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787:, claimed that the Imam had an infant son, named Muhammad, who was kept hidden from the public out of fear of Abbasid persecution, as they sought to eliminate an expected child of al-Askari, whom persistent rumors described as a savior. Uthman also claimed that he had been appointed to represent Muhammad, who is more commonly known as Muhammad al-Mahdi (
1036:. The shrine also houses the tombs of Hasan al-Askari, Ali al-Hadi, and Hakima Khatun. As an important destination for Shia pilgrimage, the shrine was bombed in February 2006 and badly damaged. Another attack was executed on 13 June 2007, which led to the destruction of the two minarets of the shrine. Authorities in Iraq hold
1130:
948:
The earliest account of his birth is given by Ibn
Babawayh on the authority of Hakima Khatun, a close relative who was held in high esteem by the tenth and eleventh Imams. The account describes that the pregnancy of Narjis miraculously had no physical signs, similar to Moses' mother, and that Hakima
981:
After the death of al-Askari, there are reports that his residence was searched and the women were examined for pregnancy, possibly in the hope of finding his heir. A female servant of al-Askari was held for a while, perhaps due to false rumors of her pregnancy designed to distract the
Abbasids in
1001:
sects. Ja'far also contested al-Askari's will and raised the case with the authorities. Al-Askari was apparently childless, and Hadith was thus regarded as the sole inheritor in Shia law. The caliph, however, ruled the inheritance to be divided between Hadith and Ja'far. When Narjis escaped from
806:
Being the closest associate of al-Askari, Uthman's assertions were largely accepted by other representatives of al-Askari. Those who accepted the imamate of this
Muhammad later formed the Twelvers. The other sects created over the succession of al-Askari disappeared within a hundred years.
877:), based on a chain of authority leading to Bishr ibn Sulayman al-Nakhkhas. According to this account, Narjis was a slave, bought providentially by an agent of al-Hadi, who had recognized by clairvoyance in her the future mother of al-Mahdi. This and the detailed accounts of
952:
The
Twelver accounts add that, except for a few trusted associates, the existence of al-Mahdi was kept secret since the Abbasids sought to eliminate the son of al-Askari, whom persistent rumors described as a savior. Hussain writes that the infant must have been sent to
2250:
997:, who had earlier unsuccessfully laid claim to the imamate after the death of their father, al-Hadi. Ja'far repeated his claims to the imamate after the death of al-Askari, which found a following this time in the form of the now-extinct Ja'fariyya and
845:
Muhammad al-Mahdi is said to have been born to Narjis, though some sources give her name differently as Sawsan, Rayhana, Sayqal, and Maryam. The first three are names of flowers. As a slave, those names were likely given to her by her owner,
837:, which continues to this day. The letter, ascribed to Muhammad al-Mahdi, added that the complete occultation would continue until God granted him permission to manifest himself again in a time when the earth would be filled with tyranny.
957:, where al-Askari's mother lived. It is also known that al-Askari left his estate to his mother, Hadith. Amir-Moezzi and Hussain suggest that this was another tactic by al-Askari to hide the birth of his son: in Shia jurisprudence (
949:
Khatun was brought in as midwife only when the birth was due. While this and similar accounts are hagiographic in nature, they seem to suggest that the pregnancy of Narjis and birth of his son were deliberately concealed.
762:, who is reported to have kept the eleventh Imam under house arrest without any visitors. Instead, al-Askari is known to have mainly communicated with his followers through a network of representatives. Among them was
711:), al-Mahdi is believed by the Twelvers to have entered a state of occultation which continues until his rise in the end of time to establish peace and justice on earth. The origin of Narjis is recorded as the
977:
sent his doctors and servants to attend the Imam. Considering that al-Askari did not have an obvious heir, some have suggested that the caliph intended to closely monitor al-Askari from within his residence.
885:
describe Narjis as a captured grand-daughter of the
Byzantine emperor and a pious woman who learned about her future union with al-Askari in a dream. These accounts have been described as hagiographic.
770:
suggests that these restrictions were placed on al-Askari because the caliphate had come to know about traditions among the Shia elite, predicting that the eleventh Imam would father the eschatological
928:, which is celebrated by the Shia for this occasion. The differences in these accounts have been attributed to al-Askari's attempts to hide the birth of his son from the Abbasids.
