482:
242:
1811:
270:
1725:
1818:
607:
2052:
534:
2072:
429:
2062:
299:
586:. These surveys reported finding several tall stone pillars covered in coral growth and as tall as 6 metres (20 ft) tall, 0.9–1.2 metres (3.0–3.9 ft) wide, at depths of over 25 metres (82 ft). Neither Kahnihmw Namkhet nor Kahnihmweiso was found. However, it was hypothesized that the city of Kahnihmweiso might have been built over a cavern, which collapsed and formed a
2037:
1121:
277:
249:
42:
594:
materials. They also examined underwater pillars reported by Saxe. They located two randomly spaced clusters of columns. They drove a steel rod unto two of them and found only coral. One of them was raised and carefully dissected. This column was found to consist entirely of coral and clearly is not a "...purposely positioned stone column."
2111:
2121:
493:
Madol Powe, the mortuary sector, contains 58 islets in the northeastern area of Nan Madol. Most islets were once occupied by the dwellings of priests. Some islets served a special purpose: food preparation, canoe construction on Dapahu, and coconut oil preparation on
Peinering. High walls surrounding
593:
In 1988 and 1989, a team of archaeologists from the
University of Oregon conducted underwater archaeological surveys around Nan Madol. They found a number of prone basalt columns on the sea floor seaward of Nan Madol. They concluded that these columns consisted of lost, discarded or fallen building
399:
According to
Pohnpeian legend, Nan Madol was constructed by twin sorcerers Olisihpa and Olosohpa from the mythical Western Katau, or Kanamwayso. The brothers arrived in a large canoe seeking a place to build an altar so that they could worship Nahnisohn Sahpw, the god of agriculture. After several
669:
which aired on
Netflix, in which false claims were made about the age of the site. Experts in Pacific geography and archaeology have characterised Hancock's claims about Nan Madol as "incredibly insulting to the ancestors of the Pohnpeian that did create these structures", linking them to 19th
597:
In 2013, Ishimura and others used multi-beam sonar, ROVs, and scuba diving to examine submerged block-shaped features and columnar objects and the blue hole. They found neither evidence of anthropogenic pillars composed of basalt columns nor any evidence that the underwater columns are man-made
489:
The elite centre was a special place of residence for the nobility and of mortuary activities presided over by priests. Its population almost certainly did not exceed 1,000, and may have been less than half that. Although many of the residents were chiefs, the majority were commoners. Nan Madol
545:, several other artificial islets, and the adjacent Pohnpei main island coastline. The site core with its stone walls encloses an area approximately 1.5 by 0.5 kilometres (0.93 mi × 0.31 mi) containing 92 artificial islets—stone and coral fill platforms—bordered by tidal canals.
508:
lived at Nan Madol, but had to gather their own water and grow their own food. This is thought to have caused them eventually to abandon Nan Madol and move back to their own districts, although there are other explanations for the desertion of the complex, such as a sharp population decline.
1752:
494:
tombs are located on
Peinkitel, Karian, and Lemenkou, but the most prominent is the royal mortuary islet of Nandauwas, where walls 5.5–7.5 metres (18–25 ft) high surround a central tomb enclosure within the main courtyard. This was built for the first Saudeleur.
1745:
2136:
2065:
2055:
1979:
1916:
1888:
1835:
1761:
1738:
337:
linked by a network of canals. The site core with its stone walls encloses an area approximately 1.5 by 0.5 kilometres (0.93 mi × 0.31 mi) and it contains 92 artificial islets—stone and coral fill platforms—bordered by tidal canals.
1547:
Nan Madol Island is the best known archeological site in
Micronesia. Its unique structures of immense proportions, and their apparent abandonment before European contact in 1595 have made Nan Madol the focus of fanciful conjecture
2131:
577:
In 1978 and 1979, Dr. Arthur Saxe conducted underwater archaeological surveys to investigate reports of submerged basalt columns just offshore of Nan Madol and to search for two legendary submerged prehistoric cities known as
490:
served, in part, as a way for the ruling
Saudeleur chiefs to organize and control potential rivals by requiring them to live in the city rather than in their home districts, where their activities were difficult to monitor.
