1301:, continued a long-running discussion on the manner in which Australian officials would refer to the Southeast Asian nation. While Burma was the formal title used by the Australian government, the Labor government revised the national name to the Union of Myanmar in 2012. However, the matter has resurfaced, as the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) reverted to the former title under Abbott's leadership in late 2013. A reason for the change has not appeared in the media, but, as of June 2014, the Abbott government's policy advises officials to switch between Burma and Myanmar, in accordance with the circumstances at hand. DFAT secretary Peter Varghese explained to the media: "Our ambassador to Myanmar would be our ambassador to Myanmar, because the country to which she is accredited is Myanmar, in the eyes of the government of Myanmar."
1398:. Thus there is "Myanma Airways" (correct spelling) and "Myanmar Airways" (incorrect spelling, but used officially and recognised anyway). Some English speakers have even coined the adjective "Myanmarese" or "Myanmese", to follow English rather than Burmese grammatical rules. These adjectives are not recommended as most natives of Myanmar preferred to be called either the old way of "Burmese", "Myanmar", or "Myanma" representing the many diverse races in the country.
34:
619:
3875:
3447:
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565:
853:. It is written in early Burmese script. Although the middle of the front side of this stone is damaged, the first line of the better-protected reverse side clearly shows မြန်မာပြည် ("Mranma kingdom"). The inscription is known as the 'Yadana Kon Htan Inscription'. At present it is in Bagan recorded as stone number 43 in the Archaeological Department's collection.
3459:
905:. When the Japanese used their own syllabary, they transliterated the three consonants of the Dutch name "Birma" and ended up with the name Biruma (ビルマ). At the time of independence in 1948, the "Union of Burma" was the name that was chosen for the new country, being further amended as the "Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma" in 1974, following a 1962
921:
the country while the name Bama was kept to its original meaning. Both are widespread use in colloquial usage. Most still use Bama/Myanma interchangeably, to refer to the country, depending on the context. Ironically, because of the official renaming of the country, the dominant ethnic group is now known by its colloquial name,
1172:, politicians started using "Myanmar" more frequently. The British government also cites the elected party's preference in its statement on its choice of name. A spokesman for the Department of Foreign Affairs in Canada said that his government's choice was "in support of the struggle for democracy". Others, including the
1698:
The
Italian linguist Franco Maria Messina writes about it: «The Burmese language, the language spoken by the Bama people, presents the linguistic phenomenon known as diglossia: that is to say that two languages coexist in one, a high language, "H", and a low, spoken, more popular, language, "L". The
1227:
by "welcom the
Burmese delegation to the UPR working group". Myanmar's delegate insisted that the American delegation should use the name "Myanmar", and appealed to the session's president to enforce that rule. The latter commented that "we're here to discuss human rights in Myanmar, we're not here
920:
historically referred only to the
Burmans and not other ethnic minorities, Burmese governments in the post-independence period have instituted a differentiation of meaning between Mranma and Bama in the official Burmese language usage. The name Myanma/Myanmar was expanded to include all citizens of
1075:
dialects, in which "ar" (without a following vowel) is also pronounced as long "a" (often given as "ah" in
American English). However, in variants of English in which final "r" is pronounced, such as standard American English, adding this final "r" leads to a pronunciation very different from the
1456:
In
Bengali the name is ব্রহ্মদেশ or 'Brahmadesh'. It is the same in case of Sanskrit and Sanskrit-based languages in other parts of India. This name predates the Portuguese or British names but it is not clear whether this name has roots connected to the 'Mrnma' people or it predates them also.
1148:
Since the
Burmese government's 1989 decision to use "Myanmar" rather than "Burma" when using English, adoption of the new name in the English-speaking world has been mixed. Use of "Burma", along with many other name changes within Myanmar has remained widespread, largely based on the question of
1135:
Finally, a lot of criticism also focused on the lack of linguistic soundness of the reform. Only four language scholars sat in the 1989 commission, while the majority of the commission was made up of military officials and civil servants with no particular knowledge of linguistics. The new names
1012:
In 1989, the military regime of Burma set up a commission in charge of reviewing the place names of Burma in the
English language. The aim of the commission was to correct the spelling of the place names of Burma in English, to discard spellings chosen by British colonial authorities in the 19th
1420:
While the use of the name "Myanmar" is widespread and rivals the use of "Burma", adoption of adjectival forms has been far more limited; in general, terms in use before 1989 have persisted. Citizens of Burma, regardless of their ethnicity, are known as "Burmese", while the dominant ethnicity is
1289:
Another approach taken by some historians is to continue to use the name "Burma" for describing the history of the country prior to the 1988 military coup and "Myanmar" from there on. This also contravenes the intentions of the government, whose naming reform in 1989 was to apply to the entire
1228:
to discuss the name of the country", and asked the
American delegation to use Myanmar's official, UN-recognised name. The American delegate continued her comments on human rights violations in Myanmar, without using either name for the country. On 19 November 2012, US President
1045:, and wanted the English name of the country to reflect this. Finally, the military regime has long been suspicious of the colloquial Burmese language, which it perceives as subversive; the English name "Burma" mirrors the colloquial Burmese name
2270:
YANGON, Burma (AP) — Officially at least, America still calls this
Southeast Asian nation Burma, the favored appellation of dissidents and pro-democracy activists who opposed the former military junta's move to summarily change its name 23 years
3979:
867:
In the decades preceding independence, independence parties were in search of a name for the new country to be born, which would be made up not only of
Burmese-speaking people, but also of many minorities. In the 1920s, some favoured the name
1123:
at first opposed the new name "Myanmar", pointing out the hypocritical justification of inclusivity put forward by the regime. Opposition parties, although they oppose the English name "Myanmar", do not oppose the official Burmese name
4019:
3999:
1542:
may have more of an emotional resonance to readers. Historically Japan used the Chinese characters of "Menden" (緬甸) to refer to Burma. This form remains in contemporary usage in abbreviations; for example, the World War II-era
1304:
In April 2016, soon after taking office, Aung San Suu Kyi clarified that foreigners are free to use either name, "because there is nothing in the constitution of our country that says that you must use any term in particular."
4057:
4024:
1164:
still refers to the country as "Burma". The United States government attributes its choice to support for the party deemed to have won the 1990 election but been denied power by the junta. That party opposes the new name.
