97:
253:). It also suggests that every second or third year the beginning of the year was postponed by one month. The intercalation doubled the month of the pilgrimage, that is, the month of the pilgrimage and the following month were given the same name, postponing the names and the sanctity of all subsequent months in the year by one. The first intercalation doubled the first month Muharram, then three years later the second month Safar was doubled, continuing until the intercalation had passed through all twelve months of the year and returned to Muharram, when it was repeated. The Arabs, according to one explanation mentioned by Abu Ma'shar, learned of this type of intercalation from the
888:
47:
368:
and sanctify that which God has declared to be profane. Assuredly time, in its revolution, has returned to such as it was at the creation of the heavens and the earth. In the eyes of God the number of the months is twelve. Among these twelve months four are sacred, namely, Rajab, which stands alone, and three others which are consecutive.
297:
The number of months with Allah has been twelve months by Allah's ordinance since the day He created the heavens and the earth. Of these four are known as forbidden ; That is the straight usage, so do not wrong yourselves therein, and fight against the disbelievers collectively as they fight against
367:
Certainly the Nasi' is an impious addition, which has led the infidels into error. One year they authorise the Nasi', another year they forbid it. They observe the divine precept with respect to the number of the sacred months, but in fact they profane that which God has declared to be inviolable,
201:
has nothing to do with intercalation, but only with moving religious events within the calendar itself. The similarity between the religious concept of this ancient inscription and the Qur'an suggests that non-calendaring postponement is also the Qur'anic meaning of
163:
is related to the pagan practices of the Meccan Arabs, where they would alter the distribution of the forbidden months within a given year without implying a calendar manipulation. This interpretation is supported by Arab historians and lexicographers, like
305:
are led to wrong thereby: for they make it lawful one year, and forbidden another year, of months forbidden by Allah and make such forbidden ones lawful. The evil of their course seems pleasing to them. But Allah guideth not those who reject
331:
began. If Nasīʾ meant intercalation, then the number and the position of the intercalary months between 1 AH and 10 AH are uncertain; Western calendar dates commonly cited for key events in early Islam such as the Hijra, the
226:
added from time to time to keep the pilgrimage within the season of the year when merchandise was most abundant. This interpretation was first proposed by the Muslim astrologer and astronomer
567:
186:
and the fairs associated with it in the vicinity of Mecca to a suitable season of the year. It was not intended to establish a fixed calendar to be generally observed."
159:
Some scholars maintain that the pre-Islamic calendar used in
Central Arabia was a purely lunar calendar similar to the modern Islamic calendar. According to this view,
65:
462:
96:
641:
1154:
1285:
1209:
596:
83:
388:, month 7. These months were considered forbidden both within the new Islamic calendar and within the pre-Islamic Meccan calendar.
634:
1137:
919:
713:
708:
1204:
924:
214:
Others concur that the pre-Islamic calendar was originally a lunar calendar, but suggest that about 200 years before the
1032:
907:
128:
887:
327:
would presumably have been announced when the intercalated month had returned to its position just before the month of
1280:
934:
627:
223:
31:
1275:
954:
227:
100:"Muhammad forbids the intercalation of an additional month in the lunar year," from a 16th-century manuscript
947:
178:
997:
992:
748:
372:
The three successive forbidden months mentioned by
Muhammad (months in which battles are forbidden) are
35:
1106:
673:
426:
F.C. De Blois, "TAʾRĪKH": I.1.iv. "Pre-Islamic and agricultural calendars of the
Arabian peninsula",
341:
238:(c. 896–956), and some Western scholars. This view was also held by the Quran scholar and translator
1116:
360:
258:
344:, should be viewed with caution as they might be in error by one, two or even three lunar months.
650:
467:
402:
266:
239:
219:
136:
1101:
817:
763:
551:
531:
1111:
1082:
987:
982:
902:
868:
832:
768:
753:
397:
373:
190:
1164:
1146:
977:
698:
348:
254:
108:
1042:
609:
493:
1229:
1094:
852:
665:
337:
333:
270:
1269:
1187:
942:
929:
538:
377:
352:
235:
215:
1214:
723:
356:
140:
571:
1224:
301:
Verily the transposing (of a prohibited month) is an addition to
Unbelief: The
1254:
1067:
1020:
842:
827:
169:
165:
298:
you collectively. But know that Allah is with those who restrain themselves.
1219:
1072:
1002:
837:
812:
231:
182:
concludes, "The Arabic system of can only have been intended to move the
1234:
1179:
1037:
1025:
1015:
873:
847:
743:
731:
381:
311:
286:
1169:
1089:
1077:
1010:
758:
703:
262:
511:. Vol. 2 (4th ed.). Al-maktaba al-tijāriyya. pp. 59–60.
1159:
1121:
1062:
822:
796:
786:
736:
683:
678:
619:
197:) due to war. According to the context of this inscription, the verb
173:
17:
1174:
791:
778:
693:
592:
491:
Mahmud
Effendi (1858), as discussed in Sherrard Beaumont Burnaby,
385:
302:
132:
95:
688:
315:
274:
183:
151:). Different interpretations of its meaning have been proposed.
