329:). The story tells of Zhang Xie, who on the way to the capital to take the imperial examination, is robbed and injured by bandits. He is nursed back to health by a local maiden, whom he then marries. She then pays for him to continue to the capital to take the examination, in which he wins first place. However, when his wife tries to meet him in the capital, he rejects her for her lowly origins, and later tries to kill her and she is gravely injured falling off a cliff. She is saved by the Prime Minister who happens to pass by, and adopts her as his daughter. Later Zhang asks the Prime Minister to marry his daughter, and on the wedding night, finds that she is the wife he tried to kill.
300:貼) were less defined roles, and actors in these role types portrayed a variety of characters in the same play. The role types of later forms of Chinese opera were made more strict, but can be seen to have their roots in
319:
originally written, only 283 titles and 20 play texts survive. Complete scripts of three works were found in the 1920s, the earliest of which is a work from the
Southern Song,
315:
was considered a low art form and thus ignored in contemporary historiography, and it was almost forgotten by scholars after the mid-16th century. Of the large numbers of
607:
551:
524:
346:. The play tells the story of an abandoned wife who set off on a 12-year journey to find her husband, surviving by playing the
186:, using colloquial language with many scenes. Due to its coarse language, rough prosody, and unsophisticated literary style,
28:
47:
1193:
600:
336:
works from before the end of Yuan dynasty were produced by anonymous authors. The first work with a known author is
1198:
160:
in the 12th century. The name means literally "southern drama", and the form originated in the area around
1183:
593:
579:
1113:
421:
190:
was considered a low art form during the Song and Yuan dynasties. However, its status was elevated with
930:
1044:
200:, a play of better literary quality and more complex structure. It was highly regarded by the Ming
585:
492:
454:
1031:
895:
890:
547:
520:
210:
541:
514:
1188:
484:
338:
192:
83:
807:
720:
665:
574:
104:
964:
885:
832:
787:
745:
414:
402:
390:
378:
357:
201:
1177:
1118:
917:
812:
797:
648:
616:
149:
857:
817:
802:
782:
762:
725:
704:
682:
638:
353:
157:
90:
1141:
735:
670:
653:
643:
153:
1147:
1060:
985:
943:
924:
827:
792:
740:
687:
250:
248:
had seven role types, many of which were seen in later
Chinese opera forms.
1161:
1095:
1088:
1067:
971:
862:
837:
772:
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730:
278:
272:
179:
1074:
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822:
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698:
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676:
659:
543:
Chinese
Theories of Theater and Performance from Confucius to the Present
343:
256:
233:
197:
458:
1038:
1010:
957:
950:
496:
161:
57:
54:
38:
35:
1154:
1124:
510:
183:
488:
240:曲) set to popular music. Professional companies of actors performed
1081:
978:
756:
216:
1024:
936:
906:
348:
589:
573:
2006. Encyclopædia
Britannica Premium Service. 19 January 2006
445:
Sun, Mei (1998). "The
Division between 'Nanxi' and 'Chuanqi".
208:
had developed into a more complex dramatic form known as
244:
in theatres that could hold thousands of spectators.
109:
95:
1134:
1106:
1053:
995:
904:
871:
850:
713:
631:
624:
164:in southeastern China. Nanxi is an abbreviation of
103:
89:
82:
77:
65:
46:
27:
18:
178:started as combinations of Song plays and local
519:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 16–22.
601:
412:
400:
388:
376:
324:
287:
265:
143:
133:
52:
33:
8:
546:. University of Michigan Press. p. 41.
628:
608:
594:
586:
475:Sun, Mei (1996). "Performances of Nanxi".
356:drama as it was the favorite opera of the
236:, spoken passages alternated with verses (
74:
422:Liu Wenlong and the Water Chestnut Mirror
168:(南曲戲文, "Southern music theatre text") or
425:have been preserved in other languages.
470:
468:
434:
152:, developed from ancient traditions of
15:
440:
438:
419:). Some of the missing plays such as
204:. By the middle of the Ming dynasty,
7:
447:American Journal of Chinese Studies
580:Cultures & Literatures of Asia
156:, singing, and dancing during the
14:
619:and Chinese narrative traditions
260:heroines. The other role types
254:were heroic male characters and
540:Faye Chunfang Fei, ed. (2002).