4034:
4029:
4014:
4004:
3984:
3974:
1036:
is the official name of the country in the Burmese language, and the aim of the commission was to have English place names aligned with Burmese place names and pronunciation. Second, the commission thought that the name
1391:). To reflect this, in the 1989 government renaming the adjectival form of the country's name "Myanmar" is formed by dropping the final "r" to get "Myanma" (since the final "r" indicates lengthening in Oxford English).
3994:
3989:
3969:
1084:
In the Burmese language, there have been controversies about the name of the country since the 1930s, and the decision of the regime in 1989 carried the controversy into the English language. The regime believes that
4039:
4009:
773:
in the mid-19th century was the first to refer to himself as the king of the 'Mranma people', in an attempt to ethnicise his rule, at a time when his rule was largely confined to the Irrawaddy Valley and the
4296:
3964:
942:
In English, the official name chosen for the country at the time of independence was "Burma". This was already the name that the British called their colony before 1948. This name most likely comes from
1401:
According to the replacement, the name of the dominant ethnicity of Burma, whose people speak the Burmese language, is "Bamar" (again, final "r" only added to denote a long "a" in Burmese). Thus,
2472:
2447:
1421:
called "Burman". The language of the Burmans, however, is known as the Burmese language, not as the Burman language, although confusingly enough the "Burmese" language is considered one of the
860:, but over time the "r" sound disappeared in most dialects of the Burmese language and was replaced by a "y" glide, so although the name is spelled "Mranma", it is actually pronounced
3921:
2026:
1904:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4528:
4289:
3930:
251:
1844:. ILCAA Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa Monograph Series No. 33. Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. pp. 43–54.
4322:
2546:
122:
2377:
729:
in the spoken register and in the literary register, respectively. As such, some groups—particularly non-Burmans minorities—consider these names to be exclusionary.
1136:
adopted often lacked serious linguistic credibility, and some appear questionable (the final "r" at the end of the name Myanmar makes sense only for a speaker of a
429:
4434:
4317:
4329:
2240:
602:
1269:
have adopted the name "Myanmar". Others have continued to use "Burma", some of whom have switched to using "Myanmar" years after the name change, such as the
4475:
1219:
complained about the US insistence of calling his country "Burma" instead of "Myanmar" as it was renamed more than a decade ago. In January 2011, during the
113:
761:), and then by transformation of "m" into "b". This sound change from "m" to "b" is frequent in colloquial Burmese and occurs in many other words. Although
4239:
3914:
4442:
4062:
3840:
2052:
2469:
837:
Ma Thanegi records that the first use of the name 'Mranma' for the country is to be found on a 3 feet (91 cm) high stone inscription dated 597 ME (
2439:
2342:
1119:
The regime changed the name of the country when using English; it did not change the official name of the country in Burmese. Former opposition leader
2695:
2490:
485:
4553:
2906:
2757:
544:
2926:
2633:
1699:
first one is just used in religious ceremonies and in written official documents, while the second is in use every day». See Franco Maria Messina,
3789:
2293:
1108:" is actually disrespectful of the minorities of Burma. Minorities, many of whom do not speak Burmese, had become accustomed to the English name "
2180:
1223:(UPR) of the country at the United Nations, the delegate of Myanmar interrupted the delegate of the United States, who had begun her comments on
1132:
as the official name of the country. Culturally, when speaking, locals refer to the country as Burma, but in literature, it is named "Myanmar".
3907:
3386:
3113:
1173:
462:
449:
445:
4538:
4448:
2615:
1849:
1810:
1782:
1025:). These renamings took the form of the "Adaptation of Expressions Law", passed on June 18, 1989. Thus, for instance, Rangoon was changed to
416:
239:
72:
2941:
4200:
3514:
3132:
2520:
490:
361:
2936:
2018:
1896:
1395:
649:
in both its official and popular names worldwide. The choice of names stems from the existence of two different names for the country in
3850:
3051:
2916:
625:
386:
381:
374:
1383:), whereas when used as an adjective, it is pronounced in the creaky tone (short "a") as if it were spelt "မြန်မ" or "မြန်မာ့" (MLCTS:
3154:
3005:
1605:, although not used as much anymore, Myanmar was referred to as "Putpagam" (புட்பகம்). It is most likely derived from the name of the
348:
343:
289:
246:
157:
59:
2416:
2089:
1722:
1676:
1634:
A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases, and of Kindred Terms, Etymological, Historical, Geographical and discursive
595:
211:
2319:
2118:
4558:
3764:
3263:
1276:
673:
172:
1032:
As for the country's name, the commission decided to replace the English name "Burma" with "Myanmar", for three reasons. First,
4533:
4358:
4154:
3258:
2048:
1995:
2901:
4301:
3809:
3020:
2931:
2654:
2369:
2149:
4543:
4467:
3197:
3142:
2985:
2202:
2022:
1449:
crossed Patkai hills to come to Assam valley from Myanmar. The period of Burmese invasions to Assam are known as মানৰ দিন
1177:
1137:
1104:
Quite the opposite of being more inclusive, opposition parties and human rights groups contend that the new English name "
1069:
329:
324:
319:
94:
2580:
3273:
3217:
3125:
3086:
3071:
3025:
3000:
2896:
2871:
2750:
1873:
1530:
1253:
838:
588:
575:
409:
282:
108:
54:
2720:
4494:
3406:
3331:
3231:
3192:
2990:
2965:
2408:
2254:
1014:
711:
1636:, London, 1886 (new edition edited by William Crooke, London, 1903), p.131) the term Myanma, for example, comes from
962:
which was borrowed by the Portuguese from any of the Indian languages in the 16th or 17th century. This Indian name
4363:
4284:
4217:
4210:
4205:
3411:
3298:
2346:
1938:
2703:
1116:" as a purely Burmese name reflecting the policy of domination of the ethnic Burman majority over the minorities.