747:, respectively) were held under close surveillance in the garrison town of Samarra by the Abbasids, who are often responsible in Shia sources for poisoning the two Imams.
833:
shortly before his death in 941 CE. The letter predicted the death of al-Samarri in six days and announced the beginning of the complete occultation, later called the
908:(the ninth Imam) and paternal aunt of al-Askari. Narjis was given in marriage to al-Askari by his father, al-Hadi, when the former was about twenty-two years old.
703:
persecution as they sought to eliminate an expected child of the eleventh Imam, whom persistent rumors described as a savior. After the death of his father in 260
993:, on one side, and a brother of al-Askari, on the other side. Before his death, al-Askari left his estate to his mother, Hadith, to the exclusion of his brother,
1002:
al-Mu'tamid's palace, the tensions between the two groups heightened to the point that Narjis was given protection by a member of the powerful Shia family
830:
989:. She was subsequently held in al-Mu'tamid's palace for observation. Her escape from the palace placed her at the center of disputes between Uthman and
924:
as the
Islamic prophet, though he is more commonly known as Muhammad al-Mahdi. His birthdate is given differently, but most sources seem to agree on 15
916:
Twelver sources report that the son of al-Askari was born to his wife, Narjis, around 255 (868). He was named Abu al-Qasim
Muhammad, the same name and
2150:
825:, 260-329 AH, 874–941 CE), during which it is believed that four successive agents represented Muhammad al-Mahdi, the Hidden Imam. The fourth agent,
826:
2252:
Crisis and
Consolidation in the Formative Period of Shi'ite Islam: Abū Ja'far Ibn Qiba Al-Rāzī and His Contribution to Imāmite Shī'ite Thought
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in the Quran, who was miraculously saved from the pharaoh. As a child Imam, al-Mahdi is also often compared in
Twelver sources to
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After the death of al-Askari, Narjis claimed to be pregnant to stop the officers from searching for the newborn, according to
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opposition. The restrictive policies of al-Mutawakkil towards the tenth Imam were later adopted by his son,
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2024:
Graham Bowley (13 June 2007). "Minarets on Shia Shrine in Iraq
Destroyed in Attack". New York Times.
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1078:, directed by Hadi Mohamadian, is an animated movie about Narjis, the mother of Muhammad al-Mahdi.
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900:), who writes that Narjis was a slave, born and raised in the house of
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Divine Guide in Early Shi'ism: The Sources of Esotericism in Islam
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2318:"HASAN AL-'ASKARI, ABU MUHAMMAD HASAN IBN 'ALI (c. AD 845-74)"
2118:
Eliash, J. (2022). "Ḥasan Al-ʿAskarī". In Bearman, P. (ed.).
815:
Thus began a period of about seventy years, later termed the
2286:"ISLAM IN IRAN vii. THE CONCEPT OF MAHDI IN TWELVER SHIʿISM"
2273:
Holt, P.M.; Lambton, Ann K.S.; Lewis, Bernard, eds. (1970).
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Mother of Muhammad al-Mahdi, the Hidden Imam in Twelver Shia
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The Shi'ite Religion: A History of Islam in Persia and Iraḳ
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Twelve Infallible Men: The Imams and the Making of Shi'ism
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1065:). Into this well, al-Mahdi is said to have disappeared.
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Occultation of the Twelfth Imam: A Historical Background
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Islamic Messianism: The Idea of Mahdī in Twelver Shīʻism
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The origin of Narjis is recorded by some sources as the
2360:. Vol. 2. Macmillan Reference. pp. 273, 274.
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heavily persecuted the Shia, partly due to a renewed
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866:. The earliest account about her origin is given by
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2322:Encyclopedia of Islamic Civilization and Religion
889:Possibly the correct account is the one given by
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719:and her tomb is believed to be located in the
939:, since both are viewed as the proof of God (
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8:
2379:(Third ed.). Rowman & Littlefield.
750:Contemporary to the tenth Imam, the Abbasid
1448:
1238:
1050:
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2358:Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World
2279:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press.
2122:(Second ed.). Brill Reference Online.
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1049:) that hides a well (Bi'r al-Ghayba,
1024:The tomb of Narjis is located in the
7:
2292:. Vol. XIV/2. pp. 136–143.
1980:from the original on 7 November 2016
1328:
2006:from the original on 2 October 2016
680:
2297:Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2016).
