33:
54:
420:, rather than a scent trail. Both the vibrations and the jostling by the workers stimulate the nestmates to leave the nest and search for food. Depending on the profitability of the food source, workers will adjust their activity to recruit more or less nestmates. When a worker has been successful in finding a food source, it will return to the nest and begin bumping into nestmates and will stop for
478:, but queens may also emerge from normal cells where males and workers emerge from. The queens in royal cells contain more food for the larvae, while the normal cells do not. In the normal cells, the larvae ingest less food and are therefore of smaller size and labeled as “miniature” or “dwarf” queens.
535:
whose communication about food sources was proven. Numerous people had noted the sudden appearance of large numbers of stingless bees on sweets that had been exposed without attracting bees, and therefore assumed communication. In 1953, W. E. Kerr put a dish of sugar syrup a few meters from a series
481:
The other theory formulates that during development, female larvae have the decision of becoming a worker or a queen and therefore have the power of self-determination. The miniature queens would still gain a higher pay-off being a small queen rather than a worker since they then have the potential
371:
may be reared in both royal cells and small cells. Ones reared in small cells are smaller than normal queens, since they emerge from brood cells in which normally only workers and males are reared. Just like normal queens, miniature queens can successfully mate and head colonies. Queens and workers
378:
have low investments in queens similar to those of species that rear their queens only in royal cells. The production of miniature queens can be explained by the caste conflict hypothesis. It assumes that selfish females reared in normal-sized cells become queens, instead of workers, because they
510:
defend by biting their predators and gather in large colonies of 2000 to 3000 individuals due to the lack of a toxic stinger. The more individuals in a colony, the more guards the colony has to watch the nest. In the day time, these guards will take shifts to block the entrance of the nest from
494:
will form a cloud of individuals near the active colony. A few individuals in the swarm will fly in the direction of the tube entrance of the active colony's nest, where they are met by the active colony’s guards. The attempted invasion promotes the formation of groups of two to four swarm and
395:, which is a large, wide, pear-shaped sac. The main chemical component of workers' abdominal extract is geranylgeranyl acetate while the extract from males' abdomens is (Z)-9-nonacosene. Experiments have shown that (S)-(+)-2-heptanol and (S)-(+)-2heptanol/(S)-(+)-2-nonanol (1:1) attract
297:, they are about 3 to 5 millimeters long. There is much variation within the species genotype, leading to variation in the venation of the wings. Colonies consist of about 2000 to 3000 individuals. Nests are made in tree cavities or in artificial sites, and the brood cells are in
175:
540:. No bees found it until one worker was taken to the dish and allowed to return to its hive, more and more bees arrived at the dish over time. These bees were also found to be inhabitants of a single hive.
164:
1141:
467:
determination in stingless bees is still not fully understood. There are two main theories of determination, and there is not enough conclusive data to establish which one is correct for
555:
in greenhouses, especially during the winter season. They have been discovered to be polylectic, collecting pollen from the flowers of a variety of unrelated plants, making then great
301:. The nest entrances are rather large for such small bees and are usually lined by workers looking outward. These openings are in contrast to the entrances of many other small
383:, there are new queens in the nest available to be selected by workers. The selected miniature queen can mate and replace the dead one, assuring the future of the colony.
320:, including urban areas. Due to this variability, different genomes can occur within the species according to the conditions of the biome. This can be seen mostly in the
495:
resident bees to fall to the ground and continue to fight until death. The active colony’s nest entrance will then be closed off by the residents. The failing swarm of
1072:
416:
A zigzag run and the jostling of nestmates inside the nest as well as airborne sounds and vibrational signals are observed as communication methods for
344:
in the human environment promotes competition for nesting places, leading to intensified aggressive interactions between colonies within the species.
1033:
1059:
1131:
474:
One theory stipulates that female larvae have the potential of following diverse pathways in development. Workers build royal cells for
1136:
316:
is a neotropical eusocial bee that has a large geographic distribution, primarily throughout Brazil. It can occupy various different
399:
workers. However, males do not respond to these chemicals, implying that these compounds do not function as alarm or recruitment
1064:
53:
1077:
215:. This species has a large geographic distribution and occupies different biomes, including urban areas, around
456:
will primarily act as guards of the nest and search for food while the drones and queen stay inside the nest.
