929:
965:". During the massacre, Japanese troops in fact embarked on a determined search for former soldiers, in which thousands of young men were captured, most of whom were killed. In another case, Japanese troops gathered 1,300 Chinese soldiers and civilians at the Taiping Gate and killed them. The victims were blown up with landmines, then doused with petrol before being set on fire. Those that were left alive afterward were killed with bayonets.
946:
other claims, he has denied that there was execution of POWs in uniform, and cited anecdotes claiming that
Chinese POWs were treated humanely by Japanese soldiers. However, Higashinakano has also claimed at times that the executed POWs were illegitimate combatants, and so their execution was legitimate under international law. Higashinakano believes some several thousand "illegitimate combatants" may have been executed in such a fashion.
4065:
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605:
of the nation: Japan, as a nation, acknowledges its past and apologizes for its wartime wrongdoings; or ... stands firm against foreign pressures and teaches
Japanese youth about the benevolent and courageous martyrs who fought a just war to save Asia from Western aggression." In some nationalist circles in Japan, speaking of a large-scale massacre at Nanjing is regarded as
820:. The Imperial Army imposed strict censorship. Any photographs with dead bodies couldn't get through. So photographers had to remove all the bodies before taking pictures of streets and buildings in the city ... Even if the photos were not staged, the refugees had no choice but to fawn on the Japanese soldiers. Acting otherwise meant their deaths".
3270:
625:, characterizes the Nanjing Massacre as having "emerged as a fundamental keystone in the construction of the modern Chinese national identity". According to Askew, "a refusal to accept the 'orthodox' position on Nanjing can be construed as an attempt to deny the Chinese nation a legitimate voice in international society".
1028:, a professor at Ginling College, wrote in her diary on that day, "Oh God, control the cruel beastliness of the Japanese soldiers in Nanking tonight", and on the 19th, "In my wrath, I wished I had the power to smite them for their dastardly work. How ashamed women of Japan would be if they knew these tales of horror."
754:
Article 12 of the censorship guideline for newspapers issued in
September 1937 stated that any news article or photograph "unfavorable" to the Imperial Army was subject to a gag. Article 14 prohibited any "photographs of atrocities" but endorsed reports about the "cruelty of the Chinese" soldiers and
744:
activities were proscriptive as well as prescriptive. Besides issuing detailed guidelines to publishers, it made suggestions that were all but commands. From 1938, the print media "would come to realize that their survival depended upon taking cues from the
Cabinet Information Bureau and its flagship
880:
are representative academic leaders of this school. The books the two wrote were published and widely read, based on reliable researches. However, even in the school over 300,000 casualties are decided to be too large, considering the population and the scale of the military and this is against the
604:
In Japan, interpretation of the
Nanjing Massacre is a reflection upon the Japanese national identity and notions of "pride, honor and shame". Takashi Yoshida describes the Japanese debate over the Nanjing Massacre as "crystalliz a much larger conflict over what should constitute the ideal perception
722:
During the war, Japanese media and newspapers typically portrayed a positive view of the war in China. Reports on the massacre were generally muted, and newspaper reports and photos typically emphasized cooperation between
Chinese civilians and Japanese soldiers. Massacre denialists claim that the
679:
The common revisionist viewpoint, made by denialists such as
Higashinakano Shudo, is that the geographical area of the incident should be limited to the few square kilometers of the city, and they typically estimate the population to be about 200,000–250,000. However, this geographic definition is
945:
Massacre denialists such as
Higashinakano argue that the Nanjing Massacre was a fabrication and war-time propaganda spread by the Chinese Nationalists and Communists. He argues that the activities of the Japanese military in Nanjing were in accordance with international law and were humane. Among
691:
north of
Nanjing city, about 31 km in size) and other areas on the outskirts of the city. In 2003, Zhang Lianhong estimated that the population of greater Nanjing was between 535,000 and 635,000 civilians and soldiers just prior to the Japanese occupation. In 2008, he revised his estimate to
662:
The precise definition of the geographical area involved, duration of the massacre, as well as who is to be considered and counted among the victims, forms a major part of both the definition of the massacre and the arguments of denialists. Among the most extreme denialists, casualty claims range
1016:
Two
Japanese soldiers have climbed over the garden wall and are about to break into our house. When I appear they give the excuse that they saw two Chinese soldiers climb over the wall. When I show them my party badge, they return the same way. In one of the houses in the narrow street behind my
551:
Estimates of the death toll vary widely, ranging from 40,000 to 200,000. Some scholars, notably revisionists in Japan, have contended that the actual death toll is far lower, or even that the event was entirely fabricated and never occurred at all. These revisionist accounts of the killings have
1085:
noted that a 2015 version of the Japanese article attempted to imply that the rape and murder of Chinese civilians had occurred in the context of apprehending Chinese defectors. Schneider also noted that there were few to no images on the article; instead it contained a single image of Japanese
906:
Japanese affirmationists not only accept the validity of these tribunals and their findings, but also assert that Japan must stop denying the past and come to terms with Japan's responsibility for the war of aggression against its Asian neighbors. Affirmationists have drawn the attention of the
896:
Both positions are victimisation narratives. One depicts the Chinese as helpless victims of brutal Japanese imperialism in the winter of 1937–38, while the other depicts the gullible Japanese, innocent in the ways of the world, as victims of Chinese machinations and propaganda in the post-war
893:"Chinese" are turned into a single, homogenised voice and portrayed as sinister and manipulative twisters of the truth, while the similarly homogenized "Japanese" are portrayed as uniquely evil, as cruel and blood-thirsty beyond redemption, and as deniers of widely accepted historical truths.
1035:
Xia Shuqin, a woman testifying that she had been a massacre victim, sued Higashinakano for defamation for a claim made in a book written in 1998 that the murder of her family had been performed by Chinese, rather than Japanese, soldiers. On 5 February 2009, the Japanese Supreme Court ordered
868:
Takashi Hoshiyama characterizes opinion in Japan about the Nanjing Massacre as "broadly divided into two schools of thought: the massacre affirmation school, which asserts that a large-scale massacre took place, and the massacre denial school, which asserts that, a certain number of isolated
1036:
Higashinakano and the publisher, Tendensha, to pay 4 million yen in damages to Xia. According to the court, Higashinakano failed to prove that she and the girl were different persons, and that she was not a witness of the Nanjing Massacre, as Higashinakano had claimed in his book.
808:, about 25 meters high, the prisoners of war were rounded up in a line. They were being stabbed by bayonets and shoved away off the wall. A number of Japanese soldiers polished their bayonets, shouted to themselves once and thrust their bayonets in the chest or back of POWs."
961:, on August 6, 1937, deputy minister of Military of Japan notified Japanese troops in Shanghai of the army's proposition to remove the constraints of international law on the treatment of Chinese prisoners. This directive also advised staff officers to stop using the term "
1081:, has been criticized for promoting denialist or revisionist narratives about the Nanjing Massacre. Scholars have compared and contrasted the article on the massacre (as well as other World War II–era topics) across various languages. In a 2018 book, Florian Schneider of
994:, whose report formed the basis of the Tribunal's findings, was reporting only hearsay, and that thus, the figure of 300,000 dead was "unreal", drew a response from Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi, who suggested that Higashinakano's assertions and conclusion were not "sensible":
1031:
Vautrin also wrote in her diary that she had to go to the Japanese embassy repeatedly from December 18 to January 13 to get proclamations to prohibit Japanese soldiers from committing crimes at Ginling because the soldiers tore the documents up before taking women away.
