3589:
2915:
6677:
3254:
2502:
6689:
4889:
Once an element has been named, a one- or two-letter symbol must be ascribed to it so it can be easily referred to in such contexts as the periodic table. The first letter is always capitalized. While the symbol is often a contraction of the element's name, it may sometimes not match the element's
4939:
In the past, elements would sometimes be renamed if the original discovery claim was successfully challenged: this occurred for elements 43 (technetium replacing masurium), 61 (promethium replacing illinium), and 85 (astatine replacing alabamine). To avoid confusion, this is no longer done, e.g.
4841:
is used by some nonmetals (boron, carbon, silicon) as well as the noble gases from neon downward. For the noble gases, it arises from the Greek-adjective names of the stable noble gases (neon, argon, krypton, and xenon), with radon matching its source radium as well as adding the
4829:, usually denotes a metallic element, or at least one that was thought to be metallic when it was discovered (helium is not a metal, and germanium, selenium, and tellurium are more typically termed metalloids or nonmetals). It arose from the Latin suffix of metals such as
4936:(IUPAC) created a tentative list of the element names for elements 104 to 109. The Americans, however, refused to agree with these names because seaborgium was not in the list. Thus, IUPAC reconsidered, and in 1996 named element 105 dubnium and element 106 seaborgium.
4858:
is used for three other nonmetals forming diatomic molecules (hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen). Suffixes were used more inconsistently before 1784, with tungsten (discovered 1783) the last element discovered whose
English name lacks a standard suffix.
952:
may be named from various sources: sometimes based on the person who discovered it, or the place it was discovered. Some have Latin or Greek roots deriving from something related to the element, for example some use to which it may have been put.
4874:
suffixes. This amendment was put into practice for tennessine (element 117) and oganesson (element 118); it was noted that the 2002 recommendations had apparently not anticipated that these elements would be reached as quickly as they were.
5125:
Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04).
4932:, while the Russians preferred the name dubnium. The Americans also wished to name element 106 seaborgium. This naming dispute ran from the 1970s (when the elements were discovered) to the 1990s, when the
5188:
4813:
Since 2002, the IUPAC Inorganic
Chemistry Division has been the official body responsible with assigning official names to new elements, with the IUPAC Council making the final decision.
4794:, until the discovery of the element is confirmed and a permanent name is decided on. The recommendations are mostly ignored among scientists, who simply call these elements by their
965:. The last four names and symbols were added on November 28, 2016. Currently there are no unconfirmed discoveries and all seven periods (rows) of the periodic table are completed.
4285:
6482:
819:
6492:
829:
6542:
879:
6639:
6517:
5192:
4933:
853:
936:
4972:
as well as its elemental composition. The naming of chemical compounds comprising more than one element is a complex subject, discussed at length in the article on
6522:
6497:
5943:
858:
834:
6477:
6193:
4911:
814:
462:
6606:
4613:
The naming of elements from astronomical objects stems from the ancient association of metals with the various planets and their gods, as follows: mercury with
152:
6616:
6611:
4021:
147:
142:
6552:
6512:
6507:
6467:
888:
849:
845:
804:
6527:
6462:
6248:
5196:
4902:). Elements which have only temporary systematic names are given temporary three-letter symbols (e.g. Uue for ununennium, the undiscovered element 119).
863:
799:
525:
5029:Öhrström, Lars; Reedijk, Jan (2016-12-28). "Names and symbols of the elements with atomic numbers 113, 115, 117 and 118 (IUPAC Recommendations 2016)".
6621:
6601:
6388:
4985:
3990:
691:
162:
132:
6457:
6421:
986:
794:
4290:
Some chemical elements are named after places on the planet earth. Elements which are named after currently existing countries and cities are as:
6502:
6452:
839:
789:
6547:
6472:
6383:
883:
809:
686:
6714:
4866:, for linguistic consistency. In 2016, this was amended so that elements in the halogen and noble gas groups would receive the traditional
929:
5981:
5936:
183:
6416:
6373:
5395:
723:
674:
5676:
6692:
6589:
111:
5903:
The
Disappearing Spoon and Other True Tales of Madness, Love, and the History of the World From the Periodic Table of the Elements
5668:
6537:
6411:
4781:
922:
873:
4220:, who led the team at the laboratory that discovered the element, said that the intention of the naming was to honor Flyorov.
6574:
5929:
120:
6566:
6487:
6377:
5284:
825:
678:
94:
5663:
Haire, Richard G. (2006). "Transactinides and the future elements". In Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.).
979:
4854:
suffix is used only for the halogens, with chlorine being named first, and the others being named to match. The suffix
6719:
5784:
5223:
4862:
The naming rules promulgated by IUPAC in 2002 declared that all newly discovered elements should have names ending in
6431:
5096:
5004:
759:
264:
285:
243:
6364:
4228:
4026:
Chemical elements are sometimes named after people, especially the synthetic elements discovered (created) after
667:
257:
250:
278:
5966:
4728:
from the Sun that were not explainable by any of the known elements in the 1870s. Tellurium is named after the
4601:
67:
292:
271:
4968:
having only one stable allotrope, a name such as dinitrogen may be used to indicate its molecular structure N
6680:
6649:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6100:
5971:
4787:
4777:
4033:. Very few are named after their discoverers, and only two have been named after living people: the element
1159:
972:
902:
420:
362:
170:
77:
33:
6170:
5997:
3920:
1005:
736:
430:
200:
6644:
6225:
4973:
495:
350:
6326:
6010:
5849:
5746:
5293:
4697:
4394:
4246:
1015:
718:
626:
483:
225:
5127:
6243:
4527:
4160:
4053:
771:
6331:
6291:
5865:
5813:
5719:
5072:
5046:
4952:) with different structure and properties, they are generally given different names; for example
3896:
3890:
766:
642:
619:
614:
4123:
6426:
6296:
5762:
5672:
5391:
5279:
5143:
5064:
4948:
When a pure element, comprising only one type of atom, nevertheless exists in multiple forms (
4925:
4133:
3904:
2715:
751:
747:
743:
731:
583:
5696:
5436:
4944:
Alternative forms of an element, names indicating molecular structure, and names of compounds
6661:
6584:
6579:
6403:
6355:
6220:
6178:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6060:
6055:
6050:
5857:
5803:
5795:
5754:
5711:
5643:
5383:
5301:
5135:
5105:
5054:
5038:
4791:
4614:
4342:
4180:
4143:
2868:
2449:
2029:
1606:
1413:
1220:
1164:
1068:
1063:
1058:
949:
909:
711:
656:
490:
446:
413:
406:
399:
392:
385:
378:
371:
298:
291:
284:
106:
101:
961:
All 118 discovered elements are confirmed and have a formal name and symbol, as decided by
6532:
6393:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
4884:
4269:
4217:
4212:
was named after the Flerov
Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, which in turn was named after
4200:
4113:
4093:
4046:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
868:
698:
277:
270:
263:
256:
249:
242:
235:
216:
209:
5387:
5362:
Beryllium – Named for the mineral beryl, which makes it indirectly named for Belur, India
5853:
5750:
5412:
5375:
5347:
5297:
6341:
6336:
6306:
6301:
6286:
5952:
4597:
4213:
995:
638:
634:
578:
571:
566:
441:
340:
320:
60:
55:
41:
5282:(1932). "The discovery of the elements. XIII. Some elements predicted by Mendeleeff".