413:
389:
377:
352:. The play became a model for
325:
110:
96:
53:
34:
1:
321:The No. 1 Scholar Zhang Xie
1215:
401:
288:
266:
144:
134:
121:
73:
23:
29:Traditional Chinese
571:Encyclopædia Britannica
232:opera, as with western
148:) was an early form of
48:Simplified Chinese
872:Comedic/Light theater
477:Asian Theatre Journal
367:plays following the
1194:Culture in Zhejiang
1045:Revolutionary opera
358:first Ming emperor
1171:
1170:
896:Tea-picking opera
891:Flower-drum opera
851:Religious theater
846:
845:
397:The Moon Pavilion
373:The Thorn Hairpin
125:
124:
117:
116:
84:Standard Mandarin
1206:
1199:Song dynasty art
629:
625:Dramatic theater
610:
603:
596:
587:
558:
557:
537:
531:
530:
507:
501:
500:
472:
463:
462:
442:
418:
417:
406:
405:
394:
393:
385:The White Rabbit
382:
381:
369:Tale of the Pipa
339:Tale of the Pipa
328:
327:
296:(后, also called
291:
290:
269:
268:
193:Tale of the Pipa
147:
146:
137:
136:
113:
112:
99:
98:
75:
61:
60:
42:
41:
16:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1130:
1102:
1049:
991:
900:
867:
842:
808:Taiwanese opera
721:Cantonese opera
709:
666:Longjiang opera
620:
614:
582:— Cora Agatucci
567:
562:
561:
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538:
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516:Chinese Theatre
509:
508:
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489:10.2307/1124523
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431:
310:
226:
66:Literal meaning
12:
11:
5:
1212:
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1202:
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1196:
1191:
1186:
1176:
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1169:
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1158:
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1144:
1138:
1136:
1135:Related topics
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1131:
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1128:
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1103:
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1021:
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1007:
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997:
993:
992:
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989:
982:
975:
968:
961:
954:
947:
940:
933:
928:
921:
913:
911:
902:
901:
899:
898:
893:
888:
886:Glove puppetry
883:
875:
873:
869:
868:
866:
865:
860:
854:
852:
848:
847:
844:
843:
841:
840:
835:
833:Yangzhou opera
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
788:Shanghai opera
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
753:
748:
746:Huangmei opera
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
717:
715:
711:
710:
708:
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702:
695:
690:
685:
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673:
668:
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563:
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559:
553:978-0472089239
552:
532:
525:
502:
483:(2): 141–166.
464:
433:
432:
430:
427:
363:Other notable
309:
306:
225:
222:
214:, of which is
202:Hongwu Emperor
123:
122:
119:
118:
115:
114:
107:
101:
100:
93:
87:
86:
80:
79:
78:Transcriptions
71:
70:
69:Southern drama
67:
63:
62:
50:
44:
43:
31:
25:
24:
21:
20:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1211:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1184:Chinese opera
1182:
1181:
1179:
1164:
1163:
1159:
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1156:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1143:
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1137:
1133:
1127:
1126:
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1120:
1119:Water sleeves
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1098:
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1092:
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1087:
1084:
1083:
1078:
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1073:
1070:
1069:
1064:
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1046:
1043:
1041:
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1036:
1034:
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1022:
1020:
1019:
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1008:
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1001:
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983:
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976:
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864:
861:
859:
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855:
853:
849:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
813:Teochew opera
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
798:Sichuan opera
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
758:
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749:
747:
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742:
739:
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734:
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724:
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719:
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716:
712:
706:
703:
701:
700:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
678:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
661:
657:
655:
652:
650:
649:Huaihai opera
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
636:
634:
630:
627:
623:
618:
617:Chinese opera
611:
606:
604:
599:
597:
592:
591:
588:
581:
578:
576:
572:
569:
568:
564:
555:
549:
545:
544:
536:
533:
528:
526:9780521186667
522:
518:
517:
512:
506:
503:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
471:
469:
465:
460:
456:
453:(2): 248–56.
452:
448:
441:
439:
435:
428:
426:
424:
423:
416:
410:
404:
398:
392:
386:
380:
374:
370:
366:
361:
359:
355:
351:
350:
345:
341:
340:
335:
330:
322:
318:
314:
307:
305:
303:
299:
295:
285:
281:
280:
275:
274:
263:
259:
258:
253:
252:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
223:
221:
220:is a branch.