1059:(IMTFE) and the Chinese government for the purpose of propaganda. He alleged that the Tokyo Tribunal was "victor's justice" and not a fair trial; that there were 2000 deaths for the entirety of the massacre; and that many civilians were killed by the Chinese military.
707:
Most scholars have accepted figures between 50,000 and 300,000 dead as an approximate total. Revisionists in Japan, however, have contended at times that the actual death toll is far lower, or even that the event was entirely fabricated and never occurred at all.
595:
Takashi Yoshida asserts that, "Nanjing has figured in the attempts of all three nations to preserve and redefine national and ethnic pride and identity, assuming different kinds of significance based on each country's changing internal and external enemies."
586:
Relations between Japan and China have been complicated as a result, as denial of the massacre is seen in China as part of an overall unwillingness on Japan's part to admit and apologize for its aggression, or a perceived insensitivity regarding the killings.
1096:
magazine, Yumiko Sato similarly reported that the article read, "The Chinese side calls it the Nanjing Massacre, but the truth of the incident is still unknown", and identified a lack of pictures on the article. The Japanese Knowledge editor and academic
1003:
Higashinakano has also at times denied the occurrence of mass rape on the part of Japanese troops, at times ascribing it to Chinese soldiers, and at other times simply denying its occurrence. The occurrence of rape during the massacre is testified to by
637:
had, on numerous occasions, claimed that the Nanjing Massacre was purely propaganda perpetrated by the Chinese communists and which could be placed into the same category as "fictitious history". The Taiwanese leader spent the first 22 years of life in
855:
wrote that it was a "compelling account of a horrendous episode that, until recently, has been largely forgotten". The text, however, was not without controversy. Chang's account drew on new sources to break new ground in the study of the period.
815:
notes, "Some deniers argue that Nanjing was much more peaceful than we generally think. They always show some photographs with Nanjing refugees selling some food in the streets or Chinese people smiling in the camps. They are forgetting about
1017:
garden wall, a woman was raped, and then wounded in the neck with a bayonet. I managed to get an ambulance so we can take her to Kulou Hospital. ... Last night up to 1,000 women and girls are said to have been raped, about 100 girls at
998:
Higashinakano jumps to this conclusion in all earnestness because he clings to a hypothetical fixation that the Atrocity never happened. This forces him to seize any shred of evidence, whether sound or not, to sustain and systematize that
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692:
468,000–568,000. Some historians also include six counties around Nanjing, known as the Nanjing Special Municipality. With the six surrounding counties included, the population of Nanjing is estimated to be more than 1 million.
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983:, made a tour of Nanjing before his departure from the city. He heard waves of machine-gun fire and witnessed the Japanese soldiers gun down some two hundred Chinese within ten minutes. Two days later, in his report to the
2292:
671:
to support his claim that the massacre was a fabrication and death tolls were low. However, figures within the range of 50,000–300,000 are typically articulated among more sophisticated and mainstream historians. The
3683:
355:
920:), they deny the massacre and argue that only a few POWs and civilians were killed by the Japanese military in Nanjing. More moderate denialists argue that between several thousand and 38,000–42,000 were massacred.
1840:, p. 18). This estimation includes the surrounding area outside of the city of Nanking, which is objected by a Chinese researcher (the same book, p. 146). Yutaka Yoshida concludes "more than 200,000" in his book (
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1202:
102:
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formal released number of China. In Japan, the comments in the webpage of Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan and the description of Japanese textbooks are consistent with the academic theories of the school.
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758:
Owing to the censorship, none of the hundred Japanese reporters in Nanjing when the city was captured wrote anything unfavorable to their countrymen. In 1956, however, Masatake Imai, correspondent for the
703:
defined the period of the massacre to the ensuing six weeks. More conservative estimates say the massacre started on December 14, when the troops entered the Safety Zone, and that it lasted for six weeks.
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noted that the first paragraph of the Japanese article expressed doubt about the details of the incident and "thereby portrays the Japanese military less negatively". In a 2021 article published in
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wrote that it was the "first comprehensive examination of the destruction of this Chinese imperial city", and that Chang "skillfully excavated from oblivion the terrible events that took place".
190:
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who reported only about the "majestic and soul-stirring ceremony" of the triumphal entry of the Imperial Army, revealed he witnessed a mass execution of 400 to 500 Chinese men near
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alone. You hear nothing but rape. If husbands or brothers intervene, they're shot. What you hear and see on all sides is the brutality and bestiality of the Japanese soldiers.
4963:
3813:
294:
733:), a consortium of military, politicians and professionals created in 1936 as a "committee" and upgraded to a "division" in 1937, applied censorship of all the media of the
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Japanese public to atrocities committed by the Japanese Army during World War II in general and the Nanjing Massacre in particular in support of an anti-war agenda.
642:, and served as a military officer when the island-nation was still under Japanese rule. In general, attitudes in Taiwan towards Japan are more positive than in the
2879:
60:
723:
news published in the Japanese media and newspapers were "true" and "reliable" stories. However, most mainstream historians counter that it is well known that the
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s office. "I wish I could write about it", he told his colleague Nakamura. "Someday, we will, but not for the time being. But we sure saw it", Nakamura answered.
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195:
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579:, have played prominent roles in countering Nanjing Massacre denialism in the decades after the killings. Nonetheless, denialist accounts, such as those of
5114:
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2550:
837:, renewed global interest in the Nanjing Massacre. The book sold more than half a million copies when it was first published in the US, and according to
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250:
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mean that the perception of Japan is less influenced by Japanese actions in WWII and more influenced by contemporary Japanese cultural exports.
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2499:[Regarding Yumiko Sato's article "Reasons why 'historical revisionism' is widespread on the Japanese Knowledge and solutions for it"].
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1364:"International reconciliation on the Internet? Ontological security, attribution and the construction of war memory narratives in Knowledge"
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The duration of the incident is naturally defined by its geography: the earlier the Japanese entered the area, the longer the duration. The
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1981:
1055:, Masaaki Tanaka alleges that there was no indiscriminate killing in Nanjing and that the massacre was a fabrication manufactured by the
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973:, American news correspondents, reported that they had seen bodies of killed Chinese soldiers forming mounds six feet high at Nanjing's
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almost universally unheard of outside of revisionist circles. Their use of 200,000–250,000 civilians also only includes those in the
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maintained that the Nanjing Massacre was a fabrication which sought "to demonize the Japanese race, culture, history, and nation".
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Penney, Matthew (2008). "Far from Oblivion: The Nanking Massacre in Japanese Historical Writing for Children and Young Adults".
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David Askew asserts that the debate over the Nanjing Massacre has been hijacked by "two large groups of layperson activists".
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James Leibold (November 2008). "Picking at the Wound: Nanjing, 1937–38". Electronic Journal of Contemporary Japanese Studies.
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2011:
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804:, wrote, "When I went back to the Zhongshan Gate, I saw for the first time an unearthly, brutal massacre. On the top of
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Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi, ed. (2008). The Nanking Atrocity, 1937–38: Complicating the Picture. Berghahn Books. p. 362.
322:
312:
165:
789:, wrote that the Japanese reporters he interviewed all told him they saw between 2,000 and 3,000 corpses around the
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4907:
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914:" in which only the winning side's version of events are accepted. Described within Japan as the Illusion School (
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due to the longer and less harsh Japanese administration of Taiwan compared to the Japanese occupation in the
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Yang, Daqing (June 1999). "Convergence or Divergence? Recent Historical Writings on the Rape of Nanjing".