32:
975:
267:
148:
812:
760:
Adriana
Pianaro; et al. (2009). "Stingless bees: chemical differences and potential functions in
692:
LĂvia Cabral de Castro; et al. (2009). "Unusual nesting behavior in a
Neotropical stingless bee,
340:
often use artificial cavities from human constructions to build their nests. The constant presence of
1020:
372:
are produced in identically sized cells, and are typically produced in great excess of colony needs.
219:. The bees of this species nest in trees or artificial cavities because of this broad distribution.
1126:
223:
is important for agriculture because it will pollinate a vast number of plant species year round.
907:
839:
793:
48:
259:
1098:
1007:
785:
742:
649:
392:
255:
216:
1103:
954:
899:
870:
831:
777:
732:
639:
174:
1085:
424:
emitting thorax vibrations and airborne sounds, which can even be heard by the human ear.
391:
Abdominal extracts are differentiated between males and workers, but both come from the
721:
colonies (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini), a stingless bee with reproductive diapause"
584:
Marcelo
Fidelis Marques Mendes; et al. (2007). "Intra-populational variability of
1120:
911:
356:
333:
325:
200:
843:
797:
644:
611:
1012:
421:
125:
813:"Food profitability affects intranidal recruitment behaviour in the stingless bee
379:
have direct benefits in reproduction. If the mated queen dies during reproductive
336:
construct their nests in pre-existing cavities using several types of materials.
1046:
556:
552:
445:
239:
204:
197:
105:
998:
959:
926:
903:
781:
532:
302:
243:
859:"Miniature queens in stingless bees: basic facts and evolutionary hypotheses"
875:
858:
835:
482:
to be selected by the workers as the next queen when the active queen dies.
475:
441:
400:
368:
360:
298:
85:
65:
789:
746:
653:
1090:
737:
716:
588:
Lepeletier, 1836 (Hymenoptera, Meliponini) using relative warp analysis".
992:
380:
364:
275:
289:
bees are black and generally have grey hairs with a coarse and wrinkled
1038:
512:
449:
437:
1051:
317:
290:
271:
263:
251:
235:
115:
95:
75:
969:
890:
D. W. Roubik; et al. (2006). "Stingless bee nesting biology".
464:
352:
1025:
511:
unrelated individuals. At night, the guards will then seal the
973:
305:
which are so small that one or a few workers can block them.
499:
will change their strategy and occupy an abandoned nest.
616:
L. (Cucurbitales: Cucurbitaceae), by the stingless bees
246:
is commonly referred to as "stingless bees." The genus
674:
The Social
Behavior of the Bees; A Comparative Study
628:
Lepeletier (Hymenoptera: Meliponini) in greenhouses"
551:, along with other stingless bees, are used as crop
982:
452:), resulting from an unfertilized egg. The worker
448:. Meanwhile, drones have one set of chromosomes (
332:can live in self-made and artificial hives. Most
925:Enrique MartĂnez-Hernández; et al. (1994).
328:. Because of their occupation of urban areas,
1142:Taxa named by Amédée Louis Michel le Peletier
490:During a dispute, a swarm from one colony of
250:has about nine known species and ranges from
8:
717:"Production of workers, queens and males in
970:
943:sp. in the Tacaná region, Chiapas, Mexico"
857:Márcia De F. Ribeiro; et al. (2006).
676:. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap of Harvard UP.
667:
665:
663:
173:
31:
20:
958:
874:
811:Veronika M. Schmidt; et al. (2008).
736:
643:
687:
685:
683:
579:
577:
575:
573:
571:
567:
7:
605:
603:
436:will have two sets of chromosomes (
293:. Along with the rest of the genus
238:of eusocial bees within the order
14:
933:Trigona (Tetragonisca) angustula
715:D.A. Alves; et al. (2009).
52:
725:Genetics and Molecular Research
645:10.1590/s1519-566x2008000500002
610:Santos SA; et al. (2008).
440:), receiving one set from the
1:
1132:Hymenoptera of South America
672:Charles D. Michener (1974).
