1258:
1209:
the Yuehai
Customs Harbor Quarantine Office, and occasionally on the riverbanks or flat ground ashore. The so-called quarantine procedure involved "men, women, old, and young being forced to strip naked, exposing their buttocks upwards," followed by rectal examinations using glass rods. However, in Japanese military records, there is no detailed documentation regarding the specific quarantine procedures for refugees in the so-called "refugee camps on board ships." Furthermore, if thermometers were used, this step alone would not accurately detect infectious diseases. If sampling probes were used, questions arose regarding whether there were registration numbers, and how large quantities of samples were stored and tested, among other issues. It is unlikely that standard quarantine procedures would lead to the destruction of relevant documentation. Due to the limited capacity of the Nanshitou Refugee Camp, which could accommodate only about 5,000 people at most, many refugees were initially placed on refugee ships awaiting processing. Once the camp reached full capacity, refugees were transferred to the camp, and this cycle repeated as needed.
1226:, the highest mortality rates were observed in individuals aged 1 to 10 and 61 to 70, reaching 60-70%. After the age of 40, mortality rates increased significantly. Mortality rates for other age groups ranged from 40 to 70%. Deaths were concentrated in July, during the warmer months, and mortality rates sometimes reached 90% between July and September. Therefore, research suggests that the mortality of cholera is most strongly correlated with temperature rather than gender. When patients experienced severe diarrhoea, mortality rates could reach 40%; with vomiting, mortality rates rose to 57.1%. The mortality rate for patients who vomited five times a day reached 24.7%. Additionally, 52.2% of patients experienced spasms: 31.8% in the upper limbs, 47.8% in the lower limbs, and 20.4% in both upper and lower limbs.
1160:
1349:
40 centimetres and visible from 2 meters underground. Local residents mentioned that these remains were transported from nearby punitive fields for burial. Due to the lack of other hills nearby and the overwhelming number of corpses, it was likely impractical to dig individual graves. Instead, a thin layer of soil was simply placed over the bodies each year. Construction workers treated the remains as ordinary soil and used them to fill road sections needing soil.According to witness and retired
Guangzhou Paper Mill worker Cao Xiuying, at least three to four hundred bodies were observed in the area.
1298:
Nanshitou, identified that the
Japanese captured mosquito larvae in the rice fields, had people feed the mosquitoes, and then extracted the mosquito blood for experimentation. His brother-in-law was seized and fed to mosquitoes in the quarantine station, only to succumb to illness afterward. According to survivor Feng Qi's account, refugees in the camp were forcibly administered vaccination shots. Many developed high fevers and convulsions shortly after receiving the injection, and within days, they died.
1369:, the notion of Japanese conducting bacteriological experiments in Nanshitou is not surprising, given historical instances of extreme actions by the Japanese military. While some individuals have provided eyewitness testimonies and identified locations, along with some relevant documentation, there is currently a lack of sufficiently clear evidence to fully depict this event, particularly concerning the specific individuals responsible for this water supply unit and detailed information related to it.
1128:
1171:. It was turned into a refugee camp, with the surge of refugees arriving from Hong Kong until the Japanese surrender in 1945. As the number of refugees was far above the capacity of the camp, ferries carrying refugees were anchored on the Pearl River near Nanshitou. The refugees were prohibited from leaving Nanshitou and forced them to work for the Japanese or Wang Jingwei authorities.
1353:
construction office, mentioned that besides the foundation pits, the exact number of bodies beneath the dormitory building was unknown. The bodies were placed in ossuaries, with each ossuary containing the remains of 2–3 individuals. There were over a hundred ossuaries in total, eventually relocated to
Mashihu, Xiaolou Town, Zengcheng County.
1218:
typically absent on board, some refugees recalled sudden infestations of fleas, followed by a succession of deaths, with "people dying every day," and the deceased being thrown into the river. Refugees believed this was the result of the deliberate dissemination of fleas carrying pathogens by the
Japanese. Others attempted to escape secretly.
1294:
thereby spreading the infection widely among both military personnel and civilians during acute outbreaks. Moreover, the ability of asymptomatic carriers to harbour the bacteria for extended periods and over broader geographical areas contributes to greater harm to more individuals over a longer period of time.