313:
6708:
5886:
5817:
4795:
4725:
4426:
4240:
4216:. The IUPAC stated that the element was named after the laboratory, not Flyorov, but
4151:
Other transuranic elements are named after scientists who did not receive the prize:
4129:
4038:
2941:
330:
306:
5723:
5076:
226:
6656:
6321:
6316:
6070:
6005:
5869:
4940:
element 102 is still called nobelium even though that discovery claim was refuted.
4649:
4190:
4170:
4103:
4083:
3638:
3306:
3061:
1078:
1010:
602:
590:
478:
312:
215:
17:
6436:
6311:
6065:
5910:
5737:
Thornton, Brett F.; Burdette, Shawn C. (31 March 2013). "The ends of elements".
5222:[Hamburg reckoning] (Interview) (in Russian). Interviewed by Orlova, O.
4578:
4438:
4404:
4176:
4156:
4119:
4089:
4079:
4057:
3943:
3844:
3804:
3784:
3181:
3101:
3081:
1073:
607:
595:
305:
5840:
Paneth, F. A. (4 January 1947). "The Making of the
Missing Chemical Elements".
5632:"Recommendations for the naming of elements of atomic numbers greater than 100"
421:
6210:
5219:
4921:
4799:
4479:
4412:
4400:
4236:
4232:
4166:
4139:
4109:
4069:
4034:
3464:
3418:
3352:
3201:
3041:
2981:
2921:
2175:
2152:
1513:
502:
5147:
5068:
5050:
6266:
6235:
6090:
6080:
6075:
5715:
5648:
5631:
4949:
4765:
4681:
4673:
4669:
4593:
4589:
4534:
4497:
4457:
4422:
4408:
4390:
4370:
4346:
4334:
4325:
4209:
4196:
4042:
3764:
3724:
3704:
3684:
3556:
3329:
3260:
3221:
3161:
3141:
2379:
2241:
2195:
2106:
2058:
1913:
1752:
1612:
1467:
1442:
1249:
1098:
1088:
1083:
548:
515:
349:
329:
319:
299:
5766:
4644:
A few other elements are directly named for astronomical bodies, including
5799:
5139:
5110:
5091:
5042:
6258:
6215:
5915:
Nature's
Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements — New Edition
5898:
4965:
4953:
4895:
4744:
Many elements are named after the minerals in which they are found, e.g.
4705:
4701:
4653:
4560:
4542:
4503:
4380:
4374:
4316:
4303:
4294:
4224:
4186:
3864:
3595:
3395:
3372:
3121:
2874:
2827:
2807:
2738:
2669:
2577:
2554:
2508:
2356:
2035:
1959:
1729:
1706:
1683:
1660:
1559:
1366:
1320:
1171:
535:
507:
6085:
5808:
5758:
5305:
5128:"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)"
4957:
4929:
4917:
4753:
4745:
4689:
4665:
4645:
4626:
4550:
4546:
4509:
4485:
4475:
4467:
4461:
4449:
4445:
4418:
4329:
4307:
4250:
4099:
4065:
3999:
a mythological concept or character (including an astronomical object),
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3824:
3661:
3615:
3533:
3487:
3441:
3021:
3001:
2961:
2784:
2646:
2600:
2531:
2455:
2287:
2218:
2129:
2083:
2005:
1982:
1936:
1890:
1635:
1490:
1226:
1093:
543:
339:
5891:
The
Elements: A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe
5617:
The
Elements: A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe
5059:
4850:
was generalised to boron and silicon from the ending of "carbon". The
236:
5861:
5460:
5189:"Element 114 is Named Flerovium and Element 116 is Named Livermorium"
4961:
4761:
4713:
4685:
4677:
4633:(named for the ancient, slow god who was the father of Jupiter). The
4630:
4582:
4574:
4554:
4493:
4453:
4430:
4384:
4356:
4311:
4298:
4075:
3744:
3510:
3283:
2894:
2623:
2478:
2402:
2310:
2264:
1844:
1821:
1798:
1536:
1419:
1343:
1297:
1196:
4724:), as the first evidence for helium came in the form of distinctive
4359:
gets its name from the indigo color seen in its spectrum, the Latin
4821:
There are some standard suffixes for the element names. The suffix
6202:
5008:
5005:"IUPAC announces the names of the elements 113, 115, 117, and 118"
4924:
generated a significant amount of controversy, referred to as the
4729:
4693:
4657:
4618:
4568:
4538:
4518:
4513:
4364:
4350:
4338:
4320:
4273:
4254:
2847:
2425:
1582:
1274:
962:
470:
5921:
210:
4661:
4638:
4622:
4261:
2761:
2692:
1867:
1775:
1389:
5925:
5092:"Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)"
4717:
4634:
4265:
2333:
5461:"Periodic Table of Elements: Los Alamos National Laboratory"
4041:, who was alive at the time of naming in 1997; and in 2016
5437:"C&EN: IT'S ELEMENTAL: THE PERIODIC TABLE - AMERICIUM"
4363:
meaning "of India", which makes it indirectly named after
4790:
to be used for yet unnamed or undiscovered elements as a
5665:
The
Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements
4629:(named for the Roman king of the gods); and lead with
4890:
English name; for example, "Pb" for lead (from Latin
4286:
List of places used in the names of chemical elements
414:
5697:"Naming of new elements(IUPAC Recommendations 2002)"
4641:
were associated with gold and silver, respectively.
407:
400:
386:
6632:
6565:
6445:
6402:
6363:
6354:
6279:
6257:
6234:
6201:
6191:
6169:
6099:
5996:
5989:
5980:
5959:
4786:In 1979, IUPAC published recommendations for their
4581:word derived from the Latin name for the island of
393:
379:
5374:Troberg, Michelle; Burnett, Heather (2017-08-24).
4516:for the remote Arctic land that the Romans called
5376:"From Latin to Modern French: A punctuated shift"
4934:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
4268:on his own name ("le coq" means "the rooster" in
3939:— Abridged value (uncertainty omitted here)
4708:comes from the Greek word for the Moon (Σελήνη,
372:
5778:
5776:
5690:
5688:
4912:List of chemical elements naming controversies
5937:
4264:) denied that the element's naming was for a
980:
930:
8:
5893:, Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, Inc.
5667:(3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands:
4022:List of chemical elements named after people
4928:. The Americans wished to name element 105
4625:(named for the Roman god of war); tin with
4526:A number of other elements are named after
6360:
6198:
5993:
5986:
5944:
5930:
5922:
4506:comes from the Latin word for Scandinavia.
987:
973:
937:
923:
28:
5905:, Back Bay Books/Little Brown and Company
5807:
5647:
5493:
5491:
5489:
5109:
5058:
4986:Chemical elements in East Asian languages
4798:, for example "element 119" (instead of "
4460:are all named for the Swedish village of
3991:List of chemical element name etymologies
2942:
3639:
3307:
3062:
4996:
4716:is derived from the Greek word for the
3913:shows natural occurrence of the element
3845:
3805:
3785:
3182:
3102:
3082:
40:
4253:after his native land of France (from
3465:
3419:
3353:
3202:
3042:
2982:
2922:
2176:
2153:
1514:
4916:The naming of the synthetic elements
4235:is indirectly named (via the mineral
3765:
3725:
3705:
3685:
3557:
3330:
3261:
3222:
3162:
3142:
2380:
2242:
2196:
2107:
2059:
1914:
1753:
1613:
1468:
1443:
1250:
7:
4464:, where their ores were first found.
