-class locomotives: reliability and a close attention to details, leading to a reduction in maintenance costs.
547:
The first
Niagara was ordered in 1931: No. 800, an experimental locomotive that had its boiler divided into three sections of different pressure. This was another failed experiment in
605:
These locomotives had a small water capacity (18,000 US gallons; 68,000 liters) in the tender, because the New York
Central was one of the few railroads in North America which used
1626:
1621:
723:(1,493.6 km) from New York (Harmon) to Chicago, via Albany, Syracuse, Rochester, Buffalo, Cleveland, Toledo and Elkhart, and return. The results were close:
1606:
714:
during that year. The last general overhauls were completed by Beech Grove in 1953, the year steam was displaced from Harmon and the
Eastern Lines of the system.
1233:’s T1, called the C-1a, which was never built. The C-1a would have had a larger coal capacity, increased from 46 to 64 tons, an overall length of 123 ft
1374:) gauge model of 6019 is the largest known example of this extinct class in the world and works alongside a 1/5 scale NKP Berkshire at the private
536:. Like many railroads that adopted different names for their 4-8-4s rather than “Northerns”, the New York Central named them “Niagaras”, after the
1318:
1285:
554:
By the 1940s, loads being hauled on the New York Central main line from New York to Chicago were as much as the famous J-class
1388:
548:
1631:
573:'s which could sustain 6,000 horsepower (4,500 kW) on the run between the two cities, day after day without respite.
1547:
1375:
577:
529:
74:
1300:
1611:
1481:
1296:
612:
On test these locomotives reached 6,600 hp (4,900 kW) in the cylinders, and ran 26,000 miles per month.
1616:
533:
457:
581:
1337:
1531:
1230:
369:
359:
45:
1336:, who similarly ordered that every NYC Hudson be scrapped, as he disliked historic preservation. (Two
1586:
1543:
464:
431:
1498:
1333:
702:
585:
659:
525:
384:
1229:
duplex drive steam locomotive based on the Niagara was planned as a true competitor to the
1513:"Steam Power of the New York Central System: Volume One-Modern Power", by Alvin F. Staufer
421:
262:
1522:"Know Thy Niagaras", by Thomas R. Gerbracht (New York Central System Historical Society)
1431:"Know Thy Niagaras", by Thomas R. Gerbracht (New York Central System Historical Society).
698:
564:
189:
123:
733:
Running from New York (Harmon) to Chicago (928.1 miles or 1,493.6 km) and return
1600:
697:
This type of intensive maintenance was studied by steam locomotive designers such as
541:
537:
178:
168:
637:
606:
599:
580:(ALCO) proposed these locomotives, and although the design owes something to the
137:
1552:
1460:
1412:
1350:
652:
641:
630:
626:
555:
544:. It is considered as one of the most efficient 4-8-4 locomotives ever built.
379:
335:
1580:
Steam Power of the New York Central System, Volume 1: Modern Power, 1915–1955
327:
251:
39:
17:
648:
331:
1332:
today is due to the total pro-scrapping mentality of then-NYC President
1559:
1532:
http://www.theaylesburynews.com/images/NYC%20Niagara%20at%20station.jpg
1225:
1592:
Know Thy Niagaras (The Definitive Sourcebook On This Locomotive Class)
1203:
Note that Kiefer only claimed 5050 drawbar horsepower from a 79-inch
1303:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
1205:
569:
559:
521:
129:
318:
18,000 US gal (68,000 L; 15,000 imp gal)
1591:
1587:
https://nycshs.files.wordpress.com/2015/01/the-niagara-story.pdf
416:
5,070 hp (3,780 kW) at 62.5 mph (100.6 km/h)
300:
374:
25.5 in Ă— 32 in (648 mm Ă— 813 mm)
1268:
1247: in (37.52 m), an overall wheelbase of 104 ft
563:'s could handle. The Chief of Motive Power for the railroad,
685:
All bearings were either roller bearings or needle rollers.