2166:
2101:
404:. When Olisihpa died of old age, Olosohpa became the first Saudeleur. Olosohpa married a local woman and sired twelve generations, producing sixteen other Saudeleur rulers of the Dipwilap ("Great") clan.
1382:
Ishimura, Tomo; Asada, Akira; Maeda, Fumitaka; Sugimoto, Ken’ichi; Ogawa, Toshihiro; Hikoyama, Akio; Matsumoto, Yoshinori; Sugimoto, Yusuke; Brennan, Charles; Haramoto, Tomomi; Kohler, Augustine (2014).
1122:"Earliest direct evidence of monument building at the archaeological site of Nan Madol (Pohnpei, Micronesia) identified using Th/U coral dating and geochemical sourcing of megalithic architectural stone"
541:
Today Nan Madol forms an archaeological district covering more than 18 square kilometres (6.9 sq mi) and includes the stone architecture built up on a coral reef flat along the shore of
400:
false starts, the two brothers successfully built an altar off Temwen Island, where they performed their rituals. In legend, these brothers levitated the huge stones with the aid of a flying
2027:
2156:
2151:
1581:
There exist, too, more popular interpretations of Nan Madol that stress the occult and the extraterrestrial (DeCamp & Decamp 1964, Merritt 1919, Morrill 1970, von
Daniken 1967).
2032:
241:
2161:
377:, it was a scene of human activity as early as the first or second century AD. By the 8th or 9th century, islet construction had started, with construction of the distinctive
1800:
1790:
143:
725:
Hanlon (1988) notes differing accounts of the number of
Saudeleur rulers, ranging from eight to seventeen, concluding that it is impossible to know this number for certain.
2146:
1944:
1627:
1384:
1700:
689:
392:(likewise composed of huge stone buildings) migrated to Pohnpei, where they used their skills and experience to build the even more impressive Nan Madol complex.
1013:"The effect of causeway construction on seagrass meadows in the Western Pacific ? a lesson from the ancient city of Nan Madol, Madolenihmw, Pohnpei, FSM"
2116:
2075:
407:
The founders of the dynasty ruled kindly, though their successors placed ever increasing demands on their subjects. Their reign ended with the invasion by
1939:
1562:"'The Pleasure of Speculation and Conjecture:' Early Euro-American Visions of Nan Madol and their Relevance to Post-Modern Archaeological Investigations"
770:
716:
The
Saudeleur era lasted around 500 years. Legend generally dates their downfall to the 1500s, however archaeologists date Saudeleur ruins to ca. 1628.
1483:... they had set forth for the Nan-Matal, that extraordinary group of island ruins clustered along the eastern shore of Ponape in the Carolines.
2096:
598:
structures. They also concluded that the blue hole is a sinkhole that developed in reef limestones during sea level lowstands of glacial maximums.
481:
1785:
1594:
170:
269:
2126:
1441:
1343:
1086:
1853:
1848:
751:
501:
brought essential food and water by boat. The Saudeleur received food at a particular islet: first Peiniot, and later the closer Usennamw.
182:
1101:
1949:
1250:
1284:
1216:
1182:
964:
925:
886:
852:
468:
806:
373:, which united Pohnpei's estimated population of 25,000 people until about 1628. Set apart between the main island of Pohnpei and
1730:
71:
1878:
450:
322:
59:
1705:
Includes a drawing entitled: "Sepulchral monument in Ponapé, Caroline Islands. (From a photograph in the Godeffroy Album.)"
2171:
1873:
881:. Asian and Pacific Archaeology. Social Science Research Institute, University of Hawaii at Manoa. pp. 14, 254, 258.
