Louisiana French - Knowledge

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programs. He goes further to write that the official recognition, appreciation by parents, and inclusion of French in schools reflects growing regard of the language. Ultimately the survival of French in Louisiana can only be guaranteed by Louisianan parents and politicians, but that there is still hope. Similarly, the state legislature passed the Louisiana French Language Services Act in 2011 with particular mention to cultural tourism, local culture, and heritage. The bill sets forth that each branch of the state government shall take necessary action to identify employees who are proficient in French. Each branch of the state government is to take necessary steps in producing services in the French language for both locals and visitors. This bill is, however, an unfunded state mandate. The legislative act was drafted and presented by francophone and

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require judicial process to be issued in any other than the English language". However, French was still the most spoken language in many parishes of Louisiana, and the constitution of 1879 adjusted the previous restrictions to require that laws "be promulgated and preserved in the English language; but the General Assembly may provide for the publication of the laws in the French Language, and prescribe that judicial advertisements in certain designated cities and parishes…be made in that language." It also allowed primary school to teach in French, a provision that was extended in the 1898 and 1913 constitutions to include secondary schools.

932:(CODOFIL) was established in 1968 to promote the preservation of French language and culture in Louisiana. The Louisiana state legislature has greatly shifted its stance on the status of French. Since the passage of Legislative Act No. 409 in 1968, the Louisiana governor is granted the authorization "to establish the Council for the Development of Louisiana-French" and that the agency is to consist of no more than fifty members, including a chairman. The name was soon changed to CODOFIL and was granted the power to "do anything possible and necessary to encourage the development, usage and preservation of French as it exists in Louisiana". 1030: 3053: 979: 3041: 861:

in the 20th century since, in turn, people who could not speak English were perceived as uneducated. Therefore, parents became hesitant to teach French to their children, hoping that the children would have a better life in an English-speaking nation. As of 2011, there were an estimated 150,000 to 200,000 people in Louisiana who spoke French. By comparison, there were an estimated one million native French-speakers in Louisiana in about 1968. While French is now taught in schools, the local dialect is now at risk of extinction as children are no longer taught it.

1006: 779:, along with the difficult process of resettlement in Louisiana and the ensuing poverty made it difficult to establish schools in the early stages of the community's development. Eventually schools were established, as private academies whose faculty had recently arrived in Louisiana from France or who had been educated in France. Children were usually able to attend the schools only long enough to learn counting and reading. At the time, a standard part of a child's education in the Cajun community was also the 4504: 722: 889:

participated in promoted feelings of national unity, and drew the Cajuns closer to Mainstream America. During this time period, emphasis on the 'American way of life' had a massive impact on Cajun children: census data shows that the use of Cajun French as a first language dropped 17 percent for Cajuns born during US involvement in WW2, the single largest decrease since the beginning of the 20th century, and also resulted in the practice of punishing Cajun students for speaking French at school.

905:, and evaluated what was then its current status. She pointed out that the gradual decline of French made it "relatively common" to find "grand-parents who speak only French, parents who speak both French and English, children who speak English and understand French, and grand-children who speak and understand only English." The decision to teach French to children was well-received since grandparents hoped for better opportunities for communicating with their grandchildren. 702:) eventually giving way to greater French colonial aspirations with the turn of the century. French immigration was at its peak during the 17th and 18th centuries which firmly established the Creole culture and language there. One important distinction to make is that the term "créole" at the time was consistently used to signify native, or "locally-born" in contrast to "foreign-born". In general the core of the population was rather diverse, coming from all over the 1063: 1161:), young Louisianians may speak a more standardized French than their forebears, having learned French both at school and via the greater community. Among such youths, the influence of vernacular Louisiana French on their speech patterns varies from speaker to speaker, depending on such factors as ethnic background, socioeconomic class, exposure to francophones of the elder generation, educational level, political beliefs and personal preference. 5360: 909: 58: 368: 972:, as well as several other cities. Locals continue to refer to the place names in English and for postal services, English is generally preferred. To meet the demands of a growing francophone tourist market, tourism bureaus and commissions throughout the state, particularly in southern Louisiana, have information on tourist sites in both French and English as well as in other major languages spoken by tourists. 290: 3074: 832:

services of Louisiana eventually fell prey to English, and the eventual consequence of speaking French was that speaking French became a sign of cultural illegitimacy. Parents viewed the practice of teaching their children English as the intrusion of a foreign culture, and many refused to send their children to school. When the government required them to do so, they selected private French

2810:(CODOFIL), whose mission was to oversee the promotion, visibility, and expansion of French language usage in Louisiana. His mission was clear: (re)create a European French bastion in Louisiana by making all Louisianans bilingual in International French and English. To accomplish his goals, he teamed up with political leaders in Canada and France, including former French President 4135: 1102: 2814:. He found Louisiana French too limiting, so he imported francophone teachers from Europe, Canada and the Caribbean to teach normative French in Louisiana schools. His penchant for International French caused him to lose support in Louisiana: most Louisianans, if they were going to have French in Louisiana schools, wanted Louisiana French, not "Parisian French." 485:—were written in standard French. It is a misconception that no one in Louisiana spoke or wrote Standard French. The resemblance that Louisiana French bears to Standard French varies depending on the dialect and register, with formal and urban variants in Louisiana more closely resembling Standard French. 3017:

The phonology of formal Louisiana French shares much in common with Standard French to various degrees depending upon the speaker. As an example, speakers can be heard pronouncing "r" as a uvular constant as opposed to an alveolar. Furthermore, the pronunciation and the intonation of that variety can

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Due to present ethnic movements and internal subdivisions among the population, some of the state's inhabitants insist on ancestral varieties. As a result, it is not odd to hear the language referred to as Canadian French, Acadian French, Broken French, Old French, Creole French, Cajun French, and so

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According to Jacques Henry, former executive director of CODOFIL, much progress has been made for francophones and that the future of French in Louisiana is not merely a symbolic one. According to statistics gathered by CODOFIL, the past twenty years has seen widespread acceptance of French-immersion

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roughly estimated that there were 120,000 French speakers in Louisiana, including about 20,000 Cajun French, but noted that their ability to provide an accurate assessment was very limited. These numbers were down from roughly a million speakers in the 1960s. Distribution of these speakers is uneven,

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This variety is known for its use in all administrative and ecclesiastic documents, speeches, and literary publications. Also known as "Urban Louisiana French," "Colonial French," or "Plantation Society French," it is spoken primarily in the urban business centers of the state. Because those regions

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occurs frequently in Louisiana French but this is typical for many language contact situations. Code-switching was once viewed as a sign of poor education, but it is now understood to be an indication of proficiency in the two different languages that a speaker uses. Fluent Louisiana French speakers

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Beginning in the 1990s, various signage, packaging, and documentation in French became present throughout the state. State and local tourism bureau commissions were influential in convincing city, parish and state officials to produce bilingual signage and documentation. French and English bilingual

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Back on the home front, many Cajun civilians united with other Anglo-Americans to support the war effort by volunteering as air raid wardens, plane spotters, firefighters, auxiliary policemen, nursing aides, as well as participating in bond, stamp, and scrap drives. These activities which the Cajuns

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The punishment system (which was not dissimilar to the manner in which children attempting to speak both immigrant and indigenous languages other than English were dealt with in schools elsewhere in North America) seems to have been responsible for much of the decay that Louisiana French experienced

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Dargo, George; de Laussat, Pierre Clement; Pastwa, Agnes-Josephine; Bush, Robert D. (November 1978). "Memoirs of My Life to My Son During the Years 1803 and After, Which I Spent in Public Service in Louisiana as Commissioner of the French Government for the Retrocession to France of That Colony and

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cattle grazers as well as rice and cotton farmers. Along the bayous and the Louisiana littoral, sugar cane cultivation dominated and in many parishes today, sugar cultivation remains an important source of economy. Informal Louisiana French can at least be divided further into three core varieties:

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One time he was driving, he was working eight days on and six days off. And he was driving, y'know, six days off. It would take him twenty-four hours straight through. And he would stay here four days and then go back. So when the second time came, well, he said, "If you don't come," he said, "I'm

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are also Louisiana French speakers. With this in mind, a marked decline in the number of French speakers in Texas has been noticed in the last half of the twentieth century. For example, at one point the French-speaking population of Jefferson County was 24,049 as compared to the mere 1,922 today.

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Louisiana French consonants do not show severe differences from Metropolitan French consonants, except that unlike most of French spoken varieties, which use uvular varieties of r ; Louisiana French uses the Classic alveolar trill or flap , just like in Spanish, Italian, and several other Romance

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reversed the previous language rights and banned the teaching of French in all public schools. The constitution established English as the official language of Louisiana, which pushed French out of New Orleans to its current location in southwestern parts of the state. The education and religious

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The 1864 Louisiana constitution abandoned the dual language requirement and directed public instruction to be conducted in English, although Article 128 prohibited the state from barring French speakers from public office. The post-Civil War constitution of 1868 further stated that "no laws shall

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Francophones and creolophones have worked side-by-side, lived among one another, and have enjoyed local festivities together throughout the history of the state. As a result, in regions where both Louisiana French and Louisiana Creole are or used to be spoken, the inhabitants of the region often

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Probably the widely used variety of the language, informal Louisiana French has its roots in agrarian Louisiana, but it is now also found in urban centers because of urbanization beginning in the 20th century. Historically, along the prairies of southwest Louisiana, francophone Louisianans were

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argues that the state of Louisiana's shift, from an anti-French stance to one of soft promotion has been of great importance to the survival of the language. The article states that it is advantageous to invigorate the revival of the language, to better cherish the state's rich heritage, and to

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the first dictionary devoted to "Cajun French". Once considered an authority on the language, it is however not exhaustive; it omits alternate spellings and synonyms that Father Daigle deemed "perversions" of the language but are nonetheless popular among so-called Louisiana French speakers and

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The war compelled many Cajun people to leave their home state of Louisiana for the first time and serve in the military. Cajun GIs most of whom could neither speak nor understand English encountered solely English-speaking Americans, but learned it in order to serve and survive in the military.

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Grassroots initiatives remain popular among francophone subsections of Louisianian society, often organized through online platforms such as Facebook. French-language initiatives founded in the late 2010s and early 2020s include Télé-Louisiane, a multimedia platform; Charrer-Veiller, a podcast

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The Consortium of Louisiana Universities and Colleges unites representatives of French programs in Louisiana universities and colleges, and organizes post-secondary level francophone scholastic exchanges and provide support for university students studying French language and linguistics in

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Such contraction avoidance is a purely oral phenomenon, and written registers in Louisiana do not highly differ from Standard French. In novels, newspapers, government documents, plays, letters, etc., written from the colonial era to the early twentieth century, it would be unusual to see

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Despite ample time for Louisiana French to diverge, the basic grammatical core of the language remains similar or the same as Standard French. Even so, it can be expected that the language would begin to diverge due to the various influences of neighboring languages, changing francophone

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Eventually, with the consistent relations built between the Native American tribes and francophones, new vocabulary was adopted into the colonial language. For example, something of a "French-Choctaw patois" is said to have developed primarily among Louisiana's Afro-French population and

4212:, and Louisiana French rock. As of today, Old French music, Creole stomp, and Louisiana French rock remain the only three genres of music in Louisiana using French instead of English. Most "Cajun" artists have expressions and phrases in French in songs, predominantly sung in English. 1183:

In Texas, as of 2010, the French-speaking population was 55,773, though many of these were likely to be immigrants from France or other French-speaking countries who moved to cities and suburbs all over the state. Nevertheless, in the rural eastern-southeastern Texas counties of

4200:), are still found throughout the state. During their rituals for healing, they use secret French prayers to God or saints for a speedy recovery. These healers are mostly Catholic and do not expect compensation or even thanks, as it is said that then, the cure will not work. 1093:

Many young adults are learning enough French to understand French music lyrics. Also, there is now a trend to use French-language websites to learn the dialect. Culinary words and terms of endearment such as "cher" (dear) and "nonc" (uncle) are still heard among otherwise

6467:"Le problème de la démarcation des variétés de langues en Louisiane: étiquettes et usages linguistiques." Le français en Amérique du nord: état présent. Ed. Albert Valdman, Julie Auger, and Deborah Piston-Hatlen. Québec: Les Presses de l'Université de Laval, 2005. 349-367. 2832:

In 2009, Iberia Parish native and activist Christophe Landry introduced three terms representing lexical differences based on Louisiana topography: Provincial Louisiana French (PLF), Fluvial Louisiana French (FLF), and Urban Louisiana French (ULF). That same year, the

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origin, sometimes giving it linguistic features found only in Louisiana. Louisiana French differs to varying extents from French dialects spoken in other regions, but Louisiana French is mutually intelligible with other dialects and is most closely related to those of

2825:, introduced using the term "Cajun French" for Acadian-Creoles and French Creoles who identified as Cajun, for which he created a curriculum guide for institutionalizing the language in schools in 1977. Roman Catholic Priest Jules O. Daigle, who in 1984 published his 1109: 1108: 1104: 1103: 1886:, namely of the plural first and second person conjugations which are inflected identically to the third person singular. Not only this, but the inflection of the third person plural verb form has diverged between the form identical to Standard French and the use of 772:, permitted the Acadians to continue to speak their language as well as observe their other cultural practices. The original Acadian community was composed mainly of farmers and fishermen who were able to provide their children with a reasonable amount of schooling. 1110: 2203:

From a lexical perspective, Louisiana French differs little from other varieties of French spoken in the world. However, due to the unique history and development of the language, Louisiana French has many words that are unique to it or to select French varieties.