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583:, have often created controversy in the global media, particularly in China and other East Asian nations.
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1449:[Reasons Why "Historical Revisionism" is Widespread on Japanese Knowledge and Solutions for It].
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ended on December 13, when the divisions of the Japanese Army entered the walled city of Nanjing. The
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1856:, p. 160). Professor Tomio Hora at Waseda University in Tokyo writes 50,000–100,000 (Tanaka Masaaki,
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regime and that this office held a policing authority over the realm of publishing. Therefore, the
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area and a reporter, Yuji Maeda, saw recruits executing Chinese prisoners of war with bayonets.
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agreed that revisionism was an issue, but corrected some technical aspects of Sato's arguments.
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Most historians include a much larger area around the city, including the Xiaguan district (the
1989:
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The most extreme denialists, by and large, reject the findings of the tribunals as a kind of "
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with some historians attempting to downplay or outright deny that the massacre took place.
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states "more than 100,000 and close to 200,000, or maybe more", referring to his own book
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42:
34:
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1612:
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Askew, David (2004). "The Contested Past: History and Semantics in the Nanjing Debate".
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Denialists say that few civilians were killed, and that the massacre is a fabrication.
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soldiers checking Chinese prisoners for weapons. In a 2019 paper, Karl Gustafsson of
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with respect to the scope and nature of the atrocities which were committed by the
4746:
4363:
1313:"Reconciling Narratives of the Nanjing Massacre in Japanese and Chinese Textbooks"
2747:
The Truth of the Nanking Operation in 1937 (1937 Nanking Koryakusen no Shinjitsu)
2469:
1333:
613:' (in the case of foreigners) or 'self-flagellation' (in the case of Japanese)".
4824:
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3485:
2974:
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Askew, David (April 2002). "The Nanjing Incident – Recent Research and Trends".
954:
544:. In Japan, however, there has been a debate over the extent and nature of the
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4237:
3898:
3868:
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2360:"Convergence or Divergence? Recent Historical Writings on the Rape of Nanjing"
2340:
1635:"Convergence or Divergence? Recent Historical Writings on the Rape of Nanjing"
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828:
572:
560:. Scholars have also said that the Japanese version of the Knowledge article (
180:
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Daqing Yang, "A Sino-Japanese Controversy: The Nanjing Atrocity As History",
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650:. Furthermore, the geopolitical alignment of Taiwan and Japan against the
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4151:
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2222:
Fujiwara, Akira (1995). "Nitchû Sensô ni Okeru Horyotoshido Gyakusatsu".
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estimated at least 200,000 casualties and at least 20,000 cases of rape.
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American Goddess at the Rape of Nanking: The Courage of Minnie Vautrin
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Masaaki Tanaka was discredited after it was proven that he engaged in
751:, designers of the 'look' of the soldier, and the 'look' of the war".
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International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust
2108:
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688:
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2421:
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2525:[Possibilities of historians' participation in Knowledge].
1982:"The Nanjing Massacre, Psychological Warfare: I Chinese Propaganda"
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Denial of the genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia
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3927:
3653:
The Other Side: The Secret Relationship Between Nazism and Zionism
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Nitchû Sensô ni Okeru Horyo Gyakusatsu, Kikan Sensô Sekinin Kenkyû
1265:
1263:
927:
651:
647:
643:
2057:
1416:"Non-English Editions of Knowledge Have a Misinformation Problem"
3500:
1736:
What Really Happened in Nanking: The Refutation of a Common Myth
932:
A Chinese POW about to be beheaded by a Japanese officer with a
518:
murdered hundreds of thousands of Chinese soldiers and civilians
3931:
2766:
1069:
Japanese Knowledge § Allegations of historical revisionism
556:
discourse. The massacre is also only briefly mentioned in some
1587:"Taiwan finds a lot to like about its former colonizer, Japan"
1897:
Certain Victory: Images of World War II in the Japanese Media
1884:
Certain Victory: Images of World War II in the Japanese Media
1281:
1279:
1048:
by altering several hundred places of an important document.
1772:"Data Challenges Japanese Theory on Nanjing Population Size"
2307:"Chinese hail Nanjing Massacre witness' libel suit victory"
1857:
3496:
Gesellschaft zur Rechtlichen und Humanitären Unterstützung
1721:
HyperWar: International Military Tribunal for the Far East
1718:"Chapter VIII - Conventional War Crimes - (Atrocities)".
571:
Some Japanese journalists and social scientists, such as
2446:
Kodansha-kan "Nankin no Shinjitsu" wa Shinjitsu dehanai
2264:
The Nanking atrocity, 1937–38: complicating the picture
949:
What Higashinakano believed is against the articles of
2576:
The Nanking Atrocity 1937–38: Complicating the Picture
824:
Revived international interest in the Nanjing Massacre
684:, which does not include everyone inside of the city.
1440:
1438:
103:
Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia
1253:
1251:
1249:
5047:
5020:
4962:
4916:
4873:
4866:
4745:
4675:
4600:
4593:
4544:
4484:
4410:
4403:
4350:
4268:
4261:
4160:
4107:
4072:
3965:
3831:
3814:
Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime
3806:
3763:
3730:
3723:
3692:
3676:
3544:
3458:
3428:
3402:
3357:
3326:
3293:
3248:
3103:
3025:
2952:
2857:
2690:
Electronic Journal of Contemporary Japanese Studies
1542:
Electronic Journal of Contemporary Japanese Studies
1538:"The Nanjing Incident – Recent Research and Trends"
295:
International Committee for the Nanjing Safety Zone
3376:On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians
3074:Negationism of the military dictatorship of Brazil
2624:The Nanjing Massacre in History and Historiography
2573:
2471:The Nanjing Massacre in History and Historiography
1409:
1407:
1271:The Nanjing Massacre in History and Historiography
2278:The Good Man of Nanking, the Diaries of John Rabe
1938:Mokugekisha ga Kataru Showashi 5: Nichi Chu Senso
5110:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
1297:
1295:
1057:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
674:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
318:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
5080:German pre–World War II industrial co-operation
2051:"The Split Personality of the Nanking Massacre"
1014:
996:
891:
61:Denial of atrocities against Indigenous peoples
4064:
3536:Zeitgeschichtliche Forschungsstelle Ingolstadt
2497:"佐藤由美子さんの「日本語版ウィキペディアで「歴史修正主義」が広がる理由と解決策」について"
2207:
1966:
1951:
1936:
1930:
1915:
1909:
1143:List of war apology statements issued by Japan
977:in the north. Durdin, who was working for the
915:
885:Hijacking of the debate by layperson activists
797:
782:
760:
746:
724:
621:David Askew, an associate professor of law at
561:
3943:
3476:Centre for the Study of the Causes of the War
2778:
2699:Nitchû Sensô ni Okeru Horyotoshido Gyakusatsu
1338:. Oxford University Press. pp. 123–124.
532:. Most historians accept the findings of the
486:
244:
8:
1148:Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform
869:aberrations aside, no massacre took place".
5161:World War II-related historical negationism
4427:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office
2407:"The Nanking Massacre: Now You See It, ..."
1682:"The Nanking Massacre: Now You See It, ..."