2284:Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2007).
25:
2211:Tabatabai, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn
2128:Sachedina, Abdulaziz Abdulhussein
2000:"Iraqi blast damages Shia shrine"
1974:"Blast hits key Iraq Shia shrine"
1082:was screened at the thirty-third
2402:. Alta Mira. pp. 178, 179.
2320:. In Netton, Ian Richard (ed.).
1128:
1114:
1100:
1084:Fajr International Film Festival
629:
98:
2356:. In Martin, Richard C. (ed.).
1090:and received positive reviews.
2377:Historical Dictionary of Islam
2347:. Vol. II/7. p. 769.
2276:The Cambridge history of Islam
2193:An Introduction to Shi'i Islam
2176:. Routledge Kegan & Paul.
1208:Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1970
1:
2400:The New Encyclopedia of Islam
2238:Donaldson, Dwight M. (1933).
1040:responsible for this attack.
831:letter from Muhammad al-Mahdi
829:, is said to have received a
2432:9th-century Byzantine people
2316:Hulmes, Edward D.A. (2013).
2249:Modarressi, Hossein (1993).
2103:. Harvard University Press.
969:After the death of al-Askari
895:
872:
461:Bektashism and folk religion
40:
2427:9th-century Byzantine women
2394:Glassé, Cyril, ed. (2008).
2170:Hussain, Jassim M. (1986).
2071:"Princess of Rome released"
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960:
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919:
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2375:Adamec, Ludwig W. (2017).
2324:. Routledge. p. 217.
912:Birth of Muhammad al-Mahdi
2195:. Yale University Press.
39:
18:Narjis daughter of Yeshua
2152:A History of Shi'i Islam
2149:Daftary, Farhad (2013).
2099:Pierce, Matthew (2016).
1154:The Fourteen Infallibles
608:Umm Farwah bint al-Qasim
2352:Gleave, Robert (2004).
1060:well of the occultation
2191:Momen, Moojan (1985).
2120:Encyclopaedia of Islam
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543:Khadija bint Khuwaylid
130:Succession to Muhammad
2447:Wives of Shiite Imams
2345:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2290:Encyclopaedia Iranica
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735:Historical background
683:) is believed by the
636:Shia Islam portal
262:Verse of purification
109:Beliefs and practices
2036:, pp. 161, 162.
1360:, pp. 162, 163.
1304:, pp. 184, 185.
1086:in February 2015 in
822:al-ghaybat al-sughra
558:Umm Kulthum bint Ali
237:Mourning of Muharram
167:Mourning of Muharram
2221:Sayyid Hossein Nasr
1659:, pp. 218–222.
1598:, pp. 87, 206.
1532:, pp. 162–164.
573:Ruqayya bint Husayn
480:Extinct Shi'a sects
200:Days of remembrance
187:Arbaʽeen Pilgrimage
182:The Four Companions
1810:, pp. 39, 40.
1647:, pp. 68, 69.
1505:, pp. 79, 80.
1186:, pp. 25, 26.
1174:, pp. 43, 44.
1069:In popular culture
1022:
798:the rightly guided
779:Death of al-Askari
393:Atba-i-Malak Bohra
320:Branches and sects
267:Two weighty things
2339:Halm, H. (1987).
2077:. 5 November 2015
1870:, pp. 77–79.
1122:Shia Islam portal
835:Major Occultation
817:Minor Occultation
699:, out of fear of
693:Muhammad al-Mahdi
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568:Fatima bint Hasan
297:Battle of Karbala
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69:Muhammad al-Mahdi
16:(Redirected from
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2258:. Darwin Press.
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2301:. SUNY Press.
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2140:
2134:. Suny press.
2124:
2115:
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2094:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2062:
2050:
2048:, p. 233.
2046:Donaldson 1933
2038:
2026:
2017:
1991:
1965:
1963:, p. 388.
1953:
1951:, p. 246.
1949:Donaldson 1933
1938:
1934:Sachedina 1981
1926:
1914:
1899:
1897:, p. 163.
1887:
1883:Sachedina 1981
1872:
1860:
1845:
1824:
1812:
1808:Sachedina 1981
1800:
1788:
1786:, p. 137.
1776:
1764:
1760:Sachedina 1981
1752:
1748:Sachedina 1981
1740:
1738:, p. 185.