24:
1395:
2106:
497:
On Nan Madol, there is no fresh water or food; water must be collected and food grown inland. During Saudeleur rule,
551:
indicates that megalithic construction at Nan Madol began around AD 1180 when large basalt stones were taken from a
2002:
446:
211:
439:
1954:
1929:
1896:
1843:
411:, who also resided at Nan Madol, though his successors abandoned the site. Polish ethnographer and oceanographer
385:
347:
means "within the intervals" and is a reference to the canals that crisscross the ruins. The original name was
148:
384:
Little can be verified about the megalithic construction. Pohnpeian tradition claims that the builders of the
1211:. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society. Vol. 246. American Philosophical Society. p. 293.
778:
1595:"Netflix's Ancient Apocalypse series uses 'racist ideologies' to rewrite Indo-Pacific history, experts say"
2112:
Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in the Federated States of Micronesia
1964:
1863:
1780:
1795:
1775:
1333:
756:
412:
555:
on the opposite side of Pohnpei. The earliest settlement on Pohnpei was probably around AD 1 although
1364:
The Nan Mada Area of Ponape: Researches into Bounding and Stabilizing an Ancient Administrative Center
1102:
http://www2.canada.com/vancouvercourier/news/travel/story.html?id=d7601625-fafe-46f4-b1d1-5c18837881cf
1599:
1506:
1136:
1120:
McCoy, Mark D.; Alderson, Helen A.; Hemi, Richard; Cheng, Hai; Edwards, R. Lawrence (November 2016).
2122:
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in the Federated States of Micronesia
1468:
1417:
Mada Archaeological Fieldwork. Final Report. A Research and Historic Preservation Project 1987-1990
623:
619:
310:
108:
2071:
396:
indicates that Nan Madol predates Leluh; thus, it is more likely that Nan Madol influenced Leluh.
2007:
1924:
1858:
1694:
1671:
1538:
1522:
661:
556:
393:
358:
1177:. Contributions to Anthropology. Vol. 10. Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 38, 51.
1076:
1011:
Coles, Rob; McKenzie, Lel; Campbell, Stuart; Yoshida, Rudi; Edward, Ahser; Short, Fred (2005).
1684:
1647:
1561:
1530:
1497:
1437:
1339:
1280:
1246:
1212:
1178:
1082:
1032:
960:
921:
882:
848:
671:
520:
370:
334:
330:
20:
1431:
1240:
2141:
1514:
1385:"Underwater Survey at the Ruins of Nan Madol, Pohnpei State, Federated States of Micronesia"
1144:
1024:
627:
606:
566:
656:(1918), in which the islands are called Nan-Tauach and the ruins are called the Nan-Matal.
19:
This article is about a ruined city on Pohnpei island. For the album by Edward Vesala, see
1934:
1817:
615:
878:
The Lelu Stone Ruins (Kosrae, Micronesia): 1978-81 Historical and Archaeological Research
1510:
1140:
814:
504:
Around 1628, when Isokelekel overthrew the Saudeleurs and began the Nahnmwarki Era, the
1724:
1392:
Proceedings of the 2nd Asia-Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage
695:
666:
847:. Pacific Islands Monograph. Vol. 5. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 13–25.
2090:
683:
652:
552:
548:
542:
528:
374:
326:
55:
1542:
1997:
1969:
1868:
505:
333:
until about 1628. The city, constructed in a lagoon, consists of a series of small
533:
1518:
1274:
1206:
1172:
987:
954:
915:
876:
842:
1149:
630:
identified as being part of the lost continent of Mu, starting in his 1926 book
428:
318:
298:
1901:
1464:
647:
562:
In 1985, the ruins of Nan Madol were declared a National Historical Landmark.
498:
408:
1762:
US National Register of Historic Places in the Federated States of Micronesia
1036:
86:
73:
1495:
Craib, John L. (1983). "Micronesian prehistory: an archeological overview".
643:
587:
1534:
1419:. The Trust Territory Historic Preservation Office, Saipan. pp. 1–108.
1366:. Saipan: The Trust Territory Historic Preservation Office. pp. 1–145.
1307:
1057:
1012:
2137:
National Register of Historic Places in the Federated States of Micronesia
959:. Bess Press. pp. xiii, 21, 22, 25, 38, 48, 56, 63, 71. 72, 74, 104.