4870:
4597:
4407:
4265:
3950:
3936:
3928:
3727:
3608:A History of the Palestinian People (2017)
3245:
2949:
2785:
2771:
2763:
2012:"History's Shadow Foils Nanking Chronicle"
1878:
1876:
493:
479:
262:
251:
237:
29:
4830:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
4440:Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors
3573:Coverage of the Hillsborough disaster by
1828:Iwanami shinsho (FUJIWARA Akira (editor)
1379:
1053:The Fabrication of the 'Nanjing Massacre'
872:In the massacre affirmation school, both
4213:National Spiritual Mobilization Movement
1750:"The Nanking Atrocities: Fact and Fable"
1531:
1529:
1527:
864:Massacre affirmation vs. massacre denial
157:Scholarly controversy over mass killings
3349:There was no such thing as Palestinians
1738:. Tokyo: Sekai Shuppan, 2000. pp. 16-17
1223:
1138:Japanese history textbook controversies
663:from several dozen to several hundred.
445:American Goddess at the Rape of Nanking
435:
368:
361:Japanese history textbook controversies
330:
302:
274:
204:
156:
51:
41:
18:Nanking Massacre controversy and denial
5028:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
3047:Denial of state terrorism in Argentina
2572:Wakabayashi, Bob Tadashi, ed. (2008).
2331:"Author on Nanjing loses libel appeal"
2184:
2182:
2180:
1911:Fukyoka Shashi Ron: Hūkoku no Shashi 2
1886:, M. E. Sharpe, 2007, pp. 89, 108, 143
1158:Historiography of the Nanjing Massacre
957:. For example, according to historian
332:Historiography of the Nanjing Massacre
2880:Atrocities against Indigenous peoples
1941:, Shin Jinbutsu Orai, 1989, p. 49–58.
1917:Mainichi Shinbun Hizū Fukyoka Shashin
1620:The "Nanking Massacre" as Fabrication
902:Japanese perspectives on the massacre
843:, received general critical acclaim.
796:Jiro Suzuki, a correspondent for the
712:History and censorship during the war
568:) emphasizes revisionist narratives.
7:
4432:Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff
4188:Imperial Rule Assistance Association
2927:U.S. cover-up of Japanese war crimes
2243:"Nanjing remembers massacre victims"
2049:Hoshiyama, Takashi (November 2007).
1920:2, Mainichi Shinbun 1999, pp.177–178
1357:
1355:
1327:
1325:
27:Denial of the 1937 massacre by Japan
5100:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman
4342:East Asia Development Board (Kōain)
3531:United Daughters of the Confederacy
2453:] (in Japanese). Archived from
2037:The making of the "Rape of Nanking"
1953:Shanghai Jidai: Journalist no Kaiso
1451:Yumiko Sato's Music Therapy Journal
623:Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University
3506:Iğdır Genocide Memorial and Museum
2708:The Making of the "Rape of Nanking
2626:. University of California Press.
2474:. University of California Press.
2451:"The Truth of Nanking" is not true
1932:"Nankin Shinai no Tairyo Satsujin"
951:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
617:China (People's Republic of China)
616:
341:Death toll of the Nanjing Massacre
191:Native American population decline
25:
3620:The Hoax of the Twentieth Century
3365:Allegations of genocide in Donbas
3257:Destruction of Armenian heritage
3164:Destruction of cultural heritage
3121:Ancient Egyptian race controversy
2405:Wakabayashi, Bob Tadashi (2001).
2123:Ritsumeikan International Affairs
1680:Wakabayashi, Bob Tadashi (2001).
1332:Schneider, Florian (2018-08-16).
1118:2005 anti-Japanese demonstrations
718:Censorship in the Empire of Japan
4800:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
4063:
3912:
3911:
2622:Joshua A. Fogel (5 March 2000).
2553:from the original on 2023-09-28.
2347:from the original on 2023-09-28.
2188:Higashinakano (2005) pp. 219–223
1846:Tennou no guntai to Nankin jiken
1575:from the original on 2017-08-18.
1472:The Unpredictability of the Past
1447:"日本語版ウィキペディアで「歴史修正主義」が広がる理由と解決策"
1079:fourth largest Knowledge edition
4815:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact
3516:Institute for Historical Review
3511:Institute for Armenian Research
3334:Denial of the 7 October attacks
3235:Shakespeare authorship question
2944:Denial of the 7 October attacks
2756:Fabrication of Nanjing Massacre
2726:Nankin Jiken Gyakusatsu no kozo
2671:Tenno no Guntai to Nankin Jiken
2241:Bristow, Michael (2007-12-13).
2010:Carvajal, Doreen (1999-05-20).
1968:Tenno no Guntai to Nankin Jiken
1859:What Really Happened in Nanking
1362:Gustafsson, Karl (2019-07-18).
1123:Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan
781:, the Shanghai bureau chief of
385:Black Sun: The Nanking Massacre
5070:Japanese settlers in Manchuria
4183:Imperial Rescript on Education
3240:Territorial losses of Thailand
2468:Fogel, Joshua A., ed. (2002).
2364:The American Historical Review
2142:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
1931:
1916:
1639:The American Historical Review
356:Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall
196:1944–1950 expulsion of Germans
1:
4516:Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha)
4422:Imperial General Headquarters
4013:Foreign commerce and shipping
3627:I Am More Than a Wolf Whistle
3446:Vietnam stab-in-the-back myth
3062:Lost Cause of the Confederacy
2895:Genocide of Serbs during WWII
2833:school textbook controversies
2745:Higashinakano, Syudo (2003).
1956:, Cho Koron 1975, pp.251–252.
1616:'Nankin gyakusatsu' no kyokù"
924:Prominent Japanese denialists
351:Nanjing Massacre Memorial Day
5166:Conspiracy theories in Japan
4848:Hirohito surrender broadcast
4243:Greater East Asia Conference
3780:Lehideux and Isorni v France
3667:Report about Case Srebrenica
3641:Journal of Historical Review
3143:Censorship of Great Zimbabwe
2643:Nankin jiken Iwanami shinsho
2495:Kitamura, Sae (2021-01-17).
2315:. 2009-02-09. Archived from
1491:. 1998-12-01. Archived from
528:. This is relevant today in
4228:Supreme Court of Judicature
3582:Did Six Million Really Die?
3215:Like sheep to the slaughter
2208:
2197:Higashinakano (2003) p. 165
1971:, Aoki Shoten, 1986, p. 117
1967:
1952:
1937:
1910:
1536:Askew, David (2002-04-04).
1445:Sato, Yumiko (2021-01-09).
1414:Sato, Yumiko (2021-03-19).
1335:China's Digital Nationalism
936:during the Nanjing Massacre
916:
858:Japanese ultra-nationalists
798:
783:
761:
747:
725:
633:Former Taiwanese President
323:Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal
313:Hundred man killing contest
5182:
4939:Second Philippine Republic
4712:Manchuria–Mongolia problem
3788:Irving v Penguin Books Ltd
3705:J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing
3526:Turkish Historical Society
3057:Ferdinand Marcos apologism
2587:American Historical Review
2262:Wakabayashi, Bob Tadashi.
2224:Kikan Sensô Sekinin Kenkyû
1986:www.thenanjingmassacre.org
1899:, M. E. Sharpe, 2007, p.99
1066:
731:Cabinet Information Bureau
715:
667:, a denialist, engaged in
640:Taiwan under Japanese rule
629:Taiwan (Republic of China)
4820:Japan during World War II
4775:Pacification of Manchukuo
4667:Invasion of Taiwan (1895)
4662:Invasion of Taiwan (1874)
4531:Control Faction (Tōseiha)
4253:Imperial Japanese Airways
4061:
3907:
3849:Historical misconceptions
2800:
2706:Yoshida, Takashi (2006).
