Nancy Mitford - Knowledge (XXG)

1158:. While confined at home in March 1969 after a series of illnesses she learned from a newspaper announcement that Palewski had married the Duchesse de Sagan, a rich divorcée. Mitford had long accepted that Palewski would never marry her. Nevertheless, she was deeply hurt by the news, although she affected a typical nonchalance. Shortly after, she entered hospital for the removal of a tumour. After the operation she continued to suffer pain, although she was able to continue working on her book. In October 1969 she undertook a tour of East Germany, to visit former royal palaces and battlefields. She finished the book, but in April 1970 was back in hospital for further tests, which did not lead to either a diagnosis or effective treatment. 285: 520:, which made David heir to the Redesdale title and lands. On 17 August 1916 Bertie Mitford died; David, still serving at the front, became the 2nd Baron Redesdale. Sydney quickly took possession of Batsford House, much of which had been shut up for many years, and occupied the portion of it that she could afford to heat. The children had the run of the house and grounds, and were taught together in the schoolroom. This was a source of frustration for Nancy, whose lively intelligence required greater stimulus. She spent many hours reading in the Batsford House library where, according to Hastings, the foundations of her intellectual life were laid. 1146: 524: 1122:. A month later she was back for the funeral of her mother, Lady Redesdale, who died on 25 May. Mitford's friends were dying, too, "in middle age", she informed her long-time friend Violet Hammersley. The premature deaths included that of Evelyn Waugh, who died on 10 April 1966. Mitford saw the kindness and humour concealed behind his hostile public image, and said after his death: "What nobody ever remembers about Evelyn is everything with him was jokes. Everything". Thompson calls their relationship "one of the great literary friendships of the twentieth century". 1227:. Her protagonists—typically, intelligent women surrounded by eccentric characters determined to find life amusing—are broadly autobiographical. It is unsurprising, says Thompson, that Mitford should first attempt to write a novel in the early 1930s, since many of her friends were doing the same thing. What is surprising, Thompson adds, is the ease with which she found a publisher for this first book. Perhaps, says Thompson, her publishers Thornton Butterworth "liked the idea of this pretty, well-connected girl who wrote in the style 669:, himself married with three children. Almost alone of her family, Mitford offered her sister support, regularly visiting her and keeping her up to date with family news and social gossip. Her own love affair with Erskine came to an abrupt end when, in June 1933, he informed her that he intended to marry the daughter of a London banker. In a final letter after their parting, Mitford wrote to him: "I thought in your soul you loved me & that in the end we should have children & look back on life together when we are old". 617:, an Oxford undergraduate four years Nancy's junior. He was, according to Hastings, the least suitable partner of all, "the most shimmering and narcissistic of all the beautiful butterflies"—and the one most likely to offend Lord Redesdale. The pair met in 1928 and became unofficially engaged, despite his homosexuality (of which Nancy may not have been aware). Against a backdrop of hostility from family and friends—Waugh advised her to "dress better and catch a better man"—the engagement endured sporadically for several years. 4479: 1064:

true feelings on this separation, although one acquaintance noted her increasingly "savage" teasing of friends, which was perhaps a safety valve: "If she would only tell one she is unhappy one would do what one could to comfort her". In March 1958 Mitford's father, Lord Redesdale, died. After the cremation, she informed her sister Jessica, "the ashes were done up in the sort of parcel he used to bring back from London, rich thick brown paper & incredibly neat knots".

1276:, Waugh again hailing it as her best, "clamouring for a sequel". In this judgement he was largely alone; other critics perceived in the anecdotal framework of the book an uncertainty as to what it was about. An American reviewer wondered what parts were to be taken seriously: "What exactly goes on? ... Can you always tell an Etonian, even when he goes beat? Is all modern architecture a fraud? Do U-people really talk this way?" Similar questions were raised in the 872:'s London staff. She found him fascinating, and he became the love of her life though her feelings were never fully reciprocated. He was an inspiration for much of her future writing. For the sake of Mitford's reputation, the affair was pursued with discretion before Palewski left for Algeria in May 1943. Thereafter, the relationship was conducted mainly by letters and occasional phone calls since Palewski was only intermittently in England before the end of the war. 1137:" book. When it was published in August 1966, among the many tributes to the book was that of President de Gaulle, who recommended it to every member of his cabinet. By this time, Mitford's relationship with Palewski had become dormant, and she recognised that the best days would never return. Under pressure from her landlords to leave her rue Monsieur apartment—they had raised her rent "exorbitantly"— she decided to leave Paris and buy herself a house in Versailles. 834: 678: 332:, and Nellie, who married Bertram Romilly. Both Hozier and Blanche were promiscuous, and it is generally accepted by historians and family members that Hozier was not Clemmie's father although he was registered as such. Blanche told her friend Lady Londonderry, shortly before Clemmie's birth, that the father of the expected child was her own brother-in-law, Bertie Mitford. Most historians believe that other candidates for the paternity are more likely. 981:, another semi-autobiographical romance this time set in Paris, in which an aristocratic young Englishwoman is married to a libidinous French marquis. Harold Acton deems it her most accomplished novel, "permeated with her joyous love of France". This time Waugh (to whom the book was dedicated) had no criticism; he found the book "admirable, deliciously funny, consistent and complete, by far the best of your writings". 774:, further damaged her relationship with Rodd, who resented the time thus spent. Nevertheless, in the summer of 1938, she discovered that she was pregnant. She hoped for a girl: "2 Peter Rodds in 1 house is unthinkable", but in September, she miscarried. Early in 1939, Rodd left for southern France to work with the relief organisations assisting the thousands of Spanish refugees who had fled from 1068: 54: 1089:. She considered it her first truly grown-up work, and her best. Published in 1957, it sold well, was taken seriously by the critics and was warmly praised by Mitford's friends. Its writing had been hampered by painful headaches arising from her apparently failing eyesight and worries that she might be going blind. The problem was resolved after a visit to the ophthalmic surgeon 936:, close to Palewski's residence. Settled there in comfort, she established a pattern to her life that she mostly followed for the next 20 years, her precise timetable being determined by Palewski's varying availability. Her socialising, entertaining and working were interspersed with regular short visits to family and friends in England and summers generally spent in Venice. 778:'s armies in the final stages of the civil war. In May, Mitford joined him and spent several weeks there as a relief worker. She was much affected by what she saw: "I have never cried so much in all my life". The experience hardened her antifascism to the extent that she wrote: "I would join hands with the devil himself to stop any further extension of the disease". 900:

she left London to make her permanent home in Paris and never lived in England again. She was a prolific letter writer and kept contact with her large cohort of friends by a voluminous correspondence. According to Hastings, she developed many of her friendships far further on paper than she could have done through normal social intercourse.

1055:, It was a tremendous success; as Lovell records, "'U and Non-U' was the buzz phrase of the day ... Nancy's comments made her the arbiter of good manners for several generations". Thompson notes the irony that the U and Non-U labels, perhaps Mitford's best-known legacy, were not her own but were borrowed for the purpose of a "tease". 1107:, and placed her in a Paris setting as wife of the British ambassador. Several characters familiar from the earlier novels appear in minor roles. The book, published in October 1960, was popular with the public, but received indifferent reviews. Some of Mitford's friends disliked it, and she decided she would write no more fiction. 601:" of 1920s London. Nancy declared that "we hardly saw the light of day, except at dawn". In 1926 Asthall Manor was finally sold. While the new house at Swinbrook was made ready, the female members of the family were sent for three months to Paris, a period which, says Hastings, began Nancy's "lifelong love affair" with France. 949:, with the same country house ambience as the earlier book and many of the same characters. The novel's reception was even warmer than that of its predecessor. Waugh was one of the few critics to qualify his praise; he thought that the descriptions were good but the conversations poor. In 1950 she translated and adapted 700:, Rodd was "a young man of boundless promise ... he had abundant qualifications for success in any profession he deigned to choose". Other biographers describe him as irresponsible, unfaithful, a bore and unable to hold down a regular job, and as the model for Waugh's unscrupulous, amoral character Basil Seal from 1336:, bringing France to the English in just the way that they most like it". Thompson adds that although Mitford was always a competent writer, it is in her letters, with their freedom of expression and flights of fancy, that her true character emerges. Many have been published within collections; they are, according to 1010: 899:

At the end of the war, Rodd returned home, but the marriage was essentially over. Although remaining on friendly terms, the couple led separate lives. Mitford's visit to France in late 1945 had revived her longing to be there, and in April 1946, having given up working in the shop the previous month,