3865:
3596:
3396:
3373:
3122:
2875:
2828:
2808:
2739:
2670:
2578:
2555:
2509:
2357:
2036:
1960:
1730:
1707:
1684:
1661:
1560:
1367:
1321:
1172:
6688:
5785:"How to name new chemical elements"
3825:
3662:
3616:
3534:
3488:
3442:
3022:
3002:
2962:
2785:
2716:
2647:
2601:
2532:
2456:
2288:
2219:
2130:
2084:
2006:
1983:
1937:
1891:
1636:
1491:
1227:
5388:10.1093/oso/9780198747840.003.0008
5218:Oganessian, Yu. Ts. (2015-10-10).
5090:Meija, Juris; et al. (2016).
3887:
3745:
3511:
3284:
2895:
2624:
2479:
2403:
2311:
2265:
1845:
1822:
1799:
1537:
1420:
1344:
1298:
1197:
25:
4407:were named after American states
2848:
2426:
1583:
1275:
6687:
6676:
6675:
5411:Helmenstine, Anne (2020-08-15).
5346:Helmenstine, Anne (2020-08-15).
4441:have elements named after them.
4341:, whose name may have come from
4049:(still living as of July 2024).
4005:a place, or geographical region,
3587:
3252:
2913:
2762:
2693:
2500:
1868:
1776:
1390:
5669:Springer Science+Business Media
4846:suffix. For the nonmetals, the
4782:IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party
4002:a mineral or similar substance,
2334:
6006:1 (Hydrogen and alkali metals)
4960:are both forms of the element
4393:was named after American city
1:
6548:Thermal expansion coefficient
6244:Lists of metalloids by source
5413:"Elements Named After Places"
5348:"Elements Named After Places"
5285:Journal of Chemical Education
5195:. 30 May 2012. Archived from
4964:. Even for elements such as
4027:
4008:a property of the element, or
526:dividing metals and nonmetals
4337:was named after the mineral
3995:Element names can refer to:
6715:Naming of chemical elements
6287:Platinum-group metals (PGM)
5990:By periodic table structure
5224:Public Television of Russia
194:By periodic table structure
6736:
6432:Goldschmidt classification
5792:Pure and Applied Chemistry
5704:Pure and Applied Chemistry
5636:Pure and Applied Chemistry
5417:Science Notes and Projects
5352:Science Notes and Projects
5132:Pure and Applied Chemistry
5097:Pure and Applied Chemistry
5031:Pure and Applied Chemistry
4909:
4882:
4775:
4530:words for various places.
4425:were named after Russia's
4283:
4019:
3988:
3946:of the most stable isotope
3241:
1463:
1270:
1192:
884:expansion coefficient
760:Goldschmidt classification
6670:
6011:2 (Alkaline earth metals)
5917:, Oxford University Press
5380:Oxford Scholarship Online
4704:, respectively. The name
4229:Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets
3584:
668:List of chemical elements
5695:Koppenol, W. H. (2002).
4788:systematic element names
4249:, who named the element
4208:The transuranic element
561:By other characteristics
171:Systematic element names
6650:systematic element name
6622:in East Asian languages
5972:Extended periodic table
5716:10.1351/pac200274050787
5649:10.1351/pac197951020381
4802:"), with the symbol of
4778:Systematic element name
4712:). Similarly, the name
1146:Chalcogens
784:Data pages for elements
463:metallic classification
229:(alkaline earth metals)
6493:Electron configuration
6483:Electrical resistivity
6422:Electron configuration
6226:Post-transition metals
4577:'s name comes from an
4272:, as does "gallus" in
3921:Standard atomic weight
1112:Alkaline earth metals
820:Electrical resistivity
712:Properties of elements
95:Periodic table history
6327:Transuranium elements
5800:10.1515/pac-2015-0802
5783:Koppenol, W. (2016).
5140:10.1515/pac-2019-0603
5111:10.1515/pac-2015-0305
5043:10.1515/pac-2016-0501
4974:chemical nomenclature
4756:is named after Latin
4567:, the Latin name for
4474:, the Latin name for
572:Platinum-group metals
121:Discovery of elements
6543:Thermal conductivity
6518:Heat of vaporization
5960:Periodic table forms
4906:Naming controversies
4609:Astronomical objects
4373:was named after the
4247:Lecoq de Boisbaudran
4054:transuranic elements
854:of vaporization
719:Relative atomic mass
692:by isotope stability
687:by atomic properties
50:Periodic table forms
6575:Element discoveries
6332:Superheavy elements
6292:Rare-earth elements
5854:1947Natur.159....8P
5751:2013NatCh...5..350T
5298:1932JChEd...9.1605W
4837:(iron). The suffix
4825:, or less commonly
4660:, the Sun, and the
4310:, both named after
4161:Nicolaus Copernicus
2944:Rutherfordium
620:Rare-earth elements
615:Main-group elements
6720:Naming conventions
5759:10.1038/nchem.1610
5630:Chatt, J. (1979).
5306:10.1021/ed009p1605
5280:Weeks, Mary Elvira
5220:"Гамбургский счет"
4588:The names of both
4514:Ancient Greek word
4437:Several places in
3942:Po: —
3641:Protactinium
3309:Praseodymium
3064:Darmstadtium
18:Naming of elements
6702:
6701:
6561:
6560:
6523:Ionization energy
6498:Electronegativity
6488:Electron affinity
6427:Electronegativity
6417:Crystal structure
6412:Aqueous chemistry
6389:Nuclear stability
6384:Atomic properties
6350:
6349:
6297:Refractory metals
6275:
6274:
6221:Transition metals
6187:
6186:
5465:periodic.lanl.gov
5191:(Press release).
5037:(12): 1225–1229.
4926:Transfermium Wars
4736:meaning "earth".
4684:were named after
4134:Ernest Rutherford
3978:
3977:
3886:
3885:
3847:Mendelevium
3807:Einsteinium
3787:Californium
3184:Livermorium
3104:Copernicium
3084:Roentgenium
1143:Pnictogens
950:Chemical elements
947:
946:
859:Ionization energy
835:Electronegativity
744:Electronegativity
724:Crystal structure
584:Refractory metals
433:(s, p, d, f, ...)
16:(Redirected from
6727:
6691:
6690:
6679:
6678:
6662:Dmitri Mendeleev
6590:1869 predictions
6580:Dmitri Mendeleev
6361:
6199:
6179:Aufbau principle
6091:18 (Noble gases)
5994:
5987:
5982:Sets of elements
5946:
5939:
5932:
5923:
5918:
5906:
5894:
5874:
5873:
5862:10.1038/159008a0
5837:
5831:
5828:
5822:
5821:
5811:
5789:
5780:
5771:
5770:
5739:Nature Chemistry
5734:
5728:
5727:
5701:
5692:
5683:
5682:
5660:
5654:
5653:
5651:
5627:
5621:
5620:
5615:Gray, Theodore.
5612:
5606:
5603:
5597:
5594:
5588:
5585:
5579:
5576:
5570:
5567:
5561:
5558:
5552:
5549:
5543:
5540:
5534:
5531:
5525:
5522:
5516:
5513:
5507:
5504:
5498:
5495:
5484:
5481:
5475:
5474:
5472:
5471:
5457:
5451:
5450:
5448:
5447:
5433:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5423:
5408:
5402:
5401:
5371:
5365:
5364:
5359:
5358:
5343:
5337:
5334:
5328:
5325:
5319:
5316:
5310:
5309:
5292:(9): 1605–1619.