2662:Nankin jiken o dou miruka
2641:Kasahara Tokushi (1998).
1842:Nankin jiken o dou miruka
1830:Nankin jiken o dou miruka
1318:. Tsuru Bunka University.
852:The Philadelphia Inquirer
800:Tokyo Nichi Nichi Shimbun
562:
558:Japanese school textbooks
176:Colonization of Australia
123:Tiananmen Square massacre
4795:Second Sino-Japanese War
4737:Racial Equality Proposal
4317:Agriculture and Commerce
3392:Denial of Crimean Tatars
3221:Myth of the golden exile
2754:Tanaka, Masaaki (1984).
2539:10.57269/antitled.1.0_83
2523:"歴史学者によるKnowledge参加の可能性"
1844:p. 123, Yoshida Yutaka,
1571:. 小学館. 10 January 2014.
1489:NewsHour with Jim Lehrer
1381:10.1177/0047117819864410
1198:Armenian genocide denial
1193:Holocaust trivialization
1008:, elected leader of the
701:Tokyo War Crime Tribunal
526:Second Sino-Japanese War
285:Battle of Nanking (1937)
266:This article is part of
108:Indonesian mass killings
4707:Washington Naval Treaty
4652:Anglo–Japanese Alliance
4637:First Sino-Japanese War
4456:Nuclear weapons program
4198:Great Japan Youth Party
4125:National seals of Japan
3796:Perinçek v. Switzerland
3226:Phantom time hypothesis
2820:Knowledge falsification
2669:Yoshida Yutaka (1998).
2276:Woods, John E. (1998).
2077:, November 1990, p. 24.
1862:, 2000, Sekai Shuppan,
1368:International Relations
1208:Bosnian genocide denial
1133:Sino-Japanese relations
846:The Wall Street Journal
530:Sino-Japanese relations
506:Nanjing Massacre denial
452:The Good Man of Nanking
427:The Truth about Nanjing
346:Nanjing Massacre denial
44:Denial of mass killings
5146:Anti-Chinese sentiment
4785:Motherland controversy
4755:Shōwa financial crisis
4547:Imperial Japanese Navy
4487:Imperial Japanese Army
4218:Peace Preservation Law
3894:Genocide justification
3857:Accusation in a mirror
3844:Historical revisionism
3660:The Ottoman Lieutenant
3111:Allah as a lunar deity
2998:Double genocide theory
2794:Historical negationism
2730:. Chuo Koron Shinsho.
2722:Hata, Ikuhiko (1986).
2521:Tajiri, Kenta (2022).
2111:!, February 2001, 197.
2094:!, February 2001, 197.
1748:Hata, Ikuhiko (1998).
1213:Historical negationism
1178:Statism in Shōwa Japan
1023:
1001:
937:
899:
538:Imperial Japanese Army
392:City of Life and Death
224:Historical revisionism
219:Historical negationism
214:Genocide justification
4697:Siberian Intervention
4506:Railways and Shipping
4322:Commerce and Industry
4018:Industrial production
3589:Falsifiers of History
3567:The Birth of a Nation
3318:Stab-in-the-back myth
3095:Operation Legacy (UK)
2962:Austria victim theory
2358:Yang, Daqing (1999).
2075:Sino-Japanese Studies
1950:Shigeharu Matsumoto,
1848:, 1998, Aoki shoten,
1633:Yang, Daqing (1999).
1591:The Los Angeles Times
1019:Ginling Girls College
931:
5151:Japanese nationalism
5115:Political dissidence
4964:Occupied territories
4702:General Election Law
4526:Taiwan Army of Japan
3715:Nation Europa Verlag
3491:FactCheckArmenia.com
3387:Censorship of images
3104:Other manifestations
2987:Italiani brava gente
2296:, 2000, p.90, 95, 96
1470:Gallicchio, Marc S.
1301:Yoshida, pp. 157–158
1219:Notes and references
1153:Japanese nationalism
1088:Stockholm University
658:Issues of definition
554:Japanese nationalist
4934:Wang Jingwei regime
4844:Potsdam Declaration
4835:Soviet–Japanese War
4790:Anti-Comintern Pact
4780:January 28 incident
4765:London Naval Treaty
4642:Triple Intervention
4471:Supreme War Council
4355:deliberative bodies
3879:Conspiracy theories
3863:Ash heap of history
3420:Sun Language Theory
3185:Myth of English aid
2758:. Nihon Kyobun Sha.
2501:Commentarius Saevus
2410:Monumenta Nipponica
2105:永久保存版 - 三派合同 大アンケート
2088:永久保存版 - 三派合同 大アンケート
1908:Shinichi Kusamori,
1802:on 22 December 2015
1685:Monumenta Nipponica
1311:Kasahara, Tokushi.
1287:The China Challenge
1173:Japanese war crimes
1046:academic misconduct
1010:Nanjing Safety Zone
941:Shudo Higashinakano
834:The Rape of Nanking
818:Japanese propaganda
779:Shigeharu Matsumoto
682:Nanjing Safety Zone
669:academic misconduct
581:Shūdō Higashinakano
552:become a staple of
512:claim denying that
459:The Rape of Nanking
378:The Battle of China
304:Japanese war crimes
290:Nanjing Safety Zone
113:Bangladesh genocide
52:Instances of denial
4657:Russo-Japanese War
4627:Two Lords Incident
4282:Imperial Household
3839:Historical fiction
3634:Jasenovac – istina
3560:A Verdade Sufocada
3466:Adelaide Institute
3370:All-Russian nation
3327:Israel / Palestine
3306:Myth of Langemarck
3285:Western Azerbaijan
3148:Christ myth theory
3116:Ancient astronauts
3026:Other whitewashing
2900:Croatian Knowledge
2890:Cambodian genocide
2724:Nanjing Incident (
2154:10.1093/hgs/dcn003
2016:The New York Times
1895:David C. Earhart,
1882:David C. Earhart,
1832:1998 Aoki shoten,
1075:Japanese Knowledge
1063:Japanese Knowledge
938:
840:The New York Times
406:The Flowers of War
399:Don't Cry, Nanking
118:Cambodian genocide
5123:
5122:
5095:Socialist thought
5043:
5042:
4982:Dutch East Indies
4944:Empire of Vietnam
4862:
4861:
4632:Satsuma Rebellion
4612:Meiji Restoration
4589:
4588:
4399:
4398:
4337:Greater East Asia
4223:Political parties
4178:Foreign relations
3925:
3924:
3884:False attribution
3827:
3826:
3807:International law
3693:Publishing houses
3454:
3453:
3441:Irish slaves myth
3261:Cemetery in Julfa
3204:Khazar hypothesis
3159:Damnatio memoriae
3042:Czechoslovak myth
3021:
3020:
2934:Rohingya genocide
2875:Armenian genocide
2716:Denialist sources
2443:Tanaka, Masaaki.
2174:Hata Ikuhiko 1993
2035:Takashi Yoshida.
1796:www.sjhistory.org
1734:Tanaka, Masaaki.
1424:. The Slate Group
1345:978-0-19-087681-4
1273:. 2000, page 46-8
1269:Fogel, Joshua A.
