273:
514:
your mother and how anxious she is." Her daughters described her in positive terms, Emilie saying that her "dear mother enjoyed life and was an angel in going without if necessary and in dealing with family bereavement", while Sophie described her as "small and delicate, and very intelligent. After all, she was a good housekeeper, who knew how to manage her inheritance and left her children with a greater sum than she herself inherited. She handled money better than her famous son Karl Marx.’’
281:
487:
384:. Henriette became concerned with his lifestyle away from home, including his membership of a local drinking society in Bonn. The health of her other children exacerbated Henriette's worries. While Karl was at University, her son Eduard, aged 11, died of tuberculosis, Karl showing signs of similar symptoms. Her regular letters to Karl emphasised the importance of healthy living, she advised:
346:, followed by their children in August 1824. Henriette was baptised in November 1825. These conversions resulted in a complete break with Heinrich's family – his father was the rabbi of Trier – although Henriette continued to maintain close contact with her family in the Netherlands, her fourth child Hermann being born during a return visit to Nijmegen in August 1819.
609:
Marx: His Life and
Environment, p 40. Oxford University Press, 1965.); "not exactly an intellectual" (Arnold KĂĽnzli, Karl Marx. Eine Psychographie, p 53. Europa Verlag, Vienna 1966.); "she was an uneducated - indeed only semi-literate - woman whose interests began and ended with her family." (Francis Wheen, Karl Marx, p 12. Fourth Estate, London, 2000.)
362:
585:
To Arnold Ruge "I have fallen out with my family and, as long as my mother lives, I have no right to my inheritance"; to Engels on the sudden death of Engels’ mistress Mary Burns in
January 1856, "If only, instead of Mary, it had been my mother, who is full of physical infirmities anyway now, and has
522:
Henriette Marx continued to live in Trier, where she died on 30 November 1863, aged 75. She was buried at the
Protestant cemetery after a service at the Lutheran Church of the Redeemer. She left her four surviving children substantial legacies, although much of Karl's share was paid to his uncle Lion
417:
Exiled from
Germany during the 1850s, Karl again visited Germany in 1861. While there, he spent two days with Henriette in Trier, who agreed to cancel several of his older debts, although on his next short visit in August 1862 she refused to give him anything. This was the last time Henriette saw her
409:
Over the years he complained repeatedly that his mother did not want to help him out of his financial distress, complaining to friends that while she lived he could not enjoy his inheritance. Henriette's view was that he should do more to earn money, commenting "if only Karl had made
Capital, instead
608:
For example: "a good mother without special intellectual gifts" (Otto RĂĽhle, Karl Marx. Life and work, p 17. Avalun-Verlag. Dresden 1928.); an "uneducated woman entirely concerned for her large household, who did not have the least understanding of her son's gift or inclination" (Isaiah Berlin, Karl
413:
She did however pass funds to him from time to time, although things did not always go smoothly. In 1848, while Karl was living in
Brussels, she paid him 6,000 francs. Suspecting that the funds might be intended to finance the revolutionary movement, the Belgian police asked the Trier authorities to
397:
While his lifestyle and profligacy with money had already created tensions with his parents, Karl's relationship with his mother deteriorated further in the years after his father's death in 1838, with his requests for advances on his expected inheritance dominating their relationship, which became
390:
After Karl wrote to his father admitting his lifestyle was affecting his health, she wrote: "you must avoid everything that could make things worse, you must not get over-heated, not drink a lot of wine or coffee, and not eat anything pungent, a lot of pepper or other spices. You must not smoke any
513:
Clearly
Henriette's main preoccupation was the care of her large family which, over the years, suffered illness and a number of bereavements, five of her nine children predeceasing her. She admitted to having "excessive mother love", confirmed by Heinrich who wrote to their son Karl that "you know
565:
McLellan's biography states: " Marx seems to have suffered quite severely from the tendency to tuberculosis that killed so many of his family (Four of Karl Marx’s siblings eventually died of tuberculosis). The following year his military service was put off 'because of weakness of the lungs and
509:
was her mother tongue, while her speech also reflected the fact that she grew up in the
Netherlands and only moved to a German speaking city in her mid-twenties. Indeed, she always felt something of a stranger in Trier, being both closely attached to her own family and the country of her birth.
