893:
176:
2752:
36:
1003:
162:
208:
198:
1334:
1222:
1047:, including a substantial contingent of Polish troops, set out with the purpose of bringing the Russian Empire to its knees, but his military ambitions were frustrated by his failure to supply the army in Russia and Russia's refusal to surrender after the capture of Moscow; few returned from the march back. The failed campaign against Russia proved to be a major turning point in Napoleon's fortunes.
1884:
wipe Poland off the map, meant that Poles had their hopes rekindled of a resurrected Polish state. Even with
Napoleon's defeat, a Polish state continued in some form until the increasingly autocratic Russian state eliminated Poland once again as a separate entity. Altogether, this meant that an identifiable Polish state was in existence for at least a quarter of a century.
1613:
1887:
At the 200th anniversary of the creation of this iteration of the Polish state, numerous commemorative events dedicated to that event were held in the Polish capital of Warsaw. In addition, the Polish
Ministry of Defense asked for the honor of holding a joint parade of Polish and French soldiers to
1883:
Superficially, the Duchy of Warsaw was just one of the various states set up during
Napoleon's dominance over Eastern and Central Europe, lasting only a few years and passing with his fall. However, its establishment a little over a decade after the Second and Third Partitions, that had appeared to
1168:
could be considered liberal for its time. It provided for a bicameral Sejm consisting of a Senate and a
Chamber of Deputies. A Council of Ministers functioned as the executive body of the duchy. Serfdom was partially abolished, as the serfs were granted personal freedom without gaining any economic
1050:
After
Napoleon's defeat in the east, most of the territory of the Duchy of Warsaw was occupied by Russia in January 1813 during their advance on France and its allies. The rest of the duchy was restored to Prussia. Although several isolated fortresses held out for more than a year, the existence of
1026:, establishing a system of government similar to the former commonwealth with the hope of reclaiming the partitioned territories. However, Napoleon did not want to make a permanent decision that would tie his hands before his anticipated peace settlement with Russia, and did not recognize the
2342:
1481:
Although the duchy made its payments in installments to France over a four-year period, Prussia was unable to pay it (due to a very large indemnity it owed to France), causing the Polish economy to suffer heavily. Indeed, to this day the phrase "sum of
Bayonne" is a synonym in
1071:
Russia sought all territories of the Duchy of Warsaw. It kept all its gains from the three previous partitions, together with Białystok and the surrounding territory that it had obtained in 1807. Its demands for the whole Duchy of Warsaw were denied by other
European powers.
1067:
in 1815, the decision-making was largely in the hands of the major powers. It was perhaps inevitable, therefore, that both
Prussia and Russia would effectively partition Poland between them; Austria was to more-or-less retain its gains of the First Partition of 1772.
2519:
1465:
The heavy drain on its resources by forced military recruitment, combined with a drop in exports of grain, caused significant problems for the duchy's economy. To make matters worse, in 1808 the French Empire imposed on the duchy an agreement at
940:, who largely treated the state as a source of resources. The most important person in the duchy was, in fact, the French ambassador, based in the duchy's capital, Warsaw. Significantly, the duchy lacked its own diplomatic representation abroad.
1120:], under the "protection" of its three powerful neighbors. The city's territory measured some 1,164 km (449 sq mi), and had a population of about 88,000 people. The city was eventually annexed by Austria in 1846, becoming the
1013:
As a result of
Napoleon's campaign in 1812 against Russia, the Poles expected that the duchy would be upgraded to the status of a kingdom and that during Napoleon's invasion of Russia, they would be joined by the liberated territories of the
1139:. This broadly corresponded to the Prussian and Austrian portions of the Third Partition (apart from the area around Białystok) plus around half of Prussia's Second Partition conquests and a small part of Austria's First Partition gains.
1585:
According to the 1810 census, the duchy had a population of 4,334,000, of whom a clear majority were ethnic Poles. Jews constituted 7% of the inhabitants (perhaps an underestimation), Germans – 6%, Lithuanians and
Ruthenians – 4%.