1736:Tabatabai 1975
1721:
1719:, p. 229.
1717:Donaldson 1933
1709:
1705:Sachedina 1981
1692:
1673:
1661:
1657:Donaldson 1933
1649:
1632:
1630:, p. 222.
1628:Donaldson 1933
1617:
1615:, p. 161.
1600:
1596:Sachedina 1981
1588:
1584:Sachedina 1981
1576:
1572:Sachedina 1981
1564:
1562:, p. 164.
1549:
1534:
1522:
1507:
1495:
1483:
1468:
1466:, p. 162.
1453:
1410:
1393:
1389:Sachedina 1981
1362:
1350:
1333:
1318:
1314:Sachedina 1981
1306:
1302:Tabatabai 1975
1294:
1290:Sachedina 1981
1282:
1267:
1255:
1251:Sachedina 1981
1243:
1231:
1212:
1210:, p. 126.
1200:
1196:Sachedina 1981
1188:
1184:Sachedina 1981
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1163:
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1151:
1146:
1140:
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1125:
1111:
1095:
1092:
1070:
1067:
1011:
1008:
982:their search.
970:
967:
913:
910:
904:, daughter of
898: 1022 CE
855:
852:
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809:
780:
777:
736:
733:
668:
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665:
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638:
625:
624:
621:
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618:Sayyida Nafisa
615:
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593:Hakimah Khātūn
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388:Hebtiahs Bohra
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2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2411:
2409:9781905299683
2405:
2401:
2397:
2396:"Hidden Imām"
2392:
2388:
2386:9781442277236
2382:
2378:
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2369:
2367:0-02-865604-0
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2359:
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2308:9780791494790
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2265:9780878500956
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2243:
2242:
2236:
2232:
2230:0-87395-390-8
2226:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2216:Shi'ite Islam
2212:
2208:
2204:
2202:9780300034998
2198:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2183:9780710301581
2179:
2175:
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2164:
2162:9780755608669
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2110:9780674737075
2106:
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2063:
2059:
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2027:
2021:
2018:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1936:, p. 90.
1935:
1930:
1927:
1924:, p. 82.
1923:
1918:
1915:
1912:, p. 90.
1911:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1861:
1858:, p. 76.
1857:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1843:, p. 77.
1842:
1837:
1835:
1833:
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1829:
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1822:, p. 75.
1821:
1816:
1813:
1809:
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1801:
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1792:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1753:
1750:, p. 74.
1749:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1710:
1707:, p. 72.
1706:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1690:, p. 70.
1689:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1671:, p. 69.
1670:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1653:
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1641:
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1637:
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1624:
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1607:
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1601:
1597:
1592:
1589:
1586:, p. 84.
1585:
1580:
1577:
1574:, p. 96.
1573:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1547:, p. 66.
1546:
1541:
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1531:
1526:
1523:
1520:, p. 60.
1519:
1514:
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1493:, p. 92.
1492:
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1408:, p. 63.
1407:
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1391:, p. 41.
1390:
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1379:
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1371:
1369:
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1348:, p. 77.
1347:
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1316:, p. 40.
1315:
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1291:
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1274:
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1256:
1253:, p. 29.
1252:
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1244:
1241:, p. 65.
1240:
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1228:
1223:
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1198:, p. 28.
1197:
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907:
903:
902:Hakima Khatun
892:
887:
884:
880:
875: 991 CE
869:
865:
861:
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851:
849:
848:Hakima Khatun
840:
838:
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828:
823:
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376:Dawoodi Bohra
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67:
63:
60:
57:
53:
50:Samarra, Iraq
49:
47:Resting place
45:
38:
31:
19:
2437:Shia Muslims
2399:
2376:
2357:
2344:
2321:
2298:
2289:
2275:
2251:
2244:. AMS Press.