984:Nannotrigona testaceicornis
929:Nannotrigona testaceicornis
815:Nannotrigona testaceicornis
770:Journal of Chemical Ecology
762:Nannotrigona testaceicornis
694:Nannotrigona testaceicornis
626:Nannotrigona testaceicornis
586:Nannotrigona testaceicornis
549:Nannotrigona testaceicornis
529:Nannotrigona testaceicornis
508:Nannotrigona testaceicornis
376:Nannotrigona testaceicornis
314:Nannotrigona testaceicornis
287:Nannotrigona testaceicornis
232:Nannotrigona testaceicornis
211:. Its local common name is
193:Nannotrigona testaceicornis
158:Nannotrigona testaceicornis
25:Nannotrigona testaceicornis
1158:
612:"Pollination of cucumber,
444:and the other from a male
234:is a member of the family
1137:Insects described in 1836
960:10.1080/00173139409429001
904:10.1007/s10841-014-9639-3
782:10.1007/s10886-009-9679-4
359:is more variable than in
181:
172:
154:
147:
49:Scientific classification
47:
39:
30:
23:
696:(Hymenoptera: Apidae)".
309:Distribution and habitat
524:Historical significance
486:Interspecies aggression
43:at their hive entrance
937:Scaptotrigona mexicana
632:Neotropical Entomology
140:N. testaceicornis
876:10.1051/apido:2006023
836:10.1051/apido:2008004
738:10.4238/vol8-2kerr030
203:species of the order
768:males and workers".
519:Importance to humans
428:Role differentiation
460:Caste determination
217:Neotropical America
387:Abdominal extracts
1114:
1113:
1099:Open Tree of Life
976:Taxon identifiers
538:N. testaceicornis
497:N. testaceicornis
492:N. testaceicornis
469:N. testaceicornis
454:N. testaceicornis
434:N. testaceicornis
418:N. testaceicornis
397:N. testaceicornis
355:determination in
342:N. testaceicornis
338:N. testaceicornis
330:N. testaceicornis
322:N. testaceicornis
221:N. testaceicornis
189:
188:
184:N. testaceicornis
41:N. testaceicornis
1149:
1107:
1106:
1094:
1093:
1081:
1080:
1068:
1067:
1055:
1054:
1042:
1041:
1029:
1028:
1016:
1015:
1003:
1002:
1001:
971:
965:
964:
962:
953:(4–5): 205–217.
922:
916:
915:
887:
881:
880:
878:
854:
848:
847:
821:
808:
802:
801:
776:(9): 1117–1128.
766:Plebeia droryana
757:
751:
750:
740:
712:
706:
705:
689:
678:
677:
669:
658:
657:
647:
607:
598:
597:
581:
242:. The subfamily
177:
160:
57:
56:
35:
21:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1102:
1097:
1089:
1086:Observation.org
1084:
1076:
1071:
1063:
1058:
1050:
1045:
1037:
1032:
1024:
1019:
1011:
1006:
997:
996:
991:
978:
968:
924:
923:
919:
889:
888:
884:
856:
855:
851:
819:
810:
809:
805:
759:
758:
754:
714:
713:
709:
691:
690:
681:
671:
670:
661:
614:Cucumis sativus
609:
608:
601:
583:
582:
569:
565:
546:
526:
521:
515:tube entrance.
505:
488:
462:
430:
414:
409:
389:
350:
311:
284:
260:San Luis PotosĂ
229:
168:
162:
156:
143:
51:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1155:
1153:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1119:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1095:
1082:
1069:
1056:
1043:
1030:
1017:
1004:
988:
986:
980:
979:
974:
967:
966:
917:
898:(2): 124–143.
882:
869:(2): 191–206.
849:
830:(2): 260–272.
803:
752:
731:(2): 672–683.
719:Plebeia remota
707:
679:
659:
638:(5): 506–512.
599:
566:
564:
561:
545:
542:
531:was the first
525:
522:
520:
517:
504:
501:
487:
484:
461:
458:
429:
426:
413:
410:
408:
405:
393:Dufour's gland
388:
385:
357:stingless bees
349:
346:
334:stingless bees
310:
307:
283:
280:
268:Santa Catarina
228:
225:
207:and the genus
187:
186:
179:
178:
170:
169:
163:
152:
151:
145:
144:
137:
135:
131:
130:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
45:
44:
37:
36:
28:
27:
16:Species of bee
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1154:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1000:
994:
990:
989:
987:
985:
981:
977:
972:
961:
956:
952:
948:
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
927:"Foraging of
921:
918:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
886:
883:
877:
872:
868:
864:
860:
853:
850:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
818:
816:
807:
804:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
756:
753:
748:
744:
739:
734:
730:
726:
722:
720:
711:
708:
704:(2): 569–572.
703:
699:
695:
688:
686:
684:
680:
675:
668:
666:
664:
660:
655:
651:
646:
641:
637:
633:
629:
627:
623:
619:
618:Scaptotrigona
615:
606:
604:
600:
596:(1): 147–152.