1348:
In 1953, during the construction of worker housing projects in
Nanshitou by the Guangzhou Paper Mill, numerous uncoffined bones were discovered along both sides of Nanji Road, buried less than 0.5 meters deep. The bones were stacked in layers, separated by yellow soil, with a thickness of about 20 to
1336:
Government named the unit the "Former Site of the South China
Epidemic Prevention and Water Supply Department of the Invading Japanese Army." In 2016, the Haizhu District Government and the Guangzhou Paper Group funded the construction of the area into a green square. In 2018, the Guangzhou Municipal
1314:
Zhong
Ruirong, an elderly resident of Nanshitou, pointed out that there were two huge pools in the refugee camp at that time to handle the bodies. After each layer of bodies was laid down in the pits, an unknown liquid was poured in, followed by a layer of lime. Within just two or three days, the two
1221:
After the establishment of the
Guangdong Provincial Infectious Diseases Hospital by the Japanese following the Customs Quarantine Station at Nanshitou, it was purported to be for the centralized treatment of cholera among Cantonese-Hong Kong refugees, with the cholera outbreak in Guangzhou attributed
1146:
By 19 February 1942, 554,000 individuals had been repatriated. Subsequently, a governor's office was established in Hong Kong, overseeing the expulsion of another 419,000 people by the end of
September 1943. It is estimated that a significant portion of refugees returning to Guangzhou by sea numbered
1318:
According to Xiao Zheng, a retired worker from the Guangzhou Paper Group and a victim of bacteriological warfare, his father witnessed both pools in the refugee camp being filled with skeletal remains, and it took six grave diggers several months to clear them. After the refugees died, they would be
1208:
process roughly proceeded as follows: Upon anchoring the ships, quarantine procedures were conducted, whereby individuals suspected of being infected were isolated and taken away, while the rest were driven back onto the ships. Quarantine inspections sometimes took place on board, at other times at
1352:
In the 1980s, during the construction of worker dormitories on Nanji Road by the Guangzhou Paper Mill, another three to four hundred bodies were discovered. Local residents identified them as the deceased from the Nanshitou Refugee Camp. Shen Shisheng, the former head of the Guangzhou Paper Mill's
1327:
The present location of the Nanshitou Refugee Camp Quarantine Station is situated opposite 44 Xinglong Street, West Nanshitou Road, Nanshitou Subdistrict, Guangzhou. Originally, it served as the office space for the Guangzhou Public Security Bureau's Water Division. The refugee camp was located in
1217:
Survivors typically described that there was a significant decrease in the number of people aboard the ships. Some refugees couldn't endure the waiting period and died on the ships, mostly due to starvation or disease, with some potentially being caused by the spread of pathogens. While fleas were
1331:
In 1995, a memorial monument for the Cantonese-Hong Kong refugees was established in the Guangzhou Paper Mill Dormitory Area. In 2002, the Quarantine Station was registered as a protected cultural site in Guangzhou under the name "Former Site of Guangdong Customs Quarantine Station." In 2012, the
1277:
from the Army Medical School in Tokyo and chose to delay the soup supply during breakfast time when provincial government officials were not yet on duty. They took advantage of the refugees' unfamiliarity with the routine and chaotic conditions to secretly release the bacteria while avoiding the
1265:
Japanese records show that Unit 8604 allegedly contacted the Army Military School in Tokyo for the disposal of the refugees. The School requested information regarding the infection rates and death tolls of the bacteria they provided. The unit then decided to experiment on refugees and visualised
1310:
Japanese records only mentioned the deaths of over 300 people and revealed that the outbreak of cholera led to a significant reduction in population, necessitating the commencement of cremation and the use of two large pools to allow natural decay of the bodies. Each pool could accommodate 50–60
1293:
characteristics. These bacteria, when ingested through contaminated water sources, dust, etc., enter the human body via the digestive tract and can rapidly cause severe infection. Even those who are asymptomatic or have mild infections can continue to carry the bacteria, some for several years,
1297:
The Customs Quarantine Station located in the west of Nanshitou served as a live testing ground for the Japanese bacteriological weapons. Witnesses reported that the Japanese selected young people and sent them into the quarantine station to be fed on by mosquitoes. Tai Wei, a villager from
1222:
to the refugees. Locals referred to this hospital as the "Japanese Hospital." According to records from the Japanese hospital, Hong Kong refugees were generally in a state of starvation, with 90.1% suffering from malnutrition, which was the leading cause of death. Among those afflicted with
1257:
1187:, purportedly tasked with providing epidemic prevention water supply for the Japanese army. However, its actual activities involved bacteriological research and bacteriological warfare. While the refugee camp was run by the Guangdong Provincial Government under the
1110:. In the 1950s and 1980s, Guangzhou Paper Mill found a massive amount of human skeletons and bones during construction projects, which were believed to be victims of the refugee camp. Chinese scholar Tan Yuanheng asserts that at least 100,000 died in the
1715:
1306:
The provincial government of the Wang Jingwei regime was responsible for burying the deceased, employing the method of on-site burial where bodies were stacked together. Even the soil used for burying the bodies became increasingly scarce.
