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79:). Described as "street people under a chief", they were often depicted as "beggars"—which some actually were, while others subsisted partly by service as messengers, porters, etc. No precise census of them was ever conducted, but contemporaries estimated their total number at around 50,000, and they had a significant role in the social and political life of the city (and of the
141:(which was established in Naples) had no popular base of support and could only rely on the repressive power of the French Army. Thus, it collapsed when the French needed to shift much of their troops elsewhere in Italy—whereupon the Lazzaroni exacted acts of retribution upon that republic's adherents.
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to Italy (as to other parts of Europe), the regular
Neapolitan troops did not particularly distinguish themselves against the French Army. The Lazzaroni, to the contrary, clamored to be armed and made a valiant effort to defend the city against the French—even though the royal family had already fled
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As mentioned in many eyewitness reports, when entering Naples after the
Bourbon King fled, Garibaldi received a tumultuous welcome from the Lazzaroni, as from other sections of Naples' population. Journalist Charles Arrivabene wrote at the time: "Garibaldi was accompanied by a great procession along
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the seafront to
Piedigrotta (...) He was cheered by fishermen and lazzaroni, and women shouted 'May the blessed Virgin be with you, Eccellenza!'". Another observer, Marc Monnier, noted that "Garibaldi is a saint for
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of which Naples was the capital). They were prone to act collectively as crowds and mobs and follow the lead of demagogues, often proving formidable in periods of civil unrest and revolution.
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Though unable to stand in face-to-face fighting with trained troops (a contemporary drawing shows
Lazzaroni being mowed down by a volley from French guns), their resistance ensured that the
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C.Arrivabene, "Italy Under Victor
Emmanuel, a personal narrative", London, 1862; quoted in Lucy Rial, "Garibaldi, Invention of a Hero", London, 2007, pp. 230–231, p. 430 note 21
189:. It is God who had sent him to save the country. Several call him Jesus Christ, and his officers are the apostles. Alms are asked in Garibaldi's name".
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During the first decades of the
Nineteenth Century, the Bourbons gradually lost the support of the Naples Lazzaroni. This was fully evident by 1860 when
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who—unlike most monarchs of his and other times—did not keep an aristocratic distance but liked to mingle among the
Lazzaroni and sport with them.
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M.Monnier, "Garibaldi. Histoire de la conquete des deux
Siciles", Paris, 1861, p. 302; quoted in Rial, op.cit., p. 230, p. 429 note 18
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to Sicily. Some sources put as high as 2,000 the number of
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in their political inclination—the diametrical opposite of the contemporary
Parisian
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Basile L. & Morea D., "Lazzari e Scugnizzi", Newton & Compton editori, 1996
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decided the defeat of the revolution. Swiss guardsmen, Neapolitan soldiers and
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Mastriani F., "I Lazzari", Napoli, AttivitĂ bibliografica editoriale, 1976
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During the French military campaigns of the late 1790s, designed to
222: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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323:, "Aneddoti e profili settecenteschi", Remo Sandron editore, 1914
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Poorest of the lower class in Naples during the Age of Revolution
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Croce B., "CuriositĂ storiche", Napoli, Ricciardi editore, 1919
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arrived in the city at the climax of his campaign for the
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combined pounced upon the defenders of the barricades."
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at the time and later dismissed them as "tools of the
52:) of Naples were the poorest of the lower class (
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349:, "Viaggio in Italia", Mondadori editore,
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36:Lazzari playing cards, 1824
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263:Marxists Internet Archive
238:The Nuttall Encyclopædia
382:19th century in Naples
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