497:
Henriette was the last of the family to be baptised, in
November 1825, more than a year after her children and about eight years after her husband. Brought up in an orthodox Jewish household, she appeared to be more attached to Jewish culture than her husband and may have maintained some Jewish
401:
Karl stayed in Trier for six weeks during 1842, after the death of his brother
Hermann, and for the wedding of his sister Sophie. Things did not go well, with Karl referring to “the most disagreeable of family controversies. My family has put difficulties in my way which, despite their own
659:
Of Henriette's children, Mauritz died at the age of three in 1819, and Eduard aged eleven in 1837. By 1842, with the death of Hermann at the age of 22, Karl was his sole surviving son. Two daughters, Henriette and Caroline, also died in their twenties. Four of the five deaths were due to
387:"you must never regard cleanliness and order as something secondary, for health and cheerfulness depend upon them. Insist strictly that your rooms are scrubbed frequently and fix a definite time for it – and you, my dear Karl, have a weekly scrub with sponge and soap."
335:, where Heinrich worked successfully as a lawyer. Here they had nine children, four sons and five daughters, two sons dying when children. Karl, their third child, was born on 5 May 1818. In 1819 the family moved to a ten-room property opposite the ancient Roman
575:
In November 1837 Heinrich wrote to his son Karl at Berlin University "As though we were made of gold, my gentleman son disposes of almost 700 thalers a single year … whereas the richest spend no more than 500." See McLellan, Karl Marx, A Biography, page
296:. She was the second of the five children of Isaac Heymans Pressburg (1747–1832) and Nanette Salomons Cohen (1754–1833). The Pressburgs were a prosperous family, with Isaac working as a textile merchant. They were prominent members of Nijmegen's growing
505:, and biographers of Marx often describe Henriette as uneducated, and perhaps of modest intellect, a view partly based on her surviving letters written in ungrammatical German with little punctuation. However this flawed German may suggest that
451:
The Philips’ family got on well with Karl Marx, their nephew. He occasionally stayed with them in Zaltbommel, regularly corresponded with Lion Philips and often borrowed money against his legacy, particularly after he moved to London in 1849.
645:
For example, Henriette's children had frequent contact - both visits and correspondence - with her sister Sophie and her Dutch husband in the Dutch town of Zaltbommel. Of the four of her daughters who married, two - Sophie and
669:
On hearing the news of his mother's death, Karl commented "Fate laid claim to one of our family. I myself already have one foot in the grave. Circumstances being what they were, I, presumably, was needed here more than my
448:. After the death of their mother in June 1833, Henriette agreed that Lion Philips would act as trustee for their parents' legacy for the benefit of the whole family. Lion was also executor of Henriette's will.
893:
Marx family documents: Henriette Presburg (1814) & Sophia Schmalhausen (née Marx) 1883. (Manfred Schöncke: Karl und Heinrich Marx und ihre Geschwister. pp 140–1 & 554. Köln 1993.
498:
customs and practices within the Protestant family. She clearly remained more religious than her husband, telling friends "Yes, I believe in God, not for God's sake, but for my own."
402:
prosperity, subject me to the most straitened circumstances.” Disagreements led to Karl moving mid-stay from the family home to a guest house nearby. The following year Karl married
586:
had her fair span of life"; and to Engels in May 1861 "My mother, with whom any discussion about cash is out of the question, but who is rapidly nearing her end, destroyed some
327:(later Heinrich Marx; 1777–1838) on 22 November 1814 in the Nijmegen Synagogue, she receiving a twenty thousand guilder dowry. The couple moved to Heinrich's home town of
391:
tobacco, not stay up too late in the evening and always rise early. Be careful, also not to catch cold and, dear Karl, do not dance until you are quite well again."
353:
and died in May 1838, when Henriette still had six of their children living at home. Although quite wealthy due to her inheritance, the family lived quite frugally.
1619:
773:
1624:
414:
question Henriette, they accepted her explanation that "her son had long been asking for money for his family and this was an advance on his inheritance".
1476:
618:
While Yiddish grammar has many similarities to German, many elements originate from Slavic languages, Hebrew and Aramaic. It uses a variant of the
1069:
MECW, Collected Works, Vol. 41, Marx and Engels Letters 1860–1864, Marx to Engels in Manchester, 7 May 1861, International Publishers 1975, p. 279
1528:
1406:
1307:
433:
1263:
Emile Conradi (née Marx) to Babette Blum, 9 November 1865. (Bernhard Wachstein: Die Abstammung von Karl Marx, p 278. Copenhagen 1923.)
1277:
1205:
1180:
1160:
1130:
1105:
1083:
1042:
1020:
1003:
983:
929:
898:
760:
634:
1399:
1413:
823:
721:
332:
81:
1634:
1493:
381:
1539:
781:
1545:
547:
The number of Jews in the Nijmegen area: 1784: 270; 1809: 359; 1840: 506. Source: Jewish History Museum, Amsterdam.