1987:
1906:
1276:
Lost City of Stone: The Story of Nan Madol, the "Atlantis" of the Pacific
378:
1675:
1683:
Ratzel, Friedrich (1896). "Races of the Pacific and their migrations".
1526:
659:
Nan Madol was featured in episode two of the pseudoarchaeological work
524:
453: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
314:
160:
41:
1028:
614:
Nan Madol has been interpreted by some as the remains of one of the "
401:
389:
956:
Place Names of Pohnpei Island: Including And (Ant) and Pakin Atolls
565:
Until its closure in 2012, objects from the site were displayed at
1992:
1662:
Ayres, William S. (January 1990). "Mystery Islets of Micronesia".
605:
532:
480:
297:
2132:
National Historic Landmarks in the Federated States of Micronesia
746:
686:– man-made megalithic site built using columnar jointed volcanics
1734:
1657:. Suppl. 2. Guam: Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association: 187–212.
1208:
Under Heaven's Brow: Pre-Christian Religious Tradition in Chuuk
844:
Upon a Stone Altar: A History of the Island of Pohnpei to 1890
699:– a novel that spotlights a lost Pacific advanced civilization
422:
357:. It is often called the "eighth wonder of the world," or the
1718:
2167:
World Heritage Sites in the Federated States of Micronesia
2102:
Archaeological sites in the Federated States of Micronesia
415:
made the first detailed description of Nan Madol in 1874.
353:, "Reef of Heaven," according to Gene Ashby in his book
573:
Offshore underwater archaeological surveys at Nan Madol
369:
Nan Madol was the ceremonial and political seat of the
256:
Location of Nan Madol in Federated States of Micronesia
1648:"Pohnpei's Position in Eastern Micronesian Prehistory"
1362:
Saxe, A.A.; Allenson, R.A.; Loughridge, S.R.L (1980).
1081:(2nd revised ed.). Rainy Day Press. p. 346.
920:. University of Texas Press. pp. 60, 63, 76, 85.
642:
The ruins of Nan Madol were used as the setting for a
2020:
1978:
1915:
1887:
1834:
1825:
1791:
History of the National Register of Historic Places
1768:
218:
209:
197:
189:
180:
166:
156:
139:
131:
123:
115:
106:
65:
51:
34:
119:Nan Madol: Ceremonial Centre of Eastern Micronesia
992:. University of Guam. 1990. pp. 92, 203, 277
16:Ruined city in the Federated States of Micronesia
1945:Japanese Elementary School for Ponapean Children
1433:The Fragile South Pacific: An Ecological Odyssey
1377:
1375:
1373:
559:shows human activity starting around AD 80–200.
2157:Populated places established in the 2nd century
2152:Populated places established in the 1st century
811:Department of Anthropology University Of Oregon
348:
342:
313:adjacent to the eastern shore of the island of
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
690:List of places with columnar jointed volcanics
1746:
1410:
1408:
8:
1357:
1355:
948:
946:
944:
2162:Ruins in the Federated States of Micronesia
2061:
1940:Japanese Artillery Road and Pohndolap Area
1831:
1753:
1739:
1731:
1723:
1699:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1245:. Cambridge University Press. p. 21.
775:National Historic Landmark summary listing
632:The Lost Continent of Mu Motherland of Man
259:Show map of Federated States of Micronesia
40:
31:
1473:. New York and London: G.P. Putnam's Sons
1436:. University of Texas Press. p. 24.
1148:
953:Panholzer, Tom; Rufino, Mauricio (2003).
469:Learn how and when to remove this message
183:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
1869:Truk Lagoon Underwater Fleet, Truk Atoll
1308:"Nan Madol (U.S. National Park Service)"
909:
907:
905:
836:
834:
832:
212:U.S. National Historic Landmark District
2147:Populated places disestablished in 1628
800:
798:
796:
777:. National Park Service. Archived from
738:
709:
610:The ruins of Nan Madol and surroundings
208:
179:
1692:
1641:(5). Society for American Archaeology.