5276:
5270:
5267:
5261:
5258:
5252:
5249:
5243:
5240:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5230:
5215:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5204:
5185:
5179:
5176:
5170:
5167:
5161:
5158:
5152:
5151:
5122:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5087:
5081:
5080:
5062:
5026:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5016:
5001:
4596:derive from the
4492:, Latin for the
4383:was named after
4181:Dmitri Mendeleev
4144:Glenn T. Seaborg
4056:are named after
4045:was named after
4037:was named after
4032:
4029:
3954:
3953:
3938:
3931:
3914:
3907:
3901:
3899:
3893:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3831:
3828:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3591:
3590:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3467:Dysprosium
3460:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3421:Gadolinium
3414:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3355:Promethium
3348:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3256:
3255:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3204:Tennessine
3197:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3044:Meitnerium
3037:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2984:Seaborgium
2977:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2924:Lawrencium
2917:
2916:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2504:
2503:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2178:Technetium
2171:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2155:Molybdenum
2148:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1516:Phosphorus
1509:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1002:
1001:
989:
982:
975:
939:
932:
925:
910:Chemistry Portal
544:nonmetal halogen
447:Aufbau principle
423:
416:
409:
402:
395:
388:
381:
374:
355:
345:
335:
325:
315:
308:
301:
294:
287:
280:
273:
266:
259:
252:
245:
238:
231:
220:
212:
184:Sets of elements
112:1869 predictions
82:
76:
72:
29:
21:
6735:
6734:
6730:
6729:
6728:
6726:
6725:
6724:
6705:
6704:
6703:
6698:
6666:
6628:
6557:
6533:Oxidation state
6441:
6398:
6346:
6342:Minor actinides
6337:Major actinides
6302:Precious metals
6271:
6253:
6230:
6183:
6165:
6095:
6081:16 (Chalcogens)
6076:15 (Pnictogens)
5976:
5955:
5950:
5909:
5897:
5885:
5882:
5877:
5839:
5838:
5834:
5829:
5825:
5787:
5782:
5781:
5774:
5736:
5735:
5731:
5699:
5694:
5693:
5686:
5679:
5662:
5661:
5657:
5629:
5628:
5624:
5614:
5613:
5609:
5604:
5600:
5595:
5591:
5586:
5582:
5577:
5573:
5568:
5564:
5559:
5555:
5550:
5546:
5541:
5537:
5532:
5528:
5523:
5519:
5514:
5510:
5505:
5501:
5496:
5487:
5482:
5478:
5469:
5467:
5459:
5458:
5454:
5445:
5443:
5441:pubsapp.acs.org
5435:
5434:
5430:
5421:
5419:
5410:
5409:
5405:
5398:
5373:
5372:
5368:
5356:
5354:
5345:
5344:
5340:
5335:
5331:
5326:
5322:
5317:
5313:
5278:
5277:
5273:
5268:
5264:
5259:
5255:
5250:
5246:
5241:
5237:
5228:
5226:
5217:
5216:
5212:
5202:
5200:
5187:
5186:
5182:
5177:
5173:
5168:
5164:
5159:
5155:
5124:
5123:
5119:
5089:
5088:
5084:
5028:
5027:
5023:
5014:
5012:
5003:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4982:
4971:
4946:
4914:
4908:
4887:
4885:Chemical symbol
4881:
4879:Chemical symbol
4819:
4806:or even simply
4784:
4776:Main articles:
4774:
4772:Temporary names
4764:after soda and
4742:
4611:
4563:is named after
4488:is named after
4470:is named after
4288:
4282:
4280:Places on earth
4227:is named after
4218:Yuri Oganessian
4206:
4201:Yuri Oganessian
4149:
4124:Wilhelm Röntgen
4114:Ernest Lawrence
4094:Albert Einstein
4047:Yuri Oganessian
4030:
4024:
4018:
3993:
3987:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3936:
3929:
3918:
3915:
3909:
3903:
3897:
3895:
3889:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3775:
3772:
3769:
3767:Berkelium
3766:
3763:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3743:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3727:Americium
3726:
3723:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3707:Plutonium
3706:
3703:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3687:Neptunium
3686:
3683:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3666:
3663:
3660:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3588:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3559:Ytterbium
3558:
3555:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3332:Neodymium
3331:
3328:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3263:Lanthanum
3262:
3259:
3253:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3224:Oganesson
3223:
3220:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3164:Moscovium
3163:
3160:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3144:Flerovium
3143:
3140:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2914:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2501:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2382:Tellurium
2381:
2378:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2244:Palladium
2243:
2240:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2198:Ruthenium
2197:
2194:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2109:Zirconium
2108:
2105:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2061:Strontium
2060:
2057:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1916:Germanium
1915:
1912:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1755:Manganese
1754:
1751:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1615:Potassium
1614:
1611:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1470:Aluminium
1469:
1466:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1445:Magnesium
1444:
1441:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1252:Beryllium
1251:
1248:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1162:
1153:
1149:Halogens
1108:
999:
998:
993:
959:
943:
894:
893:
869:Oxidation state
785:
777:
776:
714:
704:
703:
670:
660:
649:
648:
579:Precious metals
562:
554:
553:
496:post-transition
465:
454:
453:
442:Atomic orbitals
195:
187:
176:
175:
97:
87:
86:
80:
74:
70:
51:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6733:
6731:
6723:
6722:
6717:
6707:
6706:
6700:
6699:
6697:
6696:
6684:
6671:
6668:
6667:
6665:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6653:
6652:
6647:
6636:
6634:
6630:
6629:
6627:
6626:
6625:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6594:
6593:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6571:
6569:
6563:
6562:
6559:
6558:
6556:
6555:
6553:Vapor pressure
6550:
6545:
6540:
6538:Speed of sound
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6513:Heat of fusion
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6468:Critical point
6465:
6460:
6455:
6449:
6447:
6443:
6442:
6440:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6408:
6406:
6400:
6399:
6397:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6369:
6367:
6358:
6352:
6351:
6348:
6347:
6345:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6307:Coinage metals
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6283:
6281:
6277:
6276:
6273:
6272:
6270:
6269:
6263:
6261:
6255:
6254:
6252:
6251:
6246:
6240:
6238:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6207:
6205:
6196:
6189:
6188:
6185:
6184:
6182:
6181:
6175:
6173:
6167:
6166:
6164:
6163:
6162:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6105:
6103:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6002:
6000:
5991:
5984:
5978:
5977:
5975:
5974:
5969:
5963:
5961:
5957:
5956:
5953:Periodic table
5951:
5949:
5948:
5941:
5934:
5926:
5920:
5919:
5907:
5895:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5875:
5848:(4027): 8–10.
5832:
5823:
5772:
5745:(5): 350–352.
5729:
5710:(5): 787–791.
5684:
5677:
5655:
5642:(2): 381–384.
5622:
5607:
5598:
5589:
5580:
5571:
5562:
5553:
5544:
5535:
5526:
5517:
5508:
5499:
5485:
5476:
5452:
5428:
5403:
5397:978-0198747840
5396:
5366:
5338:
5329:
5320:
5311:
5271:
5262:
5253:
5244:
5235:
5210:
5199:on 2 June 2012
5180:
5171:
5162:
5153:
5117:
5082:
5021:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4988:
4981:
4978:
4969:
4945:
4942:
4910:Main article:
4907:
4904:
4883:Main article:
4880:
4877:
4818:
4815:
4773:
4770:
4768:after potash.