1390:
312:. There had been rabbis in the family for at least a century. The Cohens were also leading merchants based in
1500:
1300:
623:
272:
1507:
1239:
475:
1590:
502:
342:
In about 1817 Henriette's husband changed his name from Hirschel to Heinrich and was baptised into the
1224:
493:
in 1863. One of Henriette's surviving children, she emigrated to South Africa with her husband in 1853
1614:
1609:
1340:
403:
1579:
1454:
599:
Recalled by Karl Marx in a letter to Engels in 1868. See McLellan, Karl Marx, A Biography, page 356
460:
373:
300:
community, living first in Nonnenstraat then, when Henriette was 19, in Grotestraat. Isaac was the
1629:
1293:
695:
377:
945:
280:
1552:
1534:
1424:
1273:
1201:
1176:
1156:
1126:
1101:
1079:
1038:
1016:
999:
979:
925:
894:
819:
756:
630:
317:
181:
440:
In 1820 Henriette's younger sister Sophie Pressburg (1797–1854) married the tobacco merchant
372:
was the third child and second son of Heinrich and Henriette Marx. Graduating from the Trier
1569:
1471:
427:
1365:
619:
1574:
1375:
1240:"Heinrich Marx & Henrietta Marx Married, Children, Joint Family Tree & History"
456:
256:
20 September 1788 – 30 November 1863) was a Dutch-born woman who was the mother of the
223:
59:
17:
1603:
1440:
1433:
1380:
1370:
1345:
1330:
1272:
Manfred Schöncke: Karl und Heinrich Marx und ihre Geschwister. p. 762 ff. Köln 1993.
864:"Westdeutsche Gesellschaft für Familienkunde e.V. Sitz Köln - Bezirksgruppe Krefeld (
863:
464:
324:
217:
199:
119:
486:
1521:
1514:
1355:
441:
350:
229:
211:
193:
725:
316:, with Nanette's father Shlomo developing a large business alongside his brother
1360:
647:
490:
418:
son, as she died fifteen months later. Karl travelled to Trier for the funeral.
394:
Karl rarely seems to have replied to his family's letters or even visited them.
343:
336:
293:
150:
1350:
471:
445:
432:
246:
205:
187:
1226:
Famous Affinities of History: The Romance of Devotion. The Story of Karl Marx
308:
in Nonnenstraat where his father, Hirschl (or Chaim) Pressburg, had been the
1447:
1316:
866:
A walk through Nijmegen: A communist and founder of Philips have same roots.
369:
305:
261:
257:
146:
107:
444:(1794–1866) in the Nijmegen synagogue, before moving to the Dutch town of
470:
Of Henriette's brothers, David became a lawyer in Amsterdam and later in
406:, neither Henriette, nor any other member of the Marx family, attending.
289:
55:
501:
Henriette was never completely at ease either in writing or in speaking
506:
868:
West German Family Research Society, Krefeld Journal nr 23, 1.1.2008)"
339:
gateway, where Henriette lived with her family for the next 23 years.
587:
313:
301:
297:
1175:
David McLellan. Karl Marx: A biography, pp 297-8. London 1973/1995
1078:
David McLellan. Karl Marx: A biography, pp 173-4. London 1973/1995
485:
431:
360:
328:
309:
279:
271:
77:
755:
David McLellan. Karl Marx: A biography, pp 3-7. London 1973/1995
361:
1289:
1015:
David McLellan. Karl Marx: A biography, p 40. London 1973/1995
998:
David McLellan. Karl Marx: A biography, p 22. London 1973/1995
1285:
478:
and Martin remained in Nijmegen in the tobacco trade.
376:
in 1835 at the age of seventeen, Karl enrolled in the
696:"Henriette Marx (PreĂźburg) (1788 - 1863) - Genealogy"
288:
Henriette Pressburg was born on 20 September 1788 in
284:
8, Simeonstrasse, Trier: home of Marx family 1819–42
1562:
1485:
1464:
1423:
1389:
1323:
276:
Synagogue in Nonnenstraat, Nijmegen, built in 1756.
174:
157:
141:
113:
102:
88:
66:
41:
34:
848:(revised ed.). Fontana. pp. 115, 119.
1301:
556:Some sources say Isaac was Rabbi of Nijmegen.
8:
455:Lion and Sophie's son Frederik and grandson
1191:
1189:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1057:Karl Marx to Arnold Ruge, 25 January 1843.
889:
887:
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
467:joined the running of the company in 1912.
1308:
1294:
1286:
969:
967:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
463:Company in 1891. Gerard's younger brother
31:
857:
855:
1196:Goedkoop, Hans; Zandvliet, Kees (2015).