917:Prehistoric Architecture in Micronesia
747:"National Register Information System"
1279:. Simon and Schuster. pp. 45–8.
217:
196:
188:
165:
155:
138:
130:
122:
114:
105:
7:
752:National Register of Historic Places
451:adding citations to reliable sources
1950:Japanese Hydro-electric Power Plant
1626:Ayres, William S. (November 1992).
537:Example of Nan Madol's architecture
329:. Nan Madol was the capital of the
2117:Former populated places in Oceania
14:
1988:Bechiel Village Historic District
807:"Nan Madol, Madolenihmw, Pohnpei"
626:. Nan Madol was one of the sites
321:district of Pohnpei state in the
276:
248:
2070:
2060:
2051:
2050:
1816:
1809:
1273:Ballinger, Bill Sanborn (1978).
485:Detail of columnar basalt pieces
427:
275:
268:
247:
240:
2097:1874 archaeological discoveries
1593:Hodge, Hugo (7 December 2022).
438:needs additional citations for
1879:Xavier High School, Micronesia
323:Federated States of Micronesia
60:Federated States of Micronesia
1:
2127:Lost ancient cities and towns
1242:The Archaeology of Micronesia
25:List of storms named Nanmadol
23:. For tropical cyclones, see
1519:10.1126/science.219.4587.922
1430:Mitchell, Andrew W. (1990).
1205:Goodenough, Ward H. (2002).
1017:Pacific Conservation Biology
2038:National Historic Landmarks
1174:The Native Polity of Ponape
1171:Riesenberg, Saul H (1968).
1150:10.1016/j.yqres.2016.08.002
2190:
1874:Wiichen Men's Meetinghouse
1849:Japanese Army Headquarters
1646:Ayres, William S. (1990).
1394:. Honolulu. Archived from
1062:U.S. National Park Service
914:Morgan, William N (1988).
518:
109:UNESCO World Heritage Site
18:
2046:
1930:Chief Agriculturist House
1844:Fauba Archaeological Site
1807:
1078:Pohnpei, An Island Argosy
1075:Ashby, Gene (June 1987).
590:that swallowed the city.
386:Leluh archaeological site
355:Pohnpei, An Island Argosy
287:Show map of Pacific Ocean
284:Nan Madol (Pacific Ocean)
234:
230:
226:
205:
176:
102:
39:
841:Hanlon, David L (1988).
381:beginning 1180–1200 AD.
2003:Rull Men's Meetinghouse
1628:"Nan Madol, Micronesia"
1239:Rainbird, Paul (2004).
602:Lost continent theories
379:megalithic architecture
359:"Venice of the Pacific"
349:
343:
1965:Sokehs Mass Grave Site
1864:Tonotan Guns and Caves
1781:Keeper of the Register
1689:. Vol. 1. London.
1686:The History of Mankind
1560:Hanlon, David (1990).
875:Cordy, Ross H (1993).
670:century "racist" and "
611:
538:
486:
303:
1796:National Park Service
1776:Contributing property
757:National Park Service
609:
536:
484:
413:John Stanislaw Kubary
302:Nan Madol complex map
301:
87:6.84194°N 158.33222°E
2172:Megalithic monuments
1415:Ayers, W.S. (1993).
1332:Hunt, Errol (2000).
447:improve this article
419:Purpose and features
171:Asia and the Pacific
1854:Japanese Lighthouse
1511:1983Sci...219..922C
1141:2016QuRes..86..295M
1129:Quaternary Research
311:archaeological site
83: /
2107:Artificial islands
1925:Catholic Belltower
1859:Tonnachau Mountain
1571:. Suppl. 2: 99–116
759:. 23 January 2007.
662:Ancient Apocalypse
638:In popular culture
612:
557:radiocarbon dating
539:
487:
394:Radiocarbon dating
335:artificial islands
317:, now part of the
304:
198:Reference no.
157:Reference no.
92:6.84194; 158.33222
2084:
2083:
2016:
2015:
1786:Historic district
1505:(4587): 922–927.
