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stages of development, expressed outwardly, or "given off" toward others. Freud's postulation of a "secondary narcissism" came as a result of his observation of the peculiar nature of the schizophrenic's relation to themselves and the world. He observed that the two fundamental qualities of such patients were megalomania and withdrawal of interest from the real world of people and things: "the libido that has been withdrawn from the external world has been directed to the ego and thus gives rise to an attitude which may be called narcissism." It is a secondary narcissism because it is not a new creation but a magnification of an already existing condition (primary narcissism).
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disorder narcissistic personality disorder are defined today. His patient was a successful scientist with an attitude of superiority, an obsession with fostering self-respect, and a lack of normal feelings of guilt. The patient was aloof and independent from others, had an inability to empathize with others, and was selfish sexually. Waelder's patient was also overly logical and analytical and valued abstract intellectual thought over the practical application of scientific knowledge.
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reflecting a focus on others, positive emotions, and social interactions. References to narcissism and self-esteem in
American popular print media have experienced vast inflation since the late 1980s. Between 1987 and 2007 direct mentions of self-esteem in leading US newspapers and magazines increased by 4,540 per cent while narcissism, which had been almost non-existent in the press during the 1970s, was referred to over 5,000 times between 2002 and 2007.
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narcissists who are often inter-personally dominant, extraverted, and socially skilled, were also likely to rise to leadership but were more likely to emerge as leaders in situations where they were not known, such as in outside hires (versus internal promotions). Paradoxically, narcissism can present as characteristics that facilitate an individual's rise to leadership, and ultimately lead that person to underachieve or even to fail.
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483:. Celebrity narcissism develops after childhood, and is triggered and supported by the celebrity-obsessed society. Fans, assistants and tabloid media all play into the idea that the person really is vastly more important than other people, triggering a narcissistic problem that might have been only a tendency, or latent, and helping it to become a full-blown personality disorder. "
256:. The pathological condition of narcissism is a magnified, extreme manifestation of healthy narcissism. It manifests itself in the inability to love others, lack of empathy, emptiness, boredom, and an unremitting need to search for power, while making the person unavailable to others. The clinical theorists
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self-esteem is threatened. Individuals high in narcissism have fragile self-esteem and are easily threatened. One study found that employees who are high in narcissism are more likely to perceive the behaviors of others in the workplace as abusive and threatening than individuals who are low in narcissism.
492:, differing only in its late onset and its environmental support by large numbers of fans. "The lack of social norms, controls, and of people centering them makes these people believe they're invulnerable," so that the person may suffer from unstable relationships, substance abuse or erratic behaviors.
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has become more narcissistic is an analysis of US popular song lyrics between 1987 and 2007. This found a growth in the use of first-person singular pronouns, reflecting a greater focus on the self, and also of references to antisocial behavior; during the same period, there was a diminution of words
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Narcissistic parents often see their children as extensions of themselves and encourage the children to act in ways that support the parents' emotional and self-esteem needs. Due to their vulnerability, children may be significantly affected by this behavior. To meet the parents' needs, the child may
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One study looked at differences in advertising between an individualistic culture, United States, and a collectivist culture, South Korea and found that in the US there was a greater tendency to stress the distinctiveness and uniqueness of the person; whereas advertising in South Korean stressed the
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toward themselves rather than objects and others. He postulated a universal "primary narcissism", that was a phase of sexual development in early infancy – a necessary intermediate stage between auto-eroticism and object-love, love for others. Portions of this 'self-love' or ego-libido are, at later
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There is a compulsion of some professionals to constantly assert their competence, even when they are wrong. Professional narcissism can lead otherwise capable, and even exceptional, professionals to fall into narcissistic traps. "Most professionals work on cultivating a self that exudes authority,
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Two primary expressions of narcissism have been identified: grandiose ("thick-skinned") and vulnerable ("thin-skinned"). Recent accounts posit that the core of narcissism is self-centred antagonism (or "entitled self-importance"), namely selfishness, entitlement, lack of empathy, and devaluation of
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Some psychologists suggest that a moderate level of narcissism is supportive of good psychological health. Self-esteem works as a mediator between narcissism and psychological health. Therefore, because of their elevated self-esteem, deriving from self-perceptions of competence and likability, high
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Similar patterns of change in cultural production are observable in other
Western states. For example, a linguistic analysis of the largest circulation Norwegian newspaper found that the use of self-focused and individualistic terms increased in frequency by 69 per cent between 1984 and 2005 while
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Narcissism can also create problems in the general workforce. For example, individuals high in narcissism inventories are more likely to engage in counterproductive behavior that harms organizations or other people in the workplace. Aggressive (and counterproductive) behaviors tend to surface when
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Narcissistic grandiosity is thought to arise from a combination of the antagonistic core with temperamental boldness—defined by positive emotionality, social dominance, reward-seeking and risk-taking. Grandiosity is defined—in addition to antagonism—by a confident, exhibitionistic and manipulative
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While narcissism, in and of itself, can be considered a normal personality trait, high levels of narcissistic behavior can be harmful to both self and others. Destructive narcissism is the constant exhibition of a few of the intense characteristics usually associated with pathological narcissistic
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Origins of narcissism in children can often come from the social learning theory. The social learning theory proposes that social behavior is learned by observing and imitating others' behavior. This suggests that children are anticipated to grow up to be narcissistic when their parents overvalue
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Narcissistic vulnerability is thought to arise from a combination of the antagonistic core with temperamental reactivity—defined by negative emotionality, social avoidance, passivity and marked proneness to rage. Vulnerability is defined—in addition to antagonism—by a shy, vindictive and needy
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conceptualized narcissism as a personality trait. His definition described individuals who are condescending, feel superior to others, are preoccupied with admiration, and exhibit a lack of empathy. Waelder's work and his case study have been influential in the way narcissism and the clinical
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Studies examining the role of personality in the rise to leadership have shown that individuals who rise to leadership positions can be described as inter-personally dominant, extraverted, and socially skilled. When examining the correlation of narcissism in the rise to leadership positions,
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of this trait in the identical twins was significantly influenced by genetics as compared to an environmental causation. It has also been shown that there is a continuum or spectrum of narcissistic traits ranging from normal to a pathological personality. Furthermore, evidence suggests that
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used the term "narcissism", independently of each other, to describe a person who treats their own body in the same way in which the body of a sexual partner is ordinarily treated. Narcissism, in this context, was seen as a perversion that consumed a person's entire sexual life. In 1911
238:", which is characterized by feelings of entitlement and superiority, arrogant or haughty behaviors, and a generalized lack of empathy and concern for others. On a spectrum, destructive narcissism is more extreme than healthy narcissism but not as extreme as the pathological condition.