1131:; the only political stance the state of Louisiana makes is that of noninterference. All of this culminates in the fact that outside the extremely southern portions of the state, French remains a secondary language that retains heavy cultural and identity values. 836:

in which class was conducted in French. Derogatory terms and phrases were used by English speakers to put social pressure on French speakers ("Don't speak Cajun. Speak White!"), a sentiment later criticized by the Québécois poet Michèle Lalonde's in her 1974 poem

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Reliable counts of speakers of Louisiana French are difficult to obtain as distinct from other varieties of French. However, the vast majority of native residents of Louisiana and east and southeast Texas who speak French are likely speakers of Louisiana French.

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Travels through that part of North America formerly called Louisiana. / By Mr. Bossu, Captain in the French Marines. Translated from the French by John Reinhold Forster, F.A.S. Illustrated with notes relative chiefly to natural history. To which is added by the

2837:, was published. It was edited by a coalition of linguists and other activists. The title clearly suggests that the ethno-racial identities are mapped onto the languages, but the language, at least linguistically, remains shared across those ethno-racial lines. 2948:

Some activists and linguists attribute the feature to an inheritance of Acadian French spoken in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island, a theory based entirely on observation of shared vocal features, rather than the communities being linked by

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relatives, the family began conversing in "French and Choctaw." Additional witness to this variety of French comes from J.F.H. Claiborne, a cousin of Louisiana's first American Governor, who also noted the "unusual patois of provincial French and Choctaw."

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alone—areas where it can be reasonably presumed that almost all French speakers are Louisiana French speakers—the total French-speaking population was composed of 3,400 individuals. It is likely a substantial portion of the 14,493 speakers in Houston's

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indigenous to Louisiana and spoken across racial lines. In Louisiana, language labels are often conflated with ethnic labels, and Cajun-identified speakers might therefore call their language "Cajun French" even when linguists would identify it as

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The phonology of these varieties, apart from some minor distinctions, are rather similar and distinct in comparison to the international francophone community. A key feature of the dialect would likely be the pronunciation of the letter "r" as an

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to produce what we know as Louisiana French. The 1845 Louisiana constitution permitted any legislator to address the body in either English or French, and the 1845 and 1852 constitutions required all laws to be written in both English and French.

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often hews closer to French from Canada and France, due to its relatively recent settlement by French immigrants and low settlement by Acadian refugees compared to other parts of Acadiana. Distinct features include optional affrication of

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Albert Valdman. "Recherches lexicographiques sur le français régional de Louisiane." Le français des Dictionnaires. L'autre versant de la lexicographie française. Claudine Bavoux. Brussels: Champs linguistiques Université de Boeck, 2008:

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Today one can find many local groups dedicated to practicing Louisiana French regularly, usually over a meal with other interested parties. Many of said groups can be found through the online Cajun French Virtual Table Française:

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Constantino Ghini et al. Statewide CODOFIL Program of French Instruction in the Elementary Grades, 1974-75, Evaluation Report. Baton Rouge and New Orleans: Ghini & Associates and Louisiana State Department of Education,

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Sylvie Dubois, William Gautreau, Howard Margot, Megan Melançon, Tracy Veler. "The Quality of French Spoken in Louisiana: Linguistic Attitudes toward the Varieties of French in Cajun Communities." SECOL Review 19, 1995:

853:, to teach in English, new teachers, who could not speak French, were hired. Children could not understand their teachers and generally ignored them by continuing to speak French. Eventually, children were subjected to 6633:

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have historically been centers of trade and commerce with contact with French-speakers from Europe, it is regarded as a more conservative variety of the language. Areas in which the formal variety can be heard include

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Cécyle Trépanier and Dean Louder. "Fieldwork in French Louisiana. A Quebec perspective." Field Accounts from French Louisiana. Ed. Jacques Henry and Sara Le Ménéstrel. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2009:

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protect a francophone minority that has suffered greatly from negligence by political and religious leaders. Furthermore, the university's article claims that it is CODOFIL rather than the state itself which sets

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Saturday afternoon we would go ... wring the chicken's neck. And on Sunday, well, Sunday, that was our best day for eating well. My mother would freeze some chicken and we would have some poutine of croquettes.

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Albert Valdman, Kevin James Rottet, Margaret M. Marshall et al. The Dictionary of Louisiana French: As spoken in Cajun, Creole and American Indian communities. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi,

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speaking this "common language." This unusual blend of French was also noticed by Pierre-Clement de Laussat during a lunch visit with the Creole-French Canterelle family. Upon the arrival of their

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Marie-Ginette Baillargeon. "A marriage of convenience: Quebec's influence on the rise of the Council for the Development of French in Louisiana. Diss. University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 2008.

2653: 6643:"French dialects of Louisiana: A revised typology. Paper read at the Colloquium on French in the United States/Colloque sur le français aux Etats-Unis." Indiana University, April 22–24, 2003. 1017: 5373: 2056:. In informal Louisiana French, most US states and countries are pronounced as in English and therefore require no article but in formal Louisiana French, prefixed articles are absent: 6624:

Sylvie Dubois and Megan Melançon. "Creole is. Creole ain't. Diachronic and Synchronic attitudes toward Creole identity in southern Louisiana. Language in Society 29(2), 2000: 237-258.

1106: 511:. Some of the Acadiana parishes register francophone populations of 10% or more of the total, with a select few (such as Vermilion, Evangeline and St. Martin Parishes) exceeding 15%. 7169: 1168:, it is likely Louisiana French will continue to evolve in this manner, with some traditionally Louisianian words and linguistic features being retained while others slowly fade. 6887:

Dana David. "A Vernacular Healing System: Reinventing the Circle with Cadien Treaters." Science and Religion: Global Perspectives. Philadelphia, PA: Metanexis Institute, 2005.

2913:." The nasality and pitch of the language is akin to that associated with provincial speech in Québec. In terms of nasality, Louisiana French is similar to French spoken in 1505:

Immediately some distinct characteristics of Louisiana French can be gleaned from its personal pronouns. For example, the traditional third-person singular feminine pronoun

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In Louisiana, as of 2010, the population of French speakers was approximately 115,183. These populations were concentrated most heavily in the southern, coastal parishes.

929: 2829:, followed him. "Cajun French" is intended to imply the French spoken in Louisiana by descendants of Acadians, an ethnic qualifier rather than a linguistic relationship. 3040: 5707: 3052: 978: 1239: 1154:, a web gazette. Poetry remains the most popular medium of literary expression, with poets such as Kirby Jambon and Ashlee Michot receiving international attention. 764:

Acadians began to arrive en masse along the Mississippi River as well as eventually arriving all the way to south to the modern-day state of Louisiana following the

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II, John LaFleur (2014-07-02). Louisiana's Creole French People: Our Language, Food & Culture: 500 Years Of Culture (Kindle Locations 359-363). Kindle Edition.

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Elizabeth Brandon. Folk Medicine in French Louisiana. In American Folk Medicine, ed. Wayland D. Hand, 213-234. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1976.

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Robert A. Papen. Louisiana "Cajun" French: A grammatical sketch of the French dialect spoken on Bayou Lafourche (Lafourche Parish). Unpublished manuscript, 1972.

8179: 8159: 7495: 2937:, who speak a linguistic feature that is absent everywhere else in Louisiana. Some francophones along Bayou Lafourche pronounce the letters "g" and "j" as a 1029: 912:

All varieties of French in Louisiana according to the 2015 American Community Survey, including Louisiana French. Parishes marked in yellow are those where

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Michael Hebert. "CODOFIL et l'enseignement du français en Louisiane (CODOFIL and the teaching of French in Louisiana)." Louisiana Review 3(1), 1974: 93-95.

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on. Still other Louisiana francophones will simply refer to their language as French, without qualifiers. Internally, two broad distinctions will be made:

7162: 6583:"Language labels and language use among Cajuns and Creoles in Louisiana." Ed. T. Sanchez and U. Horesh. Working papers in linguistics, 9(2), 2003. 77–90. 6427:

Peter A. Machonis. "The Origins and Evolution of French and Creole in Louisiana." The African Diaspora and Creolization. Broward County, FL, 2006: 23-28.

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Parker, J. L. (2019). Second language learning and cultural identity: Reconceptualizing the French curriculum in Louisiana colleges and universities.

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Louisiana French-speaking populations can also be found in southern Mississippi and Alabama, as well as pockets in other parts of the United States.

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as it is used to refer to both masculine and feminine subjects. Similarly, all of the other third-person plural pronouns are neutral. The usage of

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John Guilbeau." A Glossary of Variants From Standard French in La Fourche Parish," Master's thesis, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 1936.

6595: 846: 3014:, and other once important francophone business centers in the state. Generally, formal Louisiana French is maintained along strict class lines. 8169: 6680:

Oukada Larbi. "A Linguistic Study with Descriptive Analysis of Lafourche Parish Dialect," diss., Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 1977.

1146:. Since Louisiana joined the Francophonie, new organizations have launched to help revitalize Louisiana French, including the Nous Foundation. 3462: 8164: 7155: 7093: 6394: 6369: 6039: 5787: 3738: 728:

by Francois Bernard, 1869, Peabody Museum – Harvard University. The Choctaw people had a great impact on the development of Louisiana French.

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contains the letters "g" and "j," but they are voiced as they are in all other varieties of Louisiana and French that are spoken elsewhere.

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Michael D. Picone. "Enclave Dialect Contradiction: an external overview of Louisiana French." American Speech 72(2), Summer 1997. 117-153.

3469: 5954: 3431: 901:, which has been regarded as "probably the first complete study of a Louisiana French dialect". Conwell focused on the French spoken in 749: 6506:

Becky Brown. "The Development of a Louisiana French Norm." French and Creole in Louisiana. Ed. Albert Valdman. Springer, 1997: 215-220.

2921:. The pitch of Provincial Louisiana French and Provincial Quebec French share a predominantly agricultural history, close contact with 6936: 5683: 5658: 5534: 5244: 5137: 5132: 4540: 3747: 2922: 768:. In 1762, France relinquished their territorial claims to Spain just as Acadians had begun to arrive; despite this, Spanish Governor 670: 6878:

Ellen M. Daigle. Traiteurs and Their Power of Healing: The Story of Doris Bergeron. Louisiana Folklore Miscellany 6 (4), 1991: 43-48.

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demographics, and unstable opportunities for education. Furthermore, Louisiana French lacks any official regulating body unlike the

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In October 2018, through an initiative launched by Scott Tilton and Rudy Bazenet, Louisiana became the first U.S. state to join the

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The four nasal vowels have evolved according to their own pattern, similarly, but not the same way, to French spoken by Haitians:

6246: 3634:'kitchen, cuisine'. This may apply more to Evangeline parish and nearby areas, but has also been cited as a widespread feature. 3369: 3306: 897:

Marilyn J. Conwell of Pennsylvania State University conducted a study of Louisiana French in 1959 and published in 1963 the book

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As of 2007, there were questions whether the Louisiana French language would survive into another generation. Some residents of

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Joe L. Green. "The Louisiana Cajuns: the Quest for Identity through Education." Theory Into Practice 20(1), Winter 1981: 63-69.

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In Evangeline parish and nearby areas, dental stops may be affricated before high front vowels and semivowels: in other words,

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As of autumn 2011, Louisiana had French-language total immersion or bilingual French and English immersion in ten parishes:

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is also either weakened or dropped in word-final positions after a vowel, leaving behind a lengthened vowel (e.g., → → ).

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Like in several colloquial varieties of French, some consonant clusters are reduced, especially the ones having the liquids

806:, bringing large numbers of francophones speaking something more similar to today's Metropolitan French. Over time, through 6342: 841:" ("Speak white... be civilized"). The French schools worked to emphasize Standard French, which they considered to be the 7455: 6561:

Anne L. Simon. "CODOFIL: A case study of an ethnic interest group." MA Thesis, University of Southwestern Louisiana, 1977.

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Thomas A. Klingler. If I could turn my tongue like that: the Creole of Pointe-Coupée Parish. Baton Rouge: LSU Press, 2003.