2512:
1456:
in 1812, its army totaled almost 120,000 troops out of a total population of just 4.3 million people – a similar number of troops in total available to Napoleon at Austerlitz, from a country of more than 25 million people.
1403:
2505:
869:. Its creation met the support of both local republicans in partitioned Poland, and the large Polish diaspora in France, who openly supported Napoleon as the only man capable of restoring Polish sovereignty after the
1169:
liberties or privileges. All classes were to be equal before the law, although the nobility was still greatly favoured as members of the Sejm. While Roman Catholicism was the state religion, and
2100:
1916:
1552:
Altogether, the duchy had an initial area of around 104,000 square kilometres (40,000 sq mi), with a population of approximately 2,600,000. The bulk of its inhabitants were
992:
3065:
2036:"Vadym Adadurov. "Napoleonida" na skhodi Ievropy: Uiavlennia, proekty ta diial'nist' uriadu Frantsii shchodo pivdenno-zakhidnykh okrain Rosiis'koi imperii na pochatku XIX stolittia"
3060:
850:
that had escalated from anti-conscription rioting in 1806. One of the first tasks for the new government included providing food to the French army fighting the Russians in
1763:
1758:
1582:): The duchy's area increased significantly, to around 155,000 km (60,000 sq mi), and the population also substantially increased, to roughly 4,300,000.
1127:
Finally, the bulk of the former Duchy of Warsaw, measuring some 128,000 km (49,000 sq mi), was re-established as what is commonly referred to as the "
1448:
The duchy's army was of considerable size when compared to the duchy's number of inhabitants. Initially consisting of 30,000 of regular soldiers (made up of both
1023:
2487:
1035:
934:
The Varsovian duchy was never allowed to develop as a truly independent state; Frederick Augustus' rule was subordinated to the requirements of the French
1870:
1182:
3007:
3080:
1075:
Prussia regained some of the territory it had lost to the Duchy of Warsaw in 1807: a portion of what it had conquered in the Second Partition. The
175:
1936:
1147:, it maintained its separate status only until 1831 when it was effectively annexed to the Russian Empire. Its constituent territories became the
3075:
2126:
2319:
2287:
2212:
2136:
2094:
2018:
2084:
1027:
3070:
1598:
314:
57:
1740:
1407:
1165:
462:
1644:
1019:
963:. During the war, the German colonists settled by Prussia during Partitions openly rose up against the Varsovian government. After the
2895:
2681:
1906:
1901:
1684:
2737:
2449:
2247:
1991:
1110:
The city of Kraków and some surrounding territory, previously part of the Duchy of Warsaw, were established as the semi-independent
325:
79:
2470:
2975:
1664:
1518:
1453:
1192:
811:
971:
allowed for a significant expansion of the duchy's territory southwards with the regaining of once-Polish and Lithuanian lands.
161:
2482:
686:
672:
658:
644:
619:
605:
591:
577:
563:
2925:
2905:
2407:
Martyna Deszczyńska. "'As Poor as Church Mice': Bishops, Finances, Posts, and Civil Duties in the Duchy of Warsaw, 1807–13,"
1926:
1863:
1639:
1100:
920:
847:
803:
2497:
2376:"Rp.pl: Najważniejsze wiadomości gospodarcze, prawne i polityczne z Polski i ze świata. Aktualne wiadomości z dnia – rp.pl"
1489:
To counter the threat of bankruptcy, the authorities intensified the development and modernization of agriculture. Also, a
207:
2890:
2782:
2661:
2636:
2251:
1957:"A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Poland"
1824:
1801:
93:
2493:
Information about events marking 200th anniversary of establishing Duch of Warsaw, in Polish, also included photo gallery
2465:
2991:
2528:
2475:
1960:
1796:
288:
2492:
2113:
As a result of this, the Duchy of Warsaw was created.... Nevertheless, although a French puppet state, the Duchy was...