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of their own group. While the classic definition of narcissism focuses on the individual, collective narcissism asserts that one can have a similar excessively high opinion of a group, and that a group can function as a narcissistic entity. Collective narcissism is related to
555:, people pursue and compete for attention on an unprecedented scale. The profusion of popular literature about "listening" and "managing those who talk constantly about themselves" suggests its pervasiveness in everyday life. The growth of media phenomena such as "
101:, who was cursed to only echo the sounds that others made, the gods punish Narcissus by making him fall in love with his own reflection in a pool of water. When Narcissus discovers that the object of his love cannot love him back, he slowly pines away and dies.
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Narcissism has been linked to a range of potential leadership problems ranging from poor motivational skills to risky decision making, and in extreme cases, white-collar crime. High-profile corporate leaders that place an extreme emphasis on
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all saw pathological narcissism as a possible outcome in response to unempathetic and inconsistent early childhood interactions. They suggested that narcissists try to compensate in adult relationships. German psychoanalyst
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Judge TA, LePine JA, Rich BL (July 2006). "Loving yourself abundantly: relationship of the narcissistic personality to self- and other perceptions of workplace deviance, leadership, and task and contextual performance".
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While this behavioral pattern is believed to be more common in men than in women, it occurs in both males and females who compensate for feelings of sexual inadequacy by becoming overly proud or obsessed with their
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says that what happens to celebrities is that they get so used to people looking at them that they stop looking back at other people." In its most extreme presentation and symptoms, it is indistinguishable from
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It was not until the late 1800s that narcissism began to be defined in psychological terms. Since that time, the term has had a significant divergence in meaning in psychology. It has been used to describe:
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others. Grandiosity and vulnerability are seen as different expressions of this antagonistic core, arising from individual differences in the strength of the approach and avoidance motivational systems.
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539:; however, ethnocentrism primarily focuses on self-centeredness at an ethnic or cultural level, while collective narcissism is extended to any type of ingroup beyond just cultures and ethnicities.
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studies using twins have shown that narcissistic traits, as measured by standardized tests, are often inherited. Narcissism was found to have a high heritability score (0.64) indicating that the
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DeWall CN, Pond Jr RS, Campbell WK, Twenge JM (August 2011). "Tuning in to psychological change: Linguistic markers of psychological traits and emotions over time in popular U.S. song lyrics".
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There has been an increased interest in narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) in the last 10 years. There are areas of substantial debate that surround the subject including:
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Luo, Y. L., & Cai, H. (2018). The etiology of narcissism: A review of behavioral genetic studies. Handbook of Trait
Narcissism: Key Advances, Research Methods, and Controversies, 149-156.
165:, overconfident, auto-erotic, inaccessible, self-admiring, and exhibitionistic, with fantasies of omnipotence and omniscience. He observed that these people had a high need for uniqueness.
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In extreme situations, this parenting style can result in estranged relationships with the children, coupled with feelings of resentment, and in some cases, self-destructive tendencies.
97:, written in 8 CE. Book III of the poem tells the mythical story of a handsome young man, Narcissus, who spurns the advances of many potential lovers. When Narcissus rejects the nymph
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Berger, Joël; Osterloh, Margit; Rost, Katja; Ehrmann, Thomas (1 October 2020). "How to prevent leadership hubris? Comparing competitive selections, lotteries, and their combination".
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Needy, obsessive relational dynamics; long-term relationship transactions defined by an excessive need for admiration, approval and support, and vengefulness when needs are unmet
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Exploitative, self-serving relational dynamics; short-term relationship transactions defined by manipulation and privileging of personal gain over other benefits of socialisation
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recommended the removal of
Narcissistic Personality from the manual. A contentious three-year debate unfolded in the clinical community with one of the sharpest critics being
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in 1979. Since then, social media, bloggers, and self-help authors have indiscriminately applied "narcissism" as a label for the self-serving and for all domestic abusers.
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Bushman BJ, Baumeister RF (July 1998). "Threatened egotism, narcissism, self-esteem, and direct and displaced aggression: does self-love or self-hate lead to violence?".
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Crowe, M. L., Weiss, B., Lynam, D. R., Campbell, W. K., & Miller, J. D. (2022). Narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder: Moving toward a trifurcated model.
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Wislar JS, Richman JA, Fendrich M, Flaherty JA (2002). "Sexual harassment, generalized workplace abuse and drinking outcomes: The role of personality vulnerability".
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Furnham, A., Richards, S. C., & Paulhus, D. L. (2013). The Dark Triad of personality: A 10 year review. Social and personality psychology compass, 7(3), 199-216.