4741:
4738:
4726:emission lines
4617:; copper with
4610:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4586:
4572:
4558:
4524:
4523:
4507:
4501:
4483:
4465:
4435:
4434:
4416:
4398:
4388:
4378:
4368:
4354:
4332:
4328:was named for
4323:
4319:, named after
4314:
4301:
4297:, named after
4284:Main article:
4281:
4278:
4214:Georgy Flyorov
4205:
4204:
4194:
4184:
4174:
4164:
4153:
4148:
4147:
4137:
4127:
4117:
4107:
4097:
4087:
4073:
4062:
4020:Main article:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4003:
4000:
3989:Main article:
3986:
3983:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3952:
3948:
3947:
3940:
3932:
3927:
3917:
3916:
3888:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3867:Nobelium
3861:
3841:
3821:
3801:
3781:
3761:
3741:
3721:
3701:
3681:
3658:
3635:
3612:
3598:Actinium
3592:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3553:
3530:
3507:
3484:
3461:
3438:
3415:
3398:Europium
3392:
3375:Samarium
3369:
3349:
3326:
3303:
3280:
3257:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3218:
3198:
3178:
3158:
3138:
3124:Nihonium
3118:
3098:
3078:
3058:
3038:
3018:
2998:
2978:
2958:
2938:
2918:
2911:
2891:
2877:Francium
2871:
2865:
2864:
2844:
2830:Astatine
2824:
2810:Polonium
2804:
2781:
2758:
2735:
2712:
2689:
2672:Platinum
2666:
2643:
2620:
2597:
2580:Tungsten
2574:
2557:Tantalum
2551:
2528:
2511:Lutetium
2505:
2498:
2475:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2422:
2399:
2376:
2359:Antimony
2353:
2330:
2307:
2284:
2261:
2238:
2215:
2192:
2172:
2149:
2126:
2103:
2080:
2078:
2055:
2038:Rubidium
2032:
2026:
2025:
2002:
1979:
1962:Selenium
1956:
1933:
1910:
1887:
1864:
1841:
1818:
1795:
1772:
1749:
1732:Chromium
1726:
1709:Vanadium
1703:
1686:Titanium
1680:
1663:Scandium
1657:
1655:
1632:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1579:
1562:Chlorine
1556:
1533:
1510:
1487:
1464:
1462:
1439:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1386:
1369:Fluorine
1363:
1340:
1323:Nitrogen
1317:
1294:
1271:
1269:
1246:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1193:
1191:
1174:Hydrogen
1168:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:alkali metals
1107:Hydrogen &
1105:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1000:
996:Periodic table
994:
992:
991:
984:
977:
969:
968:
967:
958:
957:Known elements
955:
945:
944:
942:
941:
934:
927:
919:
916:
915:
914:
913:
906:
896:
895:
892:
891:
889:Vapor pressure
886:
876:
874:Speed of sound
871:
866:
861:
856:
850:of fusion
842:
837:
832:
824:Electron
822:
817:
812:
807:
805:Critical point
802:
797:
792:
786:
783:
782:
779:
778:
775:
774:
769:
763:
762:
756:
755:
740:
739:
734:
727:
726:
721:
715:
710:
709:
706:
705:
702:
701:
695:
694:
689:
683:
682:
671:
666:
665:
662:
661:
654:
651:
650:
647:
646:
631:
630:
623:
622:
617:
611:
610:
605:
599:
598:
593:
587:
586:
581:
575:
574:
569:
567:Coinage metals
563:
560:
559:
556:
555:
552:
551:
546:
540:
539:
531:
530:
529:
528:
520:
519:
511:
510:
505:
499:
498:
493:
487:
486:
484:alkaline earth
481:
475:
474:
466:
460:
459:
456:
455:
452:
451:
450:
449:
444:
436:
435:
426:
425:
418:
411:
404:
397:
390:
383:
376:
368:
367:
358:
357:
347:
337:
327:
317:
310:
303:
296:
289:
282:
275:
268:
261:
254:
247:
240:
233:
223:
206:
205:
196:
193:
192:
189:
188:
181:
178:
177:
174:
173:
167:
166:
158:
157:
156:
155:
150:
145:
137:
136:
124:
123:
117:
116:
115:
114:
109:
98:
93:
92:
89:
88:
85:
84:
64:
63:
58:
52:
49:
48:
45:
44:
42:Periodic table
38:
37:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6732:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6712:
6710:
6695:
6694:
6685:
6683:
6682:
6673:
6672:
6669:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6642:
6641:
6638:
6637:
6635:
6631:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6607:controversies
6605:
6603:
6600:
6599:
6598:
6595:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6577:
6576:
6573:
6572:
6570:
6568:
6564:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6528:Melting point
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6508:Heat capacity
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6463:Boiling point
6461:
6459:
6458:Atomic radius
6456:
6454:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6444:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6409:
6407:
6405:
6401:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6370:
6368:
6366:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6353:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6322:Native metals
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6284:
6282:
6278:
6268:
6265:
6264:
6262:
6260:
6256:
6250:
6249:Dividing line
6247:
6245:
6242:
6241:
6239:
6237:
6233:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6208:
6206:
6204:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6190:
6180:
6177:
6176:
6174:
6172:
6168:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6146:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6106:
6104:
6102:
6098:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6086:17 (Halogens)
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6003:
6001:
5999:
5995:
5992:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5979:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5947:
5942:
5940:
5935:
5933:
5928:
5927:
5924:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5887:Theodore Gray
5884:
5883:
5879:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5836:
5833:
5830:Kean, 127-128
5827:
5824:
5819:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5794:. DeGruyter.
5793:
5786:
5779:
5777:
5773:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5733:
5730:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5698:
5691:
5689:
5685:
5680:
5678:1-4020-3555-1
5674:
5670:
5666:
5659:
5656:
5650:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5626:
5623:
5618:
5611:
5608:
5602:
5599:
5593:
5590:
5584:
5581:
5575:
5572:
5566:
5563:
5557:
5554:
5548:
5545:
5539:
5536:
5530:
5527:
5521:
5518:
5512:
5509:
5503:
5500:
5494:
5492:
5490:
5486:
5480:
5477:
5466:
5462:
5456:
5453:
5442:
5438:
5432:
5429:
5418:
5414:
5407:
5404:
5399:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5370:
5367:
5363:
5353:
5349:
5342:
5339:
5333:
5330:
5324:
5321:
5315:
5312:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5286:
5281:
5275:
5272:
5266:
5263:
5257:
5254:
5251:Gray, 220-229
5248:
5245:
5239:
5236:
5225:
5221:
5214:
5211:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5184:
5181:
5175:
5172:
5169:Gray, 230-231
5166:
5163:
5157:
5154:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5121:
5118:
5112:
5107:
5104:(3): 265–91.
5103:
5099:
5098:
5093:
5086:
5083:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5025:
5022:
5010:
5006:
5000:
4997:
4991:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4979:
4977:
4975:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4943:
4941:
4937:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4913:
4905:
4903:
4901:
4898:(from German
4897:
4894:) or "W" for
4893:
4886:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4860:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4796:atomic number
4793:
4789:
4783:
4779:
4771:
4769:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4650:dwarf planets
4647:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4608:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4573:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4559:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4521:
4520:
4515:
4511:
4508:
4505:
4502:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4484:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4466:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4417:
4415:respectively.