1981:
1730:
892:
1921:
1725:
1420:
1091:/Poznań), which covered an area of approximately 29,000 km (11,000 sq mi), were reconstituted into the
928:
396:
1699:
1525:, which became part of Russia. The Prussian territory was made up of territory from the former Prussian provinces of
382:
345:
50:
44:
2933:
2910:
2900:
2867:
2827:
2787:
2233:
2008:
1704:
2862:
2532:
1856:
503:
1735:
61:
3055:
2812:
1694:
1084:
1015:
358:
1679:
1669:
1121:
822:. The east-central territory of the duchy acquired by the Russian Empire was subsequently transformed into a
3085:
2842:
1215:
1188:
1002:
968:
948:
924:
807:
788:
489:
475:
951:, Austrian troops entered Warsaw, but Varsovian and French forces then outflanked their enemy and captured
2938:
2915:
2807:
1689:
1674:
181:
1303:
2852:
2822:
2651:
2580:
1911:
1218:) increased to 10 (as the duchy territory increased). Each department was named after its capital city.
1200:
1052:
986:
1055:
created a Provisional Highest Council of the Duchy of Warsaw to govern the area through his generals.
2832:
2817:
2792:
2676:
2656:
1649:
1426:
1345:
1275:
1247:
1092:
960:
897:
870:
831:
792:
651:
370:
285:
167:
1572:
2802:
2616:
2606:
1829:
1289:
1170:
1111:
1007:
908:
835:
761:
679:
426:
225:
197:
936:
2954:
2885:
2797:
2727:
2666:
2626:
2621:
2611:
2416:
2308:
Paul Robert Magocsi; Jean W. Sedlar; Robert A. Kann; Charles Jelavich; Joseph Rothschild (1974).
2065:
1806:
1564:
1510:
1506:
1434:
1387:
1064:
866:
862:
819:
780:
776:
768:
516:
449:
2722:
2383:
1214:
There were 6 initial departments, after 1809 (after Napoleon's defeat of the Austrians and the
2847:
2717:
2699:
2671:
2646:
2641:
2631:
2601:
2564:
2445:
2315:
2283:
2243:
2208:
2173:
2132:
2090:
2057:
2014:
1987:
1634:
1494:
1430:
1359:
1261:
1233:
1104:
916:
791:. It was the first attempt to re-establish Poland as a sovereign state after the 18th-century
234:
2309:
2277:
1486:
for a huge amount of money. All these problems resulted in both inflation and over-taxation.
2596:
2439:
2200:
2165:
2047:
1530:
1526:
1373:
1041:
Any peace settlement or restoration of Poland-Lithuania were not to be, however. Napoleon's
964:
596:
411:
2264:
Kolonizacja niemiecka w południowo-wschodniej cześci Królestwa Polskiego w latach 1815–1915
1425:
The duchy's armed forces were completely under French control via its war minister, Prince
1333:
1221:
2751:
2732:
2545:
2536:
1931:
1889:
1659:
1629:
1483:
1438:
1391:
1377:
1363:
1349:
1315:
1307:
1293:
1279:
1265:
1251:
1237:
1128:
944:
874:
827:
784:
772:
737:
637:
436:
221:
142:
128:
114:
2035:
1546:
1076:
1043:
814:, Napoleon seemingly abandoned the duchy, and it was left to be occupied by Prussian and
534:
1449:
1442:
1136:
1132:
1088:
980:
912:
815:
799:
610:
295:
230:
3049:
2837:
2069:
1845:
1577:
1553:
1490:
1445:, and it was to be a significant source for troops in various campaigns of Napoleon.
