427:
460:
original six-year term expiring on 14 May, the
Ombudsman's Office faced an imminent constitutional crisis. In the preceding days, the MAS analyzed the possibility of replacing Cruz with a new acting authority by simple majority. Ultimately, however, the ruling party opted to extend Cruz's mandate as ombudsman, relying on an interpretation of the body's regulations that allowed for an acting authority to remain in office until the appointment of a new official. This justification was rejected by the opposition and questioned by legal experts, who considered Cruz's continuation in office to be illegal and unconstitutional, constituting a usurpation of functions. Nonetheless, she continued to hold the post for another five months. Finally, in September 2022, after three-and-a-half years without an official incumbent,
406:(MAS) elected Cruz by a vote of ninety-six to zero in a session boycotted by the parliamentary opposition. Though initially saddled with just a ninety-day transitory mandate, Cruz's term in office quickly surpassed that deadline as the process of designating a new authority stalled in the legislature. By the end of her expected term in April, the MAS opted not to replace Cruz with a new acting authority, justifying that the ninety-day mandate was merely "customary" and not enshrined by law.
61:
271:
473:
in the
Ombudsman's Office, Cruz took a brief break from public service. Within a month, however, she had returned to government administration, passing to the executive branch, where she was appointed vice minister of equal opportunities. For the opposition, her selection was "an award from MAS ," an idea Cruz attempted to push against at her swearing-in ceremony. "My political partisanship is sole and clear, and it is with human rights," she stated.
1676:
1721:
353:, where she directed the agrarian and social law firm Veritas from 2006 to 2007. Around this time, she became a member of the Permanent Assembly of Human Rights before serving as a legal advisor for the Association of Relatives of Disappeared Detainees and Martyrs for National Freedom (ASOFAM) from 2007 to 2010. As a member of ASOFAM, Cruz held a seat on the Committee for the Trial of Responsibilities against former president
1733:
1709:
1697:
376:, where she worked as a human rights consultant. In 2012, she was appointed to head the office's Citizen Services Unit, where she served under Deputy Ombudsman Jaime Quiroga. When Quiroga resigned in 2014, Cruz also left her post. In the ensuing two years, Cruz held minor legal positions in the ministries of
434:
Though State recognition of Cruz's authority was restored with the MAS's return to power in late 2020, concern regarding her ongoing presence only continued to grow. By mid-2021, Cruz's interim mandate had surpassed her predecessor's length in office. For the opposition, her semi-permanence responded
409:
Throughout Cruz's extended tenure, her administration routinely faced criticism from the political opposition for her alleged partisan bias in favor of the ruling party, with opponents pointing to her participation in pro-MAS electoral rallies and other events as evidence of this claim. Following the
472:
Upon to conclusion of her mandate, Cruz continued to operate within the
Ombudsman's Office, where she worked as a semi-official staff member. According to Callisaya, Cruz had stayed on to complete a final report on the work carried out throughout her administration. Upon the completion of her tenure
455:
prohibits any former ombudsman from running again regardless of whether or not they performed their functions in an acting capacity. This reasoning was accepted by the ruling party, with the Mixed
Commission unanimously resolving to revoke her authorization. For her part, Cruz denounced the decision
459:
Unable to compete for a full term, Cruz continued in office for the duration of the ombudsman election process. By May, with the ruling party and opposition unable to agree on a singular candidate, legal questions surrounding Cruz's ongoing incumbency once again propped up. With
Tezanos Pinto's
422:
withdrew its recognition of Cruz's authority. The new government asserted that Cruz's term had expired upon the completion of her ninety-day mandate in April and, therefore, that she was illegally exercising the position of ombudsman, for which all official acts she had since carried out were
384:
before returning to the
Ombudsman's Office as head of conflict prevention and attention. After briefly exercising a variety of minor roles, Cruz was appointed to serve as deputy ombudsman for the defense of and compliance with human rights, a post she held until 2019.
321:. Cruz's extended tenure, surpassing the ninety-day mandate for acting authorities and the expiration of her predecessor's original six-year term, prompted legal ambiguity, with many constitutional experts regarding her final months in office to be a violation of the
401:
suit filed by his then-wife. As a result, the legislature was tasked with electing by simple majority an acting ombudsman from among the three incumbent deputies: Cruz, Ximena
Fajardo, and Israel Quino. On 30 January 2019, legislators from the ruling
447:. Consulted on whether she would apply for a full term, Cruz assured that such considerations were not of interest to her. However, Cruz later backtracked on that position, unexpectedly filing her candidacy on the final day of registration.