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pattern of sexual behavior that involves an inflated sense of sexual ability or sexual entitlement, sometimes in the form of extramarital affairs. This can be
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importance of social conformity and harmony. These cultural differences were greater than the effects of individual differences within national cultures.
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is a self–centered personality style characterized as having an excessive preoccupation with oneself and one's own needs, often at the expense of others.
693:
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Levy KN, Reynoso JS, Wasserman RH, Clarkin JF (2007). "Chapter 9, Narcissistic
Personality Disorder". In O'Donohue WT, Fowler KA, Lilienfeld SO (eds.).
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Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Introducing the short dark triad (SD3) a brief measure of dark personality traits. Assessment, 21(1), 28-41.
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Wilson S, Durbin CE (October 2012). "Dyadic parent-child interaction during early childhood: contributions of parental and child personality traits".
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Subordinates may find everyday offers of support swiftly turn them into enabling sources, unless they are very careful to maintain proper boundaries.
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in humans, there are also more extreme forms, observable particularly in people who are excessively self-absorbed, or who have a mental illness like
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sacrifice their own wants and feelings. A child subjected to this type of parenting may struggle in adulthood with their intimate relationships.
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This extent of the controversy was on public display in 2010–2013 when the committee on personality disorders for the 5th
Edition (2013) of the
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may yield positive short-term benefits for their organizations, but ultimately it drags down individual employees as well as entire companies.
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Livesley WJ, Jang KL, Jackson DN, Vernon PA (December 1993). "Genetic and environmental contributions to dimensions of personality disorder".
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The term has been misused and overused so flagrantly that it's now all but meaningless when it comes to labeling truly destructive tendencies.
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Reaching a consensus on the classifications and definitions of sub-types such as "grandiose" and "vulnerable dimensions" or variants of these,
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Jakobwitz, S., & Egan, V. (2006). The dark triad and normal personality traits. Personality and
Individual differences, 40(2), 331-339.
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The current promiscuous use of the term narcissist forevery minor instance of self-absorption, however, trivializes that very real pain.
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Ogrodniczuk J (2013). "Historical overview of pathological narcissism. In: Understanding and
Treating Pathological Narcissism".
479:) is a form of narcissism that develops in late adolescence or adulthood, brought on by wealth, fame and the other trappings of
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The
Handbook of Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Theoretical Approaches, Empirical Findings, and Treatments
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The
Handbook of Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Theoretical Approaches, Empirical Findings, and Treatments
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control, knowledge, competence and respectability. It's the narcissist in us all—we dread appearing stupid or incompetent."
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High self-esteem and a clear sense of uniqueness and superiority, with fantasies of success and power, and lofty ambitions
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273:(1885–1952) also saw the narcissistic personality as a temperament trait molded by a certain kind of early environment.
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Krizan, Z., & Herlache, A. D. (2018). The narcissism spectrum model: A synthetic view of narcissistic personality.
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Penney LM, Spector PE (2002). "Narcissism and counterproductive work behavior: Do bigger egos mean bigger problems?".
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Some in fact exploited it as a handy term of abuse for modern culture or as a loose synonym for bloated self-esteemed.
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Understanding what are the central versus peripheral, primary versus secondary features/characteristics of narcissism,
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has a score of 0.35. While the genetic impact on narcissism levels is significant, it is not the only factor at play.
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The Analysis of the Self. A systematic approach to the psychoanalytic treatment of narcissistic personality disorders
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Ryan KM, Weikel K, Sprechini G (2008). "Gender differences in narcissism and courtship violence in dating couples".
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Caligor E, Levy KN, Yeomans FE (May 2015). "Narcissistic personality disorder: diagnostic and clinical challenges".
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194:(1939) postulated that narcissism was on a spectrum that ranged from healthy self-esteem to a pathological state.
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Social potency, marked by exhibitionistic, authoritative, charismatic and self-promoting interpersonal behaviours
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considered extreme narcissism as a character trait. He described people with the God complex as being aloof,
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Vazire, Simine; Funder, David C. (May 2006). "Impulsivity and the Self-Defeating Behavior of Narcissists".
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Some commentators contend that the American populace has become increasingly narcissistic since the end of
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Dashineau, Samantha C.; Edershile, Elizabeth A.; Simms, Leonard J.; Wright, Aidan G. C. (September 2019).
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Social withdrawal, resulting from shame, distrust of others' intentions, and concerns over being accepted
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attempted to rectify what they viewed as the shattering and narcissistic cultures of recent centuries.
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Low and contingent self-esteem, unstable and unclear sense of self, and resentment of others' success
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67:(NPD), where the narcissistic tendency has become pathological, leading to functional impairment and
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Hurlbert DF, Apt C, Gasar S, Wilson NE, Murphy Y (1994). "Sexual narcissism: a validation study".
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Bizumic B, Duckitt J (June 2008). "My group is not worthy of me": Narcissism and ethnocentrism".
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636:, the person who led the DSM personality disorders committee for the 4th edition of the manual.
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individual elements of narcissism have their own heritability score. For example, intrapersonal
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Brummelman E, Thomaes S, Nelemans SA, Orobio de Castro B, Overbeek G, Bushman BJ (March 2015).
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Executives are often provided with potential narcissistic triggers. Inanimate triggers include
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published the first clinical paper about narcissism, linking it to vanity and self-admiration.
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1314:"So, you think your spouse is a narcissist? You might not want to be so quick with the label"
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512:. Narcissism has variously been correlated with both traits, though psychologists such as
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Brunell AB, Gentry WA, Campbell WK, Hoffman BJ, Kuhnert KW, Demarree KG (December 2008).