1349:
Completed in 1998 after 25 years construction, an accurate
730:
Cost comparison Steam versus diesel, 1946 NYC road trials
1292:
1448:. Bedford Editions Salamander Books. pp. 172–173.
387:(No. 5500 Equipped With Franklin A1 Poppet Valve Gear)
619:
Bore and stroke: 25½×32 inches (648×813 mm)
1180:
Total Annual Cost Per Locomotive Drawbar Horsepower
501:
493:
481:
473:
463:
453:
448:
430:
420:
412:
404:
399:
378:
368:
358:
350:
342:
322:
314:
306:
296:
288:
280:
272:
260:
250:
228:
220:
198:
188:
177:
167:
136:
121:
112:
107:
89:
81:
70:
62:
57:
32:
1209:, and the last line (dollars/power) has been added
284:420,000 lb (190,508.8 kg; 190.5 t)
276:471,000 lb (213,642.0 kg; 213.6 t)
268:275,000 lb (124,737.9 kg; 124.7 t)
1486:. New York: Steam Locomotive Research Institute.
739:To get 2019 US dollar figures, multiply by 13.17
1483:A Practical Evaluation of Railroad Motive Power
1055:Social Security & Unemployment Tax (8.75%)
622:Driving wheel diameter: 79 inches (2.0 m)
256:68,750 lb (31,184.5 kg; 31.2 t)
292:891,000 lb (404,000 kg; 404 t)
8:
1444:Brian Hollingsworth and Arthur Cook (1987).
334:) of coal per roughly 15 miles traveled (1
1160:Total Annual Cost Per Mile Per Locomotive
737:dollar figures quoted in 1946 US dollars.
445:
396:
310:92,000 lb (42,000 kg; 42 t)
104:
54:
1319:Learn how and when to remove this message
822:
817:
812:
804:
801:
798:
788:
785:
782:
774:
771:
768:
756:
751:
746:
728:
725:
1400:
48:, June 30, 1956, soon before retirement
1627:Railway locomotives introduced in 1945
1622:Steam locomotives of the United States
29:
1607:New York Central Railroad locomotives
7:
1439:
1437:
1406:
1404:
1120:(Interest, depreciation, insurance)
810:Total annual mileage per locomotive
757:Diesel E7 6,000 bhp Three Unit
718:The 1946 steam-versus-diesel trials
681:Total weight: 405 long tons (411 t)
27:Class of American 4-8-4 locomotives
752:Diesel E7 4,000 bhp two unit
408:120 miles per hour (190 km/h)
224:10 ft 8 in (3.25 m)
25:
1140:Total Annual Cost Per Locomotive
764:Approximate relative first costs
1273:
1215:conditions of actual operation.
1078:Total Cost Per Mile (Operating)
759:(estimated by New York Central)
515:The New York Central Railroad's
38:
549:high pressure steam locomotives
426:61,568 lbf (273.9 kN)
1389:Pennsylvania Railroad class T1
1338:New York Central 4-8-2 Mohawks
1:
600:oscillating-cam poppet valves
477:S-1a (1), S-1b (25); S-2a (1)
1554:Stapleford Miniature Railway
1376:Stapleford Miniature Railway
1219:Planned duplex drive variant
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
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1167:
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1150:
1147:
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1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:Total Annual Operating Cost
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1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1049:
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1026:
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837:
834:
829:
678: inches (35.192 m)
664:Total length: 115 feet
354:275 psi (1.90 MPa)
1461:"Know Thy Niagaras, p. 268"
1413:"Know Thy Niagaras, p. 197"
1299:the claims made and adding
578:American Locomotive Company
530:American Locomotive Company
346:100 in (2,540 mm)
1648:
796:in dollars per horsepower
194:41 in (1,041 mm)
184:79 in (2,007 mm)
780:Total drawbar horsepower
534:New York Central Railroad
458:New York Central Railroad
444:
395:
103:
53:
37:
1446:The Great Book of Trains
1032:Vacation Allowance (3%)
636:Tractive effort: 61,570
567:, decided to order some
173:36 in (914 mm)
33:New York Central Niagara
1578:Staufer, Alvin (1961).
