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kingdom of Bhimak, promising results within a month. Finding
Damayanti in the palace garden, he praises Nala's virtues and his regal features. Damayanti pleads with the swan to secure her marriage to Nala. The swan makes her a promise, and flies back to Nala with the good news. He gives Nala a glowing description of Damayanti's beauty, and assures him that Damayanti's invitation will soon follow. His job accomplished, the swan departs. Bhimak announces a
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merchants, but Kali makes them believe she is a witch and they beat her. Finally, Damayanti arrives in the town of her aunt
Bhanumati, where she stays on as a maid. She is falsely accused of stealing a necklace, but Damayanti prays to God and curses the thief. Kali, who had been hiding in the niche above the door, runs off, tearing off the wooden peg and dropping the necklace on the floor. Seeing this, the queen and her daughter beg pardon.
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260:. Damayanti is perplexed to see five Nalas at once. The gods curse each other in their jealousy, and become a laughing stock. To embarrass them further, Narada brings the gods' wives to the scene. Finally, Damayanti pleads with them tearfully, saying that they are fatherlike to her. The gods, pleased, bestow five boons on Nala and bless her, saying: "May from your hands flow immortality". Nala and Damayanti then marry.
297:. Nala uses his garment to try to catch the crane, and in the attempt loses his only clothing. Damayanti shares her garment with him. At night, Damayanti's face reminds Nala of the fish incident. He also remembers her virtues, and is torn between two conflicting emotions. Kali comes in the form of a knife. Nala uses the knife to cut their shared garment in two and runs off, abandoning Damayanti in the thick forest.
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256:, secure a promise from Nala, reveal their true identity, and send Nala to Damayanti as a messenger to coax her into marrying one of them. Bound by his promises, Nala dresses as a yogi and goes to Damayanti as a messenger. In her heart, Damayanti has already given herself in marriage to Nala, and so pays no heed to the messenger's persuasive words. The four gods then take Nala's form, and go to the
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308:, the ugly one. The cobra narrates his own tale. He consoles Nala, saying that ugliness will make it easy for him to pass incognito, and gives him three garments which will restore his beauty when worn. Nala, as Bahuka, goes to Ayodhya. There, he becomes a horsekeeper to king Rituparna, as he is an expert on horses and knows the Ashwa-mantra, or sacred horse-mastery text.
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Nala and
Damayanti send their children to their maternal grandparents and retreat to a forest. There, Kali makes life unbearable for them. Nala catches three fish, which he leaves with Damayanti while he goes fishing for more. The blessings of gods bring the fish back to life, and they jump back into
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With the help of Bahuka, who knows the Ashwa-mantra, Rituparna reaches
Damayanti's palace the following day. On the way, Bahuka and Rituparna exchange their knowledge of the Ashwa-mantra and mathematics. The power of these two sciences drives away the evil Kali. Rituparna is unaware of this change.
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Sudev, a
Brahmin sent by Damayanti's parents to search for her, arrives in the town. Sudev recognises Damayanti, and reveals her identity to her aunt. The aunt's family is sorry and, now showing the appropriate respect, sends Damayanti to her father with Sudev as escort. Damayanti sends Sudev in
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In the forest, Damayanti wails and cries, searching for Nala. A python catches and partly swallows her leg. A hunter kills the snake and saves her. He tries to touch
Damayanti, seeing her beauty, but she curses him and the hunter burns to ash. Damayanti is given shelter by a group of travelling
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The swan promises to come back to Nala if first allowed to bid farewell to his wife, new-born son, and mother. Nala trusts the swan, and lets him go. The swan returns, true to his word, and the two become friends. Nala asks the swan's help in winning
Damayanti's favours. The swan travels to the
217:, sings the praises of the daughter of Bhimak of Vidarbha. Nala, love-struck, goes into the forest to sublimate his sexual desires. There, he captures a golden swan, the male of a pair. The female swan curses Nala, saying: "May your wife too suffer separation and wail in like manner".
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search of Nala, charging him to sing the secrets of her life. In
Ayodhya, Bahuka responds strangely to these verses. Upon hearing this, Damayanti sends Sudev to Rituparna's court once again, keeping this a secret from her parents. Sudev bears the message that there will be a second
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tree, and forbids him to enter his kingdom. Damayanti tests Bahuka in various ways, including with the boons of gods, trying to ascertain his real identity. Finally, she sends the children to him, and this gives her clear confirmation that he is Nala. The two are happily reunited.