4353:
3599:
3149:
3010:
2995:
2970:
1220:
830:. The first record of the name in a Burmese inscription is dated 1190, in which inscription the name was spelled
153:
135:
2079:
4548:
4373:
4368:
3845:
3531:
3507:
3108:
2980:
276:
2056:
2637:
786:(We Burmans Association), referred to the country as 'Bamapran' (ဗမာပြည်). He felt that the pronunciation of
4429:
4413:
4234:
3804:
3709:
3421:
3293:
3248:
3187:
3076:
3056:
2743:
2470:
What's in a name? Not much, according to Aung San Suu Kyi, who tells diplomats they can use Myanmar or Burma
2284:
2219:
1422:
1247:
1224:
539:
47:
2498:
676:". Since then, those name changes have been the subject of controversies and mixed incidences of adoption.
4229:
3182:
3081:
1544:
1394:
Most people, even in Burma, are unaware of these subtleties, as it occurs only in the spoken language and
1065:
1029:
to reflect the fact that the "r" sound is no longer used in Standard Burmese and merged with a "y" glide.
754:
750:
746:
467:
234:
4334:
4261:
3814:
3346:
3326:
3061:
2891:
2804:
1290:
history of the country. Those using this approach argue that it is the most politically neutral option.
1160:, of which Myanmar is a member, endorsed the name change five days after its announcement. However, the
646:
534:
1968:
1775:
Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800-1830, volume 1, Integration on the Mainland
1644:
by Burmeses themselves, except when speaking in formal or emphatic way. Cited in Franco Maria Messina,
1239:
Media usage is also mixed. In spite of the usage by the US government, American news outlets including
1060:). The commission added a final "r" in English to represent the low tone of Burmese, in which the word
950:
and was adopted by English in the 18th century. The Portuguese name itself, a Latinate back-formation (
2172:
4405:
4266:
4256:
4251:
3759:
3724:
3679:
3416:
3278:
3253:
3212:
3137:
3098:
3066:
2953:
2864:
503:
396:
391:
308:
258:
90:
1064:
is pronounced. In the low tone, the final vowel "a" is lengthened. The commission was influenced by
4246:
4195:
3829:
3649:
3644:
3539:
3500:
3463:
3426:
3283:
3039:
3015:
2849:
2245:
1485:
944:
457:
422:
197:
24:
3884:
3470:
2679:
4499:
4142:
4137:
4112:
4049:
3934:
3769:
3744:
3659:
3639:
3589:
3559:
3549:
3481:
3391:
3308:
3207:
3170:
3120:
2975:
2921:
2854:
2796:
2770:
1610:
1241:
873:
668:) was an old name used by Myanmar Country, yet later was changed by Burma's government from the "
226:
206:
2524:
1662:
779:
65:
4224:
4087:
3855:
3734:
3729:
3609:
3376:
3351:
3268:
2824:
2611:
2412:
2085:
1845:
1806:
1778:
1718:
1672:
1668:
1571:
1473:
1434:
707:
177:
126:
1839:
4147:
4102:
4097:
3799:
3749:
3704:
3684:
3674:
3574:
3451:
3401:
3396:
3356:
3336:
3288:
3243:
3093:
2876:
2250:
1567:
1563:
1477:
1461:
1262:
1169:
1120:
896:
691:
661:
650:
629:
529:
2608:
Defiled on the Ayeyarwaddy: One Woman's Mid-Life Travel Adventures on Myanmar's Great River
1149:
whether the regime has the legitimacy to change the country's name, particularly without a
4345:
4127:
4107:
3774:
3689:
3669:
3554:
3544:
3381:
3361:
2859:
2834:
2809:
2476:
1271:
1233:
1072:
822:
in 849, and called themselves Mranma. The earliest record discovered of the word was in a
815:
551:
163:
117:
100:
2315:
880:
in the 19th century. In the 1930s, the left-wing independence parties favoured the name
717:
Both names derive ultimately from the endonym of the largest ethnic group in Burma, the
4122:
4117:
4092:
3819:
3754:
3719:
3654:
3634:
3624:
3584:
3569:
3564:
3475:
3341:
3316:
2886:
2839:
2814:
2401:
2113:
2108:
1602:
1575:
1157:
987:
901:
877:
669:
569:
1236:
on her second visit to the country, referred to the nation as both Myanmar and Burma.
1013:
century, and adopt spellings closer to the actual Burmese pronunciation (compare with
33:
4522:
3878:
3860:
3779:
3739:
3714:
3694:
3629:
3604:
3594:
3579:
3366:
2911:
2844:
2829:
2819:
2521:"'Birmanie ou Myanmar ? Le vrai faux débat francophone' – La France en Birmanie"
1798:
1606:
1161:
980:
Bermah (Earliest European maps as old as the 18th century spelled Burma with an 'e'.)
906:
819:
509:
496:
1991:
3699:
3664:
3619:
3614:
3523:
3321:
3202:
1442:
1229:
892:
823:
718:
435:
187:
1664:
Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society
2662:
1464:, the name appeared for the first time in 1273 and was recorded as 緬 (pronounced
4421:
4397:
4387:
3899:
3888:
2881:
2141:
1298:
2206:
4459:
2572:
1150:
846:
770:
182:
2547:"Birmanie: 87.000 Rohingyas réfugiés au Bangladesh en dix jours, selon l'ONU"
1865:
1528:
is more common in written language. Popular Japanese fictional works such as
1294:
1193:
1022:
1004:
758:
192:
141:
1613:'s "Senthamizh Nadenum" song which also lists other Tamilized place names.
3103:
1930:
1216:
1212:
1594:
in French. As in the past, French-language media today consistently use
2766:
1446:
1379:, when used as a noun, is pronounced in the low tone (long "a", Okell:
1266:
1189:
1105:
1018:
783:
769:, both names have been in use alongside each other for centuries. King
1494:
In Japan, although the Japanese government's basic position is to use
1201:
1197:
1026:
842:
2140:
Commonwealth of Australia, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.
745:
by shortening of the first syllable, from loss of nasal final "an" (
2735:
1275:, citing increasing international acceptance of the new name. The
1208:
1185:
1181:
1128:, and no opposition party is proposing to use the colloquial name
1109:
884:, as they thought this name was more inclusive of minorities than
850:
1632:
According to the Scottish orientalist Henry Yule (Hobson-Jobson:
1056:(much as the medial "r" in "Burma" is absent in standard Burmese
4175:
3946:
3903:
3496:
3492:
2739:
1640:, the national name of the Burmese people, which is pronounced
714:, with sharp differences between literary and spoken language.