219:
218:
213:
212:
207:
203:
199:
195:
194:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
150:Chinese opera
141:
131:
130:
120:
108:
106:
102:
94:
92:
88:
85:
81:
76:
72:
68:
64:
59:
56:
51:
49:
45:
40:
37:
32:
30:
26:
22:
17:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1123:
1096:
1089:
1080:
1075:
1066:
1061:
1037:
1030:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1009:
1002:
984:
977:
970:
963:
956:
949:
942:
935:
923:
916:
905:
878:
858:Ritual opera
818:Tongzi opera
803:Suzhou opera
783:Puxian opera
763:Liyuan opera
755:
726:Gaojia opera
705:Shanxi opera
697:
683:Peking opera
675:
658:
639:Hebei bangzi
570:
542:
535:
515:
505:
480:
476:
450:
446:
420:
408:
396:
384:
372:
368:
364:
362:
354:Ming dynasty
347:
337:
333:
331:
320:
316:
312:
311:
301:
297:
293:
283:
277:
271:
261:
255:
249:
245:
241:
237:
229:
227:
215:
209:
205:
191:
187:
175:
174:
169:
165:
158:Song dynasty
139:
128:
127:
126:
91:Hanyu Pinyin
1142:Pear Garden
931:Flower Drum
910:(narrative)
736:Hakka opera
654:Jilin opera
644:Henan opera
409:Killing Dog
224:Performance
196:written by
166:nanqu xiwen
1178:Categories
1148:Shengqiang
1054:Role types
996:Historical
986:Xiangsheng
944:Kuaibanshu
925:Errenzhuan
828:Wuxi opera
793:Shao opera
741:Huai opera
688:Ping opera
180:folk songs
105:Wade–Giles
1162:Bian lian
1068:Xiaosheng
972:Shulaibao
863:Nuo opera
838:Yue opera
773:Min opera
751:Hui opera
731:Han opera
170:nan xiwen
1114:Costumes
1107:Costumes
1004:Canjunxi
880:Errentai
823:Wu opera
778:Ou opera
768:Lu opera
714:Southern
699:Qinqiang
693:Pu opera
677:Maoqiang
671:Lü opera
660:Liuqiang
632:Northern
513:(2012).
459:44288587
371:include
344:Gao Ming
234:operetta
198:Gao Ming
1189:Wenzhou
1039:Zidishu
1032:Chuanqi
1011:Yuanben
965:Pingtan
958:Pingshu
951:Naamyam
565:Sources
511:Fu, Jin
497:1124523
407:), and
292:), and
211:chuanqi
184:ballads
162:Wenzhou
111:Nan-hsi
1155:Yunbai
1125:Lingzi
550:
523:
495:
457:
1082:Wudan
1062:Sheng
1018:Nanxi
979:Tanci
918:Baiju
757:Kunqu
575:nanxi
493:JSTOR
455:JSTOR
429:Notes
365:Nanxi
334:Nanxi
332:Most
317:nanxi
313:Nanxi
308:Works
302:nanxi
251:Sheng
246:Nanxi
242:nanxi
230:Nanxi
217:kunqu
206:Nanxi
188:Nanxi
176:Nanxi
140:xiwen
138:) or
129:Nanxi
97:Nánxì
19:Nanxi
1097:Chou
1090:Jing
1025:Zaju
937:Guci
907:Quyi
548:ISBN
521:ISBN
349:pipa
326:張協狀元
279:chou
273:jing
182:and
154:mime
1076:Dan
485:doi
415:殺狗記
403:拜月亭
395:),
391:白兔記
383:),
379:荊釵記
342:by
298:tie
294:hou
284:wai
270:),
257:dan
228:In
1180::
491:.
481:13
479:.
467:^
449:.
437:^
360:.
304:.
282:,
276:,
262:Mo
238:qu
172:.
145:戲文
135:南戲
1085:)
1079:(
1071:)
1065:(
609:e
602:t
595:v
556:.
529:.
499:.
487::
461:.
451:5
411:(
399:(
387:(
375:(
323:(
289:外
286:(
267:末
264:(
142:(
132:(
58:戏
55:南
39:戲
36:南
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