1443:978-0-292-72466-2
1401:on 13 April 2015.
1345:978-0-86442-717-5
1338:. Lonely Planet.
1088:978-0-931742-14-9
672:white supremacist
521:Columnar jointing
479:
478:
471:
371:Saudeleur Dynasty
331:Saudeleur dynasty
296:
295:
222:16 September 1985
152:
21:Nan Madol (album)
2179:
2074:
2064:
2063:
2054:
2053:
1998:O'Keefe's Island
1832:
1820:
1813:
1812:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1719:Official website
1704:
1698:
1690:
1679:
1658:
1652:
1642:
1632:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1566:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1465:Merritt, Abraham
1461:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1412:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1389:
1379:
1368:
1367:
1359:
1350:
1349:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1152:
1126:
1117:
1104:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1029:10.1071/pc050212
1008:
1002:
1001:
999:
997:
984:
978:
977:
975:
973:
950:
939:
938:
936:
934:
911:
900:
899:
897:
895:
872:
866:
865:
863:
861:
838:
827:
826:
824:
822:
813:. Archived from
805:Ayres, William.
802:
791:
790:
788:
786:
767:
761:
760:
743:
726:
723:
717:
714:
628:James Churchward
580:Kahnihmw Namkhet
567:Lidorkini Museum
474:
467:
463:
460:
454:
431:
423:
352:
346:
288:
279:
278:
272:
260:
251:
250:
244:
193:19 December 1974
146:
98:
97:
95:
94:
93:
88:
84:
81:
80:
79:
76:
44:
32:
2189:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2042:
2012:
1974:
1955:Japanese Shrine
1935:German Cemetery
1911:
1883:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1764:
1759:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1708:
1691:
1682:
1661:
1650:
1645:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1615:
1605:
1603:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1579:. p. 107:
1574:
1572:
1564:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1545:. p. 925:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1476:
1474:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1414:
1413:
1406:
1398:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1371:
1361:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1316:
1314:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1155:
1153:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1107:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1041:
1039:
1010:
1009:
1005:
995:
993:
986:
985:
981:
971:
969:
967:
952:
951:
942:
932:
930:
928:
913:
912:
903:
893:
891:
889:
874:
873:
869:
859:
857:
855:
840:
839:
830:
820:
818:
817:on 13 June 2010
804:
803:
794:
784:
782:
769:
768:
764:
745:
744:
740:
735:
730:
729:
724:
720:
715:
711:
706:
680:
640:
616:lost continents
604:
575:
531:
515:
475:
464:
458:
455:
444:
432:
421:
367:
325:in the western
292:
291:
290:
289:
286:
285:
282:
281:
280:
263:
262:
261:
258:
257:
254:
253:
252:
214:
185:
111:
91:
89:
85:
82:
77:
74:
72:
70:
69:
47:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2089:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2068:
2058:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1984:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1921:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1893:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1840:
1838:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1801:Property types
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1712:
1711:External links
1709:
1707:
1706:
1680:
1659:
1643:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1585:
1552:
1487:
1456:
1442:
1422:
1404:
1369:
1351:
1344:
1324:
1299:
1285:
1265:
1252:978-0521651882
1251:
1231:
1217:
1197:
1183:
1163:
1135:(3): 295–303.
1105:
1094:
1087:
1067:
1049:
1023:(3): 212–220.
1003:
979:
965:
940:
926:
901:
887:
867:
853:
828:
792:
781:on 11 May 2011
762:
737:
736:
734:
731:
728:
727:
718:
708:
707:
705:
702:
701:
700:
692:
687:
679:
676:
674:" ideologies.