1163:Shintaro Ishihara
1083:Leiden University
967:F. Tillman Durdin
739:Naikaku Jōhōkyoku
726:Naikaku Jōhōkyoku
697:Battle of Nanjing
591:National identity
542:Battle of Nanjing
514:Imperial Japanese
503:
502:
261:
260:
148:Rohingya genocide
66:Armenian genocide
16:(Redirected from
5173:
5136:Nanjing Massacre
5085:Shinmin no Michi
5075:Internment camps
4987:French Indochina
4871:
4717:Taishō Democracy
4598:
4521:Japanese holdout
4408:
4332:Colonial Affairs
4266:
4193:Yokusan Sonendan
4099:
4091:
4083:
4067:
4066:
3993:Economic history
3952:
3945:
3938:
3929:
3915:
3914:
3728:
3314:
3274:
3246:
3193:
3082:
3052:Driftwood theory
2950:
2939:Rwandan genocide
2922:Nanjing Massacre
2917:Khojaly massacre
2885:Bosnian genocide
2787:
2780:
2773:
2764:
2759:
2750:
2741:
2711:
2702:
2697:Fujiwara Akira.
2693:
2684:
2665:
2660:Yoshida Yutaka.
2656:
2637:
2618:
2581:
2579:
2566:Academic sources
2555:
2554:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2303:
2297:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2273:
2267:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2219:
2213:
2211:
2204:
2198:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2175:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2118:
2112:
2101:
2095:
2084:
2078:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2056:. Archived from
2055:
2046:
2040:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1988:. Archived from
1978:
1972:
1970:
1965:Yutaka Yoshida,
1963:
1957:
1955:
1948:
1942:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1906:
1900:
1893:
1887:
1880:
1871:
1822:Tokushi Kasahara
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1798:. Archived from
1788:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1756:. Archived from
1745:
1739:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1630:
1624:
1615:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1544:. Archived from
1533:
1522:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1481:
1475:
1474:. 2007, page 158
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1442:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1411:
1402:
1401:
1383:
1359:
1350:
1349:
1329:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1290:
1289:. 2007, pp. 9–10
1285:Dillon, Dana R.
1283:
1274:
1267:
1258:
1255:
1244:
1233:
1188:Holocaust denial
1107:
992:Harold Timperley
971:Archibald Steele
919:
912:victor's justice
878:Tokushi Kasahara
813:Tokushi Kasahara
803:
788:
774:
767:
750:
743:
728:
608:
567:
566:
510:pseudohistorical
495:
488:
481:
276:Nanjing Massacre
263:
253:
246:
239:
143:Bosnian genocide
138:Rwandan genocide
133:Khojaly massacre
98:Nanjing Massacre
93:Congo Free State
46:
30:
21:
5181:
5180:
5176:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5171:
5170:
5141:Genocide denial
5126:
5125:
5124:
5119:
5105:Yasukuni Shrine
5039:
5016:
4958:
4912:
4858:
4810:Tripartite Pact
4805:Rape of Nanking
4741:
4727:Tapani incident
4671:
4647:Boxer Rebellion
4605:
4585:
4549:
4540:
4489:
4480:
4415:
4395:
4389:Representatives
4357:
4354:
4353:Legislative and
4346:
4312:Foreign Affairs
4275:
4272:
4257:
4156:
4135:Government Seal
4120:Rising Sun Flag
4103:
4097:
4089:
4081:
4068:
4059:
3961:
3959:Empire of Japan
3956:
3926:
3921:
3903:
3889:Furtive fallacy
3853:
3823:
3802:
3759:
3719:
3688:
3672:
3647:Leuchter report
3553:A Town Betrayed
3540:
3450:
3436:1776 Commission
3424:
3410:Denial of Kurds
3398:
3353:
3322:
3308:
3289:
3268:
3244:
3187:
3099:
3076:
3027:
3017:
2948:
2867:
2862:
2859:Genocide denial
2853:
2841:Rationalization
2796:
2791:
2753:
2744:
2738:
2721:
2718:
2705:
2696:
2687:
2681:
2668:
2659:
2653:
2640:
2634:
2621:
2599:10.2307/2650991
2584:
2571:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2529:(in Japanese).
2520:
2519:
2515:
2506:
2504:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2482:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2422:10.2307/3096672
2404:
2403:
2399:
2376:10.2307/2650991
2357:
2356:
2352:
2336:The Japan Times
2329:
2328:
2324:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2289:
2285:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2261:
2257:
2248:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2226:(in Japanese).
2221:
2220:
2216:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2102:
2098:
2085:
2081:
2072:
2068:
2060:
2053:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2034:
2030:
2021:
2019:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1995:
1993:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1964:
1960:
1949:
1945:
1929:Masatake Imai,
1928:
1924:
1907:
1903:
1894:
1890:
1881:
1874:
1819:
1815:
1805:
1803:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1754:japanecho.co.jp
1747:
1746:
1742:
1733:
1729:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1697:10.2307/3096672
1679:
1678:
1674:
1651:10.2307/2650991
1632:
1631:
1627:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1596:
1594:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1551:
1549:
1535:
1534:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1498:
1496:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1469:
1465:
1456:
1454:
1444:
1443:
1436:
1427:
1425:
1413:
1412:
1405:
1361:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1331:
1330:
1323:
1315:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1293:
1284:
1277:
1268:
1261:
1256:
1247:
1234:
1225:
1221:
1183:Genocide denial
1128:Racism in Japan
1114:
1101:
1071:
1065:
1042:
963:prisoner of war
943:
926:
904:
887:
866:
826:
772:
741:
720:
714:
660:
631:
619:
606:
602:
593:
577:Katsuichi Honda
520:in the city of
499:
257:
228:
200:
186:Mongol conquest
152:
76:Romani genocide
45:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5179:
5177:
5169:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5128:
5127:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5051:
5049:
5045:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5036:
5035:
5024:
5022:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4968:
4966:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4951:
4949:State of Burma
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4920:
4918:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4877:
4875:
4868:
4864:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4856:
4851:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4770:Musha Incident
4767:
4762:
4760:Jinan incident
4757:
4751:
4749:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4681:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4617:Beipu uprising
4614:
4608:
4606:
4601:
4595:
4591:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4581:Treaty Faction
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4552:
4550:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4511:Imperial Guard
4508:
4503:
4498:
4492:
4490:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4436:
4435:
4434:
4429:
4418:
4416:
4411:
4405:
4401:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4391:
4386:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4360:
4358:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4278:
4276:
4271:Administration
4269:
4263:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4122:
4117:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4093:
4085:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4069:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4036:
4035:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3932:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3874:Cherry picking
3871:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3819:Right to truth
3816:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3792:
3784:
3776:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3736:
3734:
3725:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3644:
3637:
3630:
3623:
3616:
3614:Hitler Diaries
3611:
3604:
3597:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3570:
3563:
3556:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3432:
3430:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3415:History Thesis
3412:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3367:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3303:
3301:Borussian myth
3297:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3280:Nizami Ganjavi
3277:
3276:
3275:
3263:
3254:
3252:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3230:New chronology
3223:
3218:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3194:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3162:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3067:Dunning School
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3031:
3029:
3028:of governments
3023:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3007:
3005:Vichy syndrome
3002:
3001:
3000:
2993:Trivialization
2990:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2964:
2958:
2956:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2919:
2914:
2912:Katyn massacre
2909:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2871:
2869:
2868:and atrocities
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2848:Victim blaming
2844:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2823:
2816:
2813:Disinformation
2809:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2751:
2742:
2736:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2703:
2694:
2685:
2679:
2666:
2657:
2651:
2638:
2632:
2619:
2582:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2513:
2487:
2480:
2460:
2457:on 2015-09-24.
2435:
2416:(4): 521–544.