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which was, Hastings records, "an instant and phenomenal success ... the perfect antidote to the long war years of hardship and austerity, providing the undernourished public with its favourite ingredients: love, childhood and the English upper classes". The book sold 200,000 copies within a year

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is a heavily autobiographical romantic comedy in which many of her family and acquaintances appear in thin disguises. Despite the distraction of learning that her brother Tom had died fighting in Burma, she finished the book and, in September, went to Paris. Ostensibly, that was to establish a French

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and others have argued that although the novel is immensely enjoyable and that Mitford's "marvellous voice" is undiminished, she is on less sure ground with her "Frenchness" than with the English country house ambience, and her picture of France as the embodiment of everything civilised is less than

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In October 1957 Palewski was appointed as France's ambassador to Italy. Mitford's meetings with him, which had become increasingly rare because of his many political and social commitments, were now reduced to a single visit a year, supplemented with occasional letters. Mitford mainly concealed her

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on the English aristocracy. Although the aspect formed only a small section of Mitford's article, when it was published in September 1955 it caused a major stir. Few recognised the tongue-in-cheek aspect. Mitford received hundreds of letters from worried readers desperate to know if they were snobs

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The affair between Erskine and Mitford continued intermittently. While she often despaired of the relationship, she refused other offers of marriage, saying that she would "never marry anyone except Hamish." In 1932 her plight was overshadowed by a family scandal involving her younger sister Diana,

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troop. It was her first extended experience of life away from home, and she enjoyed it. The following year she was allowed to accompany four other girls on a cultural trip to Paris, Florence and Venice; her letters home are full of expressions of wonder at the sights and treasures: "I had no idea I

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Growing up proved a difficult process for Nancy. Unable to form a relationship with Pamela, the sister nearest to her in age, she was bored and irritated by her younger siblings, and vented her feelings by teasing and tormenting them. Although there was undoubtedly cruelty in her taunting—the other

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hears in the prose, behind a new level of care and artfulness, "the unmistakeable Mitford trill, in whose light, bright cadences an entire hard-to-shock and easy-to-bore view of life is made manifest". At times a more serious undertone, contrasting with the "bright, brittle, essentially ephemeral"

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who writes, I believe, very well". She and Waugh later developed a lasting friendship. Although she was now of age, her father maintained an aggressive hostility towards most of her male friends, particularly since, as Hastings remarks, these tended towards the frivolous, the aesthetic and the

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Mitford had no training as a writer or journalist; her style, particularly in the pre-war novels, is chatty and informal, much as in her letters. She may have inherited some of her natural wit and sharpness of expression from her maternal grandfather Thomas Bowles, who in his youth during the

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The shop had been founded in 1936 by G. Heywood Hill. Mitford later bought a partnership in the business; her share was eventually passed to her nephew the Duke of Devonshire. Between 1995 and 2004, the shop sponsored a literary prize, which it revived in 2011 (in a revised form) to mark the

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In 1921, after years of pleading for proper schooling, Nancy was allowed a year's boarding at Hatherop Castle, an informal private establishment for young ladies of good family. Laura Thompson, in her biography of Nancy, describes Hatherop as not so much a school, "more a chaste foretaste of

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Responsibility for Nancy Mitford's day-to-day upbringing was delegated to her nanny and nursemaid, within the framework of Sydney's short-lived belief that children should never be corrected or be spoken to in anger. Before this experiment was discontinued, the young Nancy Mitford had become

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Although "Freeman-Mitford" was the family's surname after 1886, neither Nancy nor her siblings appear to have used it outside formal documents. All Nancy's published work bears the name "Mitford", she specified the name "Mitford" in her CBE citation, and her gravestone bears the shortened

1185:: "It's very curious, dying, and would have many a drôle amusing & charming side were it not for the pain". She died on 30 June 1973 at her home in the rue d'Artois and was cremated in Versailles, after which her ashes were taken to Swinbrook for burial alongside her sister Unity. 452:, "a less congenial post ... could hardly have been imagined". He remained in this position for 10 years. The couple's first child, a daughter, was born on 28 November 1904; they had intended to call her Ruby, but after she was born they changed their minds and named her Nancy. 4101: 1970:

Palewski had been conducting a simultaneous affair with another woman, a near neighbour of Mitford in Paris. In 1961 this woman bore Palewski's child. He assured Mitford that he had no intention of marrying the woman and saw no reason why his friendship with Mitford should not

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Diana was unaware of Nancy's role in her imprisonment until many years after the war. Both remained on affectionate terms during the remainder of Nancy's lifetime. However, in a television programme in 2001 Diana described her sister as "the most disloyal person I ever knew".

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in Oxfordshire. This was intended as a short-term measure while a new house was built on land nearby. The family stayed in Asthall Manor for seven years, and it became the basis of many of the family scenes which Nancy was later to portray in her semi-autobiographical novels.

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s review, in relation to Mitford's fictional output as a whole: "Would she have been a better novelist if she had 'tried harder', gone in further, dropped the pose of amateurishness, cut the charm, looked beyond the worlds that she knew and, more importantly, loved?"

556:: "a highly-honed weapon to keep a lot of highly competitive, bright, energetic sisters in order. She used it ... as a form of self protection". Not all her interactions with her siblings were hostile; for their amusement she edited and produced a magazine, 371: 634:, in which various characters—mostly identifiable among her friends, acquaintances and family—attend a Scottish house-party which develops chaotically. The book made little impact when it was published in March 1931, and she immediately began work on another, 910:"I am so completely happy here ... I feel a totally different person as if I had come out of a coal mine into daylight ... Diana Cooper is being too angelic. I am captivated completely by her beauty and charm ... Oh my passion for the French!" 742:

By 1936, Nancy Mitford's marriage was largely a sham. Rodd was engaged in an affair with the wife of a friend, a situation that continued into the new year, when the Mitford family was further shaken by the 19-year-old Jessica's elopement with her cousin

852:. The main house had been requisitioned to provide a refuge for Jewish families evacuated from the bombed areas of the East End. Mitford spent much of her time looking after those families: "so hard-working, clean and grateful". A brief affair with a 1164:

was published later in 1970 to a muted reception. Mitford's remaining years were dominated by her illness, although for a time she enjoyed visits from her sisters and friends, and working in her garden. In April 1972 the French government made her a

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s critic noted the "habit of speech at once colloquial and unexpected which instantly declares itself the creation of Miss Mitford." The play ran for 1,261 performances, and provided Mitford with a steady £300 per month in royalties. The same year

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to differentiate the speech patterns of the social classes in England. "U" indicated upper-class usage, and "Non-U" the conventions of the lower strata of society. His article, in a learned Finnish journal and with an illustrative glossary, used

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As a means of augmenting the meagre allowance provided by her father, Mitford began writing, encouraged by Waugh. Her first efforts, anonymous contributions to gossip columns in society magazines, led to occasional signed articles, and in 1930

1200:"For months, Nancy had sat giggling helplessly before the drawing-room fire, her curiously triangular green eyes flashing with amusement while her thin pen flew along the lines of a child's exercise book. Sometimes she read bits aloud to us". 4092: 465:, was born; the nanny's apparent change of loyalty in favour of the new arrival was a further source of outrage to Mitford, and throughout their childhood and into young adulthood she continued to vent her displeasure on her sister. 355:

MP in the 1890s and otherwise devoted himself to books, writings and travel. In 1902, he was raised to the peerage as 1st Baron Redesdale, a re-creation of a title that had previously been held in the family but had lapsed in 1886.