710:
and other languages of Southeast Asia, has different levels of
1283:
1258:
2230:
during the Universal Periodic Review of Myanmar, January 2011
872:, which had been the name applied to the old Burmese kingdom
2203:"Myanmar foreign minister protests U.S. use of name 'Burma'"
1960:
1286:
in the US use terms such as "Myanmar, also known as Burma".
1052:
The final "r" in the English "Myanmar" is absent in Burmese
802:
ethnic group, but all ethnic groups present in the country.
1314:
Correspondence of terms before and after the 1989 renaming
1990:
Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs (December 2007).
826:
inscription dated 1102, inside which the name was spelled
2019:"Is it 'Burma' or 'Myanmar'? US officials start shifting"
4297:
Countries by the number of recognized official languages
3965:
Countries by the number of recognized official languages
814:
remains unclear. The "Burmans" who entered the central
1609:. The most iconic reference using this name occurs in
1524:
may be used more often in the spoken language, while
2702:. University of Chicago. p. 131. Archived from
2081:
Burma Or Myanmar? The Struggle for National Identity
895:
set up by the Japanese occupation forces during the
702:
is the written, literary name of the country, while
4487:
4384:
4343:
4310:
4277:
4186:
4048:
3957:
3828:
3788:
3530:
3307:
3230:
3169:
3038:
2952:
2795:
2400:
2283:
1897:"Why This Beautiful Country Is Known by Two Names"
1738:Dobama Asiayone History Writing Committee (1976).
1112:" over the years, and they perceive the new name "
2103:
2101:
706:is the spoken name of the country. Burmese, like
2241:"Burma or Myanmar? Obama calls it both on visit"
2205:. Crisscross News. 1 August 2005. Archived from
1803:The River of Lost Footsteps--Histories of Burma
1777:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 88–112.
1547:is still referred to almost exclusively as the
1261:, and US-based international news agencies the
1093:, while opponents point out that historically,
1041:was more inclusive of minorities than the name
1833:
1831:
1513:
1500:
976:Early usage of the English term Burma varies:
970:, but it may also derive from the Indian name
4449:Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa
3915:
3508:
2751:
2171:Government of Canada, Global Affairs Canada.
1441:("Maan Country") since the time when the 1st
841:) or 1235 CE. The stone is from the reign of
741:is supposed to have originated from the name
596:
8:
4476:International Organization of Turkic Culture
2721:"Etymologically, Myanmar = Burma: Round Two"
1924:
1922:
1742:(in Burmese). Yangon: Htin Kyi. p. 133.
4529:Lists of country names in various languages
2440:"Confusion remains about Burma name change"
856:Today in Burmese the name is still spelled
684:In the Burmese language, Burma is known as
4443:Community of Portuguese Language Countries
4183:
4172:
4058:Countries and capitals in native languages
3954:
3943:
3922:
3908:
3900:
3515:
3501:
3493:
3236:
3175:
3044:
2958:
2778:
2758:
2744:
2736:
2655:"Information on Burma and the name change"
1204:recognize "Myanmar" as the official name.
765:may be a later transformation of the name
603:
589:
19:
2249:. Bristol, England: Hybrid News Limited.
2173:"Embassy of Canada to Myanmar, in Yangon"
1841:Mental culture in Burmese crisis politics
1805:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 56.
1554:Myanmar is known by a name deriving from
1468:in the Middle Chinese of the period, and
1413:and minorities are collectively known as
486:Committee Representing Pyidaungsu Hluttaw
1312:
653:, which are used in different contexts.
2489:Kumano, Shin'ichirō (6 February 2012).
1656:
1654:
1622:
22:
2680:"Myanmar, bama, oh heck, simply Burma"
1753:
1751:
1749:
1628:
1626:
1174:Association of Southeast Asian Nations
1002:Burma (Common stable spelling used in
818:valley in the 9th century founded the
2583:from the original on 12 December 2017
2296:from the original on 11 December 2022
2183:from the original on 14 November 2018
2109:"Burma vs. Myanmar: What's in a Name"
1907:from the original on 11 November 2020
1758:Hall, DGE (1960). "Pre-Pagan Burma".
1703:, Indiamirabilis, (in Italian), 2009.
1648:, Indiamirabilis, (in Italian), 2009.
1507:, often media organisations indicate
1396:the spelling "မြန်မ" is not mandatory
1170:2011–2012 democratic reforms in Burma
1089:is more inclusive of minorities than
958:Alemanha), came from the Indian name
430:Ministry of International Cooperation
387:Self-Administered Zones and Divisions
382:States, Regions and Union Territories
73:National Defence and Security Council
7:
3458:
2678:Lintner, Bertil (19 December 1999).
2636:. Enchanting Myanmar. Archived from
2610:. ThingsAsian Press, San Francisco.
2573:"L'actualité sur Birmanie par L'Obs"
2152:from the original on 8 November 2018
2121:from the original on 21 January 2009
2029:from the original on 23 January 2012
2017:Roughneen, Simon (22 January 2012).
1998:from the original on 22 January 2017
1971:from the original on 7 November 2018
1929:Scrivener, Leslie (6 October 2007).
1717:. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
1279:changed to using "Myanmar" in 2014.
1232:, accompanied by Secretary of State
983:Birmah (Charles Thomson map of 1827)
925:, rather than by its literary name,
2917:State Peace and Development Council
2696:"Hobson-Jobson Dictionary entry on
2523:. Ambafrance-mm.org. Archived from
2370:"Why Burma? Why Myanmar? Why Both?"
1941:from the original on 7 October 2012
1097:is only a more literary version of
999:Burmah (Eugene William's map, 1883)
966:may derive from colloquial Burmese
4063:Country names in various languages
2634:"The Origin Of The Word "MYANMAR""
2253:. 19 November 2012. Archived from
1297:government, led by Prime Minister
14:
2368:Memmott, Mark (2 December 2012).
2322:from the original on 26 June 2014
3883:
3874:
3873:
3469:
3457:
3446:
3445:
2450:from the original on 8 June 2014
2380:from the original on 3 June 2012
1876:from the original on 30 May 2020
1866:"Should it be Burma or Myanmar?"
1667:. Vol. 3/3 (2nd ed.).