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Unlike Standard French, vernacular Louisiana French may avoid article-preposition contractions involving the prepositions

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distinction seldom exists in Louisiana French. However, a is usually pronounced when making up the diphthong , before

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which is chosen by some authors since it more closely approximates speakers' pronunciation. Also, use of the pronoun

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Nathalie Dajko. Ethnic and Geographic Variation in the French of the Lafourche Basin. Diss. Tulane University, 2009.

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Klingler, Thomas A. (2009). "How much Acadian is there in Cajun?". In Mathis-Mosen, Ursula; Beschof, Günter (eds.).

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Ingrid Neumann. Le Créole de Breaux Bridge, Louisiane. Etude morphosyntaxique, textes, vocabulaire. H. Buske, 1985.

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Simultaneously, an ethnic movement took root in southern Louisiana led by Acadian-Creoles like James Donald Faulk,

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In order to demonstrate the use of some of the indicative verb tenses in Louisiana French, take the example of

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Marcia Gaudet and James C. McDonald, ed. Mardi Gras, Gumbo and Zydeco. University Press of Mississippi, 2003.

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Jacques Henry. "Le CODOFIL dans le mouvement francophone en Louisiane." Présence francophone 43, 1993: 25-46.

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The present progressive tense of Louisiana French initially appears alien as compared to Standard French but

7748: 7566: 7561: 7518: 7234: 6671:"The French Spoken in La Fourche Parish, Louisiana," diss., University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 1950. 6515:

James Harvey Domengeaux. "Native-Born Acadians and the Equal Ideal."Louisiana Law Review 46(151), 1985-1986.

3263: 3245: 3103: 3088: 1189: 614: 603: 519: 472: 245: 173: 163: 143: 115: 107: 8012: 7937: 7736: 6321: 5254: 4118: 4087: 4083: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4043: 4036: 4029: 4007: 4003: 3996: 3992: 3985: 3645: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3569: 3562: 3558: 3551: 3544: 3540: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3509: 3007: 2990: 2953: 2878: 2045: 2017: 2016:

Place names in Louisiana French may differ from those in Standard French. For instance, locales named for

1193: 1139:

senators and representatives as it asserts that the French language is vital to the economy of the state.

872:

though, having learned French at home and English in school. Currently, Louisiana French is considered an

828: 794:

has had a large impact on the development of Louisiana French but this has generally been over-estimated.

703: 691: 240: 1222:

Likewise, in Harris County the French-speaking population has shifted from 26,796 to 14,493 individuals.

8136: 8023: 7912: 7819: 5554: 4503: 4156: 3487: 3418: 3270: 3192: 3185: 1209: 961: 936: 721: 570:) is generally regarded as more accurate and inclusive than "Cajun French" and is the preferred term by 225: 6927:

Gess, Randall; Lyche, Chantal; Meisenburg, Trudel (2012). "'Cajun' French in a non-Acadian Community".

6603: 5184: 2195:

frequently alternate between French, English, and Creole, but less proficient speakers usually do not.

769: 8103: 8033: 8006: 7902: 7643: 6929:

Phonological Variation in French: Illustrations from Three Continents (Studies in Language Variation)

5890:

Mississippi: the Province, the Territory and the State, with Biographical Notices of Eminent Citizens

5365: 5335: 3279: 3199: 2952:

On the other hand, it has been suggested that there may be a linguistic link to the Spanish-speaking

2049: 1218: 1213: 1201: 1197: 1185: 957: 902: 606:

of various backgrounds (including Cajuns) do not speak Louisiana Creole but rather Louisiana French.

489: 466: 6964:

Picone, Michael D. (1997). "Enclave Dialect Contraction: An External Overview of Louisiana French".

6488:

Michael D. Picone. "Anglophone slaves in Francophone Louisiana." American Speech 2003 78(4):404-433.

6326: 5436: 8092: 7922: 7780: 7742: 7571: 7356: 7277: 7178: 5224: 4556: 3342: 3289: 2973: 1205: 1123: 1115: 873: 854: 707: 497: 403: 399: 31: 7544: 178: 8065: 7721: 7683: 7614: 7581: 7414: 7389: 6981: 6012: 6004: 5869: 5701: 5676:

If I could turn my tongue like that : the Creole language of Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana

5393: 5320: 5179: 5077: 4570:

is the parent-teacher organization for students in French immersion in the state which organizes

4552: 3206: 3157: 2969: 2965: 2875: 2822: 1164:

Given increased levels of education in Standard French and greater exposure to the international

803: 715: 447: 5551:"Percentage Speaking a Language Other Than English at Home by English-Speaking Ability by State" 6948:

Speaking In Tongues, Louisiana's Colonial French, Creole & Cajun Languages Tell Their Story

6143: 5922: 4208:

Louisiana French has been the traditional language for singing music now referred to as Cajun,

2897:." Likewise, the letter "é" preceding "o" frequently erodes in the spoken informal varieties: " 2885:

like in Standard French. Vowels are commonly omitted from the beginning and end of for words: "

8057: 7892: 7760: 7711: 7604: 7594: 7267: 7104: 7089: 7075: 7061: 7047: 7033: 7019: 7005: 6932: 6390: 6365: 6219: 6204: 6075: 6035: 5861: 5783: 5733: 5689: 5679: 5654: 5530: 5219: 5194: 5142: 5087: 3775: 3607:

are then pronounced , , , , , , , . The degree of palatalization depends on the speaker; e.g.

3387: 3319: 3256: 3172: 3162: 2818: 2773: 2733: 1561: 811: 158: 3512:

is rarely used in practice, and is typically reduced to with the preceding vowel nasalized.

8098: 8052: 8028: 7972: 7960: 7837: 7765: 7609: 7599: 7553: 7262: 6973: 6823: 5996: 5853: 5825: 5624: 5378: 5295: 3732: 3638: 3479: 3152: 3147: 2961: 2914: 2882: 2811: 2803: 1905:

often omitted regardless of the presence of a following vowel as well as the regular use of

1898: 1894: 850: 842: 599: 590: 148: 85: 63: 5527:

Dictionary of Louisiana French: As Spoken in Cajun, Creole, and American Indian Communities

2835:

Dictionary of Louisiana French: As Spoken in Cajun, Creole, and American Indian Communities

690:

Starting in the second half of the 17th century, several trading posts were established in

8086: 8018: 7988: 7887: 7810: 7790: 7770: 7716: 7624: 7533: 7404: 7314: 7305: 7254: 7187: 7086:

Dictionary of Louisiana French as Spoken in Cajun, Creole, and American Indian Communities

6995:

Dictionary of Louisiana French: As spoken in Cajun, Creole and American Indian communities

5469:

Thomas A. Klingler, Michael Picone and Albert Valdman. "The Lexicon of Louisiana French."

5398: 5388: 5327: 5239: 5204: 4193: 3755: 3179: 3167: 2934: 2520: 2478: 1128: 1118:, a Lafayette musician discussing changing attitudes toward the language and culture, 2013 869: 833: 807: 787: 745: 695: 563: 451: 443: 439: 407: 183: 135: 7678: 7399: 7361: 5730:

New Perspectives on Language Variety in the South: Historical and Contemporary Approaches

5593: 1076:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

8123: 7942: 7932: 7847: 7775: 7726: 7673: 7661: 7656: 7650: 7633: 7589: 7487: 7430: 7409: 7366: 7344: 7272: 7208: 7195: 6136: 5915: 5383: 5305: 5290: 5249: 5229: 4548: 3790: 3216: 2918: 2191: 1158: 953: 944:

writers. Though remaining useful today, Daigle's dictionary has been superseded by the

791: 765: 761: 551: 539: 434: 426: 2755:, dimanche ça c'était notre meilleure journée qu'on avait plus de bon manger. Ma mère 908: 367: 331: 8153: 7927: 7754: 7688: 7668: 7476: 7322: 7295: 7229: 6016: 5300: 5234: 5214: 5199: 3674: 3451: 3348: 3295: 3222: 1897:

that is common in many aspects of French is accelerated in Louisiana French with the

1095: 737:

Creoles with a large portion of its vocabulary said to be of Native American origin.

535: 531: 255: 93: 75: 4056:

Front rounded vowels are sometimes unrounded, with becoming , which notably causes

57: 7917: 7795: 7731: 7384: 7290: 7147: 6079: 6032:

Les Aspects littéraires du biculturalisme aux États-Unis: actes du colloque de 1985

5824:. London: Printed for T. Davies in Russel-Street, Covent Garden. pp. 254–255. 5651:

Acadians and Cajuns: The politics and culture of French minorities in North America

5345: 5315: 5280: 5267: 5189: 753: 575: 527: 422: 235: 4106:), are pronounced and respectively, rather than and as in Modern French; e.g. 3018:

vary from European to the North American varieties of French. Use of the pronouns

2791:

code-switch, beginning the sentence in one language and completing it in another.

6055: 5777: 5503: 4559:

program follows the same standards as all other schools in the parish and state.

3637:

In some mesolects, just like in Haitian Creole, general pronunciation may become

2941:, but others pronounce the two letters in the manner of most other francophones. 2714:, il dit, "Moi, si tu viens pas," il dit, "je vas pas." Ça fait que là j'ai été. 952:

signage is, therefore, usually confined to the old districts of cities, like the

345: 17: 8040: 7852: 7842: 5754: 5285: 5272: 5209: 4571: 3954: 3940: 3933: 3926: 3912: 3905: 3898: 3892: 3884: 3877: 3864: 3702: 3694: 3687: 3669: 3073: 3003: 1882:

Some minor simplification of tenses is exhibited in the conjugation of the verb

1136: 838: 776: 571: 89: 5888: 457:

Historically, most works of media and literature produced in Louisiana—such as

8000: 7871: 7865: 7858: 7282: 6000: 5629: 5612: 5355: 5340: 5310: 5259: 4574:, fundraisers and outreach for teachers, parents and students in the program. 3948: 3869: 3830: 3679: 2723:

not going." So I went. Boy! His poor mother. "Don't go!" she said. "Don't go!"

523: 514:

French is spoken across ethnic and racial lines by people who may identify as

250: 6312:

Louder, Dean; LeBlanc, Michael (September 1979). "The Cajuns of East Texas".

5865: 5693: 3991:

In Louisiana French, is frequently lowered to either or , especially after

7831: 5829: 4412: 3920: 783: 411: 324: 308: 295: 230: 6905:

Rick Olivier and Ben Samdel. Zydeco! University Press of Mississippi, 1999.

6270:"Louisiana Joins International Organization of French-speaking Governments" 4238:

Louisiana Creole Families/Bastille Day Celebration, Ville Platte, Louisiana

2044:) is used with such locations. This trend seems to vary by region since in 550:

among others. For these reasons, as well as the relatively small influence

5455:

Louisiana Studies: Literature, Customs and Dialects, History and Education

4566:(CODOFIL) recruits teachers locally and globally each year. Additionally, 4049:

Like in Quebec French, may become laxed , depending on the speaker; e.g.

3988:

when followed by a nasal consonant, or if a following was nasalized to .

744:

people in Louisiana, the French of Louisiana had already begun to undergo

586:

discourse by speakers of the language and other inhabitants of Louisiana.

315: 6740: 6738: 6736: 4461: 4244:

Louisiana State University Night of French Cinema, Baton Rouge, Louisiana

2481:, with "un soulier" used formally and other expressions used informally. 865: 780: 741: 547: 508: 507:

however, with the majority residing in the south-central region known as

6060:(in French). University of Southwestern Louisiana. 1986. pp. 10–12. 5755:"Language labels and language use among Cajuns and Creoles in Louisiana" 948:(2010), edited by Albert Valdman and other authorities on the language. 802:

French immigration continued in the 19th century until the start of the

7825: 6008: 5984: 5873: 5819:

Bossu; Forster, Johann Reinhold; Linné, Carl von; Löfling, Per (1771).

5726:"Beyond Cajun: Toward an Expanded View of Regional French in Louisiana" 5570:"Curious Louisiana: 'How many people speak Cajun French' in our state?" 4448: 4436: 4418: 748:

as noted by Captain Jean-Bernard Bossu who traveled with and witnessed

543: 496:

estimated that 3.5% of Louisianans over the age of 5 spoke French or a

6985: 5728:. In Picone, Michael D.; Evans Davies, Catherine Evans Davies (eds.). 5504:

Language labels and language use among Cajuns and Creoles in Louisiana

7994: 7982: 7965: 7699: 7460: 7339: 7332: 7016:

Tonnerre mes chiens! A glossary of Louisiana French figures of speech

4209: 711: 515: 111: 6825:

A Phonological Analysis of the French of the Swords, Louisiana, Area

6757: 6755: 6753: 5857: 6977: 1509:

of Standard French is present but also there is the alternative of

7897: 7694: 7638: 7349: 7327: 6914:

Michael Tisserand. The Kingdom of Zydeco. Arcade Publishers, 1998.