535:, had been born in September 1917) to less extravagant accommodation. The house was sold early in 1919, together with much of its contents—including, to Nancy's great dismay, a large part of its library. The new family home was 1856:. There was a distinct physical resemblance between the young Churchill and Romilly. In his biography of Romilly, Kevin Ingram rejects the suggestion of Churchill's paternity as unfounded, possibly invented by Nancy as a tease. 1153:

Mitford moved to No. 4 rue d'Artois, Versailles, in January 1967. The modest house had a half-acre (0.2 hectare) garden, which soon became one of her chief delights. In 1968 she began work on her final book, a biography of

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when war was declared. In despair, she attempted suicide by shooting herself in the head. She survived, and was sent home through neutral Switzerland. Mosley and Diana, who had married secretly in 1936, were detained under

1235:, writing on their reissue in 2011, believes she had no reason to be: "There is a special kind of energy here, and its engine is the admirable and irresistible commitment of a writer who would rather die than be boring". 1808:

Mary Soames, daughter of Clementine and Winston Churchill, considers the most likely father of Clementine to have been William George "Bay" Middleton (1846–92), a Scottish landowner, horseman and possible lover of

261:, whereby social origins and standing were identified by words used in everyday speech. She had intended this as a joke, but many took it seriously, and Mitford was considered an authority on manners and breeding. 227:. Educated privately, she had no training as a writer before publishing her first novel in 1931. This early effort and the three that followed it created little stir. Her two semi-autobiographical post-war novels, 1114:'s government, and returned to Paris. This did not mean more regular or frequent meetings, and the affair with Mitford continued at arm's length. In April 1963 Mitford was in England for the wedding of her cousin 735:, it made little critical impact and seriously offended members of her own family, particularly her sisters Diana and Unity, both of whom were supporters of Mosley's movement and devotees of the German dictator 886:

branch of Heywood Hill, but in reality, she wished to be close to Palewski, who was now a member of de Gaulle's postwar provisional government. She was back in London in December 1945 for the publication of

785:, but some of her works, such as her introductions to the Stanley letter collections, and her "U–non-U" essay of 1955, are staunch defences of the aristocratic traditions and values that she grew up with. 652:

is the basis for the supporting role of Bobby's tutor. The thinly disguised caricatures pervading the book shocked Lady Redesdale, who thought it could not possibly be published under Mitford's own name.

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likened Mitford's evocation of 18th-century Versailles to "Alconleigh", the fictitious country house that formed the background to her recent best-selling novels, a comparison that she found offensive.

304:. A later Sir John held several important public offices during the late 14th and early 15th centuries, and the family maintained a tradition of public service for many generations. In the 18th century 276:

contrasted with the ultimate failure of her relationship with Palewski. From the late 1960s onward, her health deteriorated, and she endured several years of painful illness before her death in 1973.

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During her first 18 months in Paris, Mitford lived in several short-term lodgings while she enjoyed a hectic social life, the hub of which was the British Embassy under the regime of the ambassador,

220:. She wrote several novels about upper-class life in England and France, and is considered a sharp and often provocative wit. She also has a reputation as a writer of popular historical biographies. 1852:

Esmond Romilly was the son of Nellie, Clementine Churchill's younger sister, but rumours suggested that Romilly was actually the product of an affair between his mother and her brother-in-law,

1093:, who gave her new spectacles: "It is heavenly to be able to read for a long time on end & now I see how handicapped I was when doing Voltaire". She then returned to writing fiction, with 254:, who was the love of her life. After the war, Mitford settled in France and lived there until her death, maintaining contact with her many English friends through letters and regular visits. 516:

On the outbreak of the First World War on 4 August 1914, David re-joined his regiment and was soon in France. In May 1915, Clement, David's older brother, was killed while serving with the

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had cooled Mitford's desire to write, but in 1944, with Waugh's encouragement, she began planning a new novel. In March 1945, she was given three months' leave from the shop to write it.

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has provoked a more divided response. Waugh's judgement was that those who criticised the book were "lazy brutes ... ... can't bear to see a writer grow up". More recently,

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Bertie Mitford's marriage produced five sons and four daughters. His career in government service ended in 1886 when, after the death of a cousin, he inherited a considerable fortune.

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Although she made a partial recovery and lived a further nine years, the damage to Unity was permanent. The bullet proved impossible to remove and eventually caused a fatal attack of

4648: 444:. The couple were married on 16 February 1904, after which they rented a house in Graham Street in West London. Bowles provided his son-in-law with a job, as business manager of 1181:, a cancer of the blood. She lived for another six months, unable to look after herself and in almost constant pain, struggling to keep her spirits up. She wrote to her friend 1173:(CBE). She was delighted by the former honour, and amused by the latter—which she remembered Waugh had called an "insult" and turned down. At the end of 1972 she entered the 797:

in the war. The Romillys had by this time departed for America, but the others either hoped for an Anglo-German détente or, as with Unity, were openly pro-Nazi. Unity was in

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A sixth daughter, Deborah, was born in 1920. Hastings has recorded Lord Redesdale's disappointment that this final child was yet another girl; he had hoped for another son.

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is "a Kinsey report of his romps with Mme de Châtelet and her romps with Saint-Lambert and his romps with Mme de Boufflers ... I could go on for pages". Acton thought

1941:, the journal of the Linguistic Society of America, complained that too much of the original Ross article had been omitted, including everything related to pronunciation. 739:. Diana eventually forgave Nancy, but Nancy's rift with Unity, who was outraged by her depiction in the book as the ridiculous "Eugenia Malmains", was never fully healed. 531:

The Redesdale estates were extensive, but uneconomical. At the end of the war Redesdale decided to sell Batsford Park and move his increasing family (a fifth daughter,

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present an entirely authentic picture of country house life in England between the wars, and will long be consulted by historians of the period. In these later novels

988:. The general view of the critics when the book was published in March 1954 was that it was "marvelous entertainment, if hardly to be taken as history". The historian 325: 710:

on the western edges of London. Mitford's initial delight in the marriage was soon tempered by financial worries, Rodd's fecklessness and her dislike of his family.

1314:, who wrote that her facility for transforming unpromising source material into readable form was a skill that any professional historian might envy. The historian 1119: 461:

self-centred and uncontrollable; Hastings writes that her first years were "characterised by roaring, red-faced rages". Just before her third birthday, a sister,

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or merely "common". The level of anxious or amused interest was sustained to such an extent that in 1956 Hamish Hamilton reproduced the article in a short book,

770:, with whom she was connected through her great-grandmother Blanche Airlie. Her preoccupation with the project, nine or ten hours a day, she informed her friend 3171: 810:

as "a ruthless and shrewd egotist, a devoted fascist and admirer of Hitler sincerely desires the downfall of England and democracy in general". During the "

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The gift for vivid characterisation, which Mitford developed in her fiction, was used to full effect in her four biographical works. In the first of these,

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asked her to contribute a regular column, which she did for four years. The busy period in her writing life continued in 1951 with her third postwar novel,

320:, a union that linked the Mitfords to some of Britain's most prominent aristocratic families. Blanche Ogilvy, Clementina's elder sister, became the wife of 4678: 4693: 4688: 4658: 1823: 395: 391: 246:(1933) proved unsatisfactory to both, and they divorced in 1957 after a lengthy separation. During the Second World War she formed a liaison with a 1034:

to exemplify upper-class speech patterns. In a spirit of mischief, Mitford incorporated the U and Non-U thesis into an article she was writing for

4683: 4522: 752: 864:. The shop became the centre of Mitford's daily activities and was a favoured meeting place for London's literati. In September 1942, she met 4404: 4253: 1750: 1731: 1693: 1326:

Mitford did not regard herself as a journalist: nevertheless, her articles were popular, particularly those she contributed on Paris life to

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considered Mitford an important contributor to the "remorseless process by which historical and biographical sales have soared since 1950".

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came to haunt Mitford, partly by branding her in some eyes as a "super-snob" and partly by distracting attention from her serious writing.

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the most entertaining introduction to the subject in the English language. Mitford's informal style was remarked on by the literary critic

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had provided dispatches which Acton describes as "extremely graphic and amusing". Mitford's fiction, based on upper-class family life and

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Chart showing some of the connections of the Mitford family, through marriages, to other leading families, including the Russells (

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officer, André Roy, resulted in a third pregnancy. Mitford again miscarried, with complications that led, in November 1941, to a

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children, led by Tom, formed a "Leag (sic) against Nancy"—her teasing was also, according to the later reflections of her nephew

476:, followed. That summer, to relieve the pressure on what was becoming an overcrowded nursery, Nancy Mitford attended the nearby 693: 658: 1919:

Tom, strongly pro-German, had requested that he be sent to Burma to fight the Japanese, rather than to fight against Germans.

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Gosse, Edmund; Matthew, H. G. C. (revised) (2004). "Mitford, Algernon Bertram Freeman-, first Baron Redesdale (1837–1916)".

1145: 763:, and Nancy was despatched to bring them home but failed to persuade them, and Jessica and Esmond were married in May 1937. 2178:

Sanders, L.C.; Matthews, H. C. G. (revised) (2009) . "Mitford, John Thomas Freeman-, first earl of Redesdale (1805–1886)".

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magazine. David had little interest in reading and knew nothing of business; thus, according to Nancy Mitford's biographer

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Mitford was a prolific writer of articles, reviews, essays and prefaces, some of which were published in two collections:

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Cokayne, G.E.; Gibbs, Vicary; Doubleday, H.A.; White, Geoffrey H.; Warrand, Duncan; de Walden, Lord Howard, eds. (2000).

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in May 1940, while there was little public appetite for lighthearted war satire, and the book was a commercial failure.

