285:
from the neck with a short, rounded snout and large nostrils. Eyes are medium in size with round pupils. Dorsal scales are smooth and strongly oblique. This species of cobra has no hood marks and colouration varies based upon geographical location. There are two colour phases: a yellow form commonly found in
Thailand and Northern Peninsular Malaysia, and a black form found in Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, and the islands where it occurs in Indonesia and the Philippines. Juveniles and adults also tend to be of different colour.
103:
42:
61:
234:
413:
This species can be found in elevations up to about 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) above sea level in mainly primary and secondary tropical forests (including dense jungle terrain); however, it has also been found in gardens, parks, and in urban areas where it may come in contact with humans. It is a
284:
This species is medium in length, averaging between 0.9 to 1.2 metres (3.0 to 3.9 ft) in length, though they can grow up to 1.5 metres (4.9 ft). The body is compressed dorsoventrally and sub-cylindrical posteriorly. The head of this species is elliptical, depressed, and slightly distinct
418:
snake that feeds mainly on rodents and frogs, but will also feed on other snakes, lizards and small mammals. Though not too aggressive in nature, these snakes can and will readily spit venom, even from up in the trees, when they are cornered or threatened. They will also strike and bite.
443:) exhibited the common characteristic enzymatic activities of Asiatic spitting cobra venoms, the protein composition of the Equatorial spitting cobra venom is distinct from venoms of the other two
305:
have a confusing history. The species was first defined as currently understood in 1989. Previously, the populations of this species were assigned to several different subspecies of
1364:
765:
1294:
1333:
816:
1400:
293:
19-27 rows around the hood (normally 21–25), 15-19 just ahead of the mid-body; 179-201 ventrals, 40-57 subcaudals; basal subcaudals are often undivided.
325:(Borneo, Palawan). Some confusion over names has persisted into the more recent toxinological literature, in particular the misapplication of the name
1268:
1307:
951:
1415:
1420:
1410:
468:
766:"Population affinities of the Asiatic cobra (Naja naja) species complex in south‑east Asia: reliability and random resampling"
1312:
596:
788:
389:. It may occur on neighboring islands in Indonesia, and it is possible that remnant populations still occur in western
1425:
707:
1338:
944:
847:
708:"Naja sumatrana - General Details, Taxonomy and Biology, Venom, Clinical Effects, Treatment, First Aid, Antivenoms"
622:
223:
102:
1182:
817:"Taxonomic changes and toxinology: systematic revisions of the Asiatic cobras (Naja naja species complex)"
937:
738:
207:
1255:
1229:
476:
472:
448:
902:"Biochemical and toxinological characterization of Naja sumatrana (Equatorial spitting cobra) venom"
1220:
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50:
41:
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503:
97:
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1325:
1129:
1087:
1080:
1052:
913:
880:
831:
780:
545:
484:
402:
386:
490:. Cardiotoxins represented 40% of the snake's venom protein, higher than sympatric cobras:
1346:
1136:
1059:
989:
1234:
1164:
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1150:
1038:
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17:
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114:
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1351:
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382:
362:
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134:
1273:
929:
398:
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144:
1286:
906:
The
Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases
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346:
124:
1176:
1372:
164:
87:
81:
1260:
960:
390:
184:
1180:
933:
427:
Like other cobra species, this snake possesses postsynaptic
526:
Grismer, L.; Chan-Ard, T.; Diesmos, A.C.; Sy, E. (2012).
871:
Grismer, L.; Chan-Ard, T.; Diesmos, A.C.; Sy, E (2012).
502:(18%; non-spitting cobra). This species presented an IV
439:. Although the venom of the Equatorial spitting cobra (
1189:
341:This species of cobra is found in the equatorial
886:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T184073A1748598.en
551:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T184073A1748598.en
945:
459:). However, this species' venom contains low
8:
810:
808:
369:. In Indonesia it occurs on the islands of
1177:
952:
938:
930:
671:
669:
232:
59:
40:
31:
917:
884:
773:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
733:
731:
729:
549:
877:The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
518:
702:
700:
698:
696:
694:
301:The population currently included in
7:
1401:IUCN Red List least concern species
537:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
900:Yap, MKK; Tan NH; Fung SY (2011).
785:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1989.tb00503.x
455:) and Indochinese spitting cobra (
431:venom. The venom also consists of
25:
712:WCH Clinical Toxinology Resource
401:group of islands (including the
101:
919:10.1590/S1678-91992011000400012
509:of 0.5 mg/kg (Malaysia).
1:
764:Wüster, W; Thorpe RS (1989).
623:"Naja sumatrana MÜLLER, 1890"
836:10.1016/0041-0101(95)00139-5
475:activities, moderately high
1416:Reptiles of the Philippines
739:"Equatorial Spitting Cobra"
1442:
1421:Reptiles described in 1890
629:. www.reptile-database.org
333:from Peninsular Malaysia.
321:(Peninsular Malaysia) and
35:Equatorial spitting cobra
970:
601:ITIS Standard Report Page
244:Equatorial spitting cobra
231:
213:
206:
98:Scientific classification
96:
79:
57:
48:
39:
34:
1411:Snakes of Southeast Asia
714:. University of Adelaide
649:"Palawan spitting cobra"
397:, it only occurs in the
414:terrestrial and mainly
262:Sumatran spitting cobra
266:Palawan spitting cobra
254:Malayan spitting cobra
544:: e.T184073A1748598.
447:spitting cobras, the
258:golden spitting cobra
879:: e.T184073A174859.
627:The Reptile Database
573:"Appendices | CITES"
483:activities and high
477:acetylcholinesterase
473:L-amino-acid oxidase
449:Javan spitting cobra
1123:Naja philippinensis
815:Wüster, W. (1996).
743:www.ecologyasia.com
679:. Bangor University
469:phosphomonoesterase
409:Habitat and ecology
51:Conservation status
1426:Reptiles of Borneo
1067:Naja multifasciata
1046:Naja mandalayensis
268:, is a species of
252:) also called the
1388:
1387:
1183:Taxon identifiers
1174:
1173:
1144:Naja senegalensis
465:phosphodiesterase
313:), in particular
240:
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199:N. sumatrana
91:
74:
16:(Redirected from
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1130:Naja sagittifera
1088:Naja nigricollis
1081:Naja nigricincta
1053:Naja melanoleuca
954:
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897:
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873:"Naja sumatrana"
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861:
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846:. Archived from
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787:. Archived from
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597:"Naja sumatrana"
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403:Calamian Islands
387:Riau Archipelago
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27:Species of snake
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1137:Naja samarensis
1060:Naja mossambica
990:Naja annulifera
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964:(cobra) species
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485:phospholipase A
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343:Southeast Asian
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315:N. n. sumatrana
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28:
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1235:Naja_sumatrana
1226:
1221:Naja sumatrana
1211:
1195:
1193:
1191:Naja sumatrana
1187:
1186:
1181:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1165:Naja sumatrana
1161:
1158:Naja sputatrix
1154:
1151:Naja siamensis
1147:
1140:
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1126:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1098:
1091:
1084:
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1070:
1063:
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1049:
1042:
1039:Naja katiensis
1035:
1028:
1021:
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1007:
1000:
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986:
979:
976:Naja anchietae
971:
968:
967:
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956:
949:
942:
934:
926:
925:
912:(4): 451–459.
892:
863:
830:(4): 399–406.
804:
779:(4): 391–409.
