1212:, However, direct references to worship of Nahhunte are rare in known texts. For example, there is no evidence that oaths were sworn in his name, while offerings to him are not listed in any administrative texts. Many theophoric names invoking him are nonetheless known, as attested in Elamite texts, texts from Elam written in Akkadian, and in Mesopotamian texts written in Akkadian or Sumerian. Both men and women could bear Nahhunte names. Examples include kings
1249:. It housed a golden statue of the god, according to an inscription from the site dedicated jointly to Nahhunte and the Mesopotamian moon god Sin. He was also worshiped in Gisat, a settlement most likely located in the Fahliyan region, though the local sanctuary was dedicated to multiple deities, including
1281:
He is also present in two incantations, in one as a deity connected with childbirth and in another possibly as a demon. Additionally, a commentary on the former text erroneously identifies him as a moon god and
Narundi as a sun deity, explaining their names as, respectively, Sin and Shamash.
1189:," in which the name is spelled as Nahiti. Nahhunte occurs as the fifth of the invoked divine witnesses, right before Inshushinak, and a number of further mentions of him are present in the text.
1274:
does mention
Nahhunte, he is not explicitly listed as a counterpart of the sun god, Utu/Shamash, but only as a member of a group called the "Divine Seven of Elam," associated with the goddess
1091:. While the evidence for the existence of temples dedicated to him and regular offerings is sparse, he is commonly attested in theophoric names, including these of members of
1068:
1223:
Attahushu, who reigned in the eighteenth century BCE, erected a statue dedicated to
Nahhunte in a marketplace to make sure the prices will remain just.
1253:. Nahhunte is listed among various other deities in what is assumed to be cursing or blessing formulae in a neo-Elamite document from this location.
1587:
1545:
1061:
142:
1257:
1161:
the name of the sun god was usually written logographically as UTU and it is uncertain when it should be read as
Nahhunte rather than
1044:
1054:
456:
827:
199:
611:
32:
1580:
From the foundations to the crenellations: essays on temple building in the
Ancient Near East and Hebrew Bible
1538:
The other gods who are: studies in
Elamite-Iranian acculturation based on the Persepolis fortification texts
1226:
An inscription of
Shilhak-Inshushinak mentions Nahhunte, labeled as "lord who protects," after Inshushinak,
452:
1158:
1671:
1192:
Nahhunte was worshiped mostly in the west of Elam, in the proximity of Susa, similar to deities such as
1092:
483:
1676:
1217:
536:
1186:
607:
119:
1593:
1583:
1541:
1518:
1108:
23:
1614:
1213:
1197:
1104:
724:
493:
404:
304:
1107:
documents, the attested forms include
Nahhunte, Nahhute, Nahiti and PÍR. Forms attested in
174:
1239:
1127:
1112:
948:
229:
194:
654:
488:
334:
184:
1665:
1246:
1242:. The same king used the unique title "servant of Nahhunte, beloved of Inshushinak."
1131:
859:
591:
224:
89:
581:
503:
329:
839:
779:
689:
349:
339:
249:
239:
234:
49:
1134:, but its precise etymology is impossible to ascertain. He proposes that it was a
561:
1645:
1627:
1556:
1245:
A shrine of
Nahhunte existed in the temple complex built by Untash-Napirisha at
1174:
1166:
998:
973:
864:
854:
759:
679:
669:
439:
379:
209:
114:
1142:, of the Elamite word for the sun. In curse formulas, his name functioned as a
1270:
943:
903:
884:
704:
684:
556:
384:
274:
259:
189:
179:
1597:
1522:
478:
1618:
1250:
1227:
1170:
1154:
1028:
1003:
993:
978:
849:
804:
744:
649:
434:
424:
394:
344:
571:
566:
468:
309:
1143:
1008:
983:
908:
774:
719:
279:
269:
254:
219:
84:
1507:"Like a thunderstorm: storm-gods 'Sibitti' warriors from Highland Elam"
1275:
1201:
1193:
1162:
1139:
1135:
1088:
1018:
1013:
963:
869:
789:
764:
729:
694:
644:
634:
551:
546:
541:
531:
513:
508:
498:
429:
414:
399:
354:
319:
244:
204:
169:
159:
154:
1260:, might be the same deity as Nahhunte according to Wouter Henkelman.