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has been recognized throughout history. In ancient Greece, the concept was understood as
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1784:"A behavioral genetic study of intrapersonal and interpersonal dimensions of narcissism"
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the word is extremely overused, and I don't think people truly understand what it means
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Where Egos Dare: The Untold Truth About Narcissistic Leaders – And How to Survive Them
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Children of the Self-Absorbed: A Grown-up's Guide to Getting over Narcissistic Parents
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expression. While many psychologists believe that a moderate degree of narcissism is
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1967:
1621:"Unraveling the Paradoxes of Narcissism: A Dynamic Self-Regulatory Processing Model"
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Collective narcissism is a type of narcissism where an individual has an inflated
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Trapped in the Mirror – Adult Children of Narcissists in their Struggle for Self
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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The Culture of Narcissism: American Life in an Age of Diminishing Expectations
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2019:
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753:"The Narcissism Spectrum Model: A Synthetic View of Narcissistic Personality"
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Apt C, Hurlbert DF (1995). "Sexual Narcissism: Addiction or Anachronism?".
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Sedikides C, Rudich EA, Gregg AP, Kumashiro M, Rusbult C (September 2004).
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Clearly defining the difference between normal and pathological narcissism,
87:, a character in Greek mythology best known from the telling in Roman poet
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Body Process: A Gestalt Approach to Working with the Body in Psychotherapy
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1983:
Psychoanalytic Centrism: Collected Papers of a Neoclassical Psychoanalyst
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2651:"The culture(s) of narcissism: simultaneity and the psychedelic sixties"
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Matthew Spinka, Howard Kaminsky, and the Future of the Medieval Hussites
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Agreeing on its representation in textbooks and classification manuals.
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Why Is It Always About You? : The Seven Deadly Sins of Narcissism
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de Zavala AG, Cichocka A, Eidelson R, Jayawickreme N (December 2009).
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1406:"Are normal narcissists psychologically healthy?: self-esteem matters"
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Hurlbert DF, Apt C (1991). "Sexual narcissism and the abusive male".
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438:, or prestigious offices with window views; animate triggers include
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171:(1914) published his theory of narcissism in a lengthy essay titled "
109:
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The Pursuit of Attention: Power and Ego in Everyday Life 2nd Edition
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and Kevin Williams see enough evidence that it is a distinct trait.
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Deciding what field or discipline narcissism should be studied by,
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175:". For Freud, narcissism refers to the individual's direction of
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1670:"Karen Horney: Life, Theories, and Contributions to Psychology"
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for low self-esteem or an inability to sustain true intimacy.
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Extremely high levels of narcissistic behavior are considered
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2849:"Chapter 10: Assessment of Narcissistic Personality Disorder"
2815:"Chapter 10: Assessment of Narcissistic Personality Disorder"
974:
Millon T, Grossman S, Millon C, Meagher S, Ramnath R (2004).
1376:"Why We Need to Stop Throwing the "Narcissist" Label Around"
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Narcissism exists on a continuum that ranges from normal to
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Narcissism in the Workplace: Research, opinion and practice
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The Narcissism Epidemic: Living in the Age of Entitlement
1188:"Standard Edition of the Complete Works of Sigmund Freud"
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Miller JD, Lynam DR, Hyatt CS, Campbell WK (May 2017).
2282:"Leader emergence: the case of the narcissistic leader"
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Agreeing on how it should be assessed and measured, and
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Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment
1568:"Pathological narcissism and psychosocial functioning"
2046:"Co-Narcissism: How We Adapt to Narcissistic Parents"
630:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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personality disorder such as a "pervasive pattern of
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A characteristic in several of the object relations .
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Understanding the role of self-esteem in narcissism,
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narcissists are relatively free of worry and gloom.
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2565:"Collective narcissism and its social consequences"
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Anatomy of Loving; Man's Quest to Know what Love is
2944:"A Fate That Narcissists Will Hate: Being Ignored"
2855:. Hoboken NJ: John Wiley & Sons. p. 202.
2821:. Hoboken NJ: John Wiley & Sons. p. 203.
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2339:Corporate Narcissism in Accounting Firms Australia
2222:"John Banja: Interview with the clinical ethicist"
1739:Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts
2443:International Journal of Selection and Assessment
2199:. Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
800:Nazario B (4 September 2022). Casarella J (ed.).
575:Individualistic vs collectivist national cultures
563:are generating a "new era of public narcissism".
2985:Mirror, Mirror: The Uses and Abuses of Self-Love
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2499:
608:Determining if there is consensual description,
473:Celebrity narcissism (sometimes referred to as
3642:Words and phrases derived from Greek mythology
2558:
2556:
2554:
1732:
1730:
3392:
3130:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2190:
2188:
500:Narcissism is one of the three traits in the
8:
2572:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
2390:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
2289:Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin
1468:
1466:
1410:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
580:collectivist terms declined by 32 per cent.
386:The controversial condition referred to as "
3018:. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications.
1477:. London: The University of Chicago Press.
1350:. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 340.
1022:. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 340.
3399:
3385:
3377:
3137:
3123:
3115:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2910:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2780:
2401:
2245:
2243:
2168:
2158:
1817:
1807:
1750:
1591:
768:
45:; the man in love with his own reflection
1860:Personality and Social Psychology Review
1500:Personality and Social Psychology Review
969:
967:
965:
757:Personality and Social Psychology Review
746:
744:
31:
1230:. SAGE Publications, Inc. p. 235.
1228:Personality Disorders: Toward the DSM-V
1221:
1219:
751:Krizan Z, Herlache AD (February 2018).
677:
543:Normalization of narcissistic behaviors
293:has a score of 0.23, and interpersonal
220:Normal and healthy levels of narcissism
112:. Some religious movements such as the
2224:(Interview). Interviewed by Rangus E.
729:from the original on 25 September 2021
725:. American Psychological Association.