1437:the country is known as মান দেশ
996:Burma (Keith Johnson's map 1803)
794:is "strong". He also added that
674:Republic of the Union of Myanmar
637:The country known in English as
617:
563:
545:National Human Rights Commission
32:
4554:1989 in international relations
4359:List of Indo-European languages
4155:Languages of the European Union
2661:. AsiaExplorers. Archived from
2632:Aung, Kyaw Zaw (19 June 2012).
2142:"Australian Embassy in Myanmar"
2084:. World Scientific. p. 2.
2049:Foreign and Commonwealth Office
1895:Teng, Tiffany (15 April 2017).
1491:is derived from the same term.
993:Burmah (Samuel Dunn's map 1787)
3841:British Indian Ocean Territory
1409:plus many minorities; and the
1405:is a country inhabited by the
1282:Some other sources, including
1:
4468:Organization of Turkic States
2446:. News Limited. 4 June 2014.
2341:Jon Williams (14 June 2012).
2023:The Christian Science Monitor
1586:in both Italian and Spanish,
1309:Adjectival forms and demonyms
749:), reduced to non-nasal "a" (
4539:Geographical naming disputes
4318:By number of native speakers
3126:State Administration Council
2872:Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom
2399:Steinberg, David I. (2001).
2374:The Two-Way: NPR's News Blog
1994:. U.S. Department of State.
1254:International Herald Tribune
839:Traditional Burmese calendar
109:State Administration Council
4330:By number of total speakers
2927:2011–2015 political reforms
2409:Georgetown University Press
2403:Burma: The State of Myanmar
1773:Victor B Lieberman (2003).
1701:Quale nome per la Birmania?
1646:Quale nome per la Birmania?
1582:being the local version of
1520:in parentheses afterwards.
1476:). The present name in the
929:in official Burmese usage.
417:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
4575:
4364:List of Mongolic languages
2719:Joel (30 September 2007).
2468:South China Morning post,
2343:"Burma: What's in a name?"
1740:History of Dobama Asiayone
1715:The Making of Modern Burma
845:, (1234-1250) son of King
656:The official English name
632:in this article correctly.
4182:
4171:
3953:
3942:
3869:
3441:
3239:
3178:
3047:
2961:
2783:Myanmar is also known as
2781:
2777:
2479:, Saturday, 23 April 2016
2475:13 September 2017 at the
1838:Houtman, Gustaaf (1999).
1825:Ma Thanegi (2011), p. 97.
1762:(3 ed.). p. 13.
1514:
1501:
1423:Tibeto-"Burman" languages
1221:Universal Periodic Review
695:
665:
491:National Unity Government
4374:List of Uralic languages
4369:List of Turkic languages
4290:by country and territory
3590:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
3052:Administrative divisions
2078:Dittmer, Lowell (2010).
2053:"Country Profile: Burma"
1992:"Background Note: Burma"
798:refers to, not only the
778:ethnic group. In 1930s,
375:Administrative divisions
247:House of Representatives
4559:Names of places in Asia
4430:Three Linguistic Spaces
4414:Commonwealth of Nations
3851:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3422:Twelve Auspicious Rites
3203:Myanmar kyat (currency)
1961:"U.S. Embassy in Burma"
1713:Myint-U, Thant (2001).
1248:The Wall Street Journal
1225:human rights in Myanmar
1215:, the Foreign Minister
1176:and the governments of
1076:Burmese pronunciation.
290:Constitutional Tribunal
60:Constitutional Tribunal
4534:Country name etymology
2495:Nikkei Business Weekly
2146:myanmar.embassy.gov.au
1661:Ammon, Ulrich (2004).
1545:Burma-Thailand Railway
1066:Received Pronunciation
1015:what happened in India
899:was officially called
790:is "weak" and that of
446:Diplomatic missions of
235:House of Nationalities
212:Provisional Government
4335:Languages in censuses
3958:By official languages
2345:. BBC. Archived from
2258:(News & blogging)
1965:U.S. Embassy in Burma
1538:) mean that the name
1375:In Burmese, the word
912:While both the names
173:Deputy Prime Minister
4544:Geography of Myanmar
4406:Dutch Language Union
4050:Endonyms and exonyms
3765:United Arab Emirates
3259:Environmental issues
3218:Units of measurement
2865:First Toungoo Empire
2606:Thanegi, Ma (2011).
2491:"ミャンマー、知って損はない6のキホン"
2318:. BBC. 16 May 2014.
1931:"The Burma question"
753:), and loss of "y" (
737:The colloquial name
504:Mahn Win Khaing Than
4425:(Romance languages)
4302:Number of languages
3792:limited recognition
2897:Japanese occupation
2850:Hanthawaddy Kingdom
2706:on 10 December 2012
2260:on 21 November 2012
2246:Asian Correspondent
1872:. 2 December 2011.
1590:in Portuguese, and
1315:
294:Chairman: Than Kyaw
25:Politics of Myanmar
4500:Category:Languages
4495:Lists of languages
4479:(Turkic languages)
4471:(Turkic languages)
4285:Official languages
3482:Outline of Myanmar
3198:Telecommunications
3114:commander-in-chief
2907:Socialist Republic
2855:Kingdom of Mrauk U
2659:Asia Travel Guides
2553:. 4 September 2017
2292:. 5 January 2012.
2117:. 1 October 2007.
1611:Subramania Bharati
1536:Biruma no tategoto
1480:is 緬甸 (pronounced
1453:("Days of Maan").