2397:
2370:(3): 842–865.
2350:
2343:. 2009-02-07.
2322:
2319:on 2009-05-21.
2312:People's Daily
2298:
2283:
2268:
2266:. 2007. p. 327
2255:
2233:
2214:
2199:
2190:
2176:
2167:
2132:
2113:
2096:
2079:
2066:
2063:on 2013-11-01.
2041:
2039:. 2006, p. 146
2028:
2002:
1973:
1958:
1943:
1922:
1901:
1888:
1872:
1813:
1783:
1763:
1760:on 2000-11-15.
1740:
1727:
1710:
1691:(4): 521–544.
1672:
1645:(3): 842–865.
1625:
1603:
1578:
1558:
1523:
1514:
1505:
1476:
1463:
1434:
1403:
1351:
1344:
1321:
1303:
1291:
1275:
1259:
1245:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1113:
1110:
1064:
1061:
1041:
1040:Masaaki Tanaka
1038:
1026:Minnie Vautrin
1012:, who writes:
985:New York Times
980:New York Times
959:Akira Fujiwara
942:
939:
925:
922:
903:
900:
886:
883:
865:
862:
831:'s 1997 book,
825:
822:
713:
710:
665:Masaaki Tanaka
659:
656:
630:
627:
618:
615:
601:
598:
592:
589:
534:Tokyo tribunal
501:
500:
498:
497:
490:
483:
475:
472:
471:
470:
469:
462:
455:
448:
438:
437:
433:
432:
431:
430:
423:
416:
409:
402:
395:
388:
381:
371:
370:
366:
365:
364:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
335:
334:
328:
327:
326:
325:
320:
315:
307:
306:
300:
299:
298:
297:
292:
287:
279:
278:
272:
271:
259:
258:
256:
255:
248:
241:
233:
230:
229:
227:
226:
221:
216:
210:
207:
206:
205:Related topics
202:
201:
199:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
162:
159:
158:
154:
153:
151:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
128:Katyn massacre
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
89:
88:
86:trivialization
78:
73:
68:
63:
57:
54:
53:
49:
48:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5178:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5156:Shōwa Statism
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5060:Fukoku kyōhei
5058:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5046:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5019:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4965:
4961:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4917:Puppet states
4915:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4872:
4869:
4865:
4855:
4852:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4674:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4599:
4596:
4592:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4576:Fleet Faction
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4556:General Staff
4554:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4543:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4496:General Staff
4494:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4483:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4450:
4449:military code
4448:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4409:
4406:
4402:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4379:Imperial Diet
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4369:Privy Council
4367:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4349:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4287:Home Ministry
4285:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4267:
4264:
4260:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4159:
4153:
4150:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4130:Imperial Seal
4128:
4127:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4115:Flag of Japan
4113:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4100:
4094:
4092:
4086:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
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3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
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3469:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3459:Organizations
3457:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3429:United States
3427:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3383:Soviet Union
3382:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3344:Temple denial
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3272:
3267:
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3262:
3259:
3258:
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3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3168:Islamic State
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3131:Book burnings
3129:
3127:
3126:Antiquization
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3090:Neo-Stalinism
3088:
3086:
3080:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3024:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2973:
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2905:
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2898:
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2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2865:mass killings
2860:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2827:Pseudohistory
2824:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2783:
2781:
2776:
2774:
2769:
2768:
2765:
2757:
2752:
2749:. Shogakukan.
2748:
2743:
2739:
2737:4-12-100795-6
2733:
2729:
2728:南京事件―「虐殺」の構造)
2725:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2680:4-250-98019-7
2676:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2652:4-250-98016-2
2648:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2633:0-520-22007-2
2629:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2593:(3): 842–65.
2592:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2577:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2514:
2503:(in Japanese)
2502:
2498:
2491:
2488:
2483:
2481:0-520-22007-2
2477:
2473:
2472:
2464:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2439:
2436:
2431:
2427:
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2401:
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2332:
2326:
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2318:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2290:Hua-ling Hu,
2287:
2284:
2280:. p. 77.
2279:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2244:
2237:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2215:
2212:9, 1995, p.22
2210:
2203:
2200:
2194:
2191:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2017:
2013:
2006:
2003:
1992:on 2015-07-07
1991:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1969:
1962:
1959:
1954:
1947:
1944:
1939:
1926:
1923:
1912:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1868:4-916079-07-8
1865:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1854:4-250-98019-7
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1838:4-250-98016-2
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1817:
1814:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1784:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1751:
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1731:
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1723:
1722:
1714:
1711:
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1702:
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1686:
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1636:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1617:
1607:
1604:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1562:
1559:
1548:on 2018-04-05
1547:
1543:
1539:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1512:Yoshida, p. 5
1509:
1506:
1495:on 2012-06-29
1494:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1453:(in Japanese)
1452:
1448:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1395:
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1298:
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1264:
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1254:
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1230:
1228:
1224:
1218:
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1209:
1206:
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1201:
1199:
1196:
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1191:
1189:
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1181:
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1159:
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1136:
1134:
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1129:
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1121:
1119:
1116:
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1111:
1109:
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1100:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1000:
995:
993:
990:A claim that
988:
986:
982:
981:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
947:
940:
935:
930:
923:
921:
918:
913:
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901:
898:
894:
890:
884:
882:
879:
875:
870:
863:
861:
859:
854:
853:
848:
847:
842:
841:
836:
835:
830:
823:
821:
819:
814:
809:
807:
802:
801:
794:
792:
787:
786:
785:Dōmei Tsushin
780:
776:
771:
766:
765:
764:Asahi Shimbun
756:
752:
749:
748:Shashin shūhō
745:publication,
740:
736:
732:
727:
719:
711:
709:
705:
702:
698:
693:
690:
685:
683:
677:
675:
670:
666:
657:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
636:
628:
626:
624:
614:
612:
611:Japan bashing
599:
597:
590:
588:
584:
582:
578:
574:
569:
565:
559:
555:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
496:
491:
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484:
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477:
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467:
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449:
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422:
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362:
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344:
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329:
324:
321:
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301:
296:
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291:
288:
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280:
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269:
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264:
254:
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240:
235:
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232:
231:
225:
222:
220:
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215:
212:
211:
209:
208:
203:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
171:Joseph Stalin
169:
167:
164:
163:
161:
160:
155:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
87:
84:
83:
82:
81:The Holocaust
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
67:
64:
62:
59:
58:
56:
55:
50:
47:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
5048:Other topics
4884:
4722:Taishō Roman
4476:Conscription
4446:
4438:
4413:Armed Forces
4273:(ministries)
4173:Charter Oath
4168:Constitution
4050:State Shinto
4033:Essentialism
3983:Demographics
3861:
3794:
3786:
3778:
3770:
3724:Legal status
3710:Munin Verlag
3700:Arndt Verlag
3665:
3658:
3651:
3639:
3632:
3625:
3618:
3606:
3601:Folk og Land
3599:
3587:
3580:
3574:
3565:
3558:
3551:
3545:Publications
3521:Nippon Kaigi
3374:
3339:Nakba denial
3228: /
3213:
3209:LGBT erasure
3196:
3173:Saudi Arabia
3157:
3083: /
3036:Cuba de ayer
3034:
3011:Sonderaktion
3010:
2985:
2977: /
2968:
2921:
2846:
2839:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2755:
2746:
2727:
2723:
2707:
2698:
2689:
2670:
2661:
2642:
2623:
2590:
2586:
2575:
2561:Bibliography
2530:
2526:
2516:
2505:. Retrieved
2500:
2490:
2470:
2463:
2455:the original
2450:
2445:
2438:
2413:
2409:
2400:
2367:
2363:
2353:
2334:
2325:
2317:the original
2310:
2301:
2291:
2286:
2277:
2271:
2263:
2258:
2247:. Retrieved
2236:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2202:
2193:
2170:
2148:(1): 25–48.