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Among Nancy's new London friends was Evelyn Gardner who, Nancy informed her brother Tom, was engaged "to a man called

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The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant

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s reviewer: "a delight, full of the sparks of an abrasive and entertaining wit, refreshingly free from politeness".

1047:. The book also included an abbreviated version of Ross's original article, and contributions from Waugh, Betjeman, 844:

In April 1940, Mitford suffered her second miscarriage. Shortly afterward, Rodd, who had been commissioned into the

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as "an immaculate novel that soars many miles above what came before". In Acton's view it and its companion volume

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was a leading classical historian, responsible for the definitive history of ancient Greece. His great-grandson

4215: 1866: 1022: 449: 313: 1086: 504:. It was here that their fifth child was conceived, a daughter born in London on 8 August 1914 and christened 208:(28 November 1904 – 30 June 1973) was an English novelist, biographer, and journalist. The eldest of the 1950:

The terms "U and Non-U" entered the language permanently; Thompson argues that the notoriety associated with

4663: 4544: 2841: 1364: 597:. She spent much of the next few years in a round of social events, making new friends and mixing with the " 569:

was so fond of pictures ... if only I had a room of my own I would make it a regular picture gallery".

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Critics generally place the postwar novels in a different league from the earlier efforts; Cooke describes

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in 1928 and was the mother of two young sons. In 1932 Diana deserted her husband to become the mistress of

648:" and the older generation. Hamish Erskine is clearly identifiable in the character of "Bobby Bobbin", and 4584: 4508: 1454: 1048: 1043: 1004: 945: 929: 803: 794: 477: 235: 135: 128: 3572:(December 1955). "An Open Letter to the Hon. Mrs. Peter Rodd (Nancy Mitford) on a Very Serious Subject". 766:

Through the winter of 1937–1938, Mitford's main literary task was editing the letters of her cousins the

428:

of 1899–1902 and was severely wounded. In 1903 he became engaged to Sydney Bowles, the elder daughter of

4568: 1418: 860:. After convalescence, at loose ends, she began working as an assistant at the Heywood Hill bookshop in 540: 425: 1178: 696:, a diplomat and politician who was ennobled that year as Baron Rennell. According to Mitford's friend 4470: 1813:. Soames suggests that Bertie Mitford may have been the father of Nellie, Clementine's younger sister. 1298:, she followed Waugh's advice not to write for experts but to fashion "a popular life like Strachey's 1149:

The graves in Swinbrook churchyard of (left) Nancy, (centre) Unity and (right) Diana, who died in 2003

4628: 4623: 4600: 4592: 1490: 1472: 1272: 1095: 1090: 1036: 977: 815: 582: 429: 387: 92: 4576: 3523:

Bailey, Richard W. (March 2005). "Reviews: Talking Proper: The rise of accent as a social symbol".

1436: 1216: 1155: 1130: 1026: 985: 881: 727:

in 1931, although her enthusiasm was short-lived, and she soon became a vociferous opponent of the

707: 645: 598: 593:, after which she was officially "out" and could attend the balls and parties that constituted the 564:

debutante life". Here Nancy learned French and other subjects, played organised games and joined a

440: 265: 258: 229: 213: 121: 53: 420:, was Bertie Mitford's second son, born on 13 March 1878. After several years as a tea planter in 4006: 3548: 3540: 1332: 853: 641: 517: 399: 806:. Nancy, in full antifascist mode, had described her sister to the British Intelligence agency 793:

The outbreak of war in September 1939 divided the Mitford family. Nancy and Rodd supported the

677: 4560: 4449: 4430: 4412: 4400: 4376: 4339: 4320: 4301: 4282: 4249: 4229: 4201: 4182: 4163: 1853: 1746: 1727: 1708: 1689: 1660: 1644: 1628: 1596: 1571: 1551: 1535: 1518: 1495: 1477: 1459: 1441: 1423: 1405: 1400: 1387: 1369: 1224: 1134: 925: 869: 756: 715: 662: 590: 501: 329: 4225: 3175: 585:. That was followed in June 1923 by her presentation at Court, a formal introduction to King 4272: 3998: 3532: 3038: 2912: 2772: 2386: 2281: 2274:

Cochrane, Alfred; Matthew, H. C. G. (revised) (2008) . "Bowles, Thomas Gibson (1842–1922)".

2218: 2185: 2152: 2119: 2041: 1657:

Noblesse Oblige: An Inquiry into the Identifiable Characteristics of the English Aristocracy

1606: 1182: 1166: 1111: 1077: 971: 958: 950: 833: 782: 594: 553: 312:, born in 1837 and known as "Bertie", was a diplomat and traveller who held minor office in 217: 432:, known as "Tap", a journalist, editor and magazine proprietor whose publications included 1338: 1174: 865: 827: 614: 532: 497: 375: 344: 305: 251: 4093:"Review: Pursuit of bloody-minded charm: 'Love From Nancy: The Letters of Nancy Mitford'" 3464: 630:

engaged her to write a regular column. That winter, she embarked on a full-length novel,

4478: 1743:

The Bookshop at 10 Curzon Street: Letters between Nancy Mitford and Heywood Hill 1952–73

370: 4357:(107th ed.). Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd. 3449: 2761: 1315: 1311: 1266: 1018: 775: 744: 724: 702: 462: 365: 340: 301: 297: 273: 209: 192: 32: 4617: 4276: 3552: 1870: 1865:

In May 1940, after Hitler's invasion of the Low Countries, Esmond Romilly joined the

1247: 1125:

Amidst these personal upheavals Mitford continued writing. In 1964 she began work on

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and of fascism. When the novel was published in 1935, its book cover illustrated by

4155: 4125: 3569: 2145:

Greer, D. S. (2008) . "Mitford, John Freeman-, first Baron Redesdale (1748–1830)".

1564: 1232: 1115: 857: 845: 736: 706:. They were married on 4 December 1933, after which they settled into a cottage at 697: 605: 493: 348: 321: 3074: 3050: 2924: 2791: 2398: 2293: 2230: 2197: 2164: 2131: 2053: 915:

Nancy Mitford, writing to her mother after deciding to live permanently in France.

4221:

A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain and Ireland

1961:

s obituary in 1973 was headed: "Nancy Mitford, U and Non-U creator, dies at 68".

723:

fascist "Blackshirt" movement. Mitford herself had briefly flirted with Mosley's

1669:

The book includes Mitford's essay "The English Aristocracy", first published in

1067: 933: 921: 837: 469: 336: 264:

Her later years were bittersweet, as the success of her biographical studies of

247: 4366:(106th ed.). Crans, Switzerland: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd. 3042: 2916: 2776: 2390: 2285: 2222: 2189: 2156: 2123: 2045: 2034:

Wroth, W. W.; Taylor, J. S. (revised) (2004). "Mitford, William (1744–1827)".

1887: 1773:(Hamish Hamilton, 1986). Her translation of Madame Lafayette's romantic novel 989: 819: 811: 781:

Having rejected the political extremes within her family, Nancy Mitford was a

689: 682: 565: 485: 243: 151: 1664: 1648: 1600: 1555: 1539: 1522: 1499: 1481: 1463: 1445: 1427: 1391: 4493: 4233: 1373: 849: 732: 578: 544: 489: 421: 1409: 688:

Within a month of Erskine's departure, Mitford announced her engagement to

577:

Nancy's eighteenth birthday in November 1922 was the occasion for a grand "

4500: 3536: 3031:

Davenport-Hines, Richard. "Mitford, Unity Valkyrie Freeman- (1914–1948)".

2211:

Parry, Jonathan (2014) . "Russell, John, Viscount Amberley (1842–18769)".

1632: 928:. Eventually Mitford found a comfortable apartment, with a maid, at No. 7 1082: 891:

of publication, and firmly established Mitford as a best-selling author.

586: 269: 4446:

Life in a Cold Climate: Nancy Mitford, Portrait of a Contradictory Woman

4010: 3544: 1874: 324:, a soldier turned businessman. Their four children included daughters 1220: 1009: 984:

Mitford then began her first serious non-fiction work, a biography of

1330:. Thompson describes this series as "a more sophisticated version of 798: 760: 4002: 3989:

Quintana, Ricardo (Winter 1962). "Book Reviews: Don't Tell Alfred".

1873:. He was killed in November 1941 in the course of a bombing raid on 2905:

Parker, Peter (2014) . "Romilly, Esmond Marcus David (1918–1941)".