766:(as at December, 1946)
216: in (35.19 m)
825:(349 trips per annum)
820:(349 trips per annum)
815:(310 trips per annum)
246: in (4.64 m)
1497:Gerbracht, Thomas R.
1480:Kiefer, Paul (1947).
1459:Gerbracht, Thomas R.
1411:Gerbracht, Thomas R.
1231:Pennsylvania Railroad
1009:Crew Wages (Two men)
625:Boiler pressure: 275
46:Indianapolis, Indiana
1632:Scrapped locomotives
986:Enginehouse Expense
794:Relative first cost,
747:Steam S-1 'Niagara'
831:COST PER LOCOMOTIVE
582:Union Pacific 4-8-4
400:Performance figures
1353:replica 1/5 scale
1284:possibly contains
754:(six locomotives)
749:(six locomotives)
593:Locomotive details
519:was a class of 27
1612:4-8-4 locomotives
1500:Know Thy Niagaras
1334:Alfred E. Perlman
1329:
1328:
1321:
1286:original research
1199:
1198:
703:Livio Dante Porta
586:Union Pacific 844
526:steam locomotives
513:
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509:
508:
487:6001–6025 (S-1b);
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439:
391:
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99:
98:
44:Niagara #6015 in
16:(Redirected from
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1617:ALCO locomotives
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1301:inline citations
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660:Baker valve gear
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469:S-1a, S-1b, S-2a
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323:Fuel consumption
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1572:Further reading
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963:Other Supplies
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691:
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665:
595:
568:
558:
520:
488:
486:
474:Number in class
422:Tractive effort
351:Boiler pressure
338:per 27 km)
263:Adhesive weight
261:
242:
238:
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233:
212:
208:
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203:
160:
153:
149:
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143:4 ft
142:
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90:
58:Type and origin
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28:
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12:
11:
5:
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1503:. p. 282.
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1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
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1006:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
983:
982:
979:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
960:
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953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
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936:
933:
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927:
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901:
898:
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867:
860:
859:York Central)
853:
846:
843:
836:
833:
827:
826:
821:
816:
811:
807:
806:
803:
800:
797:
791:
790:
787:
784:
783:5,000 hp
781:
777:
776:
773:
770:
767:
761:
760:
755:
750:
745:
742:
741:
719:
716:
699:Andre Chapelon
690:
687:
683:
682:
679:
662:
656:
647:Axle load: 32
645:
634:
623:
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617:
594:
591:
565:Paul W. Kiefer
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434:
432:Factor of adh.
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427:
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401:
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185:
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175:
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165:
164:
140:
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133:
126:
119:
118:
115:
113:Configuration:
110:
109:
108:Specifications
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100:
97:
96:
93:
91:Total produced
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72:
68:
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50:
43:
35:
34:
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3:
2:
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1519:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1501:
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1490:
1485:
1484:
1476:
1473:
1462:
1455:
1452:
1447:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1414:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1386:
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1309:February 2022
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1282:This section
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1118:Fixed Charges
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538:Niagara River
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161:1,435 mm
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1544:Ghostarchive
1542:Archived at
1538:
1527:
1518:
1509:
1499:
1492:
1482:
1475:
1464:. Retrieved
1454:
1445:
1427:
1416:. Retrieved
1330:
1315:
1306:
1283:
1222:
1213:
1202:
1200:
940:Lubrication
830:
736:
729:
721:
711:
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696:
692:
684:
658:Valve gear:
638:pounds-force
611:
604:
596:
575:
553:
546:
516:
514:
505:All scrapped
485:6000 (S-1a);
413:Power output
289:Total weight
202:115 ft
169:Leading dia.