5725: 4303:

Paul and Lulu Hilliard University Art Museum, Lafayette, Louisiana

4232:

Association louisianaise des clubs français des écoles secondaires

1100: 907: 583: 97: 5732:. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press. pp. 627–640. 4567: 3630:

are optionally affricated , , , , depending on the speaker; e.g.

2799:

Taxonomies for classing Louisiana French have changed over time.

410:. As of today Louisiana French is primarily used in the state of 6290: 4406: 4400: 4394: 4241:

Bastille Day Fête, New Orleans Art Museum, New Orleans Louisiana

421:

Over the centuries, the language has incorporated some words of

7491: 7151: 4330:

Ascension Parish Library Galvez Branch, Prairieville, Louisiana

6173:"CODOFIL - Council for the Development of French in Louisiana" 5776:

Ammon, Ulrich; International Sociological Association (1989).

4128: 3067: 1056: 6839: 6837: 6835: 5482:

Christophe Landry. "Francophone Louisiana: more than Cajun."

4273:

LSU Community Education Building Room C117, Eunice, Louisiana

2956:

living at the Mississippi River and Bayou Lafourche junction.

7117:

Council for the Development of French in Louisiana (CODOFIL)

6205:"Louisiane: La politique linguistique actuelle en Louisiane" 2759:

ait de la volaille et on avait de la poutine aux craquettes.

7105:

https://curriculumstudies.org/index.php/CS/article/view/7/3

6778: 6776: 6774: 6772: 6770: 2477:† The Louisiana French expression is also used at times in 7116: 5653:. Innsbruck: Innsbruck University Press. pp. 91–103. 4247:

Rendez-vous des Cajuns, Liberty Theater, Eunice, Louisiana

6475: 6473: 6172: 5465: 5463: 5058:

CODOFIL Consortium of Louisiana Universities and Colleges

4282:

Acadiana PoBoys & Cajun Cuisine, Lafayette, Louisiana

2933:

Particular mention should be made to the francophones of

5759:

University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics

5374:

List of Louisiana parishes by French-speaking population

1485:

1. the formal second-person singular form is rarely used

1157:

As with other cases of language revitalization (such as

6161:(Master of Arts). University of Southwestern Louisiana. 5937:

Acadian to Cajun: transformation of a people, 1803-1877

5779:

Status and Function of Languages and Language Varieties

4351:

French Quarter Cajun Seafood Restaurant, Houston, Texas

4342:

Begnaud House Heritage Visitor Center, Scott, Louisiana

4152: 2024:

instead of the masculine or feminine singular articles

6435: 6433: 5939:. Jackson and London: University Press of Mississippi. 4348:

Wetlands Acadian Cultural Center, Thibodaux, Louisiana

3524:

may be pronounced as . This can occasionally apply to

2706:. Et là il restait quatre jours ici et il retournait. 810:

between different ethnic groups, the various dialects

6100:. University Press of Mississippi/Jackson. p. 4. 5985:"The Social Consequences of Writing Louisiana French" 5908: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5900: 1501:

is confined to the southeastern parishes of Louisiana

1150:(defunct as of 2022); LaCréole, another podcast; and 609:

Parishes in which the dialect is still found include

589:

Louisiana French should further not be confused with

4300:

Lafayette Public Library South, Lafayette, Louisiana

3046:

19th century Notarial document from St. Martinville.

1525:

with plural pronouns is widespread in the language.

8079: 7880: 7809: 7623: 7580: 7552: 7543: 7526: 7469: 7448: 7423: 7375: 7313: 7304: 7253: 7217: 7194: 6794: 6744: 4551:. The curriculum in both the total French-language 4507:

Parishes offering French immersion programs in 2011

2925:and relative isolation from urbanized populations. 351: 339: 322: 306: 301: 281: 276: 213: 132: 122: 103: 81: 71: 41: 7058:Language Shift in the Coastal Marshes of Louisiana 6220:"Le Français en Louisiane: Le Doubt puis L'Espoir" 6135: 6129: 6127: 5959:Council for the Development of French in Louisiana 5914: 5409:Council for the Development of French in Louisiana 4564:Council for the Development of French in Louisiana 4318:Carrollton Table Francaise, New Orleans, Louisiana 2808:Council for the Development of French in Louisiana 2052:elderly francophones have often been heard to say 930:Council for the Development of French in Louisiana 464: 47: 6463: 6461: 6459: 6159:CODOFIL: A Case Study of an Ethnic Interest Group 5678:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. 4421:92.5 FM: Ville Platte; “Acadiana's Greatest Hits” 4345:La Lafourche Parish Library, Thibodaux, Louisiana 4333:The Lafourche Central Market, Raceland, Louisiana 1909:as opposed to such avoidance in Standard French. 1517:has supplanted the third-person feminine pronoun 1023:Lafayette Parish Courthouse, Lafayette, Louisiana 27:French variety spoken in Louisiana, United States 6817: 6815: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5451:French, Houma: A Primer on Francophone Louisiana 4270:City Cafe on O'Neal Lane, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 3520:'French'. In Terrebonne and Lafourche parishes, 3026:is far more prevalent in this register, whereas 2821:and Jules O. Daigle. Faulk, a French teacher in 7096:Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2010. 5498: 5496: 5494: 5492: 5453:. Baton Rouge: LSU Press, 2005. Alcée Fortier. 3058:19th century Newspaper clipping from Thibodaux. 2744: 2679: 775:However, the hardships after being exiled from 6828:(Master's thesis). Louisiana State University. 5473:. Albert Valdman, ed. Springer, 1997. 145-170. 4261:Vermilion Parish Library, Abbeville, Louisiana 1144:Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie 7503: 7163: 6569: 6567: 6448: 6446: 6285: 6283: 6239:"Act 106: Louisiana French Language Services" 6120:. University Press of Mississippi. p. 5. 5169:Notable French-speaking people from Louisiana 4294:Chez Bi Bi's Patisserie, Lafayette, Louisiana 4235:Francophone Open Microphone, Houma, Louisiana 8: 7046:by Rev. Msgr. Jules O. Daigle, M.A., S.T.L. 7032:by Rev. Msgr. Jules O. Daigle, M.A., S.T.L. 6389:. New York, N.Y.: Plenum Press. p. 41. 6364:. New York, N.Y.: Plenum Press. p. 40. 5706:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4010:and when being the last open syllable; e.g. 1242:to take part in standardizing the language. 677:, and other parishes of southern Louisiana. 480: 463:, a poetry anthology compiled by a group of 458: 128:77,000 (1.6% of the population). (2022) 8131:varieties with more than 5 million speakers 7122:Allons! An Introduction to Louisiana French 6343:"Les pronoms personnels en français cadien" 4361:Periodicals, newspapers, & publications 4276:Ascension Parish Library, Galvez, Louisiana 3102:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2944:Two theories exist to explain the feature: 2058:Californie, Texas, Floride, Belgique, Liban 760:Starting in 1755, large populations of the 398:) is an umbrella term for the dialects and 7549: 7510: 7496: 7488: 7310: 7170: 7156: 7148: 6946:LaFleur II, John; Costello, Brian (2013). 5887:Claiborne, John Francis Hamtramck (1880). 4576: 4403:1600 AM: Golden Meadow; “The Rajun' Cajun” 4297:Johnston Street Java, Lafayette, Louisiana 3974:Only occurs in words with English origin. 2806:, a former US Representative, created the 2751:er le cou de la volaille. Et le dimanche, 366: 56: 38: 6325: 5628: 5595:Three Local Tribes Await Federal Decision 4315:Victor's Cafeteria, New Iberia, Louisiana 4312:Marrero Senior Center, Marrero, Louisiana 4309:Nanny's Restaurant, Marksville, Louisiana 4306:Restaurant Pamplona, Lafayette, Louisiana 4175:Learn how and when to remove this message 3122:Learn how and when to remove this message 2964:spoken in Lafourche Parish in and around 1916:possesses the same function signified by 376:where French was commonly spoken in 2011. 7074:by Harry Jannise and Randall P. Whatley 5844:for Its Transfer to the United States". 5175:Micaela Almonester, Baroness de Pontalba 4930:International High School of New Orleans 4502: 4499:French-language Public School Curriculum 4336:Frog City Travel Plaza, Rayne, Louisiana 4082:Words pronounced in Classical French as 3855: 3659: 3138: 2747:Le samedi après-midi on allait puis ... 2488: 2206: 2062: 1539: 1249: 720: 6843: 6806: 6782: 6761: 6709:Landry, Christophe (October 24, 2010). 6594:Landry, Christophe (October 24, 2010). 6193:. Ann Arbor, MI: Edwards Brothers, Inc. 6118:Cajuns: The Americanization of a People 6098:The Cajuns: Americanization of a People 6072:"Language Labels (French in Louisiana)" 5921:. The Hague: Mouton & Co. pp. 5782:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 306–308. 5457:. New Orleans: Tulane University, 1894. 5419: 4146:not related to the topic of the article 3969: 3946: 3918: 3890: 3828: 3788: 3753: 3730: 3700: 3140:Consonant phonemes in Louisiana French 3036: 2772:. New York, N.Y.: Plenum Press. p. 41. 2732:. New York, N.Y.: Plenum Press. p. 40. 1240:Office québécois de la langue française 974: 924:of the population speak French at home. 857:for speaking French on school grounds. 7101:Journal of Curriculum Studies Research 7002:Cajun French Dictionary and Phrasebook 6957:Living Creole and Speaking It Fluently 6142:. The Hague: Mouton & Co. p. 6091: 6089: 6034:. Presses Paris Sorbonne. p. 50. 5699: 5429:"Louisiana French: L'heritage at Risk" 4327:Java Square Cafe, Opelousas, Louisiana 4324:Le Vieux Village, Opelousas, Louisiana 4321:Keller Library, New Orleans, Louisiana 4288:Blue Moon Saloon, Lafayette, Louisiana 4267:La Madeleine's, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 2702:. Ça le prendrait vingt-quatre heures 7140:Cajun French - Le français cajun, LSU 6993:Valdman, Albert; et al. (2009). 6184: 6182: 6111: 6109: 6107: 5978: 5976: 5949: 5947: 5945: 5719: 5717: 5520: 5518: 5516: 4958:Lycée Français de la Nouvelle-Orleans 4902:Ecole Bilingue de la Nouvelle-Orléans 4279:St. James Parish, Gramercy, Louisiana 7: 8180:French-American culture in Louisiana 8160:French language in the United States 6268:Hasselle, Della (October 13, 2018). 6225:(in French). regionamerique-apf.org. 5955:"French's Legal Status in Louisiana" 5404:French language in the United States 5148:University of Louisiana at Lafayette 4039:can be omitted in fast speech, e.g. 3100:adding citations to reliable sources 7004:by Clint Bruce and Jennifer Gipson 6715:Latin Louisiana: A Bit of Lagniappe 6600:Latin Louisiana: A Bit of Lagniappe 6243:Latin Louisiana: A Bit of Lagniappe 6237:Landry, Christophe (July 4, 2011). 5568:Stickney, Ken (February 19, 2023). 5529:. University Press of Mississippi. 4415:1050 AM: Ville Platte; “The Legend” 4339:The Bernard House, Rayne, Louisiana 4226:Festival International de Louisiane 3979: 2054:la Californie, le Texas, la Floride 1940:"I learned from the grandparents." 726:Choctaw Village near the Chefuncte, 8135:Languages between parentheses are 7030:A Dictionary of the Cajun Language 6997:. University Press of Mississippi. 6191:A Dictionary of the Cajun Language 5611:Neumann-Holzschuh, Ingrid (2014). 5138:Southern University at New Orleans 5133:Southern University at Baton Rouge 4397:101.1 FM: Mamou; “Louisiana Proud” 4285:Dwyer's Café, Lafayette, Louisiana 2090:(le/au bayou) Carencro; St-Pierre 1493:is only present in formal language 1367:il (i'); elle (e') / alle (a'); ça 941:A Dictionary of the Cajun Language 25: 6795:Gess, Lyche & Meisenburg 2012 6745:Gess, Lyche & Meisenburg 2012 6207:. Université Laval. May 16, 2008. 5506:." Ed. T. Sanchez and U. Horesh. 5153:University of Louisiana at Monroe 5128:Southeastern Louisiana University 4944:International School of Louisiana 3953: 3939: 3932: 3925: 3911: 3904: 3897: 3844: 3835: 3821: 3815: 3808: 3801: 3795: 3781: 3774: 3767: 3760: 3746: 3737: 3723: 3714: 3707: 3486: 3468: 3461: 3437: 3430: 3407: 3400: 3393: 3377: 3368: 3361: 3354: 3329: 3305: 3278: 3269: 3262: 3244: 3235: 3228: 3205: 3198: 3191: 3184: 2283:un tribunal, un palais de justice 2270:un biscuit, un petit gâteau (sec) 1122:An article written online by the 1011:Mel's Diner, Lafayette, Louisiana 823:Decline in the early 20th century 740:Prior to the late arrival of the 554:has had on the region, the label 7179:Varieties of the French language 7088:, senior editor Albert Valdman. 5427:Cockerham, Sean (July 9, 2022). 5358: 4291:Carpe Diem, Lafayette, Louisiana 4133: 3072: 3051: 3039: 2868:Bayou Lafourche Louisiana French 2827:Dictionary of the Cajun Language 2710:quand la seconde fois ç'a venu, 1061: 1040: 1028: 1016: 1004: 992: 977: 400:varieties of the French language 288: 6314:Cahiers de Geographie du Quebec 5846:The Journal of Southern History 5245:Virginie Amélie Avegno Gautreau 4409:88.7: Lafayette; “Radio Acadie” 2686:ait, il travaillait huit jours 2020:usually use the plural article 414:, specifically in its southern 8139:of the language on their left. 6387:French and Creole in Louisiana 6362:French and Creole in Louisiana 6293:. MLA Language Map Data Center 5471:French and Creole in Louisiana 5163:Xavier University of Louisiana 5123:Our Lady of Holy Cross College 5068:Centenary College of Louisiana 4264:NuNu's, Arnaudville, Louisiana 2770:French and Creole in Louisiana 2730:French and Creole in Louisiana 2290:dollar (U.S. dollar), currency 946:Dictionary of Louisiana French 790:. It has often been said that 1: 8170:Endangered diaspora languages 7456:French-based creole languages 7072:Conversational Cajun French I 7068:. Peter Lang Publishing, Inc. 5674:A., Klingler, Thomas (2003). 5508:Working papers in linguistics 5118:Northwestern State University 4776:North Lewis Street Elementary 4568:Les Amis de l'Immersion, Inc. 4443:Louisiana Public Broadcasting 4229:Festivals Acadiens Et Créoles 4155:or discuss this issue on the 4035:Like other French varieties, 3984:Only used as substitutes for 1907:t'es (tu es) and t'as (tu as) 1096:English-speaking Louisianians 954:French Quarter in New Orleans 568:français régional louisianais 8165:Endangered Romance languages 7285:(England, Wales and Ireland) 7054:. Swallow Publications, Inc. 7040:. Swallow Publications, Inc. 6950:. BookRix GmbH & Co. KG. 6057:Louisiana francophone review 5753:Klingler, Thomas A. (2003). 5724:Klingler, Thomas A. (2015). 4032:distinction does not exist. 2665: 2662: 2649: 2641: 2638: 2625: 2616: 2613: 2600: 2595: 2592: 2579: 2571: 2568: 2555: 2546: 2543: 2530: 2518: 2515: 2502: 2360:drette-là, asteur, asteur-là 2032:. Likewise, the contraction 1800:vous-autres est après manger 1442:vous / vous-autres / se / s' 1047:Louisiana state welcome sign 935:In 1984, Jules O. Daigle, a 595:French-based creole language 6857:"French language: Spelling" 6822:Sullivan, Margaret (1977). 5983:Brown, Becky (March 1993). 5617:Journal of Language Contact 4790:S. J. Montgomery Elementary 3504: 3034:in the informal varieties. 2939:voiceless glottal fricative 964:(trilingual with Spanish), 8201: 6764:, pp. xxxvii–xxxviii. 6347:Louisiana State University 5486:21(2), Summer 2010: 50-55. 5093:Louisiana State University 5083:Grambling State University 4377:Le Bourdon de la Louisiane 4121:'to fall in love (with)'. 3854: 2802:In 1968, Lafayette native 2718:Sa pauvre mère. "Vas pas!" 2485:Native American influences 1802:vous-autres est apé manger 1457:ils; eux-autres; ça; eusse 1372:le (l'); la (l') / lé (l') 1152:Le Bourdon de la Louisiane 1035:St. Martinville, Louisiana 29: 8114: 7185: 6955:Malveaux, Vivian (2009). 6157:Simon, Anne (1977). "1". 6134:Conwell, Marilyn (1963). 6001:10.1017/S0047404500016924 5935:Brasseaux, Carl A. 1992. 5913:Conwell, Marilyn (1963). 5630:10.1163/19552629-00701006 5484:Louisiana Cultural Vistas 5158:University of New Orleans 5113:Nicholls State University 5098:Louisiana Tech University 5073:Delgado Community College 4588: 4585: 4582: 4579: 3952: 3868: 3863: 3861: 3843: 3773: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3665: 3478: 3417: 3341: 3288: 3215: 3178: 3144: 2853:Informal Louisiana French 2843:informal Louisiana French 2363:maintenant, tout de suite 2073: 2070: 2067: 1832: 1790: 1748: 1706: 1664: 1622: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1452: 1422: 1392: 1362: 1332: 1302: 1272: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1070:This section needs to be 985:Paul Breaux Middle School 560:Louisiana Regional French 494:American Community Survey 475:-authored novels such as 454:and northwestern France. 372:Blue indicates Louisiana 365: 283:Official language in 55: 46: 7131:Cane River Valley French 6711:"Bayou Lafourche French" 6341:LaFleur, Amanda (2002). 6189:O'Daigle, James (1984). 6138:Louisiana French Grammar 6030:Santraud, J. M. (1986). 5917:Louisiana French Grammar 5525:Valdman, Albert (2009). 5108:McNeese State University 4678:Henry Heights Elementary 4382:La revue de la Louisiane 2698:ait, tu sais, six jours 2596:Algonquian via Mobilian 2310:un gars, un mec, un type 1582:je / j'suis après manger 899:Louisiana French Grammar 849:all schools, public and 402:spoken traditionally by 388:français de la Louisiane 7519:Gallo-Romance languages 7026:. Renouveau Publishing. 7012:. Hippocrene Books Inc. 6116:Bernard, Shane (2002). 6096:Bernard, Shane (2002). 5830:10.5962/bhl.title.42853 4804:Myrtle Place Elementary 4594:Church Point Elementary 4367:Les éditions Tintamarre 3030:has been supplanted by 2997:Formal Louisiana French 2847:formal Louisiana French 2682:Il y avait une fois il 2642:Illinois via Mobilian: 2121:(les/aux) Natchitoches 2118:(les/aux) Natchitoches 880:Decline in World War II 465: 395: 48: 8185:Languages of Louisiana 5553:. 2007. Archived from 5255:Sidonie de la Houssaye 4508: 4221:French-language events 4197: 2783: 2743: 2018:American Indian tribes 1674:vous êtes après manger 1623:2nd singular informal 1584:je / j'suis apé manger 1303:2nd singular informal 1119: 987:, Lafayette, Louisiana 925: 845:. When the government 829:Louisiana constitution 750:Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne 729: 704:French colonial empire 699: 567: 481: 467:gens de couleur libres 459: 444:Upper Louisiana French 8129:A star (*) indicates 8024:Poitevin-Saintongeais 7955:Labrador Inuit Pidgin 6082:on December 23, 2007. 