644:. Like the earlier novel, the plot centres on a clash between the " 560:, to which she contributed entertainingly gruesome murder stories. 328:("Clemmie"), who in 1908 married the future British Prime Minister 1270:

convincing. Similar mixed comments greeted Mitford's final novel,

1144: 1066: 1008: 832: 676: 522: 369: 283: 2379:

Hastings, Selina (2015) . "Mitford, Nancy Freeman- (1904–1973)".

1071:

Louis XIV, "The Sun King", subject of Mitford's much-praised book

223:

Mitford enjoyed a privileged childhood as the eldest daughter of

1255:

nature of her early works, becomes evident; Olivia Laing in the

1133:. Her publishers decided to issue it as a lavishly illustrated " 4504: 4486: 1777:

was published in America in 1950, but was heavily criticised.

807: 1928:

Rodd and Mitford were divorced in 1957, and he died in 1968.

1169:, and later that year the British government appointed her a 818:(ARP) driver, and later worked shifts at a first-aid post in 4196:

Blain, Virginia; Clements, Patricia; Grundy, Isobel (1990).

3493:

Mitford, Nancy (September 1955). "The English Aristocracy".

527:

Asthall Manor, the Mitford family home between 1919 and 1926

337:

A condition of the inheritance was that he adopt the surname

4336:

The Mitford Girls: The Biography of an Extraordinary Family

840:

at the entrance to the Heywood Hill bookshop, Curzon Street

1869:

and after training as an observer was commissioned as a

316:. In 1874 he married Clementina, the second daughter of 4267:(new ed.). Gloucester, UK: Alan Sutton Publishing. 1231:". Mitford was later embarrassed by her prewar novels; 488:, after which Nancy was educated at home by successive 16:

English novelist, biographer and journalist (1904–1973)

2431:"Casualty details: Freeman-Mitford, Clement B. Ogilvy" 1099:, in which she revived Fanny Wincham, the narrator of 957:('The Little Hut'), in preparation for its successful 751:

schoolboy and avowed Communist, Romilly fought on the

822:. She drew on those experiences in her fourth novel, 581:" ball, which marked the beginning of her entry into 3454:"Linguistic Class Indicators in Present-day English" 1110:

In August 1962 Palewski was appointed a minister in

939:

In 1948, Mitford completed a new novel, a sequel to

1353:(Publisher details are for first publication only) 257:During the 1950s, Mitford developed the concept of 188: 177: 145: 114: 99: 82: 63: 30: 4494:BBC Radio 4 Great Lives Programme on Nancy Mitford 4091: 2760: 1563: 492:. Summers were spent at the family's cottage near 1075:Meanwhile Mitford had completed her latest book, 288:"Bertie" Mitford, created Baron Redesdale in 1902 4411:Ebook, first published by Cassell, London 1979. 225:David Freeman-Mitford, later 2nd Baron Redesdale 3865:"Rereading: Christmas Pudding by Nancy Mitford" 3675: 3673: 3506: 3504: 3479: 3477: 3357: 3355: 3300: 3298: 3279: 3277: 3243: 3241: 3231: 3229: 1198: 908: 2936: 2934: 2242: 2240: 4649:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire 4516: 4373:Love from Nancy: The Letters of Nancy Mitford 2673: 2671: 2658: 2656: 2520: 2518: 2450: 2448: 2350: 2348: 2102:Soames, Ch. 1: "Forbears and Early Childhood" 1705:The Letters of Nancy Mitford and Evelyn Waugh 1686:Love from Nancy: The Letters of Nancy Mitford 826:, a comedy about spying. It was published by 314:Disraeli's second ministry, from 1874 to 1880 8: 4198:The Feminist Companion to English Literature 3991:Wisconsin Studies in Contemporary Literature 3037:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2911:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2771:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2745: 2743: 2694: 2692: 2385:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2280:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2217:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2184:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2151:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2118:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2040:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 1171:Commander of the Order of the British Empire 1025:professor of linguistics, devised the terms 4355:Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage 1641:The Stanleys of Alderley: Letters 1851–1865 472:was born, and in June 1910 another sister, 4523: 4509: 4501: 4477: 4278:The Oxford Companion to English Literature 2900: 2898: 1990: 1988: 52: 27: 3858: 3856: 1724:The Mitfords: Letters Between Six Sisters 1625:The Ladies of Alderley: Letters 1841–1850 1205:Jessica Mitford describes the genesis of 4137: 4077: 4065: 4026: 3967: 3802: 3790: 3742: 3730: 3709: 3697: 3646: 3634: 3604: 3510: 3436: 3388: 3361: 3259: 3247: 3220: 3199: 3140: 3119: 3098: 3026: 3024: 2988: 2949: 2725: 2662: 2629: 2617: 2533: 2509: 2003: 1177:in London, where she was diagnosed with 1081:, an account of the love affair between 713:In 1934, Mitford began her third novel, 4317:Rebel: The Short Life of Esmond Romilly 3034:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2908:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2768:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2382:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2277:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2214:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2181:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2148:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2115:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2037:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1984: 1791: 868:, a French colonel attached to General 3935:"The Pursuit of Love by Nancy Mitford" 1404:. London: Thornton Butterworth. 1935. 1386:. London: Thornton Butterworth. 1932. 1368:. London: Thornton Butterworth. 1931. 1548:The Sun King: Louis XIV at Versailles 814:" of 1939–1940, Nancy was briefly an 7: 2433:. Commonwealth War Graves Commission 1643:. London: Chapman & Hall. 1939. 1627:. London: Chapman & Hall. 1938. 512:War, Batsford Park and Asthall Manor 418:David Bertram Ogilvy Freeman-Mitford 296:, when Sir John de Mitford held the 239:(1949), established her reputation. 216:" on the London social scene in the 4319:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 4281:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3073:Reynolds, Paul (14 November 2003). 1322:Journalism, letters and other works 4679:20th-century English women writers 4375:. London: Hodder & Stoughton. 4090:Walter, Natasha (2 October 1993). 3863:Cooke, Rachel (23 December 2011). 1741:Smith, John Saumarez, ed. (2004). 1707:. London: Hodder & Stoughton. 1688:. London: Hodder & Stoughton. 1605:(play translated and adapted from 759:. The young couple were traced to 640:, illustrated by her close friend 292:The Mitford family dates from the 212:, she was regarded as one of the " 182:David Mitford, 2nd Baron Redesdale 14: 4694:English women non-fiction writers 4475:National Portrait Gallery, London 4104:from the original on 18 June 2022 1659:. London: Hamish Hamilton. 1956. 1595:. London: Hamish Hamilton. 1951. 1570:. London: Hamish Hamilton. 1970. 1550:. London: Hamish Hamilton. 1966. 1534:. London: Hamish Hamilton. 1957. 1517:. London: Hamish Hamilton. 1954. 1494:. London: Hamish Hamilton. 1960. 1476:. London: Hamish Hamilton. 1951. 1458:. London: Hamish Hamilton. 1949. 1440:. London: Hamish Hamilton. 1945. 1422:. London: Hamish Hamilton. 1940. 1167:Chevalier of the Légion d'Honneur 318:David Ogilvy, 10th Earl of Airlie 118: 103: 19:For the American biographer, see 4689:20th-century English biographers 4659:Officers of the Legion of Honour 3075:"Nancy Mitford spied on sisters" 259:"U" (upper) and "non-U" language 167: 4371:Mosley, Charlotte, ed. (1993). 3933:Laing, Olivia (21 March 2010). 1828:Speaker of the House of Commons 1684:Mosley, Charlotte, ed. (1993). 681:Strand-on-the-Green, seen from 163: 4684:20th-century English novelists 4364:Burke's Peerage and Baronetage 4224:. London: H. Colburn. p. 4162:. New York: Harper & Row. 1223:, belongs to the genre of the 673:Marriage, writing and politics 339:"Freeman-Mitford". He rebuilt 1: 4362:Mosley, Charles, ed. (1999). 4353:Mosley, Charles, ed. (2003). 4200:. London: B.T. Batsford Ltd. 3900:"Zoë Heller on Nancy Mitford" 3461:Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 1910:bookshop's 75th anniversary. 360:Selective Mitford family tree 4238:Sir John Mitford of Mitford. 3898:Heller, Zoë (8 March 2010). 3378:. 24 August 1950. p. 6. 3051:UK public library membership 2925:UK public library membership 2792:UK public library membership 2508:Alexander Mosley, quoted in 2399:UK public library membership 2294:UK public library membership 2231:UK public library membership 2198:UK public library membership 2165:UK public library membership 2132:UK public library membership 2054:UK public library membership 1811:Empress Elizabeth of Austria 1769:(Hamish Hamilton, 1962) and 1722:——, ed. (2007). 1703:——, ed. (1996). 4704:British emigrants to France 4300:. London: Hamish Hamilton. 4179:The Letters of Evelyn Waugh 1745:. London: Frances Lincoln. 609:effeminate. Among them was 468:In January 1909 a brother, 4720: 4471:Portraits of Nancy Mitford 2831:Hastings, pp. 92 and 96–97 1832:Lord Chancellor of Ireland 1822:William Mitford's brother 1527:Illustrated edition (1968) 1002: 924:, and his socialite wife, 363: 310:(Algernon) Bertram Mitford 18: 4699:British women biographers 4539: 4448:. London: Headline Book. 4427:Evelyn Waugh: A biography 4296:Hastings, Selina (1985). 4177:Amory, Mark, ed. (1980). 3427:Mosley (ed.), pp. 381–382 3313:Mosley (ed.), pp. 184–185 3292:Hastings, pp. 204 and 232 1726:. London: Fourth Estate. 1279:Times Literary Supplement 729:British Union of Fascists 667:British Union of Fascists 322:Sir Henry Montague Hozier 51: 4444:Thompson, Laura (2003). 4399:. London: Random House. 4334:Lovell, Mary S. (2002). 4248:. London: Harper Press. 3463:: 113–49. Archived from 1867:Royal Canadian Air Force 1023:University of Birmingham 692:, the second son of Sir 613:, the second son of the 416:Nancy Mitford's father, 4669:English women novelists 4160:Nancy Mitford: A Memoir 4016:(subscription required) 3979:Amory (ed.), pp. 558–59 3558:(subscription required) 2759:Loraine, Percy (2004). 2545:Mosley (ed.), pp. 16–17 611:Hamish St Clair Erskine 573:Debutante and socialite 4585:Love in a Cold Climate 4315:Ingram, Kevin (1985). 3122:, pp. 146 and 151 3043:10.1093/ref:odnb/58824 2917:10.1093/ref:odnb/60277 2777:10.1093/ref:odnb/35809 2391:10.1093/ref:odnb/31450 2286:10.1093/ref:odnb/32005 2223:10.1093/ref:odnb/24324 2190:10.1093/ref:odnb/18858 2157:10.1093/ref:odnb/18857 2124:10.1093/ref:odnb/35048 2046:10.1093/ref:odnb/18860 1775:La Princesse de Clèves 1678:Collections of letters 1455:Love in a Cold Climate 1244:Love in a Cold Climate 1202: 1150: 1105:Love in a Cold Climate 1072: 1014: 1005:Noblesse Oblige (book) 946:Love in a Cold Climate 912: 841: 804:Defence Regulation 18B 685: 528: 478:Francis Holland School 403: 398:, who became the 11th 351:, served briefly as a 289: 242:Mitford's marriage to 236:Love in a Cold Climate 129:Love in a Cold Climate 4244:Byrne, Paula (2010). 