3095:Twenge JM, Campbell WK (April 2009).
2912:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045244
2657:. London: Karnac Books. p. 127.
2228:from the original on 18 November 2023
2197:Medical errors and medical narcissism
2039:
2037:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1324:from the original on 15 November 2019
1290:from the original on 21 December 2021
1099:. Lightning Source Inc. p. 472.
713:
711:
7:
2899:Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
2851:. In Campbell WK, Miller JD (eds.).
2817:. In Campbell WK, Miller JD (eds.).
2713:. Lincoln: iUniverse. pp. 1–2.
1913:Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy
1878:Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy
1782:Luo YL, Cai H, Song H (2014-04-02).
1543:The Destructive Narcissistic Pattern
977:Personality Disorders in Modern Life
566:Also supporting the contention that
18:Excessive preoccupation with oneself
3454:Amor d'un'ombra e gelosia d'un'aura
2655:Narcissism – A Critical Reader
2135:"Origins of narcissism in children"
802:"Narcissistic Personality Disorder"
3321:Narcissistic Personality Inventory
2653:. In Curk P, Gaitanidis A (eds.).
1701:The American Journal of Psychiatry
1204:from the original on 6 August 2020
1068:"Essays In Applied Psychoanalysis"
1045:American Psychological Association
833:The American Journal of Psychiatry
446:from colleagues and subordinates.
434:like company cars, company-issued
14:
3257:Narcissistic personality disorder
2508:All about me: Loving a narcissist
2355:The Journal of Applied Psychology
1096:Essays in Applied Psycho-Analysis
696:from the original on 25 June 2021
490:narcissistic personality disorder
248:Narcissistic personality disorder
242:Pathological levels of narcissism
65:narcissistic personality disorder
23:Narcissistic personality disorder
3363:
3362:
2789:from the original on 2 June 2013
2633:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2008.00638.x
2510:. London: Collins. p. 171.
2087:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00760.x
1312:Pilossoph J (14 November 2019).
877:from the original on 5 June 2023
812:from the original on 13 May 2020
229:Destructive levels of narcissism
153:In an essay in 1913 called "The
2956:from the original on 1 May 2011
1651:from the original on 2021-10-18
1452:from the original on 2023-08-02
1163:. Sigmund Freud. Archived from
1138:from the original on 2021-12-14
1000:from the original on 2023-06-04
951:from the original on 2023-05-09
937:. Lexington Books. p. 47.
476:acquired situational narcissism
21:For the clinical disorder, see
1280:"Narcissist -- give it a rest"
1197:. University of Pennsylvania.
1157:"On Narcissism, 1914 by Freud"
845:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14060723
719:"APA Dictionary of Psychology"
690:oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com
173:On Narcissism: An Introduction
1:
3627:Barriers to critical thinking
2895:"Controversies in Narcissism"
2763:Marshall DP (November 2004).
686:"Oxford Learner's Dictionary"
201:following the publication of
197:The term entered the broader
127:A normal developmental stage,
3153:Similar personality concepts
1809:10.1371/journal.pone.0093403
1074:. Osmania University Library
910:10.1016/j.leaqua.2020.101388
3492:(Boltraffio follower, 1500)
3330:Related psychology concepts
2710:Narcissism in High Fidelity
2254:. Edward Elgar Publishing.
2220:Banja J (7 February 2005).
1512:10.1207/s15327957pspr1002_4
867:"Narcissus Greek mythology"
692:. Oxford University Press.
551:. According to sociologist
422:Narcissism in the workplace
130:A symptom in psychosis, and
27:Narcissism (disambiguation)
3660:
3529:Metamorphosis of Narcissus
2989:Princeton University Press
2482:10.1177/002204260203200404
2412:10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.219
2367:10.1037/0021-9010.91.4.762
2341:. Australia: Pengus Books.
1637:10.1207/S15327965PLI1204_1
1422:10.1037/0022-3514.87.3.400
1348:Freud: A Life for Our Time
1134:. University of Michigan.
1020:Freud: A Life for Our Time
523:
419:
397:
245:
20:
3481:Narcissus at the Fountain
3360:
3279:Manipulation (psychology)
2765:"Fame's Perpetual Motion"
2734:Derber C (15 June 2000).
1960:10.1007/s11199-008-9403-9
1925:10.1080/00926239408403414
1890:10.1080/00926239108404352
1278:Daum M (6 January 2011).
1093:Jones E (15 March 2007).
367:has been described as an
301:Expressions of narcissism
204:The Culture of Narcissism
104:The concept of excessive
3060:. New York: Free Press.
2301:10.1177/0146167208324101
2020:10.1177/1066480795032003
1545:. Greenwood Publishing.
898:The Leadership Quarterly
770:10.1177/1088868316685018
3250:Pathological narcissism
3037:. New York: W. Morrow.
2740:Oxford University Press
2455:10.1111/1468-2389.00199
2160:10.1073/pnas.1420870112
1985:. Living Center Press.
1713:10.1176/ajp.150.12.1826
1128:"History of Narcissism"
983:. Wile y. p. 343.
340:self-regulatory style:
320:self-regulatory style:
137:In 1889, psychiatrists
3099:. Simon and Schuster.
3079:. London: Kogan Page.
2470:Journal of Drug Issues
2075:Journal of Personality
1981:Schoenewolf G (2013).
1842:Journal of Personality
1346:Gay P (May 17, 2006).
1132:deepblue.lib.umich.edu
1018:Gay P (May 17, 2006).
46:
25:. For other uses, see
3500:(Caravaggio, 1597–99)
3484:(Boltraffio, 1500–10)
3216:Collective narcissism
3195:Narcissus (mythology)
2997:10.1515/9781400849956
1625:Psychological Inquiry
526:Collective narcissism
520:Collective narcissism
75:Historical background
35:
3274:Malignant narcissism
2649:Lorentzen J (2007).