5613:"Carrefour Louisiane" 5502:Thomas A. Klingler. " 4972:Park Vista Elementary 4832:Evangeline Elementary 4706:Prien Lake Elementary 4506: 4216:Cultural Institutions 4144:may contain material 3561:→ 'possible', astre 2819:Dudley Joseph Leblanc 2230:une voiture, une auto 1844:ils sont après manger 1822:vous-autres va manger 1817:vous-autres mangerait 1477:eux-autres; ça; eusse 1113: 999:New Iberia, Louisiana 937:Roman Catholic priest 911: 724: 500:at home. As of 2023, 482:Pouponne et Balthazar 477:L'Habitation St-Ybars 6385:Blyth, Carl (1997). 6360:Blyth, Carl (1997). 5598:, December 8, 2007, 5557:on October 20, 2012. 5366:United States portal 5336:Mabel Sonnier Savoie 4846:Vermilion Elementary 4748:Alfred M. Barbe High 4664:Winbourne Elementary 4481:Multimedia platforms 4153:improve this section 4060:to be rendered as . 4014:'time' (frequence), 3096:improve this section 2466:quoi faire, pourquoi 2177:(le/au) Lac-Charles 2174:(le/au) Lac-Charles 2138:la Nouvelle-Orléans 2135:la Nouvelle-Orléans 2093:Carencro; St-Pierre 1812:vous-autres mangeait 1676:vous êtes apé manger 1665:2nd singular formal 1549:Present Progressive 1537:, meaning "to eat": 1333:2nd singular formal 1268:Disjunctive Pronoun 903:Lafayette, Louisiana 893:Preservation efforts 582:is commonly used in 490:United States Census 49:français louisianais 30:For the people, see 7582:Bourbonnais Creoles 7082:. The Chicot Press. 7060:by Kevin J. Rottet 6846:, pp. xxxviii. 6809:, p. xxxix-xl. 5989:Language in Society 5449:Carl A. Brasseaux, 5225:James R. Domengeaux 5042:Cecilia High School 5028:Cecilia Junior High 4860:Edgar Martin Middle 4608:Pierre Part Primary 3858: 3662: 3141: 2424:tail (of an animal) 2317:eggplant, aubergine 2163:(les/aux) Illinois 2160:(les/aux) Illinois 2110:la Nouvelle-Ibérie 2107:la Nouvelle-Ibérie 2064: 1846:ils sont apé manger 1827:vous-autres mangera 1807:vous-autres a mangé 1758:on est après manger 1716:il est après manger 1053:Recent developments 874:endangered language 855:corporal punishment 498:French-based creole 404:French Louisianians 386:(Louisiana French: 335: Cajun French 221:Proto-Indo-European 32:French Louisianians 7018:by Amanda LaFleur 6747:, p. 282-283. 6596:"Louisiana French" 6019:– via JSTOR. 5510:9(2), 2003. 77–90. 5394:New England French 5321:Plessy v. Ferguson 5180:Barry Jean Ancelet 5078:Dillard University 4888:Audubon Montessori 4874:Paul Breaux Middle 4818:Prairie Elementary 4636:Belle Rose Primary 4622:Pierre Part Middle 4555:as well as in the 4509: 4252:La table française 4198:traiteur/traiteuse 3856: 3660: 3611:'small, little'. 3139: 2876:alveolar consonant 2823:Crowley, Louisiana 2676:English influences 2666:Possibly Atakapa: 2280:une maison de cour 2063: 1969:Louisiana French: 1943:Louisiana French: 1890:in for all verbs. 1467:leur / y'eux / eux 1447:vous-autres (même) 1417:nous-autres (même) 1236:Académie française 1120: 926: 804:American Civil War 770:Bernardo de Gálvez 730: 716:French West Indies 686:Colonial Louisiana 8147: 8146: 8124:extinct languages 8080:Francoprovencalic 8075: 8074: 8058:Wisconsin Walloon 7485: 7484: 7444: 7443: 7286: 7094:978-1-60473-403-4 7044:Cajun Self-Taught 6721:on March 31, 2012 6606:on March 31, 2012 6396:978-0-306-45464-6 6371:978-0-306-45464-6 6249:on March 31, 2012 6076:Tulane University 6041:978-2-904315-30-5 5789:978-0-89925-356-5 5433:The Seattle Times 5277:Christophe Landry 5220:Rodolphe Desdunes 5195:P.G.T. Beauregard 5143:Tulane University 5103:Loyola University 5088:Louisiana College 5055: 5054: 4762:Daspit Elementary 4734:S.J. Welsh Middle 4720:Moss Bluff Middle 4692:Gillis Elementary 4673:East Baton Rouge 4188:Healing practices 4185: 4184: 4177: 3965: 3964: 3961: 3960: 3852: 3851: 3500: 3499: 3132: 3131: 3124: 2986:Evangeline Parish 2980:Evangeline Parish 2923:Amerindian groups 2786:Creole influences 2673: 2672: 2475: 2474: 2453:àyoù, etyoù, éyoù 2184: 2183: 2071:Louisiana French 1997:used in place of 1979:Standard French: 1953:Standard French: 1880: 1879: 1795:vous-autres mange 1760:on est apé manger 1718:il est apé manger 1696:vous allez manger 1632:t'es après manger 1502: 1494: 1486: 1482: 1481: 1111: 1091: 1090: 827:In 1921, the new 602:. Likewise, many 396:françé la lwizyàn 381: 380: 246:Old Gallo-Romance 18:Napoleonic French 16:(Redirected from 8192: 8093:Franco-Provençal 8089:/Faetar-Cigliàje 7978:Louisiana French 7973:Louisiana Creole 7786:Saint-Barthélemy 7554:Antillean Creole 7550: 7512: 7505: 7498: 7489: 7436:Saint-Barthélemy 7311: 7284: 7172: 7165: 7158: 7149: 6998: 6989: 6960: 6951: 6942: 6915: 6912: 6906: 6903: 6897: 6894: 6888: 6885: 6879: 6876: 6870: 6867: 6861: 6860: 6853: 6847: 6841: 6830: 6829: 6819: 6810: 6804: 6798: 6792: 6786: 6785:, p. xxxix. 6780: 6765: 6759: 6748: 6742: 6731: 6730: 6728: 6726: 6717:. Archived from 6705: 6699: 6696: 6690: 6687: 6681: 6678: 6672: 6669: 6663: 6660: 6654: 6650: 6644: 6641: 6635: 6631: 6625: 6622: 6616: 6615: 6613: 6611: 6602:. Archived from 6590: 6584: 6581: 6575: 6571: 6562: 6559: 6553: 6550: 6544: 6541: 6535: 6532: 6526: 6522: 6516: 6513: 6507: 6504: 6498: 6495: 6489: 6486: 6480: 6477: 6468: 6465: 6454: 6450: 6441: 6437: 6428: 6425: 6419: 6416: 6410: 6407: 6401: 6400: 6382: 6376: 6375: 6357: 6351: 6350: 6338: 6332: 6331: 6329: 6309: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6298: 6287: 6278: 6277: 6265: 6259: 6258: 6256: 6254: 6245:. Archived from 6233: 6227: 6226: 6224: 6218:Jacques, Henry. 6215: 6209: 6208: 6201: 6195: 6194: 6186: 6177: 6176: 6169: 6163: 6162: 6154: 6148: 6147: 6141: 6131: 6122: 6121: 6113: 6102: 6101: 6093: 6084: 6083: 6078:. Archived from 6068: 6062: 6061: 6052: 6046: 6045: 6027: 6021: 6020: 5980: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5951: 5940: 5933: 5927: 5926: 5920: 5910: 5895: 5894: 5884: 5878: 5877: 5840: 5834: 5833: 5816: 5810: 5807: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5773: 5767: 5766: 5750: 5744: 5743: 5721: 5712: 5711: 5705: 5697: 5671: 5665: 5664: 5646: 5635: 5634: 5632: 5608: 5602: 5591: 5585: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5565: 5559: 5558: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5522: 5511: 5500: 5487: 5480: 5474: 5467: 5458: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5439:on July 9, 2022. 5435:. Archived from 5424: 5379:Louisiana Creole 5368: 5363: 5362: 5361: 5296:Alexandre Mouton 5014:Teche Elementary 4916:Hynes Elementary 4577: 4541:East Baton Rouge 4180: 4173: 4169: 4166: 4160: 4137: 4136: 4129: 4120: 4116:s'enamourer (de) 4089: 4085: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4045: 4038: 4031: 4009: 4005: 3998: 3994: 3987: 3983: 3973: 3957: 3943: 3936: 3929: 3915: 3908: 3901: 3887: 3880: 3859: 3848: 3839: 3825: 3819: 3812: 3805: 3799: 3785: 3778: 3771: 3764: 3750: 3741: 3727: 3718: 3711: 3697: 3690: 3663: 3656: 3655: 3647: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3614:The velar stops 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3571: 3564: 3560: 3553: 3546: 3542: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3516:languages; e.g. 3511: 3508: 3490: 3472: 3465: 3454: 3441: 3434: 3425: 3411: 3404: 3397: 3390: 3381: 3372: 3365: 3358: 3351: 3333: 3322: 3309: 3298: 3282: 3273: 3266: 3259: 3248: 3239: 3232: 3225: 3209: 3202: 3195: 3188: 3142: 3127: 3120: 3116: 3113: 3107: 3076: 3068: 3055: 3043: 2992: 2962:Louisiana Creole 2895:espérer → spérer 2883:uvular consonant 2880: 2812:Georges Pompidou 2804:James Domengeaux 2781: 2741: 2704:straight through 2660: 2659: 2658: 2656: 2636: 2635: 2634: 2632: 2611: 2610: 2609: 2607: 2590: 2589: 2588: 2586: 2566: 2565: 2564: 2562: 2541: 2540: 2539: 2537: 2513: 2512: 2511: 2509: 2489: 2213:Louisiana French 2207: 2074:Standard French 2065: 1540: 1496: 1488: 1484: 1262:Indirect Object 1256:Subject Pronoun 1250: 1124:Université Laval 1112: 1086: 1083: 1077: 1065: 1064: 1057: 1044: 1032: 1020: 1008: 996: 981: 923: 919: 915: 843:prestige dialect 834:Catholic schools 600:Louisiana Creole 591:Louisiana Creole 556:Louisiana French 484: 470: 462: 392:Louisiana Creole 384:Louisiana French 370: 361: 334: 318: 311: 294: 292: 291: 189:Louisiana French 138: 108:Louisiana French 96:), southeastern 86:French Louisiana 64:French Louisiana 60: 51: 42:Louisiana French 39: 21: 8200: 8199: 8195: 8194: 8193: 8191: 8190: 8189: 8175:French dialects 8150: 8149: 8148: 8143: 8142: 8110: 8071: 7989:Moselle Romance 7949:Karipúna Creole 7876: 7805: 7717:Franco-Ontarian 7619: 7576: 7539: 7534:Canadian French 7522: 7516: 7486: 7481: 7465: 7440: 7419: 7371: 7300: 7249: 7213: 7190: 7188:Standard French 7181: 7176: 7145: 7113: 7103:, 1(1), 33-42. 6992: 6966:American Speech 6963: 6954: 6945: 6939: 6926: 6923: 6921:Further reading 6918: 6913: 6909: 6904: 6900: 6895: 6891: 6886: 6882: 6877: 6873: 6868: 6864: 6855: 6854: 6850: 6842: 6833: 6821: 6820: 6813: 6805: 6801: 6793: 6789: 6781: 6768: 6760: 6751: 6743: 6734: 6724: 6722: 6708: 6706: 6702: 6697: 6693: 6688: 6684: 6679: 6675: 6670: 6666: 6661: 6657: 6651: 6647: 6642: 6638: 6632: 6628: 6623: 6619: 6609: 6607: 6593: 6591: 6587: 6582: 6578: 6572: 6565: 6560: 6556: 6551: 6547: 6542: 6538: 6533: 6529: 6523: 6519: 6514: 6510: 6505: 6501: 6496: 6492: 6487: 6483: 6478: 6471: 6466: 6457: 6451: 6444: 6438: 6431: 6426: 6422: 6417: 6413: 6408: 6404: 6397: 6384: 6383: 6379: 6372: 6359: 6358: 6354: 6340: 6339: 6335: 6327:10.1.1.549.2871 6311: 6310: 6306: 6296: 6294: 6289: 6288: 6281: 6267: 6266: 6262: 6252: 6250: 6236: 6234: 6230: 6222: 6217: 6216: 6212: 6203: 6202: 6198: 6188: 6187: 6180: 6171: 6170: 6166: 6156: 6155: 6151: 6133: 6132: 6125: 6115: 6114: 6105: 6095: 6094: 6087: 6070: 6069: 6065: 6054: 6053: 6049: 6042: 6029: 6028: 6024: 5982: 5981: 5974: 5964: 5962: 5961:. March 6, 2015 5953: 5952: 5943: 5934: 5930: 5912: 5911: 5898: 5886: 5885: 5881: 5858:10.2307/2207622 5842: 5841: 5837: 5818: 5817: 5813: 5808: 5804: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5775: 5774: 5770: 5752: 5751: 5747: 5740: 5723: 5722: 5715: 5698: 5686: 5673: 5672: 5668: 5661: 5648: 5647: 5638: 5610: 5609: 5605: 5592: 5588: 5578: 5576: 5567: 5566: 5562: 5549: 5548: 5544: 5537: 5524: 5523: 5514: 5501: 5490: 5481: 5477: 5468: 5461: 5448: 5444: 5426: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5399:American French 5389:Missouri French 5364: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5328:Zachary Richard 5264:John LaFleur II 5240:Canray Fontenot 5205:Clifton Chenier 5185:Étienne de Boré 5171: 5060: 5000:Cecilia Primary 4650:Assumption High 4501: 4496: 4483: 4473:Charrer-Veiller 4470: 4458: 4456:Cable/satellite 4433: 4428: 4391: 4363: 4358: 4254: 4223: 4218: 4206: 4190: 4181: 4170: 4164: 4161: 4150: 4138: 4134: 4127: 4119:/sɑ̃namure(də)/ 4046:→ → 'I can'. 4027:maître - mettre 3977: 3967: 3883: 3876: 3693: 3686: 3654: 3648:→ 'to speak'. 3502: 3450: 3423: 3386: 3347: 3318: 3294: 3255: 3221: 3156: 3137: 3128: 3117: 3111: 3108: 3093: 3077: 3066: 3059: 3056: 3047: 3044: 3012:St. Martinville 2999: 2982: 2935:Bayou Lafourche 2931: 2929:Bayou Lafourche 2855: 2797: 2788: 2782: 2767: 2762: 2761: 2742: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2678: 2654: 2652: 2651: 2650: 2630: 2628: 2627: 2626: 2605: 2603: 2602: 2601: 2584: 2582: 2581: 2580: 2560: 2558: 2557: 2556: 2535: 2533: 2532: 2531: 2507: 2505: 2504: 2503: 2487: 2479:Canadian French 2450:where, where to 2440:guetter, garder 2390:un raton-laveur 2371:possum, opossum 2357:now (right now) 2257:un poisson-chat 2216:Standard French 2201: 2189: 2149:(les/aux) Arcs 2146:(les/aux) Arcs 2014: 1966:"the skylight" 1949:grand-parents." 1926: 1870:ils vont manger 1864: 1863:ils mangeraient 1857: 1845: 1838: 1801: 1759: 1717: 1681:vous avez mangé 1675: 1634:t'es apé manger 1633: 1616: 1609: 1602: 1595: 1583: 1576: 1531: 1495: 1487: 1248: 1231: 1174: 1129:language policy 1114:Interview with 1101: 1087: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1066: 1062: 1055: 1048: 1045: 1036: 1033: 1024: 1021: 1012: 1009: 1000: 997: 988: 982: 966:St. Martinville 921: 917: 913: 895: 882: 825: 800: 788:Standard French 762:French-speaking 700:Basse-Louisiane 692:Lower Louisiana 688: 683: 643:Jefferson Davis 576:anthropologists 431:Native American 408:Lower Louisiana 377: 357: 330: 314: 307: 289: 287: 284: 277:Official status 272: 216: 209: 154:Latino-Faliscan 139: 136:Language family 134: 125: 124:Native speakers 67: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8198: 8196: 8188: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8152: 8151: 8145: 8144: 8141: 8140: 8133: 8127: 8116: 8115: 8112: 8111: 8109: 8108: 8107: 8106: 8101: 8090: 8083: 8081: 8077: 8076: 8073: 8072: 8070: 8069: 8062: 8061: 8060: 8050: 8043: 8038: 8037: 8036: 8031: 8021: 8016: 8009: 8004: 7997: 7992: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7969: 7968: 7958: 7951: 7946: 7943:Haitian Creole 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7913:Burundi Pidgin 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7884: 7882: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7874: 7869: 7862: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7828: 7823: 7815: 7813: 7807: 7806: 7804: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7751: 7746: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7703: 7702: 7697: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7665: 7664: 7659: 7648: 7647: 7646: 7641: 7630: 7628: 7621: 7620: 7618: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7586: 7584: 7578: 7577: 7575: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7558: 7556: 7547: 7541: 7540: 7538: 7537: 7530: 7528: 7524: 7523: 7517: 7515: 7514: 7507: 7500: 7492: 7483: 7482: 7480: 7479: 7477:Français signé 7473: 7471: 7467: 7466: 7464: 7463: 7458: 7452: 7450: 7446: 7445: 7442: 7441: 7439: 7438: 7433: 7427: 7425: 7421: 7420: 7418: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7381: 7379: 7373: 7372: 7370: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7353: 7352: 7342: 7337: 7336: 7335: 7330: 7319: 7317: 7308: 7306:North American 7302: 7301: 7299: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7259: 7257: 7251: 7250: 7248: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7221: 7219: 7215: 7214: 7212: 7211: 7206: 7200: 7198: 7192: 7191: 7186: 7183: 7182: 7177: 7175: 7174: 7167: 7160: 7152: 7143: 7142: 7136: 7135: 7134: 7133: 7125: 7124: 7119: 7112: 7111:External links 7109: 7108: 7107: 7097: 7083: 7069: 7055: 7041: 7027: 7013: 6999: 6990: 6978:10.2307/455786 6972:(2): 117–153. 6961: 6959:. AuthorHouse. 6952: 6943: 6938:978-9027234919 6937: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6916: 6907: 6898: 6889: 6880: 6871: 6862: 6848: 6831: 6811: 6799: 6797:, p. 282. 