3850:Drabble (ed.), p. 657 3537:10.1353/lan.2005.0002 3483:Hastings, pp. 223–225 3418:Hastings, pp. 219–220 3331:Hastings, pp. 221–222 3304:Hastings, pp. 173–182 3283:Hastings, pp. 171–172 2762:"Rodd, James Rennell" 1148: 1070: 1012: 836: 680: 526: 373: 364:Further information: 287: 201:Nancy Freeman-Mitford 67:Nancy Freeman-Mitford 4396:Clementine Churchill 4047:Mosley (ed.), p. 412 3772:Hastings, pp. 242–44 3721:Hastings, pp. 236–38 3679:Hastings, pp. 215–17 3667:Hastings, pp. 227–30 3616:Hastings, pp. 213–14 3235:Hastings, pp. 165–67 3161:Hastings, pp. 133–41 3131:Hastings, pp. 128–29 3009:Hastings, pp. 113–14 2979:Mosley (ed.), p. 116 2970:Hastings, pp. 116–18 2940:Hastings, pp. 111–12 2874:Hastings, pp. 105–10 2246:Hastings, pp. 234–35 1824:John Freeman-Mitford 1091:Patrick Trevor-Roper 1087:Marquise du Châtelet 838:Commemorative plaque 816:Air Raid Precautions 768:Stanleys of Alderley 665:, the leader of the 430:Thomas Gibson Bowles 388:British royal family 380:dukes of Marlborough 166: 1933; 4654:Daughters of barons 4644:English biographers 4634:Writers from London 4577:The Pursuit of Love 4429:. London: Collins. 4181:. London: Phoenix. 4038:Amory (ed.), p. 393 3958:Amory (ed.), p. 354 3904:The Daily Telegraph 3841:Blain et al, p. 747 3409:Amory (ed.), p. 346 3349:Amory (ed.), p. 301 3174:(3 December 2011). 2822:Hastings, pp. 87–91 2737:Mosley (ed.), p. 90 2716:Hastings, pp. 76–77 2707:Hastings, pp. 73–75 2686:Hastings, pp. 71–72 2650:Mosley (ed.), p. 62 2608:Hastings, pp. 56–61 2572:Hastings, pp. 46–49 2554:Hastings, pp. 42–43 2524:Hastings, pp. 37–38 2454:Hastings, pp. 22–24 2411:Hastings, pp. 15–17 1956:The Daily Telegraph 1786:Informational notes 1566:Frederick the Great 1515:Madame de Pompadour 1437:The Pursuit of Love 1296:Madame de Pompadour 1240:The Pursuit of Love 1217:Franco-Prussian War 1162:Frederick the Great 1156:Frederick the Great 1101:The Pursuit of Love 1032:The Pursuit of Love 986:Madame de Pompadour 941:The Pursuit of Love 888:The Pursuit of Love 882:The Pursuit of Love 721:Sir Oswald Mosley's 708:Strand-on-the-Green 646:Bright Young People 615:5th Earl of Rosslyn 599:Bright Young People 378:), the Churchills ( 266:Madame de Pompadour 230:The Pursuit of Love 214:bright young things 122:The Pursuit of Love 4674:English socialites 4639:Writers from Paris 4423:Sykes, Christopher 4338:. London: Abacus. 3595:Lovell, pp. 452–53 3470:on 19 August 2017. 3439:, pp. 287–288 3364:, pp. 284–286 3211:Lovell, pp. 356–58 3172:Devonshire, Stoker 3063:Lovell, pp. 324–25 2865:Lovell, pp. 196–97 2749:Lovell, pp. 150–51 2698:Lovell, pp. 147–49 2590:Lovell, pp. 107–08 1333:A Year in Provence 1290:Biographical works 1179:Hodgkin's lymphoma 1151: 1120:Princess Alexandra 1073: 1015: 842: 783:moderate socialist 747:. A rebellious ex- 686: 642:Mark Ogilvie-Grant 529: 518:10th Royal Hussars 404: 400:Duke of Devonshire 384:Princess Alexandra 290: 4611: 4610: 4601:Don't Tell Alfred 4561:Wigs on the Green 4553:Christmas Pudding 4406:978-0-679-64518-4 4273:Drabble, Margaret 4255:978-0-00-724377-8 4029:, pp. 364–65 3970:, pp. 307–10 3513:, pp. 294–95 3374:"Lyric Theatre". 3262:, pp. 225–27 3250:, pp. 221–22 3202:, pp. 184–85 3143:, pp. 160–61 3049:(Subscription or 2923:(Subscription or 2883:Ingram, pp. 17–18 2790:(Subscription or 2728:, pp. 99–100 2499:Lovell, pp. 51–52 2397:(Subscription or 2333:Hastings, pp. 7–8 2324:Lovell, pp. 16–17 2292:(Subscription or 2264:Hastings, pp. 4–5 2229:(Subscription or 2196:(Subscription or 2163:(Subscription or 2130:(Subscription or 2052:(Subscription or 1994:Acton, pp. 232–34 1854:Winston Churchill 1771:A Talent to Annoy 1752:978-0-7112-2452-0 1733:978-1-84115-790-0 1695:978-0-340-53784-8 1673:, September 1955. 1491:Don't Tell Alfred 1401:Wigs on the Green 1383:Christmas Pudding 1273:Don't Tell Alfred 1225:comedy of manners 1129:, a biography of 1096:Don't Tell Alfred 1053:Christopher Sykes 961:début in August, 926:Lady Diana Cooper 870:Charles de Gaulle 757:Spanish Civil War 716:Wigs on the Green 663:Sir Oswald Mosley 637:Christmas Pudding 591:Buckingham Palace 502:Swastika, Ontario 424:he fought in the 330:Winston Churchill 298:Castle of Mitford 198: 197: 4711: 4525: 4518: 4511: 4502: 4490: 4489: 4487:Official website 4481: 4459: 4440: 4410: 4386: 4367: 4358: 4349: 4330: 4311: 4292: 4268: 4259: 4240: 4211: 4192: 4173: 4141: 4135: 4129: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4095: 4087: 4081: 4075: 4069: 4063: 4057: 4054: 4048: 4045: 4039: 4036: 4030: 4024: 4018: 4017: 4014: 3986: 3980: 3977: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3956: 3950: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3930: 3924: 3923:Hastings, p. 129 3921: 3915: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3895: 3889: 3886: 3880: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3860: 3851: 3848: 3842: 3839: 3833: 3830: 3824: 3821: 3815: 3814:Hastings, p. 255 3812: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3781:Hastings, p. 247 3779: 3773: 3770: 3764: 3761: 3755: 3752: 3746: 3740: 3734: 3728: 3722: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3686: 3680: 3677: 3668: 3665: 3659: 3658:Hastings, p. 226 3656: 3650: 3644: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3623: 3617: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3596: 3593: 3587: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3566: 3560: 3559: 3556: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3499: 3498: 3490: 3484: 3481: 3472: 3471: 3469: 3458: 3446: 3440: 3434: 3428: 3425: 3419: 3416: 3410: 3407: 3401: 3398: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3350: 3347: 3341: 3340:Hastings, p. 189 3338: 3332: 3329: 3323: 3322:Acton, pp. 71–72 3320: 3314: 3311: 3305: 3302: 3293: 3290: 3284: 3281: 3272: 3271:Hastings, p. 168 3269: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3236: 3233: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3168: 3162: 3159: 3153: 3152:Hastings, p. 135 3150: 3144: 3138: 3132: 3129: 3123: 3117: 3111: 3110:Hastings, p. 131 3108: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3070: 3064: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3046: 3028: 3019: 3018:Hastings, p. 119 3016: 3010: 3007: 3001: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2980: 2977: 2971: 2968: 2962: 2961:Hastings, p. 115 2959: 2953: 2947: 2941: 2938: 2929: 2928: 2920: 2902: 2893: 2890: 2884: 2881: 2875: 2872: 2866: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2846:trove.nla.gov.au 2838: 2832: 2829: 2823: 2820: 2814: 2811: 2805: 2802: 2796: 2795: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2764: 2756: 2750: 2747: 2738: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2717: 2714: 2708: 2705: 2699: 2696: 2687: 2684: 2678: 2675: 2666: 2665:, pp. 86–88 2660: 2651: 2648: 2642: 2639: 2633: 2627: 2621: 2620:, pp. 94–95 2615: 2609: 2606: 2600: 2597: 2591: 2588: 2582: 2579: 2573: 2570: 2564: 2561: 2555: 2552: 2546: 2543: 2537: 2536:, pp. 51–52 2531: 2525: 2522: 2513: 2506: 2500: 2497: 2491: 2488: 2482: 2479: 2473: 2470: 2464: 2461: 2455: 2452: 2443: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2427: 2421: 2418: 2412: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2394: 2376: 2355: 2352: 2343: 2340: 2334: 2331: 2325: 2322: 2316: 2313: 2307: 2304: 2298: 2297: 2289: 2271: 2265: 2262: 2256: 2253: 2247: 2244: 2235: 2234: 2226: 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4613: 4612: 4607: 4535: 4529: 4485: 4484: 4467: 4462: 4456: 4443: 4437: 4421: 4407: 4389: 4383: 4370: 4361: 4352: 4346: 4333: 4327: 4314: 4308: 4295: 4289: 4271: 4262: 4256: 4243: 4214: 4208: 4195: 4189: 4176: 4170: 4154: 4145: 4144: 4136: 4132: 4128:, 22 April 2012 4121: 4117: 4107: 4105: 4098:The Independent 4089: 4088: 4084: 4076: 4072: 4064: 4060: 4055: 4051: 4046: 4042: 4037: 4033: 4025: 4021: 4015: 4003:10.2307/1207385 3988: 3987: 3983: 3978: 3974: 3966: 3962: 3957: 3953: 3943: 3941: 3932: 3931: 3927: 3922: 3918: 3908: 3906: 3897: 3896: 3892: 3887: 3883: 3873: 3871: 3862: 3861: 3854: 3849: 3845: 3840: 3836: 3831: 3827: 3822: 3818: 3813: 3809: 3801: 3797: 3789: 3785: 3780: 3776: 3771: 3767: 3762: 3758: 3753: 3749: 3741: 3737: 3729: 3725: 3720: 3716: 3708: 3704: 3696: 3692: 3687: 3683: 3678: 3671: 3666: 3662: 3657: 3653: 3645: 3641: 3633: 3629: 3624: 3620: 3615: 3611: 3603: 3599: 3594: 3590: 3585: 3581: 3568: 3567: 3563: 3557: 3522: 3521: 3517: 3509: 3502: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3482: 3475: 3467: 3456: 3450:Ross, Alan S.C. 3448: 3447: 3443: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3404: 3399: 3395: 3387: 3383: 3373: 3372: 3368: 3360: 3353: 3348: 3344: 3339: 3335: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3317: 3312: 3308: 3303: 3296: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3275: 3270: 3266: 3258: 3254: 3246: 3239: 3234: 3227: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3206: 3198: 3194: 3184: 3182: 3176:"A new chapter" 3170: 3169: 3165: 3160: 3156: 3151: 3147: 3139: 3135: 3130: 3126: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3105: 3097: 3093: 3083: 3081: 3072: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3058: 3048: 3030: 3029: 3022: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3004: 3000:Hastings, p. 95 2999: 2995: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2974: 2969: 2965: 2960: 