931:
966:
1164:
1392:
450:
Though the MAS-majority Mixed
Legislative Commission overseeing the election process initially qualified her to move to the second phase, Cruz's candidacy was challenged by the opposition on the grounds that the
1065:
1098:
998:
1325:
1130:
1030:
317:
was reinitiated in 2022, Cruz sought to be elected to a full term, but her candidacy was blocked by the legislative opposition, who had long-criticized her alleged partisan affinity toward the ruling
897:
1427:
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72:
1798:
750:
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302:, where she exercised a multitude of minor functions before being appointed deputy ombudsman for the defense of and compliance with human rights. Following the intra-term resignation of
1228:
850:
827:
955:
724:
1153:
443:
and thus could no longer designate a new incumbent unilaterally. By early 2022, with
Tezanos Pinto's original six-year term set to expire in mere months, the MAS initiated the
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920:
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1803:
286:(born 10 December 1982) is a Bolivian lawyer and politician serving as vice minister of equal opportunities since 2022. Cruz developed her career practicing law in
988:
1315:
1120:
1808:
1599:
1020:
883:
1818:
349:. Additionally, she holds various diplomas in the fields of human rights, higher education, and leadership, among others. Cruz practiced law in La Paz and
1793:
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760:
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1186:
1763:
1250:
651:
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1218:
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in 2019, Cruz was among three deputy ombudsmen in the line of succession and was considered the only viable candidate to assume the position.
1833:
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816:
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713:
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403:
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318:
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1788:
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647:
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411:
310:
679:
1823:
1467:
602:
270:
1687:
1382:"La ex Defensora del Pueblo, Nadia Cruz, vuelve como funcionaria del Ministerio de Justicia y es designada viceministra"
398:
354:
1828:
1773:
1585:
357:
and was a member of the Legal
Commission of the Trial Committee that promoted a criminal process against former
1675:
956:"Después de 3 años de interinato de Nadia Cruz, el MAS presenta proyecto para elegir al Defensor del Pueblo"
452:
322:
851:"Interinato de la defensora Nadia Cruz fenece el martes; en el Legislativo no avanzan en nueva designación"
1758:
226:
1625:
1486:
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313:
led Cruz's tenure to drag on, even exceeding the expiration of Tezanos Pinto's original term. When the
1636:
1753:
1648:
1523:
1320:
1093:
1055:"Nadia Cruz pasó, Jesús Vera está observado y Patty fue inhabilitada en la carrera por la Defensoría"
855:
309:
Though intended to serve as acting ombudsman for just ninety days, procedural delays and a year-long
134:
1642:
1452:
636:
1619:
1223:
1631:
1021:"Anunciando que 'su militancia es con los DD.HH.', Nadia Cruz se postula para Defensora titular"
989:"Nadia Cruz: 'En este momento, no es un tema de mi interés postular a la Defensoría del Pueblo'"
419:
1653:
1516:
1121:"Comisión acepta impugnación e inhabilita postulación de Nadia Cruz a la Defensoría del Pueblo"
921:"En 3 meses, el interinato de Nadia Cruz igualará el tiempo que Tezanos Pinto duró en el cargo"
394:
303:
168:
372:
During the administration of Rolando Villena, Cruz began a career as a public official in the
366:
60:
1701:
358:
1737:
1665:
1537:
461:
180:
1422:
1159:
1089:"Opositora CC impugna postulación de Nadia Cruz por 'prohibición constitucional y legal'"
926:
755:
1154:"Nadia Cruz sobre su inhabilitación: Es evidente que esto se va a definir políticamente"
1713:
1352:
787:
556:
530:
456:
as "unfair, arbitrary, illegal, and unconstitutional" but opted not to file an appeal.
1732:
1747:
436:
393:
Cruz's tenure as deputy ombudsman coincided with the sudden resignation of incumbent
334:
20:
294:, during which time she became an active member and advisor to various human rights
1316:"Designado en la Asamblea, Pedro Callisaya Aro jura como nuevo Defensor del Pueblo"
143:
27:
117:
1287:
1255:
1191:
1125:
415:
345:
in 2006 before completing a master's in constitutional law and procedure at the
435:
to political calculations, considering that the MAS had lost its parliamentary
993:
233:
418:' government in late 2019, the opposition-led transitional administration of
1025:
105:
81:
1492:
1187:"El MAS prevé nombrar otro defensor interino ante la ausencia de consenso"
817:"Nadia Cruz es elegida defensora interina en lugar de David Tezanos Pinto"
1417:"Nadia Cruz, la exdefensora interina de récord que trabaja para el poder"
1387:
1060:
961:
822:
719:
680:"Nadia Cruz es la nueva Defensora del Pueblo, reemplaza a Tezanos Pinto"
298:. Starting in the 2010s, Cruz began serving as a public official in the
888:
350:
291:
31:
884:"El Gobierno boliviano desconoce a la Defensora del Pueblo Nadia Cruz"
1577:
464:
was elected to succeed Cruz as the country's human rights ombudsman.