1313:
1293:In June 2014, the
1242:The New York Times
1138:non-rhotic dialect
570:Myanmar portal
4516:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4354:Language families
4167:
4166:
4163:
4162:
3897:
3896:
3834:other territories
3490:
3489:
3437:
3436:
3274:Human trafficking
3226:
3225:
3165:
3164:
3133:Political parties
3072:Foreign relations
3034:
3033:
2825:Myinsaing Kingdom
2791:
2790:
2617:978-1-934159-24-8
2316:"Myanmar profile"
2285:"Over to Myanmar"
1851:978-4-87297-748-6
1812:978-0-374-16342-6
1784:978-0-521-80496-7
1669:Walter de Gruyter
1474:Standard Mandarin
1373:
1372:
810:The etymology of
782:, founder of the
626:rendering support
613:
612:
480:Exiled government
463:Visa requirements
410:Foreign relations
362:Political parties
55:2008 Constitution
4566:
4480:
4472:
4464:
4454:
4439:
4426:
4418:
4410:
4402:
4184:
4173:
3955:
3944:
3924:
3917:
3910:
3901:
3887:
3877:
3876:
3846:Christmas Island
3532:Sovereign states
3517:
3510:
3503:
3494:
3473:
3461:
3460:
3449:
3448:
3407:National symbols
3237:
3193:Opium production
3176:
3045:
2959:
2877:Konbaung dynasty
2779:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2737:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2665:on 12 March 2009
2649:
2647:
2645:
2640:on 14 March 2016
2621:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2497:. Archived from
2486:
2480:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2406:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2287:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2267:
2265:
2259:
2251:Associated Press
2237:
2231:
2228:
2222:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2209:on 1 August 2004
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2105:
2096:
2095:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2055:. Archived from
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1926:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1835:
1826:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1755:
1744:
1743:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1710:
1704:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1671:. p. 2012.
1658:
1649:
1630:
1531:The Burmese Harp
1519:
1517:
1516:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1316:
1263:Associated Press
1207:During the 2005
1121:Aung San Suu Kyi
897:Second World War
756:
752:
748:
721:, also known as
697:
667:
645:, has undergone
621:
620:
605:
598:
591:
568:
567:
566:
508:Vice President:
502:Prime Minister:
36:
20:
4574:
4573:
4569:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4563:
4549:1989 in Myanmar
4519:
4518:
4517:
4504:
4483:
4478:
4470:
4462:
4452:
4437:
4424:
4416:
4408:
4400:
4390:
4386:
4380:
4346:language family
4339:
4306:
4273:
4188:
4178:
4159:
4044:
3980:Dutch/Afrikaans
3949:
3938:
3928:
3898:
3893:
3865:
3833:
3824:
3805:Northern Cyprus
3791:
3784:
3526:
3521:
3491:
3486:
3433:
3412:Public holidays
3303:
3299:Sex trafficking
3222:
3161:
3099:Law enforcement
3030:
3006:Protected areas
2948:
2860:Toungoo dynasty
2835:Sagaing Kingdom
2810:Pyu city-states
2787:
2773:
2764:
2726:
2724:
2718:
2709:
2707:
2694:
2685:
2683:
2677:
2668:
2666:
2652:
2643:
2641:
2631:
2628:
2618:
2605:
2602:
2600:Further reading
2597:
2596:
2586:
2584:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2556:
2554:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2530:
2528:
2527:on 8 April 2014
2519:
2518:
2514:
2504:
2502:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2477:Wayback Machine
2467:
2463:
2453:
2451:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2383:
2381:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2352:
2350:
2349:on 27 June 2014
2340:
2339:
2335:
2325:
2323:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2299:
2297:
2290:Financial Times
2282:
2281:
2277:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2212:
2210:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2186:
2184:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2155:
2153:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2122:
2107:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2062:
2060:
2059:on 20 July 2008
2051:(3 June 2008).
2047:
2046:
2042:
2032:
2030:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2001:
1999:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1974:
1972:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1944:
1942:
1928:
1927:
1920:
1910:
1908:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1879:
1877:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1837:
1836:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1757:
1756:
1747:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1693:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1660:
1659:
1652:
1631:
1624:
1619:
1549:Tai-Men Tetsudō
1511:
1498:
1431:
1429:Other languages
1311:
1272:Financial Times
1234:Hillary Clinton
1146:
1082:
1073:English English
990:'s map of 1787)
940:
935:
816:Irrawaddy river
808:
784:Dobama Asiayone
735:
682:
635:
634:
633:
628:to display the
622:
618:
609:
580:
576:Other countries
564:
562:
557:
556:
525:
517:
516:
481:
473:
472:
454:
442:
412:
402:
401:
377:
367:
366:
358:
336:
311:
300:
299:
281:Chief Justice:
272:
264:
263:
230:
219:
218:
164:Min Aung Hlaing
118:Min Aung Hlaing
101:Min Aung Hlaing
86:
78:
77:
50:
27:
12:
11:
5:
4572:
4570:
4562:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4521:
4520:
4514:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4497:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4473:
4465:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4440:
4432:
4427:
4419:
4411:
4403:
4394:
4392:
4385:Language-based
4382:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4350:
4348:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4281:
4279:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4249:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4240:Southeast Asia
4237:
4232:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4198:
4192:
4190:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4169:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4060:
4054:
4052:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3961:
3959:
3951:
3950:
3947:
3940:
3939:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3904:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3881:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3837:
3835:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3796:
3794:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3536:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3512:
3505:
3497:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3467:
3455:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3313:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3240:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3213:Transportation
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3150:Prime Minister
3147:
3146:
3145:
3135:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3087:Women's rights
3084:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3048:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2962:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2902:Union of Burma
2899:
2894:
2889:
2887:Karenni States
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2840:Kingdom of Ava
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2815:Thaton Kingdom
2812:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2782:
2775:
2774:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2723:. Far Outliers
2716:
2692:
2675:
2653:Tye, Timothy.
2650:
2627:
2626:External links
2624:
2623:
2622:
2616:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2564:
2538:
2512:
2501:on 15 May 2013
2481:
2461:
2431:
2417:
2411:. p. xi.