1147:
at least 150,000 or more. In April 1944, the Hong Kong Occupied Territories Government halted rice distribution to the general population. The surge in repatriates prompted the cessation of encouraged evacuation in July. By the time of
1725:
1106:, which they put into the thin porridge and drinking water prepared for the refugees, causing a large number of deaths. Additionally, survivors claimed that the Japanese used detainees for
1315:
pools were filled with bodies. Feng Qi, a survivor of the refugee camp, noted that after the pools were filled with bodies, they were sealed with additional liquid, emitting a foul smell.
1135:
In October 1938, following the Japanese occupation of Guangzhou, 100,000 to 200,000 Guangzhou residents fled Hong Kong due to the historical ties between the two cities. The Japanese took
1643:
2508:
547:
853:
2808:
655:
1143:. The Japanese military authorities considered the massive Chinese population in Hong Kong could be a burden to the city and soon began expelling Chinese from the city.
134:
1763:
2212:
2143:
518:
1025:
307:
2153:
1942:
1191:, Unit 8604 took control of the epidemic prevention in the camp, where the unit secretly murdered refugees with bacteriological weapons and experimentations.
1540:
1967:
530:
1893:
807:
379:
229:
2005:
523:
343:
846:
819:
418:
270:
2362:
949:
2818:
648:
1883:
2828:
2823:
2258:
1662:
1611:
959:
802:
277:
190:
156:
127:
839:
433:
391:
1756:
868:
224:
1449:
2833:
1423:
1005:
535:
200:
2339:
2190:
2174:
1686:
966:
195:
2486:
1656:
880:
641:
1266:
their results in figures and tables. The infected Chinese people were also sent north to the Chinese-controlled area to infect the
2496:
2456:
2367:
1087:
1015:
677:
120:
2555:
2148:
1910:
1898:
1749:
990:
927:
776:
759:
462:
445:
1010:
372:
362:
2734:
2672:
2560:
1888:
1055:
939:
2466:
2570:
2523:
2351:
2264:
1345:
In October 1947, the Guangzhou municipal government relocated the remains from Nanshitou to the outskirts of Qixing Hill.
1047:
903:
885:
562:
287:
168:
2528:
2451:
2383:
2357:
2044:
1366:
971:
771:
735:
720:
602:
312:
217:
2471:
2436:
1388:
1000:
932:
2677:
2518:
2426:
2405:
1814:
1267:
954:
875:
467:
898:
2513:
2377:
2345:
2235:
2179:
2126:
995:
764:
742:
557:
386:
357:
241:
1548:
2682:
2481:
2431:
1802:
1454:
781:
747:
457:
2813:
2662:
2275:
2104:
2000:
797:
622:
403:
263:
28:
2421:
1311:
bodies at a time, alternating between the two pools. Therefore, the number of deaths far exceeded 300 people.
834:
588:
2596:
2591:
2476:
2049:
715:
693:
408:
1486:
2229:
1957:
1772:
1180:
1107:
1071:
944:
863:
452:
163:
105:
2785:
2697:
2632:
2400:
2195:
2168:
2158:
2137:
2065:
1867:
1842:
1020:
607:
367:
210:
79:
1167:
The refugee camp at Nanshitou was a prison in the south suburb of Guangzhou, which had a dock upon the
2754:
2727:
2702:
2652:
2441:
2372:
2185:
2131:
2070:
1809:
1086:, between 1942 and 1945. The event was triggered by the Japanese expulsion of Chinese residents from
1030:
976:
552:
540:
428:
234:
2780:
2461:
2317:
2305:
2293:
2269:
2247:
2163:
2120:
1362:
1188:
1159:
1075:
910:
423:
297:
2627:
2575:
2394:
2331:
2311:
2287:
2092:
1995:
1925:
1837:
1797:
1286:
1148:
683:
581:
574:
513:
503:
477:
329:
251:
2657:
1459:
2647:
2298:
2109:
2038:
1652:
1607:
1333:
1136:
1103:
915:
754:
730:
614:
567:
472:
317:
302:
246:
1415:
2764:
2637:
2503:
2281:
2201:
2115:
1972:
725:
703:
508:
336:
322:
292:
205:
185:
1694:
1090:
in 1942, which resulted in refugees crowding into the city of Guangzhou by ferry along the
2388:
2253:
2098:
1930:
1903:
1821:
1063:
893:
814:
438:
413:
282:
2687:
2606:
2565:
2446:
2241:
829:
824:
496:
350:
258:
180:
1741:
2802:
2490:
2086:
1847:
1099:
1098:
stated that the unit was instructed to poison Chinese refugees with the pathogens of
2759:
2015:
2010:
1792:
1140:
1111:
666:
487:
482:
396:
32:
2739:
2692:
2667:
2601:
1852:
1168:
1094:. They were stopped at Nanshitou for physical examinations. A former soldier of
1091:
790:
708:
173:
144:
1273:
According to a former soldier of the unit, they brought a strain of intestinal
2611:
1979:
1962:
1952:
1947:
1937:
1920:
1915:
1337:
Government announced plans to establish the Cantonese-Hong Kong Refugee Park.