667:Graham Hancock
639:
636:
603:
600:
574:
571:
514:
511:
477:
476:
435:
433:
426:
420:
417:
366:
363:
294:
293:
283:
274:
273:
267:
266:
265:
264:
255:
246:
245:
239:
238:
237:
236:
235:
232:
231:
228:
227:
224:
223:
220:
216:
215:
210:
207:
206:
203:
202:
199:
195:
194:
191:
187:
186:
181:
178:
177:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
141:
137:
136:
135:i, iii, iv, vi
133:
129:
128:
125:
121:
120:
117:
113:
112:
107:
104:
103:
100:
99:
67:
63:
62:
53:
49:
48:
45:
37:
36:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2185:
2184:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2067:
2059:
2057:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1993:Dinay Village
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1824:
1819:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1726:
1720:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1702:
1696:
1688:
1687:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1481:. p. 3:
1472:
1471:
1470:The Moon Pool
1466:
1460:
1457:
1445:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1426:
1423:
1418:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1335:South Pacific
1328:
1325:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1300:
1288:
1286:0-671-24030-7
1282:
1278:
1277:
1269:
1266:
1254:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1235:
1232:
1220:
1218:0-87169-246-5
1214:
1210:
1209:
1201:
1198:
1186:
1184:9780598442437
1180:
1176:
1175:
1167:
1164:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1098:
1095:
1090:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1071:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1053:
1050:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1007:
1004:
991:
990:
983:
980:
968:
966:1-57306-166-2
962:
958:
957:
949:
947:
945:
941:
929:
927:0-292-76506-1
923:
919:
918:
910:
908:
906:
902:
890:
888:0-8248-1134-8
884:
880:
879:
871:
868:
856:
854:0-8248-1124-0
850:
846:
845:
837:
835:
833:
829:
816:
812:
808:
801:
799:
797:
793:
780:
776:
772:
766:
763:
758:
754:
753:
748:
742:
739:
732:
722:
719:
713:
710:
703:
698:
697:
693:
691:
688:
685:
684:Gunung Padang
682:
681:
677:
675:
673:
668:
664:
663:
657:
655:
654:
653:The Moon Pool
649:
645:
637:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
608:
601:
599:
595:
591:
589:
585:
581:
572:
570:
568:
563:
560:
558:
554:
553:volcanic plug
550:
549:Carbon dating
546:
544:
543:Temwen Island
535:
530:
529:Gunung Padang
526:
522:
517:
512:
510:
507:
502:
500:
495:
491:
483:
473:
470:
462:
452:
448:
442:
441:
436:This section
434:
430:
425:
424:
418:
416:
414:
410:
405:
403:
397:
395:
391:
387:
382:
380:
376:
375:Temwen Island
372:
364:
362:
360:
356:
351:
350:Soun Nan-leng
345:
339:
336:
332:
328:
327:Pacific Ocean
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
300:
271:
243:
233:
229:
225:
221:
213:
204:
200:
192:
184:
175:
172:
169:
162:
159:
150:
145:
142:
134:
126:
118:
116:Official name
110:
101:
96:
68:
64:
61:
57:
56:Temwen Island
54:
50:
43:
38:
33:
30:
26:
22:
2008:Spanish Fort
1970:Spanish Wall
1959:
1685:
1670:(1): 58–63.