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4399:
4396:
4392:
4389:
4386:
4382:
4379:
4376:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4355:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4287:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4242:
4241:Johan Gadolin
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4202:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4178:
4175:
4172:
4168:
4165:
4162:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4145:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4131:
4130:Rutherfordium
4128:
4125:
4121:
4118:
4115:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4101:
4098:
4095:
4091:
4088:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4074:
4071:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4055:
4050:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4039:Glenn Seaborg
4036:
4023:
4015:
4010:
4007:
4004:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3984:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3945:
3941:
3934:
3933:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3912:
3906:
3900:
3892:
3882:
3879:
3862:
3859:
3842:
3839:
3827:Fermium
3822:
3819:
3802:
3799:
3782:
3779:
3762:
3759:
3742:
3739:
3722:
3719:
3702:
3699:
3682:
3679:
3664:Uranium
3659:
3656:
3636:
3633:
3618:Thorium
3613:
3610:
3593:
3586:
3583:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3554:
3551:
3531:
3528:
3508:
3505:
3490:Holmium
3485:
3482:
3462:
3459:
3444:Terbium
3439:
3436:
3416:
3413:
3393:
3390:
3370:
3367:
3350:
3347:
3327:
3324:
3304:
3301:
3281:
3278:
3258:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3219:
3216:
3199:
3196:
3179:
3176:
3159:
3156:
3139:
3136:
3119:
3116:
3099:
3096:
3079:
3076:
3059:
3056:
3039:
3036:
3024:Hassium
3019:
3016:
3004:Bohrium
2999:
2996:
2979:
2976:
2964:Dubnium
2959:
2956:
2939:
2936:
2919:
2912:
2909:
2892:
2889:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2845:
2842:
2825:
2822:
2805:
2802:
2787:Bismuth
2782:
2779:
2759:
2756:
2736:
2733:
2718:Mercury
2713:
2710:
2690:
2687:
2667:
2664:
2644:
2641:
2621:
2618:
2603:Rhenium
2598:
2595:
2575:
2572:
2552:
2549:
2534:Hafnium
2529:
2526:
2506:
2499:
2496:
2476:
2473:
2458:Caesium
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2423:
2420:
2400:
2397:
2377:
2374:
2354:
2351:
2331:
2328:
2308:
2305:
2290:Cadmium
2285:
2282:
2262:
2259:
2239:
2236:
2221:Rhodium
2216:
2213:
2193:
2190:
2173:
2170:
2150:
2147:
2132:Niobium
2127:
2124:
2104:
2101:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2056:
2053:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2008:Krypton
2003:
2000:
1980:
1977:
1957:
1954:
1934:
1931:
1911:
1908:
1888:
1885:
1865:
1862:
1842:
1839:
1819:
1816:
1796:
1793:
1773:
1770:
1750:
1747:
1727:
1724:
1704:
1701:
1681:
1678:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1638:Calcium
1633:
1630:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1580:
1577:
1557:
1554:
1534:
1531:
1511:
1508:
1493:Silicon
1488:
1485:
1465:
1460:
1440:
1437:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1387:
1384:
1364:
1361:
1341:
1338:
1318:
1315:
1295:
1292:
1272:
1267:
1247:
1244:
1229:Lithium
1224:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1194:
1189:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1003:
997:
990:
985:
983:
978:
976:
971:
970:
966:
964:
956:
954:
951:
940:
935:
933:
928:
926:
921:
920:
918:
917:
912:
911:
907:
905:
904:
900:
899:
898:
897:
890:
887:
885:
882: /
881:
878:Thermal
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
864:Melting point
862:
860:
857:
855:
852: /
851:
848: /
847:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
830:configuration
828: /
827:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
800:Boiling point
798:
796:
795:Atomic radius
793:
791:
788:
787:
781:
780:
773:
770:
768:
765:
764:
761:
758:
757:
753:
749:
745:
742:
741:
738:
737:configuration
735:
733:
729:
728:
725:
722:
720:
717:
716:
713:
708:
707:
700:
697:
696:
693:
690:
688:
685:
684:
680:
679:in human body
676:
673:
672:
669:
664:
663:
659:
658:
653:
652:
644:
640:
636:
633:
632:
628:
625:
624:
621:
618:
616:
613:
612:
609:
606:
604:
603:Native metals
601:
600:
597:
594:
592:
589:
588:
585:
582:
580:
577:
576:
573:
570:
568:
565:
564:
558:
557:
550:
547:
545:
542:
541:
538:
537:
533:
532:
527:
524:
523:
522:
521:
518:
517:
513:
512:
509:
506:
504:
501:
500:
497:
494:
492:
489:
488:
485:
482:
480:
477:
476:
473:
472:
468:
467:
464:
458:
457:
448:
445:
443:
440:
439:
438:
437:
434:
432:
428:
427:
424:
419:
417:
412:
410:
405:
403:
398:
396:
391:
389:
384:
382:
377:
375:
370:
369:
366:
364:
360:
359:
356:
354:
353:(noble gases)
348:
346:
344:
338:
336:
334:
328:
326:
324:
318:
316:
311:
309:
304:
302:
297:
295:
290:
288:
283:
281:
276:
274:
269:
267:
262:
260:
255:
253:
248:
246:
241:
239:
234:
232:
230:
224:
221:
219:
218:alkali metals
213:
208:
207:
204:
202:
198:
197:
191:
190:
186:
185:
180:
179:
172:
169:
168:
164:
160:
159:
154:
153:controversies
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
140:
139:
138:
135:
134:
130:
126:
125:
122:
119:
118:
113:
110:
108:
105:
104:
103:
100:
99:
96:
91:
90:
79:
69:
66:
65:
62:
59:
57:
54:
53:
47:
46:
43:
39:
35:
31:
30:
27:
19:
6686:
6674:
6657:Trivial name
6645:nomenclature
6596:
6317:Heavy metals
6312:Noble metals
6071:14 (Tetrels)
5967:Alternatives
5914:
5902:
5890:
5880:Bibliography
5845:
5841:
5835:
5826:
5791:
5742:
5738:
5732:
5707:
5703:
5664:
5658:
5639:
5635:
5625:
5616:
5610:
5601:
5592:
5583:
5574:
5565:
5556:
5547:
5538:
5529:
5520:
5511:
5502:
5479:
5468:. Retrieved
5464:
5455:
5444:. Retrieved
5440:
5431:
5420:. Retrieved
5416:
5406:
5379:
5369:
5361:
5355:. Retrieved
5351:
5341:
5332:
5323:
5314:
5289:
5283:
5274:
5265:
5256:
5247:
5238:
5227:. Retrieved
5213:
5201:. Retrieved
5197:the original
5183:
5174:
5165:
5156:
5131:
5120:
5101:
5095:
5085:
5034:
5030:
5024:
5013:. Retrieved
5011:. 2016-11-30
4999:
4947:
4938:
4915:
4899:
4891:
4888:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4861:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4820:
4812:
4807:
4803:
4785:
4757:
4749:
4748:after Latin
4743:
4733:
4721:
4709:
4643:
4621:; iron with
4612:
4564:
4537:is from the
4525:
4519:ultima Thule
4517:
4512:is from the
4489:
4471:
4436:
4360:
4345:, a city in
4289:
4257:
4245:
4223:The element
4222:
4207:
4191:Alfred Nobel
4171:Lise Meitner
4150:
4104:Enrico Fermi
4084:Pierre Curie
4051:
4025:
4011:a scientist.
3994:
3924:
3919:
3910:
2897:Radium
2626:Osmium
2481:Barium
1422:Sodium
1346:Oxygen
1199:Helium
1163:
960:
948:
908:
901:
880:conductivity
675:by abundance
655:
627:Transuranium
608:Noble metals
596:Light metals
591:Heavy metals
534:
514:
469:
429:
361:
352:
342:
333:(chalcogens)
332:
323:(pnictogens)
322:
228:
217:
199:
182:
163:in East Asia
128:
127:
102:D. Mendeleev
26:
6693:WikiProject
6437:Term symbol
6267:Noble gases
6211:Lanthanides
6194:metallicity
6066:13 (Triels)
5911:John Emsley
5809:10045/55935
5605:Emsley, 475
5596:Emsley, 120
5587:Emsley, 594
5578:Emsley, 345
5569:Emsley, 405
5560:Emsley, 310
5551:Emsley, 145
5542:Emsley, 458
5533:Emsley, 468
5524:Emsley, 224
5515:Emsley, 210
5506:Emsley, 299
5483:Emsley, 157
5382:: 104–124.