1231:
1033:
988:
968:
958:
953:
933:
928:
913:
898:
894:
814:
809:
784:
769:
754:
749:
734:
709:
674:
659:
639:
619:
586:
576:
525:
463:
374:
164:
124:
104:
94:
59:
44:
1606:
1506:
1575:
1235:
1209:
1205:
1111:
texts include Naḫḫude, Naḫunde, Nanḫunde, UTU and, exclusively in
938:
923:
889:
879:
834:
799:
794:
739:
714:
699:
629:
521:
517:
419:
389:
324:
314:
284:
214:
149:
129:
79:
69:
1511:
AION: Annali dell'Università degli Studi di Napoli "L'Orientale"
1150:
1085:
918:
874:
664:
624:
473:
367:
297:
264:
99:
74:
54:
39:
1165:. It is possible that in legal texts, when UTU occurs next to
1023:
844:
64:
109:
1234:
and Nannar, the last of these deities being a name of the
1540:. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten.
1448:
1446:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1297:
1295:
1216:
and Kutir-Nahhunte, as well as
Nahhunte-utu, wife of
1611:
Economy of Religions in Anatolia and Northern Syria
1062:
8:
1103:Multiple writings of the name are known. In
1366:
1185:The oldest attestation of Nahhunte is the "
1177:, the logogram should be read as Nahhunte.
1425:
1069:
1055:
18:
1488:
1476:
1464:
1437:
1378:
1413:
1401:
1354:
1342:
1313:
1301:
1291:
21:
1452:
7:
1045:Religions of the ancient Near East
14:
1258:Persepolis Fortification Archives
1557:"Mondgott A. I. In Mesopotamien"
1536:Henkelman, Wouter F. M. (2008).
1268:While the Mesopotamian god list
1:
1644:Stolper, Matthew W. (1998a),
1650:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1632:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1626:Stolper, Matthew W. (1998),
1561:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1505:Álvarez-Mon, Javier (2015).
1187:Treaty of Naram-Sin of Akkad
1555:Krebernik, Manfred (1997),
1693:
1607:"Gods of the Market Place"
1582:. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag.
1238:derived from Mesopotamian
1576:"Elamite Temple Building"
1574:Potts, Daniel T. (2010).
1130:, the name Nahhunte is a
1605:Rutherford, Ian (2019).
1619:10.2307/j.ctv1t4m1xv.11
1264:Mesopotamian reception
1256:Nah, mentioned in the
1093:Elamite royal families
1146:for the sun itself.
484:Hutena and Hutellura
1218:Shilhak-Inshushinak
537:Ninatta and Kulitta
1099:Name and character
516:dynastic deities (
1613:. Ugarit-Verlag.
1589:978-3-86835-031-9
1547:978-90-6258-414-7
1357:, pp. 83–84.
1316:, pp. 82–83.
1138:, and possibly a
1079:
1078:
24:ancient Near East
1684:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1622:
1601:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1551:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1367:Álvarez-Mon 2015
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1236:Elamite moon god
1214:Shutruk-Nahhunte
1113:theophoric names
1071:
1064:
1057:
725:Kothar-wa-Khasis
33:Ancient Egyptian
19:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1662:
1661:
1654:
1652:
1643:
1636:
1634:
1625:
1604:
1590:
1573:
1566:
1564:
1554:
1548:
1535:
1527:
1525:
1504:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1487:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1463:
1459:
1451:
1444:
1436:
1432:
1426:Rutherford 2019
1424:
1420:
1412:
1408:
1400:
1385:
1377:
1373:
1365:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1341:
1320:
1312:
1308:
1300:
1293:
1288:
1266:
1183:
1128:Matthew Stolper
1101:
1075:
1039:
1038:
830:
820:
819:
615:
605:
597:
596:
459:
445:
444:
370:
360:
359:
300:
290:
289:
145:
135:
134:
35:
22:Deities of the
17:
16:Elamite sun god
12:
11:
5:
1690:
1688:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1646:"Nahhunte-utu"
1641:
1623:
1602:
1588:
1571:
1552:
1546:
1533:
1517:(1–4): 17–46.