2391:
2360:
2333:
2307:
2275:
2232:
2223:
2194:
2163:
2132:
2114:Deutsche Welle
2097:
2090:
2070:
2040:
2009:
1982:
1952:
1918:
1887:
1857:
1850:
1827:
1818:
1811:
1790:
1783:
1765:
1745:
1730:
1723:
1705:
1691:
1677:
1650:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1558:as opposed to
1430:
1427:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1310:
1307:
1168:Following the
1158:United Nations
1145:
1142:
1081:
1078:
1017:with Calcutta/
1010:
1009:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:Thomas Kitchin
984:
981:
939:
936:
934:
931:
878:British Empire
849:(Nadaungmya),
807:
804:
734:
731:
681:
678:
670:Union of Burma
630:Burmese script
623:
616:
615:
614:
611:
610:
608:
607:
600:
593:
585:
582:
581:
579:
578:
572:
559:
558:
555:
554:
549:
548:
547:
537:
532:
526:
524:Related topics
523:
522:
519:
518:
515:
514:
513:
512:
506:
500:
488:
482:
479:
478:
475:
474:
471:
470:
465:
460:
453:
452:
441:
440:
439:
438:
427:
426:
425:
413:
408:
407:
404:
403:
400:
399:
394:
389:
384:
378:
373:
372:
369:
368:
365:
364:
359:
357:
356:
351:
346:
342:Presidential:
339:
337:
335:
334:
327:
322:
315:
312:
306:
305:
302:
301:
298:
297:
296:
295:
287:
286:
285:
273:
270:
269:
266:
265:
262:
261:
256:
255:
254:
244:
243:
242:
231:
225:
224:
221:
220:
217:
216:
215:
214:
203:
202:
201:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
169:
168:
167:
166:
154:Prime Minister
150:
149:
148:
147:
146:Second: Vacant
144:
136:Vice-President
132:
131:
130:
129:
120:
106:
105:
104:
87:
84:
83:
80:
79:
76:
75:
70:
69:
68:
57:
51:
46:
45:
42:
41:
38:
37:
29:
28:
23:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4571:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4477:
4474:
4469:
4466:
4461:
4458:
4451:
4450:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4423:
4420:
4415:
4412:
4407:
4404:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4391:organizations
4389:
4383:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4342:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4311:By population
4309:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4219:
4218:South America
4216:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4206:North America
4204:
4203:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4189:and subregion
4185:
4181:
4174:
4170:
4156:
4153:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3945:
3941:
3936:
3932:
3925:
3920:
3918:
3913:
3911:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3880:
3872:
3871:
3868:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3831:
3827:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3815:South Ossetia
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3787:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3524:Name of Asia
3518:
3513:
3511:
3506:
3504:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3264:Ethnic groups
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3109:military rule
3107:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2981:Deforestation
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2922:2007 protests
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2912:8888 Uprising
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2845:Prome Kingdom
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2830:Pinya Kingdom
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2820:Pagan Kingdom
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2786:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2761:
2756:
2754:
2749:
2747:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2722:
2717:
2705:
2701:
2699:
2693:
2681:
2676:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2552:
2548:
2542:
2539:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2513:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2420:
2418:0-87840-893-2
2414:
2410:
2405:
2404:
2395:
2392:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2361:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2334:
2321:
2317:
2311:
2308:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2236:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2208:
2204:
2198:
2195:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2164:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2133:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2091:9789814313643
2087:
2083:
2082:
2074:
2071:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2013:
2010:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1983:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1888:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1858:
1853:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1819:
1814:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1799:Thant Myint-U
1794:
1791:
1786:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1766:
1761:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1734:
1731:
1726:
1724:0-521-79914-7
1720:
1716:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1692:
1680:
1678:3-11-018418-4
1674:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1607:Pagan Kingdom
1604:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1510:
1497:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1319:Existing term
1318:
1317:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1243:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1163:
1162:United States
1159:
1154:
1152:
1143:
1141:
1140:of English).
1139:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1080:Controversies
1079:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1007:
1006:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
985:
982:
979:
978:
977:
974:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
946:
937:
933:English names
932:
930:
928:
924:
919:
915:
910:
908:
907:military coup
904:
903:
898:
894:
889:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
865:
863:
859:
854:
852:
848:
844:
840:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
820:Pagan Kingdom
817:
813:
805:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
772:
768:
764:
760:
744:
740:
732:
730:
728:
724:
720:
715:
713:
709:
705:
701:
693:
689:
688:
680:Burmese names
679:
677:
675:
671:
663:
659:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
631:
627:
624:You may need
606:
601:
599:
594:
592:
587:
586:
584:
583:
577:
574:
573:
571:
561:
560:
553:
552:Naming issues
550:
546:
543:
542:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
527:
521:
520:
511:
510:Duwa Lashi La
507:
505:
501:
498:
497:Duwa Lashi La
494:
493:
492:
489:
487:
484:
483:
477:
476:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
455:
451:
447:
444:
443:
437:
433:
432:
431:
428:
424:
420:
419:
418:
415:
414:
411:
406:
405:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
379:
376:
371:
370:
363:
360:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
341:
340:
338:
333:
332:
328:
326:
323:
321:
317:
316:
314:
313:
310:
304:
303:
293:
292:
291:
288:
284:
280:
279:
278:
277:Supreme Court
275:
274:
268:
267:
260:
257:
253:
250:
249:
248:
245:
241:
238:
237:
236:
233:
232:
228:
223:
222:
213:
210:
209:
208:
205:
204:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
175:
174:
171:
170:
165:
162:
161:
159:
155:
152:
151:
145:
143:
139:
138:
137:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:Vice Chairman
121:
119:
115:
112:
111:
110:
107:
102:
99:
98:
96:
92:
89:
88:
82:
81:
74:
71:
67:
63:
62:
61:
58:
56:
53:
52:
49:
44:
43:
40:
39:
35:
31:
30:
26:
21:
18:
16:
4453:(Portuguese)
4447:
4435:Francophonie
4388:geopolitical
4187:By continent
4132:
3830:Dependencies
3760:Turkmenistan
3725:Saudi Arabia
3474:
3462:
3450:
3371:
3294:Prostitution
3249:Demographics
3188:Central bank
3077:Human rights
3057:Constitution
2892:British rule
2784:
2725:. Retrieved
2708:. Retrieved
2704:the original
2697:
2684:. Retrieved
2682:. The Nation
2667:. Retrieved
2663:the original
2658:
2642:. Retrieved
2638:the original
2607:
2585:. Retrieved
2576:
2567:
2555:. Retrieved
2550:
2541:
2529:. Retrieved
2525:the original
2515:
2503:. Retrieved
2499:the original
2494:
2484:
2464:
2452:. Retrieved
2443:
2434:
2422:. Retrieved
2402:
2394:
2382:. Retrieved
2373:
2363:
2351:. Retrieved
2347:the original
2336:
2324:. Retrieved
2310:
2298:. Retrieved
2289:
2278:
2269:
2262:. Retrieved
2255:the original
2244:
2235:
2226:
2211:. Retrieved
2207:the original
2197:
2185:. Retrieved
2176:
2166:
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4398:Arab League
3889:Asia portal
3790:States with
3710:Philippines
3650:South Korea
3645:North Korea
3540:Afghanistan
3183:Agriculture
3021:Earthquakes
2882:Shan States
2557:9 September
2505:28 February
2444:News.com.au
2264:19 November
1945:5 September
1935:TheStar.com
1322:Replaced by
1299:Tony Abbott
1008:newspaper.)