5336:Emsley, 197
5327:Emsley, 185
5318:Emsley, 412
5260:Emsley, 188
5242:Emsley, 464
4833:(gold) and
4792:placeholder
4579:Old English
4439:Scandinavia
4405:Californium
4177:Mendelevium
4157:Copernicium
4120:Roentgenium
4090:Einsteinium
4058:Nobel Prize
4031: 1940
3944:mass number
68:Alternative
6709:Categories
6617:for people
6612:for places
6585:1871 table
6478:Elasticity
6446:Data pages
6404:Properties
6280:Other sets
6236:Metalloids
5470:2021-10-05
5446:2021-10-05
5422:2021-10-05
5357:2021-10-05
5229:2020-01-18
5203:24 January
5060:1887/47427
5015:2018-09-21
4992:References
4950:allotropes
4922:seaborgium
4800:ununennium
4600:region of
4545:including
4543:the region
4480:Copenhagen
4413:California
4401:Tennessine
4237:gadolinite
4233:gadolinium
4167:Meitnerium
4140:Seaborgium
4110:Lawrencium
4070:Niels Bohr
4035:seaborgium
3898:From decay
3891:Primordial
844:Heat
815:Elasticity
516:Metalloids
503:lanthanide
491:transition
365:(1–7, ...)
343:(halogens)
148:for places
143:for people
107:1871 table
6602:etymology
6453:Abundance
6378:in humans
6374:Abundance
6259:Nonmetals
6216:Actinides
5818:102245448
5178:Kean, 273
5160:Kean, 129
5148:1365-3075
5069:0033-4545
5051:1365-3075
4766:potassium
4682:palladium
4674:plutonium
4670:neptunium
4654:asteroids
4594:manganese
4590:magnesium
4541:name for
4535:Ruthenium
4528:classical
4498:Stockholm
4458:ytterbium
4423:Moscovium
4409:Tennessee
4391:Berkelium
4371:Americium
4349:state of
4347:Karnataka
4335:Beryllium
4326:Germanium
4210:flerovium
4197:Oganesson
4060:winners:
4043:oganesson
3985:Etymology
3935:Ca:
3905:Synthetic
790:Abundance
767:Nutrition
730:Electron
699:by symbol
645:actinides
549:noble gas
536:Nonmetals
133:etymology
61:32-column
56:18-column
6681:Category
6633:See also
6503:Hardness
6356:Elements
5913:(2011),
5901:(2011),
5899:Sam Kean
5889:(2009),
5767:23609073
5724:95859397
5497:Kean, 62
5269:Kean, 55
5077:99429711
4980:See also
4966:nitrogen
4954:graphite
4896:tungsten
4817:Suffixes
4760:(sand),
4752:(lime),
4740:Minerals
4720:(Ἢλιος,
4706:selenium
4637:and the
4602:Magnesia
4561:Lutetium
4504:Scandium
4496:capital
4478:capital
4395:Berkeley
4381:Europium
4375:Americas
4317:Nihonium
4304:Francium
4295:Polonium
4260:meaning
4239:) after
4225:samarium
4187:Nobelium
2741:Thallium
1140:Tetrels
903:Category
846:capacity
840:Hardness
826:affinity
732:affinity
657:Elements
629:elements
508:actinide
78:extended
34:a series
32:Part of
6567:History
6473:Density
6101:Periods
5870:4089837
5850:Bibcode
5747:Bibcode
5294:Bibcode
4958:diamond
4930:hahnium
4918:dubnium
4900:Wolfram
4892:plumbum
4754:silicon
4746:calcium
4734:tellus,
4690:Neptune
4666:Uranium
4646:planets
4627:Jupiter
4615:Mercury
4565:Lutetia
4551:Ukraine
4547:Belarus
4510:Thulium
4494:Swedish
4486:Holmium
4468:Hafnium
4462:Ytterby
4450:terbium
4446:Yttrium
4433:cities.
4419:Dubnium
4361:indicum
4330:Germany
4308:gallium
4251:gallium
4100:Fermium
4066:Bohrium
3973:p-block
3968:d-block
3963:f-block
3958:s-block
3908:
3902:
3894:
3876:
3856:
3836:
3816:
3796:
3776:
3756:
3736:
3716:
3696:
3673:
3650:
3627:
3607:
3580:
3568:
3545:
3536:Thulium
3522:
3499:
3476:
3453:
3430:
3407:
3384:
3364:
3341:
3318:
3295:
3272:
3233:
3213:
3193:
3173:
3153:
3133:
3113:
3093:
3073:
3053:
3033:
3013:
2993:
2973:
2953:
2933:
2906:
2886:
2859:
2839:
2819:
2796:
2773:
2750:
2727:
2704:
2681:
2658:
2649:Iridium
2635:
2612:
2589:
2566:
2543:
2520:
2490:
2467:
2437:
2414:
2391:
2368:
2345:
2322:
2299:
2276:
2253:
2230:
2207:
2187:
2164:
2141:
2118:
2095:
2086:Yttrium
2070:
2047:
2017:
1994:
1985:Bromine
1971:
1948:
1939:Arsenic
1925:
1902:
1893:Gallium
1879:
1856:
1833:
1810:
1787:
1764:
1741:
1718:
1695:
1672:
1647:
1624:
1594:
1571:
1548:
1525:
1502:
1479:
1454:
1431:
1401:
1378:
1355:
1332:
1309:
1286:
1261:
1238:
1208:
1183:
1137:Triels
1020:
810:Density
772:Valence
752:Pauling
363:Periods
6597:Naming
6394:Symbol
6203:Metals
6171:Blocks
6159:Pyykkö
6154:Fricke
6149:Aufbau
5998:Groups
5868:
5842:Nature
5816:
5765:
5722:
5675:
5394:
5146:
5075:
5067:
5049:
4962:carbon
4835:ferrum
4762:sodium
4722:Helios
4714:helium
4710:Selene
4702:Pallas
4700:, and
4686:Uranus
4680:, and
4678:cerium
4656:, the
4631:Saturn
4583:Cyprus
4575:Copper
4555:Russia
4553:, and
4490:Holmia
4476:Danish
4472:Hafnia
4456:, and
4454:erbium
4431:Moscow
4385:Europe
4357:Indium
4312:France
4299:Poland
4270:French
4258:Gallia
4231:, and
4076:Curium
4016:People
3937:40.078
3928:r, std
3911:Border
3747:Curium
3675:238.03
3652:231.04
3629:232.04
3570:173.05
3547:168.93
3524:167.26
3513:Erbium
3501:164.93
3478:162.50
3455:158.93
3432:157.25
3409:151.96
3386:150.36
3343:144.24
3320:140.91
3297:140.12
3286:Cerium
3274:138.91
2798:208.98
2752:204.38
2729:200.59
2706:196.97
2683:195.08
2660:192.22
2637:190.23
2614:186.21
2591:183.84
2568:180.95
2545:178.49
2522:174.97
2492:137.33
2469:132.91
2439:131.29
2416:126.90
2405:Iodine
2393:127.60
2370:121.76
2347:118.71
2324:114.82
2313:Indium
2301:112.41
2278:107.87
2267:Silver
2255:106.42
2232:102.91
2209:101.07
2143:92.906
2120:91.224
2097:88.906
2049:85.468
2019:83.798
1996:79.904
1973:78.971
1950:74.922
1927:72.630
1904:69.723
1858:63.546
1847:Copper
1835:58.693
1824:Nickel
1812:58.933
1801:Cobalt
1789:55.845
1766:54.938