722:
568:
282:
1786:
1560:
1538:
1452:
and infantry), its numbers were to rise to over 60,000 in 1810, and by the time of
1148:
1144:
901:
886:
882:
851:
764:
665:
624:
582:
2169:
1568:
1522:
2238:
2204:
818:
troops until 1815, when it was formally divided between the two countries at the
17:
2948:
2709:
2691:
2153:
1768:
1534:
420:
405:
2192:
1095:. The Grand Duchy and its populace had some nominal autonomy (although it was
858:
3023:
3009:
2177:
2061:
1956:
806:, who became the duke of Warsaw and remained a legitimate candidate for the
708:
1514:
1080:
1006:
Polish uhlans from the Army of the Duchy of Warsaw, 1807–1815. Painting by
952:
2128:
Napoleon's Polish Gamble: Eylau & Friedland 1807 – Campaign Chronicles
2763:
1791:
1542:
1207:
and based on French ideas, although departments were divided into Polish
1204:
1612:
775:. It initially comprised the ethnically Polish lands ceded to France by
2857:
2774:
2574:
2556:
1467:
1196:
956:
907:
The newly recreated state was formally an independent duchy, allied to
712:
2362:
The Duchy of Warsaw, 1807–1815: A Napoleonic Outpost in Central Europe
2052:
1521:
under joint French and Saxon "protection", and of the district around
795:
and covered the central and southeastern parts of present-day Poland.
2962:
1709:
1620:
1509:, the area of the duchy covered roughly the areas of the 2nd and 3rd
1327:
1208:
823:
704:
244:
1433:. In fact, the duchy was heavily militarized, bordered as it was by
1063:
Although many European states and ex-rulers were represented at the
1402:
2985:
2877:
2588:
1475:
1401:
1332:
1220:
1030:
of 28 June. Nevertheless, he proclaimed the attack on Russia as a
891:
878:
881:, rather than a kingdom). The Duchy has also been described as a
1471:
2501:
1478:
in gold, was bought at a discounted rate of 21 million francs.
834:
in the west. The city of Kraków, Poland's cultural centre, was
1116:
29:
1051:
the Varsovian state in anything but the name came to an end.
1314:) – for the first few months known as Białystok Department (
900:, Commander in Chief of the Army of the Duchy of Warsaw, by
2347:ІНСТИТУТ ІСТОРІЇ УКРАЇНИ. НАЦІОНАЛЬНА АКАДЕМІЯ НАУК УКРАЇНИ
2197:
Napoleon Bonaparte and the Legacy of the French Revolution
1541:. In addition, the new state was given the area along the
1470:
to buy from France the debts owed to it by Prussia. The
2303:
2301:
2299:
1917:
1st Polish Light Cavalry Regiment of the Imperial Guard
993:
1st Polish Light Cavalry Regiment of the Imperial Guard
873:
of the late 18th century. However, it was created as a
2375:
2343:"ВАРШАВСЬКЕ КНЯЗІВСТВО [Електронний ресурс]"
2266:
Wiesław Śladkowski Wydawn. Lubelskie, 1969, page 234
2199:, London: Macmillan Education UK, pp. 213–228,
2154:"Income inequality in the Duchy of Warsaw (1810/11)"
846:
The area of the duchy had already been liberated by
783:, and was augmented in 1809 with territory ceded by
2984:
2961:
2947:
2924:
2876:
2773:
2762:
2708:
2690:
2587:
2573:
2555:
2544:
700:
530:
513:
500:
485:
472:
459:
446:
432:
417:
402:
392:
376:
364:
352:
338:
324:
308:
294:
278:
270:
250:
240:
217:
101:
2010:Poland Betrayed: The Nazi-Soviet Invasions of 1939
923:was compelled by Napoleon to make his new realm a
857:The Duchy of Warsaw was created by French Emperor
2193:"The Unsheathed Sword, 2: Britain, Spain, Russia"
1986:. Cambridge University Press. 15 September 2016.
959:and some of the areas annexed by Austria in the
2422:Journal of the International Napoleonic Society
1059:The Congress of Vienna and the Fourth Partition
2314:. University of Washington Press. p. 49.