1500:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1491:, p. 390.
1489:Henkelman 2008
1481:
1479:, p. 315.
1477:Henkelman 2008
1469:
1467:, p. 239.
1465:Henkelman 2008
1457:
1455:, p. 492.
1442:
1440:, p. 364.
1438:Krebernik 1997
1430:
1418:
1406:
1383:
1381:, p. 313.
1379:Henkelman 2008
1371:
1359:
1347:
1318:
1306:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1265:
1262:
1182:
1179:
1149:In texts from
1100:
1097:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1066:
1059:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
831:
826:
825:
822:
821:
818:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
616:
603:
602:
599:
598:
595:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
460:
451:
450:
447:
446:
443:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
371:
366:
365:
362:
361:
358:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
301:
296:
295:
292:
291:
288:
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282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
146:
141:
140:
137:
136:
133:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
36:
31:
30:
27:
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1689:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1490:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1431:
1428:, p. 84.
1427:
1422:
1419:
1416:, p. 84.
1415:
1414:Stolper 1998a
1410:
1407:
1404:, p. 84.
1403:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1372:
1369:, p. 19.
1368:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1348:
1345:, p. 83.
1344:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1307:
1304:, p. 82.
1303:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1247:Chogha Zanbil
1243:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1132:compound noun
1129:
1126:According to
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
832:
829:
824:
823:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
690:Baʿalat Gebal
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
617:
613:
609:
601:
600:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
527:
523:
519:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
461:
458:
454:
449:
448:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
372:
369:
364:
363:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
302:
299:
294:
293:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
147:
144:
139:
138:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
61:
58:
56:
53:
51:
48:
46:
43:
41:
38:
37:
34:
29:
28:
25:
20:
1672:Elamite gods
1653:, retrieved
1649:
1635:, retrieved
1631:
1610:
1579:
1565:, retrieved
1560:
1537:
1526:. Retrieved
1514:
1510:
1499:Bibliography
1484:
1472:
1460:
1433:
1421:
1409:
1402:Stolper 1998
1374:
1362:
1355:Stolper 1998
1350:
1343:Stolper 1998
1314:Stolper 1998
1309:
1302:Stolper 1998
1280:
1269:
1267:
1255:
1244:
1225:
1222:
1191:
1184:
1148:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1102:
1081:
1080:
828:Mesopotamian
675:Baʿal Marqod
670:Baʿal Ḥammon
409:
200:Dhul Khalasa
1563:(in German)
1167:Inshushinak