595:
591:
587:
580:
578:
576:
574:
572:
568:
562:
560:
558:
554:
550:
543:
541:
539:
534:
530:
523:
518:
516:
514:
509:
502:
500:
498:
493:
485:
483:
479:
477:
472:
470:
466:
459:
457:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
427:
425:
423:
419:
412:Communication
411:
406:
404:
402:
398:
394:
386:
384:
382:
377:
373:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
347:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
326:wing venation
323:
319:
315:
308:
306:
304:
300:
296:
295:Nannotrigonis
292:
288:
281:
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
248:Nannotrigonna
245:
241:
237:
233:
226:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
201:stingless bee
199:
195:
194:
185:
180:
176:
171:
166:
161:
159:
153:
150:
149:Binomial name
146:
142:
141:
136:
133:
132:
129:
128:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
77:
74:
71:
70:
67:
64:
61:
60:
55:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
983:
950:
946:
940:
936:
932:
928:
920:
895:
891:
885:
866:
862:
852:
827:
823:
814:
806:
773:
769:
765:
761:
755:
728:
724:
718:
710:
701:
698:Sociobiology
697:
693:
673:
635:
631:
625:
621:
617:
613:
593:
589:
585:
548:
547:
537:
536:of nests of
528:
527:
507:
506:
496:
491:
489:
480:
473:
468:
463:
453:
433:
431:
422:trophallaxis
417:
415:
396:
390:
375:
374:
351:
348:Colony cycle
341:
337:
329:
324:patterns of
321:
313:
312:
294:
286:
285:
247:
231:
230:
220:
213:abelhas iraĂ
212:
209:Nannotrigona
208:
192:
191:
190:
183:
157:
155:
139:
138:
127:Nannotrigona
126:
40:
24:
18:
1047:iNaturalist
557:pollinators
553:pollinators
544:Agriculture
282:Description
240:Hymenoptera
205:Hymenoptera
165:le Peletier
106:Hymenoptera
1127:Meliponini
1121:Categories
892:Apidologie
863:Apidologie
824:Apidologie
624:Moure and
563:References
533:Meliponini
401:pheromones
361:honey bees
303:Meliponini
244:Meliponini
86:Arthropoda
912:254602468
503:Sociality
256:Chihuahua
182:Range of
134:Species:
72:Kingdom:
66:Eukaryota
999:Q2050520
993:Wikidata
844:12086024
798:42506544
790:19730955
747:19554766
654:19061034
407:Behavior
381:diapause
365:Melipona
276:Paraguay
227:Taxonomy
198:eusocial
112:Family:
82:Phylum:
76:Animalia
62:Domain:
1039:1344754
1026:2757165
941:Plebeia
622:depilis
590:Embrapa
513:cerumen
450:haploid
438:diploid
432:Female
122:Genus:
102:Order:
96:Insecta
92:Class:
1104:193581
1091:167003
1078:166427
1065:763902
1052:418321
910:
842:
796:
788:
745:
652:
369:queens
318:biomes
291:thorax
274:, and
272:Brazil
264:Mexico
258:, and
252:Sonora
236:Apidae
167:, 1836
116:Apidae
1013:73SJS
947:Grana
908:S2CID
840:S2CID
820:(PDF)
794:S2CID
620:aff.
476:queen
465:Caste
446:drone
442:queen
363:. In
353:Caste
299:combs
266:, to
196:is a
1073:NCBI
1060:ITIS
1034:GBIF
939:and
786:PMID
764:and
743:PMID
650:PMID
1021:EoL
1008:CoL
955:doi
900:doi
871:doi
832:doi
778:doi
733:doi
640:doi
1123::
1101::
1088::
1075::
1062::
1049::
1036::
1023::
1010::
995::
951:33
949:.
945:.
935:,
931:,
906:.
896:37
894:.
867:37
865:.
861:.
838:.
828:39
826:.
822:.
792:.
784:.
774:35
772:.
741:.
727:.
723:.
702:53
700:.
682:^
662:^
648:.
636:37
634:.
630:.
602:^
594:23
592:.
570:^
559:.
471:.
403:.
367:,
278:.
270:,
262:,
254:,
963:.
957::
914:.
902::
879:.
873::
846:.
834::
817:"
800:.
780::
749:.
735::
729:8
656:.
642::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