2621:Political Psychology
2062:on 18 November 2017.
1257:. Ballantine Books.
1251:Bergmann MS (1987).
931:Fudge, T.A. (2021).
400:Narcissistic parents
199:social consciousness
124:A sexual perversion,
57:abnormal personality
3200:Superiority complex
3075:McFarlin D (2002).
2506:Crompton S (2007).
2151:2015PNAS..112.3659B
1800:2014PLoSO...993403L
1380:psychologytoday.com
1320:. Chicago Tribune.
306:Primary expressions
3617:1889 introductions
3524:(Waterhouse, 1903)
3521:Echo and Narcissus
3508:(Poussin, 1627–28)
3505:Echo and Narcissus
3408:Echo and Narcissus
3175:Healthy narcissism
2949:The New York Times
2847:Twenge JM (2011).
2813:Twenge JM (2011).
2250:DuBrin AJ (2012).
2108:Kepner JI (1997).
2044:Rapport A (2005).
2008:The Family Journal
1584:10.1037/per0000347
1382:. Psychology Today
1318:chicagotribune.com
723:dictionary.apa.org
504:model, along with
61:normal and healthy
47:
3599:
3598:
3374:
3373:
3106:978-1-4165-7599-3
3086:978-0-7494-3773-2
3067:978-1-4391-0653-2
3044:978-0-688-14071-7
3033:Golomb E (1995).
3025:978-1-57224-561-7
3014:Brown NW (2008).
3006:978-1-4008-4995-6
2987:. Princeton, NJ:
2862:978-1-118-02926-8
2828:978-1-118-02926-8
2749:978-0-19-513549-7
2720:978-0-595-31804-9
2707:Nelson K (2004).
2693:978-0-446-32104-4
2664:978-1-85575-453-9
2517:978-0-00-724795-0
2295:(12): 1663–1676.
2261:978-1-78100-136-3
2206:978-0-7637-8361-7
2195:Banja JD (2004).
2145:(12): 3659–3662.
2119:978-1-315-79898-1
1992:978-1-4811-5541-0
1954:(11–12): 802–13.
1707:(12): 1826–1831.
1552:978-0-275-96017-9
1541:Brown NW (1998).
1484:978-0-226-45014-8
1357:978-0-393-32861-5
1284:Los Angeles Times
1264:978-0-449-90553-1
1237:978-1-4129-0422-3
1106:978-1-4067-0338-2
1053:10.1037/14041-001
1029:978-0-393-32861-5
990:978-0-471-23734-1
944:978-1-7936-5081-8
634:John G. Gunderson
365:Sexual narcissism
355:Other expressions
209:Christopher Lasch
3649:
3632:Social influence
3622:1890s neologisms
3462:Écho et Narcisse
3401:
3394:
3387:
3378:
3366:
3365:
3226:In the workplace
3185:Machiavellianism
3139:
3132:
3125:
3116:
3110:
3090:
3071:
3048:
3029:
3010:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2914:
2890:
2867:
2866:
2844:
2833:
2832:
2810:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2784:
2782:10.5204/mcj.2401
2760:
2754:
2753:
2738:(2nd ed.).
2731:
2725:
2724:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2686:. Warner Books.
2685:
2678:Lasch C (1979).
2675:
2669:
2668:
2646:
2637:
2636:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2600:
2594:. Archived from
2584:10.1037/a0016904
2578:(6): 1074–1096.
2569:
2560:
2549:
2546:
2540:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2503:
2494:
2493:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2405:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2319:. Archived from
2286:
2277:
2266:
2265:
2247:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2192:
2183:
2182:
2172:
2162:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2081:(5): 1313–1338.
2070:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2055:. Archived from
2050:
2041:
2032:
2031:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1873:
1867:
1856:
1845:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1821:
1811:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1761:10.1037/a0023195
1754:
1734:
1725:
1724:
1696:
1690:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1595:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1473:Kohut H (1971).
1470:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1387:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1329:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1223:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1203:
1192:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1167:on 9 August 2022
1161:SigmundFreud.net
1153:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1005:
999:
982:
971:
960:
959:
957:
956:
928:
922:
921:
893:
887:
886:
884:
882:
863:
857:
856:
828:
822:
821:
819:
817:
797:
791:
790:
772:
748:
739:
738:
736:
734:
715:
706:
705:
703:
701:
682:
611:Agreeing on the
568:American culture
510:Machiavellianism
388:sexual addiction
373:overcompensation
177:libidinal energy
83:is derived from
3659:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3579:
3562:
3535:
3516:(Lemoyne, 1728)
3468:
3441:
3420:
3405:
3375:
3370:
3356:
3325:
3245:
3204:
3190:Messiah complex
3148:
3143:
3113:
3107:
3094:
3087:
3074:
3068:
3051:
3045:
3032:
3026:
3013:
3007:
2979:
2975:
2973:Further reading
2970:
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2462:
2449:(1–2): 126–34.
2440:
2439:
2435:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2337:Hill V (2005).
2336:
2335:
2331:
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2284:
2279:
2278:
2269:
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2249:
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2005:
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1993:
1980:
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1945:
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1910:
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1839:
1835:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1752:10.1.1.684.1672
1736:
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1684:
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1668:
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749:
742:
732:
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717:
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709:
699:
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684:
683:
679:
674:
642:
590:
577:
559:" programs and
545:
528:
522:
498:
471:
424:
418:
402:
396:
383:or femininity.