6787: 6766: 6749: 6732: 6700: 6691: 6682: 6673: 6664: 6655: 6645: 6636: 6626: 6617: 6585: 6576: 6563: 6554: 6545: 6536: 6527: 6517: 6508: 6499: 6490: 6481: 6469: 6455: 6442: 6429: 6420: 6411: 6402: 6395: 6377: 6370: 6352: 6333: 6304: 6279: 6260: 6228: 6210: 6196: 6178: 6164: 6149: 6123: 6103: 6085: 6063: 6047: 6040: 6022: 5972: 5941: 5928: 5896: 5879: 5835: 5811: 5802: 5788: 5768: 5745: 5738: 5713: 5685:978-0807127797 5684: 5666: 5660:978-3902571939 5659: 5636: 5623:(1): 124–153. 5603: 5586: 5560: 5542: 5536:978-1604734034 5535: 5512: 5488: 5475: 5459: 5442: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5412: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5384:Acadian French 5381: 5376: 5370: 5369: 5353: 5350: 5349: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5330: 5325: 5313: 5308: 5306:Stephen Ortego 5303: 5298: 5293: 5291:Alfred Mercier 5288: 5283: 5278: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5250:Richard Guidry 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5230:Michael Doucet 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5170: 5167: 5166: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5059: 5056: 5053: 5052: 5049: 5046: 5043: 5039: 5038: 5035: 5032: 5029: 5025: 5024: 5021: 5018: 5015: 5011: 5010: 5007: 5004: 5001: 4997: 4996: 4993: 4990: 4987: 4983: 4982: 4979: 4976: 4973: 4969: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4959: 4955: 4954: 4951: 4948: 4945: 4941: 4940: 4937: 4934: 4931: 4927: 4926: 4923: 4920: 4917: 4913: 4912: 4909: 4906: 4903: 4899: 4898: 4895: 4892: 4889: 4885: 4884: 4881: 4878: 4875: 4871: 4870: 4867: 4864: 4861: 4857: 4856: 4853: 4850: 4847: 4843: 4842: 4839: 4836: 4833: 4829: 4828: 4825: 4822: 4819: 4815: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4805: 4801: 4800: 4797: 4794: 4791: 4787: 4786: 4783: 4780: 4777: 4773: 4772: 4769: 4766: 4763: 4759: 4758: 4755: 4752: 4749: 4745: 4744: 4741: 4738: 4735: 4731: 4730: 4727: 4724: 4721: 4717: 4716: 4713: 4710: 4707: 4703: 4702: 4699: 4696: 4693: 4689: 4688: 4685: 4682: 4679: 4675: 4674: 4671: 4668: 4665: 4661: 4660: 4657: 4654: 4651: 4647: 4646: 4643: 4640: 4637: 4633: 4632: 4629: 4626: 4623: 4619: 4618: 4615: 4612: 4609: 4605: 4604: 4601: 4598: 4595: 4591: 4590: 4587: 4584: 4581: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4491: 4490: 4489:Télé-Louisiane 4487: 4482: 4479: 4478: 4477: 4474: 4469: 4466: 4465: 4464: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4452: 4446: 4440: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4423: 4422: 4416: 4410: 4404: 4398: 4390: 4387: 4386: 4385: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4353: 4352: 4349: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4331: 4328: 4325: 4322: 4319: 4316: 4313: 4310: 4307: 4304: 4301: 4298: 4295: 4292: 4289: 4286: 4283: 4280: 4277: 4274: 4271: 4268: 4265: 4262: 4253: 4250: 4249: 4248: 4245: 4242: 4239: 4236: 4233: 4230: 4227: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4205: 4202: 4192:Folk healers ( 4189: 4186: 4183: 4182: 4141: 4139: 4132: 4126: 4123: 3963: 3962: 3959: 3958: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3937: 3930: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3909: 3902: 3895: 3889: 3888: 3881: 3873: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3853: 3850: 3849: 3842: 3840: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3813: 3806: 3793: 3787: 3786: 3779: 3772: 3765: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3744: 3742: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3721: 3719: 3712: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3691: 3683: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3653: 3650: 3572:'fair, just'. 3565:→ → 'star', 3498: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3484: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3466: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3447: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3435: 3428: 3426: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3412: 3405: 3398: 3391: 3383: 3382: 3375: 3373: 3366: 3359: 3352: 3345: 3339: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3315: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3292: 3286: 3285: 3283: 3276: 3274: 3267: 3260: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3242: 3240: 3233: 3226: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3203: 3196: 3189: 3182: 3176: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3150: 3145: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3129: 3080: 3078: 3071: 3065: 3062: 3061: 3060: 3057: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3038: 2998: 2995: 2981: 2978: 2958: 2957: 2950: 2930: 2927: 2919:Dakar, Senegal 2881:rather than a 2854: 2851: 2796: 2793: 2787: 2784: 2765: 2725: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2670: 2664: 2661: 2647: 2646: 2640: 2637: 2623: 2622: 2615: 2612: 2598: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2577: 2576: 2570: 2567: 2553: 2552: 2545: 2542: 2528: 2527: 2517: 2514: 2500: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2486: 2483: 2473: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2460: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2447: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2434: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2421: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2408: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2394: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2381: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2374:un rat de bois 2372: 2368: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2354: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2340: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2327: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2314: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2301: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2287: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2274: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2261: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2248: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2235: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2221: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2200: 2197: 2192:Code-switching 2188: 2187:Code-switching 2185: 2182: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2168: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2154: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2140: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2126: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2112: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2098: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2084: 2083: 2080: 2076: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2013: 2010: 1990: 1989: 1988: 1987: 1977: 1964: 1963: 1962: 1951: 1925: 1922: 1878: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1865:ils mangeriont 1860: 1856:ils mangeaient 1853: 1848: 1841: 1834: 1830: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1797: 1792: 1788: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1755: 1750: 1746: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1713: 1708: 1704: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1691:vous mangeriez 1688: 1686:vous mangeâtes 1683: 1678: 1671: 1666: 1662: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1629: 1624: 1620: 1619: 1612: 1605: 1598: 1591: 1586: 1579: 1572: 1568: 1567: 1564: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1552:Passé Composé 1550: 1547: 1544: 1530: 1527: 1480: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1450: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1420: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1390: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1360: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1330: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1300: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1270: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1259:Direct Object 1257: 1254: 1247: 1244: 1230: 1227: 1173: 1170: 1089: 1088: 1069: 1067: 1060: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1049: 1046: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1003: 1001: 998: 991: 989: 983: 976: 894: 891: 881: 878: 824: 821: 799: 796: 792:Acadian French 766:Great Upheaval 687: 684: 682: 679: 580:"Cajun French" 552:Acadian French 548:French Indians 379: 378: 371: 363: 362: 355: 349: 348: 343: 337: 336: 328: 320: 319: 312: 304: 303: 302:Language codes 299: 298: 285: 282: 279: 278: 274: 273: 271: 270: 269: 268: 267: 266: 265: 264: 263: 262: 261: 260: 259: 258: 219: 217: 214: 211: 210: 208: 207: 206: 205: 204: 203: 202: 201: 200: 199: 198: 197: 196: 195: 194: 193: 192: 191: 142: 140: 133: 130: 129: 126: 123: 120: 119: 105: 101: 100: 83: 79: 78: 73: 72:Native to 69: 68: 61: 53: 52: 44: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8197: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8157: 8155: 8138: 8134: 8132: 8128: 8125: 8121: 8118: 8117: 8113: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8088: 8085: 8084: 8082: 8078: 8068: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8056: 8055: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8048: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8026: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8014: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8002: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7990: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7967: 7964: 7963: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7956: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7928:Frainc-Comtou 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7885: 7883: 7879: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7867: 7863: 7861: 7860: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7833: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7821: 7817: 7816: 7814: 7812: 7808: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7756: 7755:Middle French 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7744: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7645: 7644:St. Marys Bay 7642: 7640: 7637: 7636: 7635: 7632: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7622: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7587: 7585: 7583: 7579: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7559: 7557: 7555: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7545:Langues d'oïl 7542: 7535: 7532: 7531: 7529: 7525: 7520: 7513: 7508: 7506: 7501: 7499: 7494: 7493: 7490: 7478: 7475: 7474: 7472: 7468: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7453: 7451: 7447: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7428: 7426: 7422: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7378: 7377:United States 7374: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7351: 7348: 7347: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7325: 7324: 7321: 7320: 7318: 7316: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7303: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7260: 7258: 7256: 7252: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7222: 7220: 7216: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7201: 7199: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7184: 7180: 7173: 7168: 7166: 7161: 7159: 7154: 7153: 7150: 7146: 7141: 7138: 7137: 7132: 7129: 7128: 7127: 7126: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7084: 7081: 7080:0-88289-316-5 7077: 7073: 7070: 7067: 7066:0-8204-4980-6 7063: 7059: 7056: 7053: 7052:0-9614245-4-0 7049: 7045: 7042: 7039: 7038:0-9614245-3-2 7035: 7031: 7028: 7025: 7024:0-9670838-9-3 7021: 7017: 7014: 7011: 7010:0-7818-0915-0 7007: 7003: 7000: 6996: 6991: 6987: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6962: 6958: 6953: 6949: 6944: 6940: 6934: 6930: 6925: 6924: 6920: 6911: 6908: 6902: 6899: 6893: 6890: 6884: 6881: 6875: 6872: 6866: 6863: 6858: 6852: 6849: 6845: 6840: 6838: 6836: 6832: 6827: 6826: 6818: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6803: 6800: 6796: 6791: 6788: 6784: 6779: 6777: 6775: 6773: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6758: 6756: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6741: 6739: 6737: 6733: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6704: 6701: 6695: 6692: 6686: 6683: 6677: 6674: 6668: 6665: 6659: 6656: 6649: 6646: 6640: 6637: 6630: 6627: 6621: 6618: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6589: 6586: 6580: 6577: 6570: 6568: 6564: 6558: 6555: 6549: 6546: 6540: 6537: 6531: 6528: 6521: 6518: 6512: 6509: 6503: 6500: 6494: 6491: 6485: 6482: 6476: 6474: 6470: 6464: 6462: 6460: 6456: 6449: 6447: 6443: 6436: 6434: 6430: 6424: 6421: 6415: 6412: 6406: 6403: 6398: 6392: 6388: 6381: 6378: 6373: 6367: 6363: 6356: 6353: 6348: 6344: 6337: 6334: 6328: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6308: 6305: 6292: 6286: 6284: 6280: 6275: 6271: 6264: 6261: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6232: 6229: 6221: 6214: 6211: 6206: 6200: 6197: 6192: 6185: 6183: 6179: 6174: 6168: 6165: 6160: 6153: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6139: 6130: 6128: 6124: 6119: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6104: 6099: 6092: 6090: 6086: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6067: 6064: 6059: 6058: 6051: 6048: 6043: 6037: 6033: 6026: 6023: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5995:(1): 67–101. 