2145:
2141:
2135:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2099:
2082:
2074:
2069:
2058:the original
2044:
2036:
2031:
2020:. Retrieved
2018:. p. E1
2015:
2005:
1994:. Retrieved
1990:the original
1985:
1976:
1961:
1946:
1925:
1904:
1896:
1891:
1883:
1858:
1845:
1841:
1829:
1826:Nankin jiken
1825:
1816:
1804:. Retrieved
1800:the original
1795:
1786:
1775:. Retrieved
1766:
1758:the original
1753:
1743:
1735:
1730:
1720:
1713:
1688:
1684:
1675:
1642:
1638:
1628:
1621:
1611:
1606:
1595:. Retrieved
1593:. 2017-11-06
1590:
1581:
1567:
1561:
1550:. Retrieved
1546:the original
1541:
1517:
1508:
1497:. Retrieved
1493:the original
1488:
1485:"I'm Sorry?"
1479:
1471:
1466:
1455:. Retrieved
1450:
1426:. Retrieved
1419:
1371:
1367:
1334:
1306:
1286:
1270:
1168:Nippon Kaigi
1099:Sae Kitamura
1092:
1072:
1052:
1051:In his book
1050:
1043:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1015:
1002:
997:
989:
984:
978:
975:Yijiang Gate
948:
944:
917:maboroshi-ha
909:
905:
895:
892:
888:
874:Ikuhiko Hata
871:
867:
850:
844:
838:
832:
827:
810:
795:
777:
769:
757:
753:
738:
730:
721:
706:
694:
686:
678:
661:
635:Lee Teng-hui
632:
620:
603:
594:
585:
570:
550:
505:
504:
464:
457:
450:
443:
425:
418:
411:
404:
397:
390:
383:
376:
345:
97:
5090:Shōwa Modan
5065:Hakkō ichiu
5002:Philippines
4889:after 1943)
4867:Territories
4825:Pacific War
4685:World War I
4561:Air Service
4501:Air Service
4374:Gozen Kaigi
4090:(Yoshihito)
4082:(Mutsuhito)
4028:Nationalism
3973:Agriculture
3732:Statute law
3677:Conferences
3486:Dalit Voice
3309: [
3269: [
3188: [
3077: [
1374:(1): 3–24.
1102: [
955:laws of war
770:Tokyo Asahi
755:civilians.
524:during the
5130:Categories
4854:Occupation
4677:Taishō era
4622:Boshin War
4466:War crimes
4262:Government
4238:Tonarigumi
4145:Privy Seal
4140:State Seal
4098:(Hirohito)
4023:Militarism
3978:Censorship
3899:Propaganda
3869:Censorship
3772:R v Zundel
3266:Nakhchivan
3250:Azerbaijan
3178:Gaza Strip
2979:Speer myth
2863:denial of
2507:2022-12-10
2341:Kyodo News
2249:2007-12-13
2245:. BBC News
2206:Fujiwara,
2022:2013-08-25
1996:2015-07-05
1820:Historian
1806:11 January
1777:2006-04-19
1597:2019-11-01
1552:2009-03-24
1499:2017-09-05
1457:2021-08-23
1428:2021-08-23
1241:1845451805
1067:See also:
934:shin gunto
829:Iris Chang
811:Historian
716:See also:
573:Tomio Hora
540:after the
268:the series
181:Mao Zedong
5055:Sonnō jōi
5007:Singapore
4992:Hong Kong
4954:Azad Hind
4929:Mengjiang
4924:Manchukuo
4898:Kantō-shū
4840:Surrender
4747:Shōwa era
4732:Truku War
4603:Meiji era
4571:Tokkeitai
4536:Kempeitai
4447:Senjinkun
4364:Daijō-kan
4327:Munitions
4208:Mokusatsu
3998:Education
3198:Izbrisani
3153:Dacianism
2969:Wehrmacht
2954:Holocaust
2907:Holodomor
2806:Denialism
2547:2436-7672
1398:200020669
1390:0047-1178
1006:John Rabe
999:delusion.
413:John Rabe
166:Holodomor
71:Holodomor
5033:Yen bloc
5021:Ideology
5012:Thailand
4881:Karafuto
4874:Colonies
4461:Kamikaze
4404:Military
4307:Treasury
4161:Policies
4152:Kimigayo
4073:Emperors
4040:Politics
4008:Eugenics
3966:Overview
3917:Category
3764:Case law
3595:Flatline
2673:. 青木書店.
2645:. 青木書店.
2615:19291890
2551:Archived
2527:Antitled
2392:19291890
2345:Archived
2162:20681109
2129:: 63–78.
1870:, p. 5).
1667:19291890
1573:Archived
1112:See also
806:the wall
546:massacre
35:a series
33:Part of
4594:History
4566:Marines
4203:Kokutai
4108:Symbols
4088:Taishō
4045:Statism
3988:Economy
3832:Related
3755:Germany
3745:Belgium
3740:Austria
3575:The Sun
3294:Germany
2607:2650991
2430:3096672
2384:2650991
1724:. 1948.
1705:3096672
1659:2650991
1521:Yoshida
791:Xiaguan
689:suburbs
522:Nanjing
516:forces
508:is the
420:Nanking
4997:Malaya
4972:Borneo
4908:Taiwan
4903:Nan'yō
4893:Chōsen
4886:naichi
4096:Shōwa
4080:Meiji
4055:Kazoku
4003:System
3799:(2013)
3791:(2000)
3783:(1998)
3775:(1992)
3750:France
3471:ASİMKK
3403:Turkey
3358:Russia
2975:Rommel
2967:Clean
2734:
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2533:: 96.
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2109:Shokun
2092:Shokun
1866:
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1239:
1077:, the
762:Tokyo
742:'s
270:on the
4977:Burma
4690:Entry
4384:Peers
4248:Senbu
4233:Tokkō
3481:CODOH
3313:]
3273:]
3192:]
3085:Chile
3081:]
2603:JSTOR
2449:[
2426:JSTOR
2380:JSTOR
2230:: 22.
2061:(PDF)
2054:(PDF)
1792:"中日网"
1701:JSTOR
1655:JSTOR
1568:Sapio
1421:Slate
1394:S2CID
1316:(PDF)
1106:]
1093:Slate
773:'
735:Shōwa
600:Japan
466:Tokyo
436:Books
369:Films
4302:Navy
4297:Army
3501:HIAG
3136:list
3013:1005
2732:ISBN
2675:ISBN
2647:ISBN
2628:ISBN
2611:PMID
2543:ISSN
2476:ISBN
2388:PMID
2158:PMID
1864:ISBN
1850:ISBN
1834:ISBN
1808:2022
1663:PMID
1386:ISSN
1340:ISBN
1237:ISBN
1073:The
969:and
897:era.
876:and
575:and
564:南京事件
4292:War
2595:doi
2591:104
2535:doi
2418:doi
2372:doi
2368:104
2150:doi
2107:,”
2090:,”
1693:doi
1647:doi
1643:104
1376:doi
652:PRC
648:PRC
644:PRC
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3271:ru
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