2282:. University of Washington Press. p. 48.
2125:Summerville, Christopher (30 September 2005).
1024:General Confederation of the Kingdom of Poland
947:started. Although the Duchy of Warsaw won the
838:until its incorporation into Austria in 1846.
3066:States and territories disestablished in 1815
2513:
1864:
1326:The above 6 departments were divided into 60
1203:, as the entire duchy was in fact created by
8:
134:
120:
106:
2191:Lyons, Martyn (1994), Lyons, Martyn (ed.),
1036:Lithuanian Provisional Governing Commission
3061:States and territories established in 1807
2770:
2552:
2520:
2506:
2498:
2279:The Lands of Partitioned Poland, 1795–1918
1871:
1857:
1714:
1593:
1183:Administrative division of Duchy of Warsaw
1099:subordinate to Prussia) but following the
206:
98:
2756:Europe at the height of Napoleon's Empire
2432:Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe
2051:
1173:was also guaranteed by the constitution.
1103:was fully integrated into Prussia as the
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
1764:Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth
1759:Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite Commonwealth
1001:
43:This article includes a list of general
2040:East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies
1948:
1937:List of French possessions and colonies
1619:
1605:
997:
416:
2417:Polish Projects of Napoleon Bonaparte
2364:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 109.
2276:Wandycz, Piotr S. (1 February 1975).
2103:from the original on 8 September 2023
1337:Map of the Duchy of Warsaw, 1809–1815
1225:Map of the Duchy of Warsaw, 1807–1809
1199:. This organization was based on the
512:
499:
484:
471:
458:
445:
441:
401:
375:
363:
351:
337:
333:
323:
307:
303:
293:
7:
2444:. Osprey Publishing. pp. 8–10.
2158:Scandinavian Economic History Review
1474:, amounting to more than 43 million
812:Napoleon's failed invasion of Russia
2466:Constitution of the Duchy of Warsaw
2152:Wroński, Marcin (2 December 2022).
1166:Constitution of the Duchy of Warsaw
1087:; the remaining territories (i.e.,
1018:, Poland's historic partner in the
2483:Polish Army of the Napoleonic Wars
2083:Prazmowska, Anita (30 June 2010).
1907:Polish Legions (Napoleonic period)
1022:. On 28 June, the Sejm formed the
998:Napoleon's campaign against Russia
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
1493:policy was introduced to protect
1191:of Duchy of Warsaw were based on
3081:1815 disestablishments in Poland
2750:
2488:Napoleon and the Duchy of Warsaw
2311:A History of East Central Europe
1665:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
1611:
1038:to fall under Polish influence.
684:
670:
656:
642:
617:
603:
589:
575:
561:
196:
174:
160:
34:
2386:from the original on 2020-08-26
1983:The Cambridge History of Poland
1963:from the original on 2020-07-21
2131:. Pen and Sword. p. 154.
2013:. Stackpole Books. p. 1.
1927:Greater Poland uprising (1806)
1645:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1640:Crown of the Kingdom of Poland
1020:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
921:Frederick Augustus I of Saxony
804:Frederick Augustus I of Saxony
1:
3076:1807 establishments in Poland
2414:E. Fedosova (December 1998),
2170:10.1080/03585522.2022.2148736
2007:Williamson, David G. (2011).
1902:History of Poland (1795–1918)
1825:Republic of Central Lithuania
1802:Military Government of Lublin
1454:Napoleon's campaign in Russia
94:Duchy of Warsaw (Middle Ages)
2205:10.1007/978-1-349-23436-3_15
1797:Government General of Warsaw
1101:1848 Greater Poland Uprising
1083:(Danzig) became part of the
289:semi-constitutional monarchy
92:For the medieval state, see
3071:Political history of Warsaw
1922:Army of the Duchy of Warsaw
1726:Union of Hungary and Poland
1421:Army of the Duchy of Warsaw
929:Sejm of the Duchy of Warsaw
212:The Duchy of Warsaw in 1812
3102:
2788:Confederation of the Rhine
2360:Czubaty, Jarosław (2016).