700:Myanmar Pyi
687:Myanmar Pyi
495:President:
468:Visa policy
229:(dissolved)
227:Legislature
4523:Categories
4460:Hispanidad
4278:By country
4262:Micronesia
4235:South Asia
4020:Portuguese
4000:Hindustani
3770:Uzbekistan
3745:Tajikistan
3660:Kyrgyzstan
3640:Kazakhstan
3560:Bangladesh
3550:Azerbaijan
3392:Literature
3347:Censorship
3327:State Seal
3121:Parliament
3062:Corruption
2986:Ecoregions
2805:Prehistory
2587:16 October
2300:18 October
2187:8 November
2156:8 November
2033:22 January
1975:8 November
1617:References
1486:Vietnamese
1472:in Modern
1369:adjective
1347:adjective
1295:Australian
1211:summit in
1151:referendum
1070:non-rhotic
1068:and other
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847:Htilominlo
696:မြန်မာပြည်
672:" to the "
535:Federalism
450:in Myanmar
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421:Minister:
259:Opposition
183:Mya Tun Oo
85:Government
64:Chairman:
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4257:Melanesia
4230:East Asia
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4177:Languages
4143:Sri Lanka
4138:Singapore
4113:Indonesia
3948:Countries
3935:languages
3931:Countries
3856:Hong Kong
3810:Palestine
3735:Sri Lanka
3730:Singapore
3610:Indonesia
3417:Tattooing
3377:Festivals
3372:Etymology
3279:Languages
3254:Education
3138:President
3067:Elections
3026:Volcanoes
3001:Mountains
2954:Geography
2942:Civil war
2932:2021 coup
1489:Miến Điện
1451:Manor Din
1387:, Okell:
1194:Australia
1023:Kozhikode
1005:The Times
954:Germânia
874:conquered
780:Ba Thaung
397:Townships
392:Districts
318:General:
309:elections
271:Judiciary
193:Win Shein
142:Myint Swe
91:President
66:Than Kyaw
4488:See also
4438:(French)
4401:(Arabic)
4201:Americas
4088:Cambodia
4025:Romanian
3879:Category
3800:Abkhazia
3750:Thailand
3705:Pakistan
3685:Mongolia
3680:Maldives
3675:Malaysia
3575:Cambodia
3452:Category
3427:Weddings
3387:Folklore
3357:Clothing
3337:Calendar
3332:Capitals
3284:Religion
3104:Military
3094:Conflict
3040:Politics
3016:Wildlife
2937:Protests
2771:articles
2581:Archived
2531:13 April
2473:Archived
2448:Archived
2378:Archived
2320:Archived
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2181:Archived
2150:Archived
2119:Archived
2027:Archived
1996:Archived
1969:Archived
1939:Archived
1905:Archived
1874:Archived
1870:BBC News
1801:(2006).
1596:Birmanie
1592:Birmanie
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1580:Birmania
1572:Romanian
1551:(泰緬鉄道).
1482:Miǎndiàn
1435:Assamese
1417:people.
1217:Nyan Win
1213:Thailand
1144:Adoption
948:Birmânia
806:"Mranma"
712:register
708:Javanese
530:Conflict
499:(acting)
458:Passport
423:Than Swe
198:Than Swe
114:Chairman
103:(acting)
4409:(Dutch)
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4148:Vietnam
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4103:Iceland
4098:Germany
4035:Spanish
4030:Russian
4015:Persian
4005:Italian
3985:English
3975:Chinese
3775:Vietnam
3690:Myanmar
3670:Lebanon
3600:Georgia
3555:Bahrain
3545:Armenia
3464:Commons
3362:Cuisine
3309:Culture
3232:Society
3208:Tourism
3171:Economy
2991:Islands
2976:Climate
2966:Borders
2797:History
2767:Myanmar
2727:9 March
2710:9 March
2686:9 March
2669:9 March
2644:9 March
2454:12 June
2384:19 June
2376:. NPR.
2353:27 June
2326:27 June
2220:Alt URL
1638:Mran-mâ
1568:Italian
1564:Spanish
1560:Myanmar
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1385:mranma.
1341:Burmese
1333:Myanmar
1267:Reuters
1190:Germany
1114:Myanmar
1106:Myanmar
1095:Myanmar
1087:Myanmar
1019:Kolkata
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938:History
876:by the
776:Myanmar
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692:Burmese
662:Burmese
651:Burmese
647:changes
643:Myanmar
307:Recent
252:Speaker
240:Speaker
207:Cabinet
178:Soe Win
140:First:
127:Soe Win
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3720:Russia
3655:Kuwait
3635:Jordan
3625:Israel
3585:Cyprus
3570:Brunei
3565:Bhutan
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3269:Health
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2971:Cities
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2002:8 June
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1880:24 May
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862:Myanma
858:Mranma
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832:Myanma
812:Mranma
800:Mranma
788:Mranma
771:Mindon
767:Myanma
743:Myanma
733:"Bama"
727:Mranma
4123:Korea
4118:Japan
4108:India
4093:China
4040:Tamil
4010:Malay
3937:lists
3861:Macau
3780:Yemen
3740:Syria
3715:Qatar
3695:Nepal
3630:Japan
3605:India
3595:Egypt
3580:China
3402:Music
3397:Media
3367:Dance
3289:Women
3244:Crime
2996:Lakes
2785:Burma
2698:Burma
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2729:2014
2712:2014
2688:2014
2671:2014
2646:2014
2612:ISBN
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2456:2014
2426:2008
2413:ISBN
2386:2012
2355:2014
2328:2014
2302:2014
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2266:2012
2215:2008
2189:2018
2158:2018
2127:2008
2086:ISBN
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2004:2008
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1947:2017
1913:2020
1882:2020
1846:ISBN
1807:ISBN
1779:ISBN
1719:ISBN
1686:2008
1673:ISBN
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