2240:
2215:
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2172:
2151:
2131:
2119:
2100:
2079:. Retrieved
2074:
2065:
2053:
2041:
2029:
2020:
2010:14 September
2008:. Retrieved
1994:
1984:14 September
1982:. Retrieved
1968:
1956:
1929:
1917:
1890:
1863:
1856:Hussain 1986
1841:Hussain 1986
1820:Hussain 1986
1815:
1803:
1796:Hussain 1986
1791:
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1772:Hussain 1986
1767:
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1688:Hussain 1986
1669:Hussain 1986
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1645:Hussain 1986
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1579:
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1545:Daftary 2013
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1406:Daftary 2013
1353:
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1108:Islam portal
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857:
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814:
805:
782:
749:
738:
672:
671:
597:
563:Umm al-Banin
292:Second Fitna
172:Intercession
162:Judgment Day
2354:"GHAYBA(T)"
2081:16 November
2075:www.irna.ir
2058:Glassé 2008
1961:Adamec 2017
1910:Pierce 2016
1784:Pierce 2016
1479:Gleave 2004
1278:Eliash 2022
1263:Hulmes 2013
1144:Ahl al-Bayt
975:al-Mu'tamid
811:Occultation
760:al-Mu'tamid
741:Ali al-Hadi
493:Ahl al-Kisa
408:Qutbi Bohra
403:Alavi Bohra
381:Progressive
307:Persecution
287:First Fitna
242:Omar Koshan
227:Eid al-Adha
222:Eid al-Fitr
125:Prophethood
2421:Categories
2034:Momen 1985
1895:Momen 1985
1613:Momen 1985
1560:Momen 1985
1530:Momen 1985
1518:Momen 1985
1464:Momen 1985
1358:Momen 1985
1227:Momen 1985
1172:Momen 1985
1160:References
1004:Nawbakht]i
827:al-Samarri
548:Umm Salama
532:Holy women
120:Holy Books
115:Monotheism
91:Shia Islam
2341:"ʿASKARĪ"
1329:Halm 1987
987:Sachedina
768:Tabatabai
713:Byzantine
707:(873-874
583:Shahrbanu
468:Qizilbash
2442:Twelvers
2213:(1975).
2130:(1981).
2004:Archived
1978:Archived
1094:See also
1038:al-Qaeda
999:Fathiyya
906:al-Jawad
891:al-Mufid
685:Twelvers
500:Muhammad
456:Bektashi
432:Satpanth
366:Musta'li
361:Isma'ili
272:Mubahala
212:Arba'een
83:a series
81:Part of
65:Children
2452:Mahdism
2093:Sources
2002:. BBC.
1976:. BBC.
1054:
1030:Samarra
991:his son
926:Sha'ban
879:Majlesi
792:
725:Samarra
701:Abbasid
681:نَرْجِس
371:Tayyibi
342:Shaykhi
332:Akhbari
327:Ja'fari
255:History
145:Twelver
140:Ismaili
135:Imamate
41:نَرْجِس
2406:
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1088:Tehran
1046:sardab
995:Ja'far
955:Medina
854:Origin
677:Arabic
673:Narjis
598:Narjis
538:Fatima
520:Husayn
510:Fatima
473:Ishiki
441:Ghulat
422:Nizari
415:Hafizi
354:Houthi
302:Origin
217:Mawlid
207:Ashura
177:Clergy
157:Angels
55:Spouse
34:Narjis
2256:(PDF)
942:hujja
937:Jesus
933:Moses
920:kunya
864:Nubia
773:Mahdi
756:Zaydi
717:Nubia
578:Rubab
515:Hasan
451:Alevi
446:Alawi
427:Khoja
349:Zaydi
337:Usuli
277:Khumm
150:Zaydi
2404:ISBN
2381:ISBN
2362:ISBN
2326:ISBN
2303:ISBN
2260:ISBN
2225:ISBN
2197:ISBN
2178:ISBN
2157:ISBN
2136:ISBN
2105:ISBN
2083:2015
2012:2016
1986:2016
1051:lit.
1034:Iraq
1010:Tomb
961:fiqh
883:Tusi
881:and
841:Name
789:lit.
743:and
729:Iraq
689:Imam
1028:in
862:or
803:).
723:in
715:or
505:Ali
2423::
2398:.
2343:.
2288:.
2073:.
1941:^
1902:^
1875:^
1848:^
1827:^
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1321:^
1270:^
1215:^
1032:,
1006:.
896:d.
873:d.
775:.
731:.
727:,
709:CE
705:AH
691:,
679::
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2412:.
2389:.
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2060:.
2014:.
1988:.
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1451:.
1331:.
1280:.
1265:.
1063:'
1057:'
893:(
870:(
819:(
801:'
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675:(
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