2956: 2948: 2944: 2939: 2932: 2922: 2904: 2903: 2896: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2860: 2850: 2848: 2840: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2808: 2803: 2799: 2789: 2781: 2779: 2758: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2724: 2720: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2690: 2685: 2681: 2677:Hastings, p. 70 2676: 2669: 2661: 2654: 2649: 2645: 2641:Hastings, p. 69 2640: 2636: 2628: 2624: 2616: 2612: 2607: 2603: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2585: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2558: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2540: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2516: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2494: 2490:Hastings, p. 33 2489: 2485: 2480: 2476: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2458: 2453: 2446: 2436: 2434: 2429: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2415: 2410: 2406: 2396: 2378: 2377: 2358: 2354:Hastings, p. 10 2353: 2346: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2301: 2291: 2273: 2272: 2268: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2238: 2228: 2210: 2209: 2205: 2195: 2177: 2176: 2172: 2162: 2144: 2143: 2139: 2129: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2088: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2061: 2051: 2033: 2032: 2028: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2010: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1986: 1976: 1975: 1969: 1965: 1958: 1952:Noblesse Oblige 1949: 1945: 1936: 1932: 1927: 1923: 1918: 1914: 1908: 1904: 1898: 1894: 1885: 1881: 1864: 1860: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1838: 1821: 1817: 1807: 1803: 1797: 1793: 1783: 1763: 1753: 1740: 1734: 1721: 1715: 1702: 1696: 1683: 1680: 1655: 1639: 1623: 1620: 1611:La petite hutte 1591: 1588: 1578: 1562: 1546: 1530: 1513: 1510: 1488: 1470: 1452: 1434: 1416: 1398: 1380: 1362: 1359: 1351: 1342: 1339:The Independent 1324: 1292: 1282: 1252:Daily Telegraph 1212: 1204: 1196: 1191: 1175:Nuffield Clinic 1143: 1061: 1044:Noblesse Oblige 1027:"U" and "Non-U" 1013:Mitford in 1956 1007: 1001: 998:Noblesse Oblige 965: 955:La petite hutte 918: 914: 906: 897: 875:The failure of 866:Gaston Palewski 828:Hamish Hamilton 791: 675: 623: 575: 514: 498:Buckinghamshire 458: 450:Selina Hastings 414: 409: 392:Deborah Mitford 368: 362: 347:, the family's 345:Gloucestershire 306:William Mitford 282: 252:Gaston Palewski 210:Mitford sisters 203: 173: 170: 1957) 161: 157: 154: 136:Noblesse Oblige 91: 87: 78:London, England 77: 71: 69: 68: 59: 58:Mitford in 1932 47: 42: 40: 39: 36: 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4717: 4715: 4707: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4664:Mitford family 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 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(1985). 4269: 4260: 4254: 4241: 4212: 4206: 4193: 4187: 4174: 4168: 4151: 4143: 4142: 4130: 4115: 4082: 4070: 4058: 4049: 4040: 4031: 4019: 3981: 3972: 3960: 3951: 3925: 3916: 3890: 3881: 3852: 3843: 3834: 3825: 3816: 3807: 3795: 3783: 3774: 3765: 3763:Lovell, p. 485 3756: 3747: 3735: 3723: 3714: 3702: 3690: 3681: 3669: 3660: 3651: 3639: 3627: 3625:Lovell, p. 455 3618: 3609: 3597: 3588: 3579: 3561: 3515: 3500: 3485: 3473: 3441: 3429: 3420: 3411: 3402: 3393: 3381: 3366: 3351: 3342: 3333: 3324: 3315: 3306: 3294: 3285: 3273: 3264: 3252: 3237: 3225: 3213: 3204: 3192: 3163: 3154: 3145: 3133: 3124: 3112: 3103: 3091: 3065: 3056: 3020: 3011: 3002: 2993: 2981: 2972: 2963: 2954: 2942: 2930: 2894: 2885: 2876: 2867: 2858: 2833: 2824: 2815: 2806: 2797: 2751: 2739: 2730: 2718: 2709: 2700: 2688: 2679: 2667: 2652: 2643: 2634: 2622: 2610: 2601: 2592: 2583: 2574: 2565: 2556: 2547: 2538: 2526: 2514: 2501: 2492: 2483: 2474: 2465: 2463:Hastings, p. 7 2456: 2444: 2422: 2413: 2404: 2356: 2344: 2342:Hastings, p. 9 2335: 2326: 2317: 2315:Hastings, p. 6 2308: 2306:Hastings, p. 5 2299: 2266: 2257: 2255:Lovell, p. 338 2248: 2236: 2203: 2170: 2137: 2104: 2095: 2093:Lovell, p. 533 2086: 2077: 2075:Hastings, p. 2 2068: 2066:Acton, pp. 2–4 2059: 2026: 2017: 2008: 1996: 1983: 1982: 1974: 1973: 1963: 1943: 1937:An article in 1930: 1921: 1912: 1902: 1892: 1879: 1858: 1845: 1836: 1815: 1801: 1790: 1789: 1782: 1779: 1762: 1759: 1758: 1757: 1751: 1738: 1732: 1719: 1713: 1700: 1694: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1674: 1653: 1637: 1619: 1616: 1615: 1614: 1593:The Little Hut 1587: 1584: 1583: 1582: 1576: 1560: 1544: 1528: 1509: 1506: 1505: 1504: 1486: 1468: 1450: 1432: 1414: 1396: 1378: 1365:Highland Fling 1358: 1355: 1350: 1347: 1323: 1320: 1316:Antonia Fraser 1312:Cyril Connolly 1300:Queen Victoria 1291: 1288: 1267:Philip Hensher 1207:Highland Fling 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1142: 1139: 1131:King Louis XIV 1060: 1057: 1003:Main article: 1000: 995: 907: 905: 902: 896: 893: 790: 787: 776:General Franco 745:Esmond Romilly 719:, a satire on 703:Black Mischief 674: 671: 659:Bryan Guinness 632:Highland Fling 622: 619: 574: 571: 513: 510: 457: 454: 413: 410: 408: 405: 366:Mitford family 361: 358: 341:Batsford House 302:Northumberland 281: 278: 274:King Louis XIV 196: 195: 193:Mitford family 190: 186: 185: 179: 175: 174: 159: 155: 150: 149: 147: 143: 142: 141: 140: 132: 125: 116: 112: 111: 110: 109: 106: 101: 97: 96: 90:(aged 68) 84: 80: 79: 65: 61: 60: 57: 49: 48: 41: 37: 33:The Honourable 31: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4716: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4603: 4602: 4598: 4595: 4594: 4590: 4587: 4586: 4582: 4579: 4578: 4574: 4571: 4570: 4566: 4563: 4562: 4558: 4555: 4554: 4550: 4547: 4546: 4542: 4541: 4538: 4534: 4533:Nancy Mitford 4526: 4521: 4519: 4514: 4512: 4507: 4506: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4492: 4488: 4483: 4480: 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2003 4023: 4020: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3985: 3982: 3976: 3973: 3969: 3968:Thompson 2003 3964: 3961: 3955: 3952: 3940: 3936: 3929: 3926: 3920: 3917: 3905: 3901: 3894: 3891: 3885: 3882: 3870: 3866: 3859: 3857: 3853: 3847: 3844: 3838: 3835: 3829: 3826: 3820: 3817: 3811: 3808: 3805:, p. 398 3804: 3803:Thompson 2003 3799: 3796: 3793:, p. 387 3792: 3791:Thompson 2003 3787: 3784: 3778: 3775: 3769: 3766: 3760: 3757: 3754:Acton, p. 173 3751: 3748: 3745:, p. 372 3744: 3743:Thompson 2003 3739: 3736: 3733:, p. 376 3732: 3731:Thompson 2003 3727: 3724: 3718: 3715: 3712:, p. 272 3711: 3710:Thompson 2003 3706: 3703: 3700:, p. 370 3699: 3698:Thompson 2003 3694: 3691: 3688:Acton, p. 143 3685: 3682: 3676: 3674: 3670: 3664: 3661: 3655: 3652: 3649:, p. 346 3648: 3647:Thompson 2003 3643: 3640: 3637:, p. 340 3636: 3635:Thompson 2003 3631: 3628: 3622: 3619: 3613: 3610: 3607:, p. 297 3606: 3605:Thompson 2003 3601: 3598: 3592: 3589: 3583: 3580: 3575: 3571: 3570:Waugh, Evelyn 3565: 3562: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3531:(1): 269–71. 3530: 3526: 3519: 3516: 3512: 3511:Thompson 2003 3507: 3505: 3501: 3496: 3489: 3486: 3480: 3478: 3474: 3466: 3462: 3455: 3451: 3445: 3442: 3438: 3437:Thompson 2003 3433: 3430: 3424: 3421: 3415: 3412: 3406: 3403: 3397: 3394: 3391:, p. 279 3390: 3389:Thompson 2003 3385: 3382: 3377: 3370: 3367: 3363: 3362:Thompson 2003 3358: 3356: 3352: 3346: 3343: 3337: 3334: 3328: 3325: 3319: 3316: 3310: 3307: 3301: 3299: 3295: 3289: 3286: 3280: 3278: 3274: 3268: 3265: 3261: 3260:Thompson 2003 3256: 3253: 3249: 3248:Thompson 2003 3244: 3242: 3238: 3232: 3230: 3226: 3223:, p. 209 3222: 3221:Thompson 2003 3217: 3214: 3208: 3205: 3201: 3200:Thompson 2003 3196: 3193: 3181: 3180:The Spectator 3177: 3173: 3167: 3164: 3158: 3155: 3149: 3146: 3142: 3141:Thompson 2003 3137: 3134: 3128: 3125: 3121: 3120:Thompson 2003 3116: 3113: 3107: 3104: 3101:, p. 167 3100: 3099:Thompson 2003 3095: 3092: 3080: 3076: 3069: 3066: 3060: 3057: 3052: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3035: 3027: 3025: 3021: 3015: 3012: 3006: 3003: 2997: 2994: 2991:, p. 140 2990: 2989:Thompson 2003 2985: 2982: 2976: 2973: 2967: 2964: 2958: 2955: 2952:, p. 127 2951: 2950:Thompson 2003 2946: 2943: 2937: 2935: 2931: 2926: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2909: 2901: 2899: 2895: 2892:Lovell, p. 26 2889: 2886: 2880: 2877: 2871: 2868: 2862: 2859: 2847: 2843: 2837: 2834: 2828: 2825: 2819: 2816: 2810: 2807: 2801: 2798: 2793: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2769: 2763: 2755: 2752: 2746: 2744: 2740: 2734: 2731: 2727: 2726:Thompson 2003 2722: 2719: 2713: 2710: 2704: 2701: 2695: 2693: 2689: 2683: 2680: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2663:Thompson 2003 2659: 2657: 2653: 2647: 2644: 2638: 2635: 2631: 2630:Thompson 2003 2626: 2623: 2619: 2618:Thompson 2003 2614: 2611: 2605: 2602: 2596: 2593: 2587: 2584: 2581:Byrne, p. 118 2578: 2575: 2569: 2566: 2563:Byrne, p. 113 2560: 2557: 2551: 2548: 2542: 2539: 2535: 2534:Thompson 2003 2530: 2527: 2521: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2510:Thompson 2003 2505: 2502: 2496: 2493: 2487: 2484: 2478: 2475: 2472:Lovell, p. 42 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