362:
357:
337:
317:
308:
303:
279:
266:Theodore Millon
250:
244:
231:
222:
217:
215:Characteristics
77:
30:
19:
12:
11:
5:
3657:
3656:
3653:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
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3597:
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3587:
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3537:
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3493:
3485:
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3406:
3404:
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3396:
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3372:
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3333:
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3253:
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3247:
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3228:
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3206:
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3141:
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3127:
3119:
3112:
3111:
3105:
3092:
3085:
3072:
3066:
3049:
3043:
3030:
3024:
3011:
3005:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2934:
2868:
2861:
2834:
2827:
2800:
2755:
2748:
2726:
2719:
2699:
2692:
2670:
2663:
2638:
2627:(3): 437–453.
2611:
2550:
2541:
2532:
2523:
2516:
2495:
2476:(4): 1071–88.
2460:
2433:
2403:10.1.1.337.396
2396:(1): 219–229.
2380:
2361:(4): 762–776.
2344:
2329:
2326:on 2020-06-05.
2267:
2260:
2239:
2212:
2205:
2184:
2125:
2118:
2112:. p. 73.
2100:
2065:
2033:
1998:
1991:
1973:
1938:
1903:
1884:(4): 279–292.
1868:
1846:
1833:
1774:
1745:(3): 200–207.
1726:
1691:
1682:
1661:
1607:
1578:(5): 473–478.
1558:
1551:
1533:
1506:(2): 154–165.
1490:
1483:
1462:
1416:(3): 400–416.
1396:
1366:
1356:
1338:
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1035:
1028:
1010:
989:
961:
943:
923:
888:
871:britannica.com
858:
839:(5): 415–422.
823:
792:
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707:
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673:
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619:
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553:Charles Derber
544:
541:
524:Main article:
521:
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514:Delroy Paulhus
497:
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485:Robert Millman
470:
467:
432:status symbols
420:Main article:
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398:Main article:
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185:Robert Waelder
163:self-important
143:Havelock Ellis
135:
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17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
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3:
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3448:
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3438:
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3423:
3419:
3418:
3417:Metamorphoses
3413:
3409:
3402:
3397:
3395:
3390:
3388:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3369:
3359:
3353:
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3335:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3322:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3304:mortification
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3285:Narcissistic
3284:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3236:Me generation
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
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3217:
3214:
3213:
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3108:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3052:Hotchkiss S,
3050:
3046:
3040:
3036:
3031:
3027:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3008:
3002:
2998:
2994:
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2986:
2982:
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2643:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2615:
2612:
2601:on 2022-10-31
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2088:
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2080:
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2069:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2053:The Therapist
2047:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2014:(2): 103–07.
2013:
2009:
2002:
1999:
1994:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1907:
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1843:
1837:
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1829:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1794:(4): e93403.
1793:
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1748:
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1671:
1665:
1662:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1631:(4): 177–96.
1630:
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1195:sas.upenn.edu
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946:
940:
936:
935:
927:
924:
919:
915:
911:
907:
904:(5): 101388.
903:
899:
892:
889:
876:
873:. Britanica.
872:
868:
862:
859:
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594:
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588:Controversies
587:
585:
581:
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569:
564:
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558:
554:
550:
542:
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538:
537:ethnocentrism
533:
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181:
178:
174:
170:
169:Sigmund Freud
166:
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160:
156:
151:
149:
144:
140:
132:
129:
126:
123:
122:
121:
117:
115:
111:
107:
102:
100:
96:
95:
94:Metamorphoses
90:
86:
82:
74:
72:
70:
66:
62:
58:
53:
51:
44:
41:(1597–99) by
40:
39:
34:
28:
24:
16:
3590:
3554:
3546:
3532:(Dali, 1937)
3527:
3519:
3511:
3503:
3495:
3487:
3479:
3460:
3452:
3415:
3337:Compensation
3145:
3096:
3076:
3057:
3054:Masterson JF
3034:
3015:
2984:
2958:. Retrieved
2947:
2937:
2902:
2898:
2852:
2818:
2791:. Retrieved
2772:
2768:
2758:
2735:
2729:
2709:
2702:
2681:
2673:
2654:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2603:. Retrieved
2596:the original
2575:
2571:
2544:
2535:
2526:
2507:
2473:
2469:
2463:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2358:
2354:
2347:
2338:
2332:
2321:the original
2292:
2288:
2251:
2230:. Retrieved
2215:
2196:
2142:
2138:
2128:
2109:
2103:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2057:the original
2052:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1982:
1976:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1919:(1): 24–34.
1916:
1912:
1906:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1863:
1859:
1841:
1836:
1791:
1787:
1777:
1742:
1738:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1685:
1674:. Retrieved
1672:. 2022-11-03
1664:
1653:. Retrieved
1628:
1624:
1610:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1542:
1536:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1474:
1454:. Retrieved
1413:
1409:
1399:
1391:
1384:. Retrieved
1379:
1369:
1361:
1347:
1341:
1333:
1326:. Retrieved
1317:
1307:
1299:
1292:. Retrieved
1283:
1273:
1255:
1252:
1246:
1227:
1206:. Retrieved
1194:
1186:Strachey J.
1181:
1169:. Retrieved
1165:the original
1160:
1151:
1140:. Retrieved
1131:
1121:
1110:. Retrieved
1095:
1088:
1076:. Retrieved
1071:
1061:
1044:
1038:
1019:
1013:
1002:. Retrieved
976:
953:. Retrieved
933:
926:
901:
897:
891:
881:14 September
879:. Retrieved
870:
861:
836:
832:
826:
814:. Retrieved
805:
795:
760:
756:
733:14 September
731:. Retrieved
722:
700:14 September
698:. Retrieved
689:
680:
646:Compensation
627:
591:
582:
578:
565:
561:social media
549:World War II
546:
529:
499:
475:
472:
463:
459:
456:
448:
429:
425:
410:
407:
403:
385:
377:
363:
338:
318:
309:
282:Heritability
280:
277:Heritability
271:Karen Horney
254:pathological
251:
232:
223:
202:
196:
192:Karen Horney
190:
182:
167:
159:Ernest Jones
152:
136:
118:
103:
92:
80:
78:
71:disability.