1279:
1274:
1205:
698:
688:
2642:
2206:
1396:
1290:
1184:
1095:
1079:
633:
596:
101:
83:
43:
1328:
the vicinity of the former motorcycle factory and surrounding enterprises.
1127:
2722:
1720:
75:
2324:
1862:
1857:
1223:
1067:
2749:
1787:
2744:
1256:
1158:
1126:
1083:
47:
1270:, in order to alleviate the pressured faced by the refugee camp.
1494:
1745:
1606:(in Simplified Chinese). Beijing: China Social Sciences Press.
1604:
Research on the Germ Unit 8604 of Japane Invading Army in China
637:
116:
2373:
Monosodium glutamate controversy (Chinese restaurant syndrome)
112:
1285:
The use of Salmonella, such as typhoid-like strains, in
1319:
transported to the area around Nanji Road for burial.
2773:
2715:
2620:
2584:
2548:
2541:
2414:
2222:
2079:
2058:
2031:
2024:
1988:
1876:
1830:
1780:
97:
89:
69:
61:
53:
38:
21:
1151:, Hong Kong's population had dwindled to 600,000.
1716:"南石頭細菌實驗真有其事？ - 20200315 - CULTURE & LEISURE"
1233:
2213:Union Colliery Co of British Columbia v Bryden
2144:Royal Commission on Chinese Immigration (1885)
1139:in December 1941, following its attack on the
2154:Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers, 1885
1757:
649:
128:
8:
1261:Japanese soldiers of Unit 8604 in Guangzhou
2545:
2028:
1764:
1750:
1742:
1491:Hong Kong War History Research Association
1241:Rejects bland gruel, hunger gnaws within,
656:
642:
634:
135:
121:
113:
18:
2809:Massacres of the Second Sino-Japanese War
2006:Canadian Brotherhood of Railway Employees
1724:(in Traditional Chinese). Archived from
1458:. Guangzhou. 2003-08-09. Archived from
1395:. Hong Kong. 2016-11-30. Archived from
1377:
1235:Trapped bird, dreams of skies so vast,
1524:沙东迅 (1995). "南石冤魂——侵华日军在粤秘密进行细菌战的罪行".
1247:Inevitably to perish, in bone's abyss.
1204:According to eyewitness accounts, the
2259:Soviet deportations of Chinese people
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
7:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1383:
1381:
16:Massive deaths in China in 1942–1945
2363:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66
1123:Expelling of Chinese from Hong Kong
2340:Legislation on Chinese Indonesians
2191:Vancouver anti-Chinese riots, 1886
2175:1885 Chinese expulsion from Eureka
1244:Pains in belly, no remedy to win,
14:
1651:. Hong Kong: FeiFan Publication.
1361:According to Assistant Professor
1078:at the Nanshitou Refugee Camp in
2497:Artificial Intelligence Cold War
2457:2014 Vietnam anti-China protests
2368:1967 anti-Chinese riots in Burma
2149:Chinese Immigration Act of 1885
1426:from the original on 2024-02-26
1365:from the History Department of
1252:A popular verse among detainees
1131:Decline of Hong Kong population
2735:Chinese, Japanese, dirty knees
1416:"日军在广州拿活人做实验 6搬尸工数月才搬完尸骨"
1238:Struggles to soar, held fast,
1059:
1051:
1:
2819:Anti-Chinese violence in Asia
2524:2024 Papua New Guinean unrest
2487:China–United States trade war
2352:Internment of Chinese-Indians
2265:Chinese Immigration Act, 1923
854:Mediterranean and Middle East
2829:Massacres committed by Japan
2824:Japanese war crimes in China
2529:Boycotts of Chinese products
2452:2013 Tiananmen Square attack
2384:1969 race riots of Singapore
2358:1964 race riots in Singapore
2045:2nd Sangley Rebellion (1639)
1693:. 2018-09-19. Archived from
1367:Hong Kong Baptist University
835:Manchuria and Northern Korea
589:Manchuria and Northern Korea
2519:2021 Solomon Islands unrest
2509:COVID-19 pandemic incidents
2406:May 1998 riots of Indonesia
1389:"細菌粥 放疫蚊 做活人實驗 揭二戰日軍毒殺逾萬港人"
1183:in Guangzhou had organised
1088:Japanese-occupied Hong Kong
387:Dutch East Indies (1941–42)
344:Strategic bombing (1944–45)
2850:
2834:Massacres of ethnic groups
2514:2021 Atlanta spa shootings
2378:13 May incident (Malaysia)
2346:Chinese Confession Program
2236:Vancouver anti-Asian riots
2180:Chinese head tax in Canada
2127:San Francisco riot of 1877
1282:due to high temperatures.