756:
745:. Ecology Asia
725:
690:
677:"Asiatic Naja"
665:
640:
614:
588:
564:
530:Naja sumatrana
517:
516:
514:
511:
505:
486:
424:
421:
410:
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331:Naja sumatrana
319:N.n. sputatrix
303:Naja sumatrana
298:
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274:Southeast Asia
270:spitting cobra
249:Naja sumatrana
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217:Naja sumatrana
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55:
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49:
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37:
36:
26:
24:
18:Naja sumatrana
14:
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10:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
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1057:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1032:Naja kaouthia
1029:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1020:
1019:
1018:Naja christyi
1015:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1006:
1005:
1001:
999:
998:
994:
992:
991:
987:
985:
984:
983:Naja annulata
980:
978:
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973:
972:
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965:
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948:
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932:
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911:
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896:
893:
887:
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878:
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867:
864:
853:on 2016-12-20
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
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818:
811:
809:
805:
794:on 2016-12-20
790:
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481:hyaluronidase
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365:, and in the
364:
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329:to venoms of
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323:N.n. miolepis
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208:Binomial name
205:
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83:
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72:
67:
66:Least Concern
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
1190:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1116:Naja pallida
1114:
1107:
1100:
1093:
1086:
1079:
1072:
1065:
1058:
1051:
1044:
1037:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1009:
1002:
997:Naja arabica
995:
988:
981:
974:
961:
909:
905:
895:
876:
866:
855:. Retrieved
848:the original
827:
823:
796:. Retrieved
789:the original
776:
772:
759:
747:. Retrieved
742:
716:. Retrieved
711:
681:. Retrieved
656:. Retrieved
653:Project Noah
652:
643:
631:. Retrieved
626:
617:
605:. Retrieved
600:
591:
580:. Retrieved
576:
567:
555:. Retrieved
541:
535:
529:
521:
499:
496:N. siamensis
495:
492:N. sputatrix
491:
457:N. siamensis
456:
453:N. sputatrix
452:
441:N. sumatrana
440:
433:cardiotoxins
426:
412:
340:
337:Distribution
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
311:Indian cobra
306:
302:
300:
292:
283:
265:
261:
257:
253:
248:
247:
243:
241:
216:
214:
198:
197:
185:
29:
1282:iNaturalist
1215:Wikispecies
1109:Naja oxiana
1102:Naja nubiae
557:19 November
500:N. kaouthia
498:(30%), and
467:, alkaline
395:Philippines
367:Philippines
345:nations of
317:(Sumatra),
280:Description
84:Appendix II
1395:Categories
1095:Naja nivea
1004:Naja ashei
857:2016-12-13
798:2016-12-13
607:1 February
603:. ITIS.gov
582:2022-01-14
513:References
437:cytotoxins
429:neurotoxic
385:, and the
161:Suborder:
1365:sumatrana
1074:Naja naja
1025:Naja haje
1011:Naja atra
749:8 January
718:8 January
683:8 January
633:8 January
577:cites.org
445:sympatric
393:. In the
359:Singapore
351:Indonesia
327:sputatrix
307:Naja naja
289:Scalation
272:found in
193:Species:
165:Serpentes
121:Kingdom:
115:Eukaryota
1373:Species+
1300:10359984
1200:Wikidata
658:16 April
461:protease
383:Belitung
363:Thailand
355:Malaysia
297:Taxonomy
175:Elapidae
171:Family:
155:Squamata
145:Reptilia
135:Chordata
131:Phylum:
125:Animalia
111:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
1339:1108807
1274:2470392
1261:1055801
1206:Q584649
844:8735239
824:Toxicon
494:(35%),
416:diurnal
399:Palawan
371:Sumatra
181:Genus:
151:Order:
141:Class:
86: (
69: (
1352:101607
1326:184073
1313:700642
1287:106451
842:
379:Bangka
375:Borneo
347:Brunei
226:, 1890
224:Müller
1295:IRMNG
1248:45KY7
851:(PDF)
820:(PDF)
792:(PDF)
769:(PDF)
423:Venom
264:, or
88:CITES
82:CITES
1406:Naja
1378:9440
1334:NCBI
1321:IUCN
1308:ITIS
1269:GBIF
962:Naja
840:PMID
751:2012
720:2012
685:2012
660:2022
635:2012
609:2012
559:2021
542:2012
479:and
471:and
435:and
391:Java
242:The
186:Naja
1256:EoL
1243:CoL
1230:ADW
914:doi
881:doi
832:doi
781:doi
546:doi
405:).
256:,
1397::
1375::
1362::
1360:RD
1349::
1336::
1323::
1310::
1297::
1284::
1271::
1258::
1245::
1232::
1217::
1202::
910:17
908:.
904:.
875:.
838:.
828:34
826:.
822:.
807:^
777:36
775:.
771:.
741:.
728:^
710:.
693:^
668:^
651:.
625:.
599:.
575:.
540:.
534:.
506:50
504:LD
463:,
381:,
377:,
373:,
361:,
357:,
353:,
349:,
276:.
260:,
953:e
946:t
939:v
922:.
916::
889:.
883::
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