338:
287:
215:
1219:"Interinato de Nadia Cruz concluye cuando se designe nuevo Defensor"
714:"Quién es Nadia Cruz, la nueva defensora del Pueblo en interinato"
425:
1283:"Nadia Cruz ejerce funciones de manera ilegal e inconstitucional"
1251:"Oposición quiere fuera a Cruz y el MAS busca alargar interinato"
295:
36:
1581:
1496:
893:
751:"Nombran como Defensora a la impulsora del juicio a Leopoldo"
430:
Cruz files her application for a full term, 1 April 2022.
723:(in Spanish). Santa Cruz de la Sierra. 30 January 2019.
397:, who was forced to step down mid-term to deal with a
1685:
265:
248:
232:
222:
195:
190:
174:
162:
133:
123:
111:
101:
71:
51:
1799:Bolivian politicians of indigenous peoples descent
1415:
1380:
1152:
1053:
954:
919:
815:
783:"MAS designa a Nadia Cruz como Defensora interina"
712:
674:
672:
1348:"Defensor niega que Cruz siga siendo funcionaria"
882:Staff writer (13 July 2020). Written at La Paz.
744:
742:
707:
705:
997:(in Spanish). Cochabamba. ERBOL. 8 March 2022.
40: and the second or maternal family name is
1593:
337:, Nadia Cruz was born on 10 December 1982 in
8:
1379:Chuquimia, Marco Antonio (3 November 2022).
158:30 January 2019 – 27 September 2022
592:"Hoja de Vida: Nadia Alejandra Cruz Tarifa"
586:
584:
1600:
1586:
1578:
1505:
1493:
1227:(in Spanish). Tarija. ERBOL. 13 May 2022.
59:
48:
16:Bolivian lawyer and politician (born 1982)
1129:(in Spanish). Cochabamba. 13 April 2022.
1052:Chuquimia, Marco Antonio (5 April 2022).
1356:(in Spanish). Sucre. 30 September 2022.
480:
1692:
1391:(in Spanish). Santa Cruz de la Sierra.
1291:(in Spanish). Cochabamba. 20 May 2022.
1259:(in Spanish). Cochabamba. 14 May 2022.
1195:(in Spanish). Cochabamba. 12 May 2022.
1064:(in Spanish). Santa Cruz de la Sierra.
965:(in Spanish). Santa Cruz de la Sierra.
826:(in Spanish). Santa Cruz de la Sierra.
686:(in Spanish). La Paz. 30 January 2019.
580:
1814:Higher University of San Andrés alumni
1804:Deputy government ministers of Bolivia
1360:from the original on 30 September 2022
1314:Atahuichi, Rubén (27 September 2022).
953:Tedesqui, Marcelo (25 February 2022).
791:(in Spanish). Sucre. 31 January 2019.
631:
629:
627:
1163:(in Spanish). La Paz. 13 April 2022.
969:from the original on 25 February 2022
749:Pomacahua, Pamela (31 January 2019).
494:
341:. She graduated as a lawyer from the
19:For the Angolan Olympic swimmer, see
7:
1809:Evo Morales administration personnel
1557:Vice Minister of Equal Opportunities
1395:from the original on 3 November 2022
1328:from the original on 5 November 2022
930:(in Spanish). La Paz. 19 July 2021.
859:(in Spanish). La Paz. Archived from
795:from the original on 31 January 2019
759:(in Spanish). La Paz. Archived from
315:process for electing a new ombudsman
73:Vice Minister of Equal Opportunities
1430:from the original on 2 January 2023
1029:(in Spanish). Oruro. 1 April 2022.
445:process of electing a new ombudsman
1819:Luis Arce administration personnel
1726:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
1167:from the original on 13 April 2022
1133:from the original on 13 April 2022
1101:from the original on 11 April 2022
830:from the original on 15 March 2022
814:Alanoca, Jesús (31 January 2019).
727:from the original on 15 March 2022
690:from the original on 11 March 2022
657:from the original on 15 March 2022
612:from the original on 5 August 2022
14:
1794:Bolivian people of Aymara descent
1769:21st-century Bolivian politicians
1414:Pomier, Roxana (2 January 2023).
1068:from the original on 6 April 2022
1033:from the original on 1 April 2022
1001:from the original on 9 March 2022
934:from the original on 8 March 2022
900:from the original on 15 July 2020
849:Guarachi, Ángel (25 April 2019).