536:Volcano and Ryukyu Islands
42:Nanshitou Refugee Camp in
2482:2015 Aksu colliery attack
2432:2008 Kunming bus bombings
1803:The Unparalleled Invasion
1455:Southern Metropolis Daily
1422:. Guangzhou. 2014-04-27.
674:
152:
93:100,000 (lowest estimate)
26:
2467:April 2014 Ürümqi attack
2276:Second Sino-Japanese War
2105:Chinese massacre of 1871
2001:Asiatic Exclusion League
1341:Discovery of the remains
1179:By the end of 1939, the
840:pre-war border conflicts
623:Second Sino-Japanese War
463:Estevan Point Lighthouse
218:Indian Ocean (1941–1945)
169:Marshalls–Gilberts raids
29:Second Sino-Japanese War
2597:Ita Martadinata Haryono
2477:2015 Plaza Low Yat riot
2427:Abacus Bank prosecution
2050:Sangley Massacre (1662)
1287:bacteriological warfare
225:Japanese merchant raids
2472:May 2014 Ürümqi attack
2437:July 2009 Ürümqi riots
2230:White Australia policy
1773:Anti-Chinese sentiment
1450:"调查：日军在广州难民营用细菌武器屠杀难民"
1262:
1255:
1181:Imperial Japanese Army
1164:
1155:Nanshitou refugee camp
1132:
1072:Imperial Japanese Army
524:Hiroshima and Nagasaki
368:Burma and India (1944)
191:Gilberts and Marshalls
106:Imperial Japanese Army
2786:Hong Kong nationalism
2422:2006 Nukuʻalofa riots
2401:1997 Banjarmasin riot
2196:Hells Canyon Massacre
2169:Rock Springs massacre
2159:Issaquah riot of 1885
2138:Chinese Exclusion Act
2066:1740 Batavia massacre
1868:Plaek Phibunsongkhram
1843:Andrew Jackson Bryant
1602:Cao, Weiping (2018).
1260:
1230:Human experimentation
1162:
1130:
1108:human experimentation
765:Yugoslavian Partisans
434:Philippines (1944–45)
392:Philippines (1941–42)
80:Human experimentation
2442:2011 Kashgar attacks
2186:Seattle riot of 1886
2132:New Zealand head tax
2071:1782 Saigon massacre
1810:Japanese nationalism
1487:"南石头大屠杀：使用细菌的"杀人工厂""
1289:is related to their
1200:Quarantine processes
235:Homfreyganj massacre
2781:Chinese imperialism
2462:2014 Kunming attack
2318:Home Office 213/926
2306:Sook Ching massacre
2294:Japanese war crimes
2270:Wanpaoshan Incident
2164:Tacoma riot of 1885
2121:Trout Creek Outrage
1302:Disposal of corpses
1189:Wang Jingwei regime
1076:Wang Jingwei regime
1056:traditional Chinese
2395:Cambodian genocide
2332:Mergosono massacre
2312:Changkiao massacre
2288:Nanshitou Massacre
2093:Lambing Flat riots
1996:Anti-Chinese Union
1926:Racism in Malaysia
1838:Adriaan Valckenier
1798:Chinese emigration
1263:
1165:
1133:
1062:) was large-scale
1048:simplified Chinese
967:French West Africa
808:South West Pacific
716:Denmark and Norway
582:Japanese surrender
548:Naval bombardments
478:Fire balloon bombs
201:Volcano and Ryukyu
196:Marianas and Palau
22:Nanshitou massacre
2794:
2793:
2728:Chinaman's chance
2711:
2710:
2678:Mi Gao Huang Chen
2648:Franklin Feng Tao
2537:
2536:
2299:Three Alls Policy
2110:Pigtail Ordinance
2039:Sangley Rebellion
1645:孤魂何處來：南石頭難民營研究及資料
1613:978-7-5203-2376-5
1539:朝歌 (2005-08-16).