946:"Hermann Marx (1819 - 1842) - Genealogy"
839:
837:
835:
818:. Oxford University Press: 57–58. 2004.
682:
531:
134: 1814; died 1838)
1477:International Workingmen's Association
1219:
1217:
690:
688:
686:
1620:German people of Dutch-Jewish descent
805:
803:
801:
799:
774:"De 14e maart en de familie Presburg"
245:
7:
1625:Converts to Lutheranism from Judaism
523:Philips in settlement of his debts.
1407:Karl Marx: His Life and Environment
1059:Marx-Engels-Werke. Vol 27, p. 415.
25:
1155:. Fourth Estate. pp. 265–6.
422:Sophie Pressburg and Lion Philips
1529:The Philosophers' Football Match
1400:Karl Marx: The Story of His Life
924:. Fourth Estate. pp. 8–15.
812:Dictionary of National Biography
590:'s I had given her in the past".
164:Isaac Heymans Pressburg (father)
1414:Karl Marx: His Life and Thought
780:. 19 March 2016. Archived from
626:Grammar of the Yiddish Language
566:periodical vomiting of blood'."
538:Also spelt Presburg or PreĂźburg
167:Nanette Salomons Cohen (mother)
131:
27:Mother of Karl Marx (1788–1863)
1125:. Fourth Estate. p. 253.
1100:. Fourth Estate. p. 248.
398:increasingly icy and distant.
1:
1037:. Fourth Estate. p. 52.
978:. Fourth Estate. p. 29.
722:"Nijmegen Synagogue website"
365:Karl Marx as a student, 1836
323:Henriette Pressburg married
410:of just writing about it".
357:Relationship with Karl Marx
1651:
1546:World Forum/Communist Quiz
1494:Assassin's Creed Syndicate
1200:. Zutphen: Walburg Press.
425:
1588:
1486:Other cultural depictions
628:, Duckworth, London, 1987
862:Klaus (1 January 2008).
1151:Wheen, Francis (1999).
1121:Wheen, Francis (1999).
1096:Wheen, Francis (1999).
1033:Wheen, Francis (1999).
974:Wheen, Francis (1999).
920:Wheen, Francis (1999).
844:Wilson, Edmund (1972).
380:, before moving to the
1508:Karl Marx in Kalbadevi
846:To the Finland Station
494:
437:
366:
285:
277:
18:Nanette Salomons Cohen
489:
435:
364:
283:
275:
1635:People from Nijmegen
1341:Jenny von Westphalen
404:Jenny von Westphalen
382:University of Berlin
349:Heinrich contracted
95:Dutch, then Prussian
1580:Opium of the people
1455:The Young Karl Marx
1336:Henriette Pressburg
702:. 20 September 1788
482:Beliefs and outlook
461:Philips Electronics
36:Henriette Pressburg
650:- married Dutchmen
495:
438:
378:University of Bonn
367:
333:Prussian Rhineland
286:
278:
82:Prussian Rhineland
1597:
1596:
318:Levy Barent Cohen
239:
238:
182:Levy Barent Cohen
52:20 September 1788
16:(Redirected from
1642:
1570:Friedrich Engels
1472:Communist League
1310:
1303:
1296:
1287:
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1270:
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1261:
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1111:
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1024:
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1007:
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989:
971:
962:
961:
959:
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952:. 12 August 1819
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829:
807:
794:
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789:
770:
764:
753:
738:
737:
735:
733:
724:. Archived from
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671:
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557:
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539:
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436:Sophie Pressburg
428:Philips (family)
249:
232:(great-grandson)
214:(brother-in-law)
135:
133:
73:
70:30 November 1863
51:
49:
32:
21:
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1366:Charles Longuet
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826:
809:
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797:
787:
785:
784:on 9 April 2023
772:
771:
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620:Hebrew alphabet
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344:Lutheran Church
270:
235:
202:(granddaughter)
196:(granddaughter)
190:(granddaughter)
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137:
129:
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98:
84:
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62:
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1583:
1582:
1577:
1575:2807 Karl Marx
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1383:
1378:
1376:Edward Aveling
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1348:
1343:
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1327:
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1321:
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739:
728:on 7 July 2017
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242:Henriette Marx
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236:
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227:
226:(great-nephew)
224:Gerard Philips
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220:(great-nephew)
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103:Known for
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74:(aged 75)
68:
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1441:Marx Reloaded
1438:
1436:
1435:
1434:Die Deutschen
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1422:
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1465:Memberships
1391:Biographies
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1249:19 November
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518:Later years
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337:Porta Nigra
294:Netherlands
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1604:Categories
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677:References
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426:See also:
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