1959:. US Department of state.
1741:Union of Poland and Saxony
1705:Polish government-in-exile
1660:Congress Kingdom of Poland
1559:In 1809 the Duchy annexed
1501:Geography and demographics
1418:
1180:
990:
984:
978:
943:In 1809, a short war with
836:granted "free city" status
91:
2748:
2089:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
1685:Regency Kingdom of Poland
927:, with a parliament (the
830:, and Prussia formed the
719:
540:
526:
442:
388:
334:
320:
304:
205:
190:
156:
151:
2441:Napoleon's Polish Troops
2086:Poland: A Modern History
2034:Bilenky, Serhiy (2022).
1700:Polish People's Republic
1695:Polish Underground State
1513:, with the exception of
1189:administrative divisions
1177:Administrative divisions
1085:Province of West Prussia
1016:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
27:Polish state (1807–1815)
2843:Salm-Reifferscheid-Dyck
2254:(no pg. no. in e-book).
1731:Polish–Lithuanian union
1563:, the area of the 1795
1320:Departament białostocki
1155:Government and politics
925:constitutional monarchy
779:under the terms of the
64:more precise citations.
1690:Second Polish Republic
1567:, and the district of
1411:
1395:
1381:
1367:
1353:
1338:
1319:
1311:
1297:
1283:
1269:
1255:
1242:Departament warszawski
1241:
1226:
1010:
904:
889:of Napoleon's France.
798:The duchy was held in
749:
745:
741:
135:
121:
107:
3024:52.24306°N 21.01667°E
1912:Legion of the Vistula
1680:Grand Duchy of Kraków
1670:Grand Duchy of Poznań
1405:
1396:Departament siedlecki
1354:Departament krakowski
1336:
1312:Departament łomżyński
1256:Departament poznański
1224:
1122:Grand Duchy of Kraków
1053:Alexander I of Russia
1005:
987:Legion of the Vistula
895:
754:Grand Duchy of Warsaw
752:), also known as the
346:Stanisław Małachowski
251:Common languages
2533:French Revolutionary
2411:(2011) 9#1 pp 18–31.
2242:. New York: Viking.
1736:Polish–Swedish union
1650:Partitions of Poland
1406:Napoleon conferring
1382:Departament radomski
1368:Departament lubelski
1284:Departament bydgoski
1276:Bydgoszcz Department
1216:Treaty of Schönbrunn
1093:Grand Duchy of Posen
969:Treaty of Schönbrunn
961:Partitions of Poland
871:Partitions of Poland
832:Grand Duchy of Posen
802:by Napoleon's ally,
789:Treaty of Schönbrunn
771:in 1807, during the
742:Księstwo Warszawskie
652:Grand Duchy of Posen
490:Treaty of Schönbrunn
383:Stanisław K. Potocki
359:Ludwik S. Gutakowski
315:Frederick Augustus I
192:Lesser coat of arms:
108:Księstwo Warszawskie
3019: /
2738:Swiss Confederation
2438:Otto Pivka (2012).