1372:260 mm
1265:Disposition
789:4,980 dbhp
786:3,320 dbhp
689:Maintenance
502:Disposition
489:5500 (S-2a)
273:Loco weight
232:15 ft
18:NYC Niagara
1601:Categories
1582:. Staufer.
1466:2024-05-18
1418:2024-05-18
1395:References
1378:in the UK.
1351:live steam
1293:improve it
1153:$ 478,196
1148:$ 359,471
1143:$ 350,095
1111:$ 421,556
1106:$ 320,630
1101:$ 325,642
909:$ 136,080
897:$ 118,080
886:$ 162,000
880:$ 114,048
874:$ 102,528
864:percentage
855:Estimated
850:percentage
840:percentage
616:Cylinders:
607:track pans
556:NYC Hudson
380:Valve gear
336:metric ton
315:Water cap.
82:Build date
63:Power type
1297:verifying
1188:$ 108.27
1133:$ 56,640
1128:$ 38,841
1123:$ 24,453
1091:$ 1.3011
1086:$ 0.9896
1081:$ 1.1307
1024:$ 66,290
1018:$ 64,120
1012:$ 55,987
1001:$ 32,400
995:$ 32,400
989:$ 28,800
955:$ 14,580
903:$ 90,720
866:of total
852:of total
842:of total
649:long tons
497:1951-1956
454:Operators
360:Cylinders
332:long tons
328:short ton
297:Fuel type
252:Axle load
85:1945–1946
1546:and the
1383:See also
1368: in
1344:Replicas
1193:$ 96.02
1183:$ 58.35
1070:$ 5,962
1064:$ 5,767
1058:$ 5,040
1047:$ 1,976
1041:$ 1,912
1035:$ 1,670
966:$ 1,440
949:$ 9,720
943:$ 3,168
932:$ 1,620
926:$ 1,296
920:$ 8,928
871:Repairs
857:(by New
823:324,000
818:324,000
813:288,000
532:for the
157: in
117:
1560:YouTube
1363:⁄
1291:Please
1256:⁄
1242:⁄
1226:4-4-4-4
1173:$ 1.48
1168:$ 1.11
1163:$ 1.22
1015:17.19%
900:36.26%
877:31.48%
845:Actual
835:Actual
673:⁄
640:(273.9
627:lbf/in²
517:Niagara
494:Retired
482:Numbers
241:⁄
211:⁄
152:⁄
71:Builder
1061:1.55%
1038:0.51%
1027:15.7%
1021:20.0%
998:10.1%
992:8.84%
978:$ 648
972:$ 648
969:0.44%
946:0.97%
923:2.74%
917:Water
912:32.3%
906:28.3%
889:38.4%
883:35.6%
735:Note:
651:(32.5
629:(1.90
449:Career
343:Boiler
330:(0.89
229:Height
199:Length
179:Driver
77:(ALCO)
1206:4-8-4
1073:1.4%
1067:1.8%
1050:0.5%
1044:0.6%
1004:7.7%
981:0.2%
975:0.2%
958:3.5%
952:3.0%
935:0.4%
929:0.4%
894:Fuel
805:258%
802:265%
799:100%
775:214%
772:147%
769:100%
712:twice
570:4-8-4
560:4-6-4
542:Falls
522:4-8-4
465:Class
385:Baker
221:Width
138:Gauge
130:4-8-4
124:Whyte
66:Steam
576:The
540:and
436:4.47
301:Coal
181:dia.
1295:by
862:As
848:As
838:As
631:MPa
364:Two
1603::
1557:.
1550::
1436:^
1403:^
1356:10
1223:A
1211:)
701:,
642:kN
551:.
326:1
95:27
1563:.
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1370:(
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1316:(
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1240:1
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1201:(
675:2
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653:t
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243:4
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234:2
213:2
209:1
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204:5
163:)
159:(
154:2
150:1
147:+
145:8
20:)
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