5994: 5990: 5986: 5979: 5977: 5973: 5960: 5956: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5932: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5918: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5897: 5892: 5891: 5883: 5880: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5839: 5836: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5815: 5812: 5806: 5803: 5795:September 13, 5791: 5785: 5781: 5780: 5772: 5769: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5749: 5746: 5741: 5739:9783110196351 5735: 5731: 5727: 5720: 5718: 5714: 5709: 5703: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5681: 5677: 5670: 5667: 5662: 5656: 5652: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5637: 5631: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5607: 5604: 5601: 5597: 5596: 5590: 5587: 5575: 5571: 5564: 5561: 5556: 5552: 5546: 5543: 5538: 5532: 5528: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5479: 5476: 5472: 5466: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5446: 5443: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5423: 5420: 5414: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5367: 5356: 5351: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5323: 5322: 5317: 5316:Homère Plessy 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5301:Alfred Mouton 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5235:Edwin Edwards 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5215:John Delafose 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5200:Boozoo Chavis 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5065: 5064: 5057: 5050: 5047: 5044: 5041: 5040: 5036: 5033: 5030: 5027: 5026: 5022: 5020:Breaux Bridge 5019: 5016: 5013: 5012: 5008: 5005: 5002: 4999: 4998: 4994: 4991: 4988: 4985: 4984: 4980: 4977: 4974: 4971: 4970: 4966: 4963: 4960: 4957: 4956: 4952: 4949: 4946: 4943: 4942: 4938: 4935: 4932: 4929: 4928: 4924: 4921: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4910: 4907: 4904: 4901: 4900: 4896: 4893: 4890: 4887: 4886: 4882: 4879: 4876: 4873: 4872: 4868: 4865: 4862: 4859: 4858: 4854: 4851: 4848: 4845: 4844: 4840: 4837: 4834: 4831: 4830: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4817: 4816: 4812: 4809: 4806: 4803: 4802: 4798: 4795: 4792: 4789: 4788: 4784: 4781: 4778: 4775: 4774: 4770: 4767: 4764: 4761: 4760: 4756: 4753: 4750: 4747: 4746: 4742: 4739: 4736: 4733: 4732: 4728: 4725: 4722: 4719: 4718: 4714: 4711: 4708: 4705: 4704: 4700: 4697: 4694: 4691: 4690: 4686: 4683: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4672: 4669: 4666: 4663: 4662: 4658: 4656:Napoleonville 4655: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4644: 4641: 4638: 4635: 4634: 4630: 4627: 4624: 4621: 4620: 4616: 4613: 4610: 4607: 4606: 4602: 4599: 4596: 4593: 4592: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4560: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4505: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4485: 4484: 4480: 4476:LACréole Show 4475: 4472: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4460: 4459: 4455: 4450: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4438: 4435: 4434: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4417: 4414: 4411: 4408: 4405: 4402: 4399: 4396: 4393: 4392: 4388: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4364: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4347: 4344: 4341: 4338: 4335: 4332: 4329: 4326: 4323: 4320: 4317: 4314: 4311: 4308: 4305: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4293: 4290: 4287: 4284: 4281: 4278: 4275: 4272: 4269: 4266: 4263: 4260: 4259: 4258: 4251: 4246: 4243: 4240: 4237: 4234: 4231: 4228: 4225: 4224: 4220: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4195: 4187: 4179: 4176: 4168: 4158: 4154: 4148: 4147: 4142:This section 4140: 4131: 4130: 4124: 4122: 4117: 4114:'solemnity', 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4080: 4061: 4059: 4054: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4000: 3989: 3982: 3981: 3975: 3972: 3971: 3956: 3950: 3947: 3942: 3938: 3935: 3931: 3928: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3914: 3910: 3907: 3903: 3900: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3886: 3882: 3879: 3875: 3874: 3871: 3866: 3860: 3847: 3841: 3838: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3824: 3818: 3814: 3811: 3807: 3804: 3798: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3784: 3780: 3777: 3770: 3766: 3763: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3749: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3726: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3713: 3710: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3696: 3692: 3689: 3685: 3684: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3651: 3649: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3633: 3612: 3610: 3573: 3568: 3557: 3550: 3537: 3519: 3513: 3507: 3506: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3467: 3464: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3449: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3436: 3433: 3429: 3427: 3422: 3420: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3406: 3403: 3399: 3396: 3392: 3389: 3385: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3367: 3364: 3360: 3357: 3353: 3350: 3346: 3344: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3317: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3293: 3291: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3268: 3265: 3261: 3258: 3254: 3253: 3250: 3247: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3234: 3231: 3227: 3224: 3220: 3218: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3204: 3201: 3197: 3194: 3190: 3187: 3183: 3181: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3134: 3126: 3123: 3115: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3086: 3081:This section 3079: 3075: 3070: 3069: 3063: 3054: 3049: 3042: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3015: 3013: 3009: 3005: 2996: 2994: 2987: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2946: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2877: 2871: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2844: 2838: 2836: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2794: 2792: 2785: 2779: 2778:0-306-45464-5 2775: 2771: 2764: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2739: 2738:0-306-45464-5 2735: 2731: 2724: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2690:et six jours 2689: 2685: 2675: 2669: 2657: 2648: 2645: 2633: 2624: 2620: 2608: 2599: 2587: 2578: 2575: 2563: 2554: 2550: 2538: 2529: 2526: 2522: 2510: 2501: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2490: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2414:une chevrette 2413: 2410: 2409: 2405: 2403:une chaussure 2402: 2399: 2396: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2369: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2355: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2328: 2325: 2323:une aubergine 2322: 2319: 2316: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2302: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2236: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2222: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2208: 2205: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2186: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2171:Lake Charles 2170: 2169: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2155: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2141: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2127: 2124:Natchitoches 2123: 2120: 2117: 2115:Natchitoches 2114: 2113: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2099: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2085: 2081: 2078: 2077: 2066: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2011: 2009: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1986: 1984: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1968: 1967: 1965: 1960: 1959:grand-parents 1958: 1955:"J'ai appris 1952: 1950: 1948: 1945:"J'ai appris 1942: 1941: 1939: 1938: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1891: 1889: 1885: 1876: 1875:ils mangeront 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1861: 1859: 1854: 1852: 1851:ils ont mangé 1849: 1847: 1842: 1840: 1835: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707:3rd singular 1705: 1702: 1701:vous mangerez 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1654:tu vas manger 1652: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1621: 1618: 1613: 1611: 1608:je vas manger 1606: 1604: 1599: 1597: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1580: 1578: 1573: 1571:1st singular 1569: 1563: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1528: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1503: 1500: 1492: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1391: 1388: 1387:lui; elle; ça 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363:3rd singular 1361: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273:1st singular 1271: 1251: 1245: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1219:Harris County 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1181: 1178: 1171: 1169: 1167: 1162: 1160: 1155: 1153: 1147: 1145: 1140: 1138: 1132: 1130: 1125: 1117: 1099: 1097: 1085: 1073: 1068: 1059: 1058: 1052: 1043: 1038: 1031: 1026: 1019: 1014: 1007: 1002: 995: 990: 986: 980: 975: 973: 971: 970:Breaux Bridge 967: 963: 959: 955: 949: 947: 942: 938: 933: 931: 910: 906: 904: 900: 892: 890: 886: 879: 877: 875: 871: 867: 862: 858: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 835: 830: 822: 820: 816: 813: 809: 805: 797: 795: 793: 789: 785: 782: 778: 773: 771: 767: 763: 758: 755: 751: 747: 743: 738: 736: 727: 723: 719: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 685: 680: 678: 676: 672: 671:Pointe Coupée 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 607: 605: 601: 596: 593:, a distinct 592: 587: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 512: 510: 505: 504: 499: 495: 491: 486: 483: 478: 474: 469: 468: 461: 455: 453: 449: 445: 441: 436: 432: 428: 424: 419: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 375: 369: 364: 360: 356: 354: 350: 347: 344: 342: 338: 333: 329: 327: 326: 321: 317: 313: 310: 305: 300: 297: 286: 280: 275: 257: 256:Middle French 254: 253: 252: 249: 248: 247: 244: 243: 242: 241:Proto-Romance 239: 238: 237: 234: 233: 232: 229: 228: 227: 224: 223: 222: 218: 212: 190: 187: 186: 185: 182: 181: 180: 177: 176: 175: 174:Gallo-Romance 172: 171: 170: 167: 166: 165: 164:Italo-Western 162: 161: 160: 157: 156: 155: 152: 151: 150: 147: 146: 145: 144:Indo-European 141: 137: 131: 127: 121: 117: 113: 109: 106: 102: 99: 95: 94:Cajun Country 91: 87: 84: 80: 77: 76:United States 74: 70: 65: 59: 54: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 8119: 8064: 8045: 8034:Saintongeais 8011: 7999: 7987: 7977: 7953: 7918:Camfranglais 7864: 7857: 7830: 7820:Anglo-Norman 7818: 7781:Newfoundland 7766:Metropolitan 7753: 7743:Jersey Legal 7741: 7732:Houma French 7572:Saint Lucian 7527:Areal groups 7521:and dialects 7394: 7357:Newfoundland 7278:Jersey Legal 7144: 7100: 7085: 7071: 7057: 7043: 7029: 7015: 7001: 6994: 6969: 6965: 6956: 6947: 6928: 6910: 6901: 6892: 6883: 6874: 6865: 6851: 6844:Valdman 2009 6824: 6807:Valdman 2009 6802: 6790: 6783:Valdman 2009 6762:Valdman 2009 6723:. 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Retrieved 5574:The Advocate 5573: 5563: 5555:the original 5545: 5526: 5507: 5483: 5478: 5470: 5454: 5450: 5445: 5437:the original 5432: 5422: 5346:Doug Kershaw 5319: 5281:Marie Laveau 5268:Jean Lafitte 5190:Calvin Borel 5061: 4986:South Street 4754:Lake Charles 4740:Lake Charles 4726:Lake Charles 4712:Lake Charles 4698:Lake Charles 4684:Lake Charles 4600:Church Point 4572:summer camps 4561: 4510: 4431:Over-the-air 4381: 4376: 4372:La Louisiane 4371: 4366: 4255: 4207: 4191: 4171: 4162: 4151:Please help 4143: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4081: 4062: 4057: 4055: 4050: 4048: 4040: 4034: 4026: 4024: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4001: 3990: 3978: 3976: 3968: 3966: 3642: 3636: 3631: 3613: 3608: 3574: 3566: 3555: 3548: 3538: 3517: 3514: 3503: 3501: 3118: 3109: 3094:Please help 3082: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3016: 3000: 2983: 2959: 2943: 2932: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2872: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2856: 2846: 2842: 2839: 2834: 2831: 2826: 2816: 2801: 2798: 2789: 2769: 2768:Carl Blyth, 2756: 2752: 2748: 2746: 2745: 2729: 2728:Carl Blyth, 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2681: 2680: 2667: 2643: 2618: 2573: 2548: 2524: 2476: 2417:une crevette 2202: 2190: 2180:Lac-Charles 2129:New Orleans 2057: 2053: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2015: 2012:Proper names 2006: 2005:in place of 2002: 1998: 1994: 1991: 1982: 1981:"la lumière 1980: 1972: 1971:"la lumière 1970: 1956: 1954: 1946: 1944: 1933: 1929: 1927: 1924:Contractions 1917: 1913: 1911: 1906: 1902: 1892: 1887: 1883: 1881: 1874: 1869: 1862: 1858:ils mangiont 1855: 1850: 1843: 1839:ils mangeont 1836: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1799: 1794: 1784: 1780:on va manger 1779: 1775:on mangerait 1774: 1769: 1764: 1757: 1752: 1742: 1738:il va manger 1737: 1733:il mangerait 1732: 1727: 1722: 1715: 1710: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1673: 1668: 1658: 1653: 1649:tu mangerais 1648: 1643: 1638: 1631: 1626: 1614: 1610:j'vas manger 1607: 1601:je mangerais 1600: 1593: 1588: 1581: 1574: 1558:Conditional 1534: 1532: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1504: 1498: 1490: 1483: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1232: 1224: 1182: 1179: 1175: 1166:francophonie 1165: 1163: 1156: 1151: 1148: 1141: 1133: 1121: 1116:Louis Michot 1092: 1082:January 2024 1079: 1071: 950: 945: 940: 939:, published 934: 927: 898: 896: 887: 883: 863: 859: 826: 817: 801: 798:19th century 774: 759: 739: 734: 731: 725: 689: 608: 588: 579: 559: 555: 513: 503:The Advocate 502: 487: 476: 460:Les Cenelles 456: 420: 406:in colonial 387: 383: 382: 353:Linguasphere 346:Cajun French 323: 236:Vulgar Latin 226:Proto-Italic 188: 62:The flag of 36: 8126:or dialects 8013:Petit nègre 7903:Bourbonnais 7848:Guernésiais 7843:Cotentinais 7722:Frenchville 7684:New England 7615:Seychellois 7415:New England 7390:Frenchville 5579:January 18, 5332:Ambrose Sam 5286:Rosie Ledet 5273:Iry LeJeune 5210:Kate Chopin 5063:Louisiana: 5051:St. Martin 5037:St. Martin 5023:St. Martin 5009:St. Martin 4995:St. Landry 4981:St. Landry 4964:New Orleans 4950:New Orleans 4936:New Orleans 4922:New Orleans 4908:New Orleans 4894:New Orleans 4670:Baton Rouge 4659:Assumption 4645:Assumption 4631:Assumption 4628:Pierre Part 4617:Assumption 4614:Pierre Part 4165:August 2024 4018:'Tuesday', 3554:→ 'tree', 3419:Approximant 3112:August 2024 3008:Baton Rouge 3004:New Orleans 2519:Choctaw or 2267:une galette 2166:l'Illinois 2152:l'Arkansas 2101:New Iberia 2046:Pierre Part 1918:en train de 1837:ils mangent 1833:3rd plural 1791:2nd plural 1770:on mangeait 1749:1st plural 1728:il mangeait 1669:vous mangez 1659:tu mangeras 1644:tu mangeais 1615:je mangeras 1603:j'mangerais 1594:je mangeais 1562:Near Future 1453:3rd plural 1427:vous-autres 1423:2nd plural 1393:1st plural 1137:francophile 956:, downtown 839:Speak White 777:Nova Scotia 578:. 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