1149:Japan's surrender
1137:British Hong Kong
1044:Nashitou Massacre
1039:
1038:
960:Strategic bombing
876:Mediterranean Sea
631:
630:
473:Lookout Air Raids
380:Southwest Pacific
111:
110:
65:Chinese civilians
2841:
2765:Sick man of Asia
2755:Locust/Wongchung
2673:Leung Chi-cheung
2546:
2504:China Initiative
2282:Nanking Massacre
2248:Torreón massacre
2202:Scott Act (1888)
2116:Page Act of 1875
2029:
1973:China Initiative
1766:
1759:
1752:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1667:
1661:. Archived from
1650:
1639:
1618:
1617:
1599:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1547:. Archived from
1536:
1530:
1529:
1521:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1493:. Archived from
1482:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1446:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1412:
1401:
1400:
1385:
1253:
1070:detained by the
1064:unnatural deaths
1061:
1053:
1026:French Indochina
669:
658:
651:
644:
635:
603:Manchuria (1945)
458:Aleutian Islands
308:Indochina (1945)
278:Indochina (1940)
264:2nd Indian Ocean
247:1st Indian Ocean
242:Christmas Island
147:
137:
130:
123:
114:
19:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2814:History of Asia
2799:
2798:
2795:
2790:
2769:
2707:
2616:
2580:
2533:
2410:
2389:Malari incident
2254:1918 Kudus riot
2218:
2099:Anti-Coolie Act
2075:
2054:
2020:
1984:
1931:Ketuanan Melayu
1904:Racism in Japan
1872:
1826:
1822:De-Sinicization
1776:
1770:
1740:
1731:
1729:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1700:
1698:
1691:Guangzhou Daily
1685:
1684:
1680:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1648:
1641:
1640:
1621:
1614:
1601:
1600:
1563:
1554:
1552:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1523:
1522:
1509:
1500:
1498:
1484:
1483:
1474:
1465:
1463:
1448:
1447:
1438:
1429:
1427:
1420:Guangzhou Daily
1414:
1413:
1404:
1387:
1386:
1379:
1375:
1359:
1343:
1334:Haizhu District
1325:
1304:
1278:destruction of
1254:
1251:
1232:
1215:
1213:High death toll
1202:
1197:
1177:
1157:
1125:
1120:
1040:
1035:
922:Other campaigns
916:Southern France
825:Burma and India
820:South-East Asia
815:Franco-Thai War
670:
664:
662:
632:
627:
619:
531:Mariana Islands
404:Solomon Islands
373:Burma (1944–45)
363:Burma (1942–43)
358:Burma (1941–42)
351:Burma and India
283:Franco-Thai War
230:Andaman Islands
157:Central Pacific
148:
143:
141:
72:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2847:
2845:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2801:
2800:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2688:Teoh Beng Hock
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2663:Jiansheng Chen
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2607:Velma Demerson
2604:
2599:
2594:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2556:Chae Chan Ping
2552:
2550:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2447:Wolf Amendment
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2381:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2321:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2285:
2273:
2267:
2262:
2256:
2251:
2245:
2242:Beipu uprising
2239:
2233:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2199:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2177:
2172:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2124:
2118:
2113:
2107:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2035:
2033:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1992:
1990:
1989:By institution
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1790:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1761:
1754:
1746:
1739:
1738:
1707:
1678:
1657:
1619:
1612:
1561:
1541:"第六集：東方"奧斯維辛""
1531:
1507:
1472:
1436:
1402:
1399:on 2017-08-08.
