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and political reform. Chinese police managed to isolate the non-Chinese students from the marchers and moved them by force to a military guest house in
Yizheng outside Nanjing. The protests were declared illegal, and riot police were brought in from surrounding provinces to pacify the demonstrators,
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After the police had dispersed the
Chinese students, many Africans fled to the railway station in order to gain safety at various African embassies in Beijing. The authorities prevented the Africans from boarding the trains so as to question those involved in the brawl. Soon their numbers increased
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By this time, Chinese students from Hohai
University had joined up with students from other Nanjing universities to make up a 3000-strong demonstration that called on government officials to prosecute the African students and reform the system which gave foreigners more rights than the Chinese. On
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The
Nanjing protests were groundbreaking dissidence for China and went from solely expressing concern about alleged improprieties by African men to increasingly calling for democracy or human rights. They were paralleled by burgeoning demonstrations in other cities during the period between the
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300 Chinese students, spurred by false rumors that a
Chinese man had been killed by the Africans, broke into and set about destroying the Africans' dormitories, shouting slogans. Part of the destruction involved setting fire to the Africans' dormitory and locking them in. The President of the
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party. A quarrel between one of the
Africans and a Chinese security guard, who had suspected that the women the African students tried to bring into the campus were prostitutes and refused their entry, led to a brawl between the African and Chinese students on the campus which lasted till the
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and were required to follow new regulations, including a night-time curfew, having to report to university authorities before leaving the campus, and having no more than one
Chinese girlfriend whose visits would be limited to the lounge area. Guests were still required to be registered.
124:, with some elements of the original protests that started in Nanjing still evident in 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, such as banners proclaiming "Stop Taking Advantage of Chinese Women" even though the vast majority of African students had left the country by that point.
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The
African students and their sympathizers were removed from Yizheng to another military guesthouse closer to Nanjing on New Year's Eve, and were returned to their universities the following day.
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to 140, as other
African and non-African foreign students, fearing violence or simply by sympathy, arrived at the first-class waiting room at the station asking to be allowed to go to Beijing.
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Collective Identity, Symbolic Mobilization, and Student Protest in Nanjing, China, 1988-1989
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The Stain on China's Pro-Democracy Movement: A Final Word About Tiananmen By Phillip Martin
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251:"New restrictions were imposed Thursday on African students' social... - UPI Archives"
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165:"The 1988–89 Nanjing Anti-African Protests: Racial Nationalism or National Racism?"
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The 1988-89 Nanjing Anti-African Protests: Racial Nationalism or National Racism?
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On December 24, 1988, two male African students were entering their campus at
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China as a Third World State: Foreign Policy and Official National Identity
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In January, three of the African students were deported for starting the
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257:. No. African students in Nanjing. Universal Press International
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Controversy over study buddies for international students in China
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Anti-African demonstrations spread to other cities, including
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university had to order the fire department to take action.
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in Nanjing with two Chinese women. The occasion was a
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Construction of Racial Identities in China and Japan
462:, Dikötter, Frank, Stanford University Press, 1992
446:, Van Ness, Peter, Cornell University Press, 1993
559:Racially motivated violence against black people
467:Racial Identities in China: Context and Meaning
221:"13 Injured as Chinese, African Students Clash"
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27:1988–1989 student protests in Nanjing, China
579:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
122:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
34:were mass demonstrations and riots against
320:. Hong Kong University Press. p. 86.
386:Nationalism and Anti-Africanism in China
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420:
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383:Peck, Andrew (2012). Ai, Ruixi (ed.).
63:morning, leaving 13 students injured.
459:The Discourse of Race in Modern China
278:"Africans in Beijing Boycott Classes"
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249:Del Vecchio, Mark (5 January 1989).
484:Anti-Black Racism in Post-Mao China
276:Kristof, Nicholas D. (1989-01-05).
539:Anti-immigration politics in China
163:Sullivan, Michael J. (June 1994).
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569:Riots and civil disorder in China
95:. The other students returned to
362:. Bookmarks. pp. 104–105.
80:which took several more days.
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589:December 1988 events in China
32:Nanjing anti-African protests
18:Nanjing Anti-African protests
594:January 1989 events in China
495:, Sullivan, Michael J, 1994
389:. Lulu.com. pp. 29–38.
227:. 1988-12-27. Archived from
475:An African Student in China
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574:Student protests in China
534:Anti-black racism in Asia
183:10.1017/S0305741000035839
115:Tiananmen Square protests
314:Dikötter, Frank (1997).
544:Anti-national sentiment
470:, Dikötter, Frank, 1994
584:Africa–China relations
487:, Sautman, Barry, 1994
358:Hore, Charlie (1991).
340:Huff Post, 07/13/2009
360:The Road to Tiananmen
139:Africans in Guangzhou
231:on November 13, 2022
554:Race riots in China
170:The China Quarterly
549:History of Nanjing
282:The New York Times
479:, Pall Mall, 1963
477:, Hevi, Emmanuel
454:, Crane, George T
396:978-1-105-76890-3
296:on March 26, 2023
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