1743:51.996
1720:50.942
1697:47.867
1674:44.956
1649:40.078
1626:39.098
1539:Sulfur
1527:30.974
1504:28.085
1481:26.982
1456:24.305
1433:22.990
1403:20.180
1380:18.998
1357:15.999
1334:14.007
1311:12.011
1300:Carbon
1263:9.0122
1210:4.0026
1185:1.0080
1160:Period
1154:gases
643:trans-
479:alkali
471:Metals
431:Blocks
203:(1–18)
201:Groups
129:Naming
81:
75:
71:
36:on the
6640:IUPAC
6365:Lists
5866:S2CID
5814:S2CID
5788:(PDF)
5720:S2CID
5700:(PDF)
5193:IUPAC
5073:S2CID
5047:eISSN
5009:IUPAC
4831:aurum
4804:(119)
4758:silex
4732:word
4730:Latin
4698:Ceres
4694:Pluto
4658:Earth
4619:Venus
4598:Greek
4569:Paris
4539:Latin
4427:Dubna
4365:India
4351:India
4343:Belur
4339:beryl
4321:Japan
4274:Latin
4255:Latin
4080:Marie
4052:Many
2850:Radon
2775:207.2
2428:Xenon
2166:95.95
2072:87.62
1881:65.38
1596:39.95
1585:Argon
1573:35.45
1550:32.06
1288:10.81
1277:Boron
1152:Noble
1006:Group
963:IUPAC
748:Allen
639:minor
635:Major
83:forms
6372:By:
5763:PMID
5673:ISBN
5392:ISBN
5205:2020
5144:ISSN
5065:ISSN
4956:and
4920:and
4870:and
4868:-ine
4864:-ium
4856:-gen
4852:-ine
4823:-ium
4780:and
4750:calx
4662:Moon
4639:Moon
4623:Mars
4592:and
4429:and
4421:and
4411:and
4403:and
4306:and
4262:Gaul
4082:and
2764:Lead
2695:Gold
1870:Zinc
1778:Iron
1392:Neon
1240:6.94
641:and
131:and
6192:By
5858:doi
5846:159
5804:hdl
5796:doi
5755:doi
5712:doi
5644:doi
5384:doi
5302:doi
5136:doi
5106:doi
5055:hdl
5039:doi
4872:-on
4848:-on
4844:-on
4839:-on
4827:-um
4808:119
4718:Sun
4635:Sun
4276:).
4266:pun
3930:(E)
3870:102
3850:101
3830:100
3227:118
3207:117
3187:116
3167:115
3147:114
3127:113
3107:112
3087:111
3067:110
3047:109
3027:108
3007:107
2987:106
2967:105
2947:104
2927:103
2336:Tin
461:By
351:18
341:17
331:16
321:15
73:and
6711::
6144:8+
6061:12
6056:11
6051:10
5864:.
5856:.
5844:.
5812:.
5802:.
5790:.
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5761:.
5753:.
5741:.
5718:.
5708:74
5706:.
5702:.
5687:^
5671:.
5640:51
5638:.
5634:.
5488:^
5463:.
5439:.
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5390:.
5378:.
5360:.
5350:.
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5288:.
5142:.
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5130:.
5102:88
5100:.
5094:.
5071:.
5063:.
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5035:88
5033:.
5007:.
4976:.
4810:.
4696:,
4692:,
4688:,
4676:,
4672:,
4668:,
4664:.
4652:,
4648:,
4549:,
4452:,
4448:,
4353:.
4243:.
4028:c.
3873:No
3853:Md
3833:Fm
3813:Es
3810:99
3793:Cf
3790:98
3773:Bk
3770:97
3753:Cm
3750:96
3733:Am
3730:95
3713:Pu
3710:94
3693:Np
3690:93
3667:92
3647:Pa
3644:91
3624:Th
3621:90
3604:Ac
3601:89
3565:Yb
3562:70
3542:Tm
3539:69
3519:Er
3516:68
3496:Ho
3493:67
3473:Dy
3470:66
3450:Tb
3447:65
3427:Gd
3424:64
3404:Eu
3401:63
3381:Sm
3378:62
3361:Pm
3358:61
3338:Nd
3335:60
3315:Pr
3312:59
3292:Ce
3289:58
3269:La
3266:57
3230:Og
3210:Ts
3190:Lv
3170:Mc
3150:Fl
3130:Nh
3110:Cn
3090:Rg
3070:Ds
3050:Mt
3030:Hs
3010:Bh
2990:Sg
2970:Db
2950:Rf
2930:Lr
2903:Ra
2900:88
2883:Fr
2880:87
2856:Rn
2853:86
2836:At
2833:85
2816:Po
2813:84
2793:Bi
2790:83
2770:Pb
2767:82
2747:Tl
2744:81
2724:Hg
2721:80
2701:Au
2698:79
2678:Pt
2675:78
2655:Ir
2652:77
2632:Os
2629:76
2609:Re
2606:75
2583:74
2563:Ta
2560:73
2540:Hf
2537:72
2517:Lu
2514:71
2487:Ba
2484:56
2464:Cs
2461:55
2434:Xe
2431:54
2408:53
2388:Te
2385:52
2365:Sb
2362:51
2342:Sn
2339:50
2319:In
2316:49
2296:Cd
2293:48
2273:Ag
2270:47
2250:Pd
2247:46
2227:Rh
2224:45
2204:Ru
2201:44
2184:Tc
2181:43
2161:Mo
2158:42
2138:Nb
2135:41
2115:Zr
2112:40
2089:39
2067:Sr
2064:38
2044:Rb
2041:37
2014:Kr
2011:36
1991:Br
1988:35
1968:Se
1965:34
1945:As
1942:33
1922:Ge
1919:32
1899:Ga
1896:31
1876:Zn
1873:30
1853:Cu
1850:29
1830:Ni
1827:28
1807:Co
1804:27
1784:Fe
1781:26
1761:Mn
1758:25
1738:Cr
1735:24
1712:23
1692:Ti
1689:22
1669:Sc
1666:21
1644:Ca
1641:20
1618:19
1591:Ar
1588:18
1568:Cl
1565:17
1542:16
1519:15
1499:Si
1496:14
1476:Al
1473:13
1451:Mg
1448:12
1428:Na
1425:11
1398:Ne
1395:10
1258:Be
1235:Li
1205:He
1099:18
1094:17
1089:16
1084:15
1079:14
1074:13
1069:12
1064:11
1059:10
750:,
637:,
422:8+
314:14
307:13
300:12
293:11
286:10
227:2
6380:)
6376:(
6139:7
6134:6
6129:5
6124:4
6119:3
6114:2
6109:1
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6041:8
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6026:5
6021:4
6016:3
5945:e
5938:t
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5860::
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5820:.
5806::
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5726:.
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2869:7
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2450:6
2411:I
2092:Y
2030:5
1715:V
1621:K
1607:4
1545:S
1522:P
1414:3
1375:F
1372:9
1352:O
1349:8
1329:N
1326:7
1306:C
1303:6
1283:B
1280:5
1255:4
1232:3
1221:2
1202:2
1180:H
1177:1
1165:1
1054:9
1049:8
1044:7
1039:6
1034:5
1029:4
1024:3
1016:2
1011:1
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408:6
401:5
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380:2
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279:9
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251:5
244:4
237:3
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161:(
20:)
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