1376:
1374:
1371:
1358:
1355:
1342:
1339:
1324:
1321:
1303:
1300:
1249:
1231:
1228:
1214:
1211:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1176:
1173:
1163:Nanshitou camp
1156:
1153:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
991:Baltic Nations
982:
981:
980:
979:
969:
964:
963:
962:
952:
947:
942:
937:
936:
935:
919:
918:
913:
908:
907:
906:
901:
896:
888:
883:
878:
873:
872:
871:
866:
850:
849:
844:
843:
842:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
811:
810:
800:
787:
786:
785:
784:
774:
769:
768:
767:
757:
752:
751:
750:
740:
739:
738:
733:
728:
718:
713:
712:
711:
706:
701:
691:
686:
675:
672:
671:
663:
661:
660:
653:
646:
638:
629:
628:
618:
617:
612:
611:
610:
600:
592:
591:
585:
584:
579:
572:
571:
570:
560:
558:South Sakhalin
555:
550:
545:
538:
533:
528:
527:
526:
521:
516:
511:
500:
499:
493:
492:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
449:
448:
442:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
394:
389:
383:
382:
376:
375:
370:
365:
360:
354:
353:
347:
346:
341:
334:
327:
320:
315:
313:Malacca Strait
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
274:
273:
271:Southeast Asia
267:
266:
261:
256:
255:
254:
244:
239:
238:
237:
227:
221:
220:
214:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
181:Doolittle Raid
178:
171:
166:
160:
159:
153:
150:
149:
142:
140:
139:
132:
125:
117:
109:
108:
99:
95:
94:
91:
87:
86:
73:
70:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
55:
51:
50:
40:
36:
35:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2846:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2797:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2561:Fong Yue Ting
2559:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:Trump tariffs
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:(1920s–1930s)
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2087:Buckland Riot
2085:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1968:United States
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1848:Denis Kearney
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1831:By persecutor
1829:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1755:
1753:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1728:on 2024-02-26
1727:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1697:on 2024-02-26
1696:
1692:
1688:
1687:"南石头，不能忘却的记忆"
1682:
1679:
1668:on 2024-02-26
1664:
1660:
1658:9789888759538
1654:
1647:
1646:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1551:on 2024-02-26
1550:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1532:
1527:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1497:on 2020-02-09
1496:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1462:on 2024-02-26
1461:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1363:Chi Man Kwong
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1329:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1259:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1219:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1161:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1144:
1142:
1141:Pearl Harbour
1138:
1129:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1057:
1049:
1045:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
988:
987:
986:
978:
975:
974:
973:
970:
968:
965:
961:
958:
957:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
934:
931:
930:
929:
926:
925:
924:
923:
917:
914:
912:
909:
905:
902:
900:
899:Syria–Lebanon
897:
895:
892:
891:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
870:
867:
865:
862:
861:
859:
858:
857:
856:
855:
848:
845:
841:
838:
837:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
809:
806:
805:
804:
803:Pacific Ocean
801:
799:
796:
795:
794:
793:
792:
783:
780:
779:
778:
775:
773:
772:Eastern Front
770:
766:
763:
762:
761:
758:
756:
753:
749:
746:
745:
744:
741:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
723:
722:
721:Western Front
719:
717:
714:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
696:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
681:
680:
679:
673:
668:
665:Campaigns of
659:
654:
652:
647:
645:
640:
639:
636:
626:
625:
624:
616:
613:
609:
606:
605:
604:
601:
599:
598:
594:
593:
590:
587:
586:
583:
580:
578:
577:
573:
569:
566:
565:
564:
563:Kuril Islands
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
543:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
506:
505:
502:
501:
498:
495:
494:
491:
490:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
450:
447:
446:North America
444:
443:
440:
439:Borneo (1945)
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
399:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
384:
381:
378:
377:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
355:
352:
349:
348:
345:
342:
340:
339:
335:
333:
332:
328:
326:
325:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
275:
272:
269:
268:
265:
262:
260:
259:Bay of Bengal
257:
253:
250:
249:
248:
245:
243:
240:
236:
233:
232:
231:
228:
226:
223:
222:
219:
216:
215:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
176:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
154:
151:
146:
138:
133:
131:
126:
124:
119:
118:
115:
107:
103:
100:
96:
92:
88:
85:
81:
77:
74:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
49:
45:
41:
37:
34:
30:
25:
20:
2796:
2621:21st century
2592:Vincent Chin
2585:20th century
2571:Wong Kim Ark
2549:19th century
2415:21st century
2328:(1945–1947)
2323:
2278:(1937-1945)
2223:20th century
2080:19th century
2059:18th century
2032:17th century
2016:Uyoku dantai
2011:Tsagaan Khas
1943:Nazi Germany
1793:Yellow Peril
1775:(Sinophobia)
1730:. Retrieved
1726:the original
1719:
1710:
1699:. Retrieved
1695:the original
1690:
1681:
1670:. Retrieved
1663:the original
1644:
1642:吳軍捷 (2021).
1603:
1553:. Retrieved
1549:the original
1544:
1534:
1525:
1499:. Retrieved
1495:the original
1490:
1464:. Retrieved
1460:the original
1453:
1428:. Retrieved
1419:
1397:the original
1392:
1360:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1330:
1326:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1296:
1291:pathological
1284:
1272:
1268:Chinese army
1264:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1220:
1216:
1203:
1195:Refugee camp
1178:
1166:
1145:
1134:
1112:refugee camp
1043:
1041:
984:
983:
972:Indian Ocean
933:Ecuador–Peru
921:
920:
890:Middle East
864:North Africa
852:
851:
791:Asia-Pacific
789:
788:
676:
667:World War II
621:
620:
595:
575:
541:
488:
483:Project Hula
468:Fort Stevens
397:
337:
330:
323:
211:Ocean Island
174:
164:Pearl Harbor
98:Perpetrators
33:World War II
2760:Shina/Zhina
2740:Ching chong
2703:Michelle Go
2693:Xiaoxing Xi
2683:Sherry Chen
2668:Jiayang Fan
2602:Qian Xuesen
2397:(1975–1979)
2348:(1956–1965)
2320:(1945–1946)
2290:(1942-1945)
2284:(1937–1938)
2232:(1901–1973)
2209:(1892–1943)
2182:(1885–1923)
2140:(1882–1943)
2134:(1881–1944)
2095:(1860–1861)
2025:By incident
1948:Philippines
1853:Hideki Tojo
1528:(3): 25–30.