69:psychosocial
54:
49:
48:
36:
15:
3559:(2012 film)
3551:(1983 film)
3352:Grandiosity
3347:Entitlement
3221:Don Juanism
3170:God complex
2981:Blackburn S
2905:: 291–315.
2769:M/C Journal
2232:18 November
1617:Rhodewalt F
1328:14 November
1294:21 December
1208:14 December
1171:14 December
1078:14 December
1072:archive.org
763:(1): 3–31.
666:Self-esteem
661:Grandiosity
656:Entitlement
613:etiological
506:psychopathy
381:masculinity
295:entitlement
291:grandiosity
286:concordance
236:grandiosity
155:God complex
106:selfishness
3612:Narcissism
3606:Categories
3591:Narcissism
3425:Characters
3314:withdrawal
3269:Dark triad
3231:Leadership
3209:In society
3146:Narcissism
2960:9 November
2793:7 February
2605:2022-11-20
1866:(1), 3-31.
1676:2024-01-22
1655:2019-07-04
1456:2022-11-20
1430:1871/17274
1374:Malkin C.
1142:2021-12-14
1112:2012-01-22
1004:2018-11-07
955:2023-05-09
808:. Web MD.
672:References
557:reality TV
502:dark triad
496:Dark triad
436:smartphone
369:egocentric
335:Vulnerable
139:Paul Näcke
81:narcissism
50:Narcissism
43:Caravaggio
3574:Narcissus
3556:Narcissus
3548:Narcissus
3513:Narcissus
3497:Narcissus
3489:Narcissus
3437:Narcissus
2942:Zanor C.
2929:207585237
2490:145170557
2428:145798157
2398:CiteSeerX
2028:143630223
1948:Sex Roles
1769:1931-390X
1747:CiteSeerX
1615:Morf CC,
1386:April 12,
1126:Evans N.
1066:Jones E.
1047:: 15–26.
918:219435184
806:webmd.com
787:206682971
532:self-love
481:celebrity
469:Celebrity
444:attention
416:Workplace
315:Grandiose
183:In 1925,
148:Otto Rank
85:Narcissus
79:The term
38:Narcissus
3368:Category
3294:neurosis
3160:Egomania
3056:(2003).
2983:(2014).
2954:Archived
2921:28301765
2787:Archived
2592:19968420
2375:16834504
2317:28823065
2309:18794326
2226:Archived
2179:25775577
2095:22433002
1968:19749572
1828:24695616
1788:PLOS ONE
1649:Archived
1619:(2001).
1602:31259606
1520:16768652
1450:Archived
1446:12903591
1438:15382988
1322:Archived
1288:Archived
1199:Archived
1136:Archived
995:Archived
949:Archived
875:Archived
853:25930131
810:Archived
779:28132598
727:Archived
694:Archived
640:See also
615:factors,
440:flattery
394:Parental
258:Kernberg
114:Hussites
3584:Related
3342:Empathy
3299:elation
3262:history
3241:Parents
3165:Egotism
2420:9686460
2170:4378434
2147:Bibcode
1933:8169963
1898:1815094
1819:3973692
1796:Bibcode
1721:8238637
1645:2004430
1593:6710132
1528:1924100
816:18 June
651:Empathy
452:profits
3637:Egoism
3576:(1891)
3465:(1779)
3457:(1714)
3446:Operas
3309:supply
3289:injury
3180:Hubris
3103:
3083:
3064:
3041:
3022:
3003:
2927:
2919:
2859:
2825:
2746:
2717:
2690:
2661:
2590:
2514:
2488:
2426:
2418:
2400:
2373:
2315:
2307:
2258:
2203:
2177:
2167:
2116:
2093:
2026:
1989:
1966:
1931:
1896:
1826:
1816:
1767:
1749:
1719:
1643:
1600:
1590:
1549:
1526:
1518:
1481:
1444:
1436:
1354:
1261:
1234:
1103:
1026:
987:
941:
916:
851:
785:
777:
412:them.
360:Sexual
264:, and
110:hubris
3567:Music
3410:from
2925:S2CID
2775:(5).
2599:(PDF)
2568:(PDF)
2486:S2CID
2424:S2CID
2324:(PDF)
2313:S2CID
2285:(PDF)
2060:(PDF)
2049:(PDF)
2024:S2CID
1964:S2CID
1641:S2CID
1524:S2CID
1442:S2CID
1202:(PDF)
1191:(PDF)
998:(PDF)
981:(PDF)
914:S2CID
783:S2CID
262:Kohut
3540:Film
3432:Echo
3412:Ovid
3101:ISBN
3081:ISBN
3062:ISBN
3039:ISBN
3020:ISBN
3001:ISBN
2962:2010
2917:PMID
2857:ISBN
2823:ISBN
2795:2013
2744:ISBN
2715:ISBN
2688:ISBN
2659:ISBN
2588:PMID
2512:ISBN
2416:PMID
2371:PMID
2305:PMID
2256:ISBN
2234:2023
2201:ISBN
2175:PMID
2114:ISBN
2091:PMID
1987:ISBN
1929:PMID
1894:PMID
1824:PMID
1765:ISSN
1717:PMID
1598:PMID
1547:ISBN
1516:PMID
1479:ISBN
1434:PMID
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