623:
139:, the decision of "postponement" had been administered by the
40:
30:
For the Coptic month known as el-Nasi in
Egyptian Arabic, see
257:
used by the Jews, since intercalation was announced by the
249:
to be a synonym to the Arabic word for "intercalation" (
261:, meaning "prince", or "ruler". The Hebrew calendar as
193:
inscription, where a religious ritual was "postponed" (
61:
384:, months 11, 12, and 1. The single forbidden month is
347:
This prohibition was mentioned by
Muhammad during the
541:, (London: William H. Allen, 1000/1879) 13–14, 73–74.
521:
189:
This interpretation is also corroborated by an early
1247:
1197:
1145:
1136:
1055:
970:
963:
895:
861:
805:
777:
722:
664:
657:
56:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
135:in the context of the "four forbidden months". In
568:The Holy Qur'an: Text, Translation and Commentary
277:, or spring, and cannot rotate through the year.
155:Postponement unrelated to a fixed-season calendar
610:Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan calendars
494:Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan calendars
365:
295:
635:
285:In the tenth year of the Hijra, according to
8:
422:
420:
418:
572:pp. 1207-1208 in the 1985 King Fahd reprint
355:10 AH (Julian date Friday March 6, 632) on
1142:
967:
661:
642:
628:
620:
269:12, is necessarily lunisolar, because the
27:Aspect of the pre-Islamic Arabian calendar
556:E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam
442:
440:
84:Learn how and when to remove this message
68:, without removing the technical details.
458:
456:
414:
532:"Intercalation of the Ancient Arabs",
509:Muḥāḍarāt tārīkh al-Umam al-Islāmiyya
66:make it understandable to non-experts
7:
112:
119:, "postponement"), also Romanized
25:
534:The Chronology of Ancient Nations
507:Muḥammad al-Khuḍarī Bayk (1935).
886:
45:
245:This interpretation considers
1:
497:(London: 1901), pp. 460–470.
129:pre-Islamic Arabian calendar
607:Sherrard Beaumont Burnaby,
1302:
448:The Encyclopaedia of Islam
428:The Encyclopaedia of Islam
218:it was transformed into a
210:As lunisolar intercalation
32:Egyptian intercalary month
29:
1286:Quranic words and phrases
955:Ancient South Arabian art
884:
351:which was delivered on 9
289::36–37, a prohibition of
273:is fixed to the month of
230:(787–886), and later by
143:, by a man known as the
281:Prohibition under Islam
127:, was an aspect of the
948:Nabataean architecture
481:(in French and Arabic)
370:
321:
179:Encyclopaedia of Islam
101:
34:. For other uses, see
1033:Ancient South Arabian
998:Ancient North Arabian
993:South Semitic scripts
463:Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi
234:(973 – after 1050),
228:Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi
99:
36:Nasi (disambiguation)
446:A. Moberg, "NASI'",
342:Battle of the Trench
172:, and the corpus of
1248:Islamic perspective
896:Society and culture
613:(London: 1901) 370.
361:Farewell Pilgrimage
323:The prohibition of
131:, mentioned in the
1281:Pre-Islamic Arabia
939:Nabataean culture
651:Pre-Islamic Arabia
403:Lunisolar calendar
240:Abdullah Yusuf Ali
220:lunisolar calendar
137:pre-Islamic Arabia
102:
1263:
1262:
1243:
1242:
1132:
1131:
1102:Old South Arabian
882:
881:
818:Achaemenid Arabia
473:Journal Asiatique
224:intercalary month
94:
93:
86:
16:(Redirected from
1293:
1276:Islamic calendar
1143:
1083:Nabataean Arabic
988:Nabataean script
983:Aramaic alphabet
968:
890:
662:
644:
637:
630:
621:
614:
605:
599:
590:
584:
581:
575:
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558:
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542:
539:C. Edward Sachau
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522:
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513:
512:
504:
498:
489:
483:
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460:
451:
444:
435:
424:
398:Islamic calendar
319:
191:Sabaean language
114:
89:
82:
78:
75:
69:
49:
48:
41:
21:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1292:
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1290:
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1239:
1198:Other religions
1193:
1128:
1051:
978:Arabic alphabet
959:
891:
878:
857:
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773:
718:
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648:
618:
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587:
583:Moberg, p. 977.
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570:(Lahore, 1934)
565:
561:
549:
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529:
525:
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516:
506:
505:
501:
490:
486:
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461:
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450:, 2nd, VII:977.