271:. They arrive late, and decide to take revenge on Nala for their defeat. For years, they are unable to harm the righteous king. Finally, taking advantage of a slight oversight by Nala with regard to his physical purity, Kali enters his body. Kala and Dwapar entice Nala's cousin,
91:, an embodiment of the forces of evil, Nala and Damayanti are sent into exile, separated, and each subjected to a series of trials and reversals. Finally, when with Kali departs, they are reunited and restored to their former happiness.
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the lake. Nala returns, empty-handed and unsuccessful. He thinks
Damayanti has eaten the fish, leaving him hungry, and they quarrel. He does not believe her story, and asks her to return to her parents.
225:(an ancient Indian practice whereby a girl chooses a husband from a list of suitors), at which Damayanti is to choose her husband from among the assembled princes.
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159:. Premanand combines the mythical story with contemporary elements to bring it closer to his audience. The work was composed in 1685.
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in
Gujarati literature, adding that Premanand is at his best in bringing out the humour and pathos of the tale.
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Prepared for the students of 3rd standard (Gujarati & English-medium), with a glossary of difficult words
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of mythical stories. He selected events from the old texts and reconstructed them, adding new incidents.
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Nala's fame inspires his cousin and commander-in-chief, Virsen, to adopt the life of an
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Having heard of Kali's good and evil characteristics, Nala allows Kali to reside in a
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72:(1649–1714). One of Premanand's most popular works, it retells the story of the
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is the most popular poetic work by Premanand in Gujarati literature. Critic
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is pathos, and the work reflects the Hindu ideal of married life.
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With critical and explanatory notes and sketch of the poet's life
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Prepared for the high-school students of 5th & 6th standard
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623:. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. p. 98.
183: – Nala's wife, and princess of the
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Medieval Gujarati narrative poem by Premanand Bhatt
522:Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: K to Navalram
267:and Dwapara, Kali's companion, to compete in the
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579:(1997). "Nalakhyan (The Tale of Nala)". In
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200:Bhanumati – Damayanti's aunt
653:. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi. p. 41.
375:reflects the Hindu ideal of married life.
94:Although the plot is largely based on the
68:), written by 17th-century Gujarati poet
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120:Statue of Premanand, Faculty of Arts,
361:, the main sentiment of the story is
167:The main characters of the poem are:
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293:Kali arrives in the form of a huge
131:Premanand Bhatt was a professional
423:Mahakavi Premanand Krut Nalakhyana
402:Mahakavi Premanand Krut Nalakhyana
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620:Milestones in Gujarati Literature
586:Masterpieces of Indian Literature
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741:Poems based on the Mahabharata
650:History of Gujarati Literature
478:Bhatt Premanand Krut Nalakhyan
174: – king of the
87:. Through the machinations of
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524:. Vol. VIII. New Delhi:
320:for Damayanti the next day.
645:Jhaveri, Mansukhlal Maganlal
520:. In Datta, Amaresh (ed.).
516:Mehta, Chandrakant (1987).
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716:Mahipatram Rupram Nilkanth
589:. Vol. 1. New Delhi:
442:Nalakhyana, Premanand Krut
192: – king of
29:, edited and published by
460:Premanand Krut Nalakhyana
432:Chhaganlal Thakurdas Modi
413:Chhaganlal Thakurdas Modi
350:was 'decidedly' the best
139:recreates and adapts the
411:Damubhai Dayabhai Mehta,
44:Gujarati pronunciation:
697:Gandhi Heritage Portal
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389:Year of Publication
357:According to critic
712:Gujarati Kavyadohan
615:Jhaveri, Krishnalal
591:National Book Trust
263:Narada also tempts
48:[nəɭakyan̪]
577:Trivedi, Chimanlal
344:Mansukhlal Jhaveri
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736:Poems in Gujarati
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258:swayamvara
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302:Karkotaka
190:Rituparna
181:Damayanti
137:Nalakhyan
106:Nalakhyan
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39:Nalakhyan
27:Nalakhyan
686:નળાખ્યાન
647:(1978).
392:Editors
379:Editions
273:Pushkara
254:brahmins
126:Vadodara
74:mythical
583:(ed.).
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194:Ayodhya
133:reciter
98:in the
61:akhyana
55:) is a
33:in 1874
701:Narmad
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395:Notes
386:Title
369:pathos
364:Karuṇā
352:akhyan
327:behada
306:Bahuka
240:, and
234:Varuna
215:Narada
64:(long
31:Narmad
295:crane
230:Indra
152:parva
79:king
77:Hindu
655:OCLC
625:ISBN
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530:ISBN
465:1886
447:1873
429:1926
265:Kali
242:Yama
238:Agni
205:Plot
172:Nala
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