1024:Utu/Shamash
974:Ningishzida
865:Belet Nagar
835:Adad/Ishkur
685:Baʿalshamem
680:Baʿal Ṣapon
380:Inshushinak
1677:Solar gods
1666:Categories
1655:2022-04-15
1637:2022-04-15
1628:"Nahhunte"
1567:2022-04-15
1528:2022-04-15
1453:Potts 2010
1286:References
885:Ereshkigal
385:Ishmekarab
260:Theandrios
190:Baalshamin
180:Atarsamain
1598:618338811
1523:0393-3180
1271:An = Anum
1251:Napirisha
1228:Kiririsha
1171:Ruhurater
1155:Haft Tepe
1004:Papsukkal
994:Ninshubur
979:Ninhursag
949:Nanna/Sin
650:Atargatis
608:Canaanite
604:Levantine
435:Ruhurater
425:Napirisha
395:Kiririsha
345:Ninkarrak
1109:Akkadian
1084:was the
1082:Nahhunte
1009:Sarpanit
999:Pabilsag
984:Ninisina
909:Manungal
904:Ishtaran
850:Asarluhi
775:Shadrafa
720:Kotharat
612:Ugaritic
547:Pirengir
410:Nahhunte
330:Ḫalabatu
280:Yarhibol
220:Malakbel
175:al-‘Uzzá
85:Nephthys
1276:Narundi
1202:Lagamal
1194:Pinikir
1181:Worship
1163:Shamash
1159:Malamir
1144:metonym
1140:homonym
1136:cognate
1105:Elamite
1089:sun god
1086:Elamite
1019:Tishpak
1014:Sebitti
964:Ninegal
944:Šumugan
875:Enki/Ea
790:Shapshu
765:Resheph
730:Melqart
695:Chemosh
645:Astarte
635:Asherah
582:Tašmišu
557:Šarruma
552:Shalash
542:Nupatik
532:Nabarbi
514:Mitanni
509:Lelluri
499:Kumarbi
457:Hittite
453:Hurrian
430:Pinikir
415:Narundi
400:Lagamar
368:Elamite
355:Shalash
320:Hadabal
310:Aštabil
298:Eblaite
275:Yaghūth
245:Orotalt
205:Dushara
170:al-Qaum
155:Aglibol
143:Arabian
1596:
1586:
1544:
1521:
1232:Humban
1198:Manzat
1034:Zababa
989:Ninlil
969:Ningal
959:Ninazu
954:Nergal
934:Nisaba
929:Nanaya
914:Marduk
899:Ishtar
895:Inanna
870:Dumuzi
845:An/Anu
840:Amurru
815:Yarikh
810:Yahweh
785:Shalim
780:Shahar
770:Sakkun
755:Qedesh
750:Nikkal
735:Milcom
710:Eshmun
660:Azizos
655:ʿAṯtar
640:Ashima
620:Adonis
587:Teshub
577:Takitu
572:Šuwala
567:Šimige
562:Šauška
526:Varuna
494:Kubaba
489:Išḫara
469:Aštabi
464:Allani
455:&
405:Manzat
375:Humban
350:Saggar
335:Išḫara
305:Adamma
185:ʿAṯtar
165:al-Lat
125:Tefnut
105:Qetesh
95:Osiris
60:Buchis
45:Anubis
1240:Nanna
1210:Shala
1175:Simut
1121:ḫundu
1119:and -
1117:nande
939:Shala
924:Nammu
890:Gibil
880:Enlil
855:Ashur
800:Tanit
795:Sydyk
740:Misor
715:Haddu
700:Dagan
665:Baʿal
630:Arsay
592:Tilla
522:Mitra
518:Indra
504:Kušuḫ
479:Ḫepat
474:Hayya
440:Simut
420:Napir
390:Jabru
325:Hadad
315:Dagan
285:Yatha
270:Ya'uq
255:Suwa'
230:Manāt
225:Manaf
215:Hubal
160:Abgal
150:Allah
130:Thoth
80:Montu
70:Horus
1594:OCLC
1584:ISBN
1542:ISBN
1519:ISSN
1208:and
1206:Adad
1157:and
1151:Susa
919:Nabu
625:Anat
610:and
340:Kura
265:Wadd
250:Ruda
240:Nuha
235:Nasr
100:Ptah
75:Isis
55:Atum
50:Apis
40:Amun
1615:doi
1173:or
1115:, -
1029:Wer
860:Aya
805:Yam
760:Qos
745:Mot
210:Gad
195:Bēl
120:Shu
115:Set
90:Nut
65:Geb
1668::
1648:,
1630:,
1609:.
1592:.
1578:.
1559:,
1515:74
1513:.
1509:.
1445:^
1386:^
1321:^
1294:^
1278:.
1230:,
1220:.
1204:,
1200:,
1196:,
1169:,
1153:,
1123:.
1095:.
705:El
524:,
520:,
110:Ra
1621:.
1617::
1600:.
1550:.
1531:.
1070:e
1063:t
1056:v
897:/
614:)
606:(
528:)
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