445:
438:
430:, 2nd edition,
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416:
411:
394:
349:Farewell Sermon
320:
310:
283:
255:Hebrew calendar
212:
157:
90:
79:
73:
70:
62:help improve it
59:
50:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
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1232:
1230:Zoroastrianism
1227:
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1199:
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1114:
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1098:
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1095:Hatran Aramaic
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1080:
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862:Central Arabia
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853:Arabia Petraea
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666:Eastern Arabia
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566:Appendix 6 in
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484:
452:
436:
413:
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407:
406:
405:
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393:
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338:Battle of Uhud
334:Battle of Badr
308:
282:
279:
271:lunar new year
222:containing an
211:
208:
156:
153:
92:
91:
53:
51:
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
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1202:
1200:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1188:Book of Idols
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1181:
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1168:
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1120:
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1103:
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1036:
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1001:
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989:
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976:
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953:
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946:
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943:Nabataean art
941:
940:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
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738:
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730:
729:
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721:
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714:Beth Manuzaye
712:
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518:
515:
510:
503:
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495:
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485:
479:(1858) 168+.
478:
474:
470:
469:
468:Kitab al-Uluf
464:
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457:
453:
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443:
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429:
423:
421:
419:
415:
408:
404:
401:
399:
396:
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389:
387:
383:
379:
378:Dhu al-Hijjah
375:
374:Dhu al-Qi'dah
369:
364:
362:
358:
354:
353:Dhu al-Hijjah
350:
345:
343:
339:
335:
330:
326:
317:
313:
307:
304:
299:
294:
293:was enacted:
292:
288:
280:
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276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
243:
242:(1872–1953).
241:
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88:
85:
77:
67:
63:
57:
54:This article
52:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
1215:Samaritanism
1210:Christianity
1186:
912:
806:North Arabia
724:South Arabia
709:Beth Qatraye
608:
603:
588:
579:
562:
555:
550:A. Moberg, "
546:
533:
526:
517:
508:
502:
492:
487:
476:
475:, series 5,
472:
466:
447:
431:
427:
371:
366:
357:Mount Arafat
346:
328:
324:
322:
300:
296:
290:
284:
250:
246:
244:
213:
203:
198:
194:
188:
177:
160:
158:
148:
144:
141:Banu Kinanah
124:
120:
116:
104:
103:
80:
71:
55:
1225:Manichaeism
1107:Ḥaḍramautic
658:Settlements
530:al-Biruni,
465:(787–886),
359:during the
303:Unbelievers
176:. Thus the
145:al-Qalammas
1270:Categories
1255:Jahiliyyah
1147:Polytheism
1117:Qatabanian
1068:Old Arabic
1021:Taymanitic
843:Ghassanids
409:References
363:to Mecca.
236:al-Mas'udi
170:Ibn Manzur
166:Ibn Hisham
74:April 2022
1220:Mandaeism
1073:Dadanitic
1056:Languages
1003:Dadanitic
964:Languages
749:Ḥaḍramawt
287:chapter 9
263:commanded
232:al-Biruni
113:ٱلنَّسِيء
1235:Buddhism
1165:Al-‘Uzzá
1138:Religion
1038:Hasaitic
1026:Thamudic
1016:Safaitic
1007:Dumaitic
920:Marriage
908:Calendar
874:Al-Magar
848:Salīḥids
828:Nabataea
392:See also
382:Muharram
340:and the
312:at-Tawba
309:—
149:qalāmisa
117:an-Nasīʾ
1205:Judaism
1170:Dushara
1155:Deities
1122:Sabaean
1112:Minaean
1090:Aramaic
1078:Hismaic
1011:Hismaic
971:Scripts
925:Slavery
797:Yathrib
759:Qatabān
704:Parthia
699:Lakhmid
597:9:36–37
60:Please
1160:Al-Lat
1063:Arabic
930:Poetry
903:Tribes
838:Tanukh
823:Lihyan
787:Thamud
764:Himyar
737:Kahlan
684:Gerrha
679:Dilmun
595:
537:, tr.
380:, and
336:, the
316:verses
306:Faith.
267:Exodus
251:kabīsa
174:tafsir
109:Arabic
1180:Manāt
1175:Hubal
1043:Geʽez
935:Women
913:Nasi'
869:Kinda
833:Hatra
813:Qedar
792:Mecca
779:Hejaz
769:Aksum
754:Awsān
744:Maʿīn
694:Tylos
674:Magan
593:Quran
552:NASI'
434::260.
386:Rajab
329:Nasīʾ
325:Nasīʾ
318:36-37
291:Nasīʾ
247:Nasīʾ
216:Hijra
204:Nasīʾ
195:ns'ʾw
161:nasīʾ
147:(pl.
133:Quran
125:Nasie
123:, or
121:Nasii
105:Nasiʾ
18:Nasīʾ
732:Saba
689:Awal
275:Aviv
259:Nasi
199:ns'ʾ
184:Hajj
554:",
314:9,
265:in
64:to
1272::
477:xi
471:,
455:^
439:^
417:^
376:,
206:.
168:,
115:,
111::
643:e
636:t
629:v
574:.
432:X
107:(
87:)
81:(
76:)
72:(
58:.
38:.
20:)
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