1731:
1719:
1707:
1695:
1674:
1295:from the original on 1 June 2022
1263:from the original on 16 May 2022
1231:from the original on 13 May 2022
1199:from the original on 13 May 2022
512:
269:
1779:Bolivian human rights activists
1456:Organization of American States
648:Organization of American States
483:Electoral history of Nadia Cruz
347:Higher University of San Andrés
243:Higher University of San Andrés
1087:Cuiza, Paulo (11 April 2022).
1:
1764:21st-century Bolivian lawyers
1480:Ombudsman's Office of Bolivia
637:"Nadia Alejandra Cruz Tarifa"
1834:Women human rights activists
892:(in Spanish). Buenos Aires.
343:Bolivian Catholic University
239:Bolivian Catholic University
30:, the first or paternal
284:Nadia Alejandra Cruz Tarifa
200:Nadia Alejandra Cruz Tarifa
1855:
1839:21st-century women lawyers
25:
18:
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355:Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada
277:
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89:
78:
67:
58:
1784:Bolivian women activists
1498:Offices and distinctions
423:declared null and void.
1789:Bolivian women lawyers
1426:(in Spanish). La Paz.
1324:(in Spanish). La Paz.
1097:(in Spanish). La Paz.
601:(in Spanish). La Paz:
431:
404:Movement for Socialism
319:Movement for Socialism
441:2020 general election
429:
329:Early life and career
1824:Ombudsmen in Bolivia
1524:Ombudsman of Bolivia
1485:. Archived from the
646:. Washington, D.C.:
389:Ombudsman of Bolivia
365:for his role in the
135:Ombudsman of Bolivia
129:Carla Sandy (acting)
1517:David Tezanos Pinto
1509:Government offices
1468:Chamber of Senators
863:on 28 November 2019
603:Chamber of Senators
485:
395:David Tezanos Pinto
304:David Tezanos Pinto
169:David Tezanos Pinto
1829:People from La Paz
1774:Aymara politicians
1609:Bolivian Ombudsmen
481:
432:
374:Ombudsman's Office
363:Leopoldo Fernández
300:Ombudsman's Office
1683:
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1575:
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1570:
1569:
1535:Succeeded by
1477:Ombudsman profile
599:web.senado.gob.bo
572:
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477:Electoral history
399:domestic violence
367:Porvenir massacre
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1545:Preceded by
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1514:Preceded by
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1489:on 1 March 2021.
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1465:Curriculum vitae
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1538:Pedro Callisaya
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97:1 November 2022
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1447:External links
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1353:Correo del Sur
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1423:Página Siete
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28:Spanish name
1754:1982 births
1547:Carla Sandy
1288:Los Tiempos
1256:Los Tiempos
1192:Los Tiempos
1126:Los Tiempos
557:Nonpartisan
531:Nonpartisan
416:Evo Morales
227:Independent
164:Preceded by
125:Preceded by
1748:Categories
1637:Albarracín
1532:2020–2022
1399:5 November
1364:5 November
1332:5 November
1299:5 November
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684:Urgente.bo
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616:4 November
575:References
378:government
333:An ethnic
258:politician
249:Occupation
234:Alma mater
206:1982-12-10
53:Nadia Cruz
21:Nádia Cruz
1702:Biography
1666:Callisaya
1565:Incumbent
1434:2 January
1026:La Patria
524:Ombudsman
266:Signature
218:, Bolivia
154:In office
118:Iván Lima
106:Luis Arce
102:President
82:Incumbent
1738:Politics
1487:original
1428:Archived
1393:Archived
1388:El Deber
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1321:La Razón
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720:El Deber
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652:Archived
650:. 2021.
607:Archived
605:. 2022.
412:collapse
361:prefect
113:Minister
26:In this
1714:Bolivia
1688:Portals
1649:Villena
1643:Mencias
1224:El País
1072:5 April
1037:1 April
994:Opinión
889:Infobae
644:oas.org
501:Result
492:Office
439:in the
382:justice
351:El Alto
292:El Alto
32:surname
1632:Zegada
1620:Romero
1550:Acting
1528:Acting
1267:30 May
1235:30 May
1203:30 May
506:Total
498:Votes
495:Party
339:La Paz
335:Aymara
288:La Paz
255:Lawyer
216:La Paz
144:Acting
42:Tarifa
655:(PDF)
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595:(PDF)
564:Lost
538:100%
520:2019
489:Year
359:Pando
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1660:Cruz
1626:Ruiz
1436:2023
1401:2022
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544:Won
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