1830:Free City of Danzig
1781:Occupational powers
1675:Free City of Kraków
1519:Free City of Danzig
1517:, which became the
1511:Prussian partitions
1270:Departament kaliski
1195:, each headed by a
1171:religious tolerance
1112:Free City of Cracow
1008:January Suchodolski
680:Free City of Cracow
427:Chamber of Deputies
3029:52.24306; 21.01667
2896:Lucca and Piombino
1807:General Government
1710:Republic of Poland
1565:Austrian partition
1507:Treaties of Tilsit
1412:
1388:Siedlce Department
1339:
1298:Departament płocki
1227:
1131:" of Poland, in a
1065:Congress of Vienna
1011:
905:
848:a popular uprising
820:Congress of Vienna
781:Treaties of Tilsit
769:Napoleon Bonaparte
750:Herzogtum Warschau
517:Congress of Vienna
504:Invasion of Russia
450:Treaties of Tilsit
136:Herzogtum Warschau
3035:Pałac Prezydencki
3002:
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2901:Massa and Carrara
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2321:978-0-295-95358-8
2289:978-0-295-80361-6
2214:978-1-349-23436-3
2138:978-1-84415-260-5
2096:978-0-85773-677-2
2053:10.21226/ewjus717
2020:978-0-8117-0828-9
1881:
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1635:Kingdom of Poland
1505:According to the
1431:Marshal of France
1429:, who was also a
1427:Józef Poniatowski
1360:Lublin Department
1346:Kraków Department
1262:Kalisz Department
1248:Poznań Department
1234:Warsaw Department
1229:In January 1807:
1105:Province of Posen
1032:second Polish war
917:Kingdom of Saxony
898:Józef Poniatowski
861:, as part of the
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746:Duché de Varsovie
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378:• 1809–1815
371:Józef Poniatowski
366:• 1808–1809
354:• 1807–1808
310:• 1807–1815
235:Kingdom of Saxony
122:Duché de Varsovie
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2434:(2003) pp 176–87
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286:parliamentary
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1561:West Galicia
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1424:
1340:
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1201:French model
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1145:puppet state
1140:
1126:
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887:client state
883:puppet state
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852:East Prussia
845:
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731:
666:West Prussia
625:West Galicia
583:West Prussia
551:Succeeded by
550:
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509:24 June 1812
468:22 July 1807
463:Constitution
340:• 1807
191:
182:Coat of arms
76:
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3027: /
2949:Netherlands
2863:Württemberg
2710:Switzerland
2692:Netherlands
2652:Parthenopea
2539:(1792–1815)
1769:Intermarium
1576: [
1535:New Silesia
1193:departments
911:, and in a
546:Preceded by
522:9 June 1815
455:9 June 1807
421:Lower house
406:Upper house
393:Legislature
62:introducing
3050:Categories
3033: (
3011:52°14′35″N
2911:Pontecorvo
2853:Westphalia
2828:Regensburg
2764:Napoleonic
2667:Subalpinia
2627:Cispadania
2622:Cisalpinia
2390:2020-08-26
1967:2022-02-23
1943:References
1143:a Russian
1114: [
1077:Kulmerland
859:Napoleon I
793:partitions
748:; German:
744:; French:
723:Sopoćkinie
279:Government
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2813:Frankfurt
2767:creations
2672:Tiberinia
2548:republics
2380:www.rp.pl
2178:0358-5522
2164:: 67–81.
2070:247911190
2062:2292-7956
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1151:in 1867.
1135:with the
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709:Lithuania
271:Religion
233:with the
152:1807–1815
3014:21°1′0″E
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2728:Rauracia
2718:Helvetia
2657:Piedmont
2581:Connacht
2384:Archived
2252:chap. 19
2236:(2014).
2101:Archived
1961:Archived
1896:See also
1892:agreed.
1792:Ober Ost
1753:Proposed
1599:a series
1597:Part of
1495:industry
1415:Military
1205:Napoleon
1141:De facto
1097:de facto
760:, was a
531:Currency
70:May 2023
2955:Holland
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2798:Bavaria
2775:Germany
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2700:Batavia
2642:Liguria
2617:Brescia
2612:Bologna
2607:Bergamo
2575:Ireland
2557:Germany
2531:of the
1468:Bayonne
1461:Economy
1450:cavalry
1435:Prussia
1410:in 1807
1328:powiats
1209:powiats
1197:prefect
945:Austria
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896:Prince
867:Prussia
842:History
826:called
816:Russian
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785:Austria
777:Prussia
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