1485:谭元亨; 敖叶湘琼.
1169:Pearl River
1104:paratyphoid
1092:Pearl River
955:Air Warfare
869:East Africa
608:Mutanchiang
429:New Britain
145:Pacific War
71:Attack type
2803:Categories
2698:Yao Pan Ma
2658:Haoyang Yu
2633:Danny Chen
2612:Wen Ho Lee
1877:By country
1781:Background
1732:2024-02-26
1701:2024-02-26
1672:2024-02-26
1555:2024-02-26
1501:2020-05-28
1466:2024-02-26
1430:2024-02-26
1373:References
1357:Scepticism
1280:Salmonella
1275:Salmonella
1206:quarantine
1118:Background
1066:among the
996:Yugoslavia
977:Madagascar
940:Antarctica
911:Dodecanese
731:Resistance
699:Winter War
689:Phoney War
553:Sagami Bay
542:Starvation
424:New Guinea
2653:Gang Chen
2643:Eileen Gu
2628:Anming Hu
2566:Mary Tape
2542:By victim
2207:Geary Act
1953:Singapore
1894:Indonesia
1884:Hong Kong
1185:Unit 8604
1175:Unit 8604
1096:Unit 8604
1080:Guangzhou
847:Australia
743:Alps 1940
736:1944–1945
597:Kantokuen
504:Air raids
419:Australia
409:Coral Sea
303:Singapore
298:Hong Kong
102:Unit 8604
84:Poisoning
57:1942-1945
44:Guangzhou
2723:Chinaman
2342:(1950s-)
1963:Thailand
1921:Malaysia
1721:Ming Pao
1545:BBC News
1424:Archived
1393:EASTWEEK
1323:Memorial
1250:—
1068:refugees
1016:Bulgaria
945:Atlantic
928:Americas
881:Adriatic
615:Chongjin
576:Downfall
514:Yokosuka
331:Tiderace
288:Thailand
76:Massacre
39:Location
27:Part of
2774:Related
2576:Yick Wo
2325:Bersiap
1980:Vietnam
1938:Myanmar
1863:Pol Pot
1858:Suharto
1815:Minzoku
1224:cholera
1100:typhoid
1021:Hungary
1011:Romania
860:Africa
760:Balkans
755:Britain
709:Lapland
704:Karelia
694:Finland
568:Shumshu
453:Ellwood
318:Vietnam
104:of the
2750:Chinky
2638:Ee Lee
2391:(1974)
2380:(1969)
2354:(1962)
2334:(1947)
2314:(1943)
2308:(1942)
2272:(1931)
2250:(1911)
2244:(1907)
2238:(1907)
2215:(1899)
2198:(1887)
2171:(1885)
2123:(1876)
2112:(1873)
2101:(1862)
2089:(1857)
2041:(1603)
1958:Taiwan
1788:Coolie
1655:
1610:
1060:南石頭大屠殺
1058::
1052:南石头大屠杀
1050::
950:Arctic
782:Sicily
684:Poland
678:Europe
338:Zipper
324:Jurist
293:Malaya
252:Ceylon
186:Midway
90:Deaths
62:Target
2745:Chink
2716:Slurs
1911:Korea
1899:Japan
1889:India
1666:(PDF)
1649:(PDF)
1084:China
1031:Japan
1006:Italy
985:Coups
886:Malta
830:Japan
798:China
777:Italy
509:Tokyo
497:Japan
414:Timor
48:China
1916:Laos
1653:ISBN
1608:ISBN
1526:广东党史
1102:and
1074:and
1042:The
1001:Iraq
904:Iran
894:Iraq
748:1944
726:1940
519:Kure
206:Truk
54:Date
2805::
2493:)
1718:.
1689:.
1622:^
1564:^
1543:.
1510:^
1489:.
1475:^
1452:.
1439:^
1418:.
1405:^
1391:.
1380:^
1114:.
1082:,
1054:;
489:PX
398:RY
82:,
78:,
46:,
31:,
2489:(
1765:e
1758:t
1751:v
1735:.
1704:.
1675:.
1616:.
1558:.
1504:.
1469:.
1433:.
1046:(
657:e
650:t
643:v
175:K
136:e
129:t
122:v
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