1667:
1663:
1654:
1638:
1635:SAA Bulletin
1634:
1619:Bibliography
1604:. Retrieved
1598:
1588:
1580:
1573:. Retrieved
1568:
1555:
1546:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1482:
1475:. Retrieved
1469:
1459:
1447:. Retrieved
1432:
1425:
1416:
1396:the original
1391:
1363:
1334:
1327:
1315:. Retrieved
1311:
1302:
1290:. Retrieved
1275:
1268:
1256:. Retrieved
1241:
1234:
1222:. Retrieved
1207:
1200:
1188:. Retrieved
1173:
1166:
1154:. Retrieved
1132:
1128:
1097:
1077:
1070:
1061:
1052:
1040:. Retrieved
1020:
1016:
1006:
994:. Retrieved
988:
982:
970:. Retrieved
955:
931:. Retrieved
916:
892:. Retrieved
877:
870:
858:. Retrieved
843:
821:26 September
819:. Retrieved
815:the original
810:
783:. Retrieved
779:the original
774:
765:
750:
741:
721:
712:
694:
660:
658:
651:
641:
631:
613:
596:
592:
584:Kahnihmweiso
583:
579:
576:
564:
561:
547:
540:
516:
503:
496:
492:
488:
465:
456:
445:Please help
440:verification
437:
406:
398:
383:
368:
354:
340:
306:
305:
29:
2076:NRHP portal
2028:Lighthouses
2021:Other lists
1897:Leluh Ruins
1664:Archaeology
1655:Micronesica
1569:Micronesica
1449:24 December
1317:24 December
1312:www.nps.gov
1292:31 December
1058:"Nan Madol"
1042:24 December
996:31 December
989:Micronesica
972:31 December
933:31 December
894:31 December
771:"Nan Madol"
513:Archaeology
506:Nahnmwarkis
319:Madolenihmw
90: /
78:158°19′56″E
66:Coordinates
2091:Categories
1902:Likinlulem
1826:Properties
1606:7 December
1258:31 October
1156:30 October
733:References
648:A. Merritt
519:See also:
499:Pohnpeians
459:March 2023
409:Isokelekel
219:Designated
190:Designated
140:Designated
1960:Nan Madol
1695:cite book
1224:1 January
1190:1 January
1037:2204-4604
860:1 January
646:story by
644:lost race
588:blue hole
344:Nan Madol
341:The name
307:Nan Madol
75:6°50′31″N
46:Nan Madol
35:Nan Madol
2056:Category
1907:Safonfok
1828:by state
1676:41740393
1600:ABC News
1575:18 April
1543:38457399
1535:17817916
1477:18 April
1467:(1919).
678:See also
201:74002226
132:Criteria
127:Cultural
52:Location
2142:Pohnpei
2033:Museums
1917:Pohnpei
1527:1690707
1507:Bibcode
1498:Science
1137:Bibcode
785:28 June
620:Lemuria
525:Caldera
365:History
315:Pohnpei
149:session
1889:Kosrae
1769:Topics
1674:
1541:
1533:
1525:
1440:
1342:
1283:
1249:
1215:
1181:
1085:
1035:
963:
924:
885:
851:
696:Nation
527:, and
402:dragon
390:Kosrae
309:is an
167:Region
147:(40th
1836:Chuuk
1672:JSTOR
1651:(PDF)
1631:(PDF)
1565:(PDF)
1539:S2CID
1523:JSTOR
1399:(PDF)
1388:(PDF)
1125:(PDF)
704:Notes
618:" of
2066:List
1701:link
1608:2022
1577:2023
1531:PMID
1479:2023
1451:2022
1438:ISBN
1340:ISBN
1319:2022
1294:2011
1281:ISBN
1260:2017
1247:ISBN
1226:2012
1213:ISBN
1192:2012
1179:ISBN
1158:2017
1083:ISBN
1044:2022
1033:ISSN
998:2011
974:2011
961:ISBN
935:2011
922:ISBN
896:2011
883:ISBN
862:2012
849:ISBN
823:2007
787:2007
582:and
161:1503
144:2016
124:Type
1980:Yap
1548:().
1515:doi
1503:219
1145:doi
1025:doi
665:by
622:or
449:by
388:on
2093::
1697:}}
1693:{{
1668:43
1666:.
1653:.
1639:10
1637:.
1633:.
1597:.
1567:.
1537:.
1529:.
1521:.
1513:.
1501:.
1407:^
1390:.
1372:^
1354:^
1310:.
1143:.
1133:86
1131:.
1127:.
1108:^
1060:.
1031:.
1021:11
1019:.
1015:.
943:^
904:^
831:^
809:.
795:^
773:.
755:.
749:.
650:,
634:.
624:Mu
569:.
523:,
361:.
58:,
1754:e
1747:t
1740:v
1703:)
1678:.
1610:.
1517::
1509::
1453:.
1348:.
1321:.
1296:.
1262:.
1228:.
1194:.
1160:.
1147::
1139::
1091:.
1064:.
1046:.
1027::
1000:.
976:.
937:.
898:.
864:.
825:.
789:.
472:)
466:(
461:)
457:(
443:.
151:)
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
