224:. When a bluefin tuna hatches, there is a chemical imprint in the animal's otoliths based on the water's chemical properties. Fish born in different regions will show clear differences here. Studies of the commercial fishing industry in the United States show that the population of bluefin tuna in the North Atlantic is made up of fish hailing from both coasts. While the fish may live in close proximity out in the Atlantic, they return to their natal region to spawn. Electronic tagging done over several years showed that 95.8 percent of the yearlings tagged in the Mediterranean Sea returned there to spawn. Results for the Gulf of Mexico were 99.3 percent. With the overfishing of this species, scientists have much to learn about their spawning habits in order to sustain the population for both a reliable food source and a healthy ecosystem.
164:
to be imprinted on the water chemistry of their home river, a fact that has been confirmed experimentally. They may use geomagnetic information to get close to the coast and then pick up the olfactory cues. Some animals may make navigational errors and end up in the wrong location. If they successfully breed in these new sites, the animal will have widened its breeding base which may ultimately increase the species' chances of survival. Other, unknown means of navigation may be involved, and further research is needed.
36:
319:
can fully understand how these animals can travel such great distances to reproduce. Fortunately, as technology has progressed, there are several tools now available to scientists such as data loggers equipped with magnetometers that can easily be attached to the animals. Not only do they give data showing the animal relative to the Earth's magnetic field, but some also give latitude based on this, longitude based on light levels, temperature, depth, etc.
994:
270:
use two different navigational systems in sequence when they migrate from the open sea to their spawning grounds. The first one, possibly based on the earth's magnetic field (see
Geomagnetic Imprinting above), is used in the open ocean and probably brings salmon close to their home river. Once they are close to the home river, salmon can use olfactory (chemical) signals to find their spawning area.
302:
locations resulted in navigational errors of over one hundred kilometers in the same period of time. Results from this study show that the navigational tool of geomagnetic imprinting is believed to only navigate the marine animals close to where they were born and then the animals rely on chemical cues of the tributaries and rivers to direct them to back to their birthplace.
176:. Loggerhead sea turtles are thought to show two different types of homing. The first of which comes in the early stages of life. When first heading out to sea, the animals are carried out by tides and currents with little swimming involved. Recent studies now show that the animals demonstrate homing to feeding grounds near their natal birthplace.
261:
magnetic sense and can detect both the intensity (strength) of the Earth's field as well as the inclination angle (angle at which the field lines intersect the earth's surface). Thus, it is plausible that sea turtles, and maybe salmon also, can recognize their home areas using the distinctive magnetic fields that exist there.
305:
These navigational errors have actually strengthened the evolutionary trait of natal homing for marine animals by resulting in some animals straying from their birthplace. Most animals return to their natal region because they know it is a safe place to lay their eggs. These regions will usually have
208:
Other hypotheses rely on the fact that salmon have an extremely strong sense of smell. One hypothesis states that salmon retain an imprint of the odor of their natal stream as they are migrating downstream. Using this memory of the odor, they are able to return to the same stream years later. Another
139:
also practice similar reproductive behaviors. Scientists believe that the main cues used by the animals are geomagnetic imprinting and olfactory cues. The benefits of returning to the precise location of an animal's birth may be largely associated with its safety and suitability as a breeding ground.
318:
Although scientists have been studying marine animals that perform natal homing for years, they are still not positive that geomagnetic imprinting and chemical cues are the only navigational tools they use for their incredible migrations. There is still much more research to be done until scientists
273:
Many of the classical studies demonstrating olfactory imprinting in salmon were carried out by Arthur Hasler and his colleagues. In one particularly famous experiment, young salmon were imprinted with artificial chemicals and were released into the wild to perform their normal migrations. Almost all
269:
Pacific salmon are known to imprint on the chemical signature of their home river. This information helps salmon find their home river once they reach the coast from the open sea. In most cases, chemical cues from rivers are not thought to extend very far out into the ocean. Thus, salmon probably
163:
Various theories have been put forward as to how the animals find their way home. The geomagnetic imprinting hypothesis holds that they are imprinted with the unique magnetic field that exists in their natal area. This is a plausible theory but has not been proven to occur. Pacific salmon are known
309:
The few animals that do not return to their natal region and stray to other places to reproduce will provide the species with a variety of different locations of reproduction, so if the original natal locations have changed, the species will have expanded to more places and will ultimately increase
301:
It has been studied and recorded by scientists that at a beach in eastern Mexico, where Kemp's ridley turtles nest, a navigational error from the inclination angle over a period of one decade would lead the turtles only within an average of 23 kilometres (14 mi) from their natal region. Other
183:
haplotypes that distinguish them from turtles of other nesting areas. Many turtles from the same beaches show up at the same feeding areas. Once reaching sexual maturity in the
Atlantic Oceans, the female Loggerhead makes the long trip back to her natal beach to lay her eggs. The Loggerhead sea
151:
Sea turtles born in any one area differ genetically from turtles born in other areas. The newly hatched young head out to sea and soon find suitable feeding grounds, and it has been shown that it is to these feeding areas that they return rather than to the actual beach on which they started life.
256:
In animal behavior, the term "imprinting" refers to a special type of learning. Exact definitions of imprinting vary, but important aspects of the process include the following: (1) the learning occurs during a particular, critical period, usually early in the life of the animal; (2) the effects
204:
One hypothesis is that they use both chemical and geomagnetic cues that allow them to return to their birthplace. The Earth's magnetic field may help the fish navigate the ocean to find the spawning region. From there, the animal locates where the river dumps into the sea with the chemical cues
260:
Geomagnetic imprinting has not been proven to occur, but it appears to be plausible for several reasons. The earth's magnetic field varies across the globe in such a way that different geographic areas have different magnetic fields associated with them. Also, sea turtles have a well-developed
200:
from the ocean to their freshwater spawning habitat is one of the most extreme migrations in the animal kingdom. The life cycle of a salmon begins in a freshwater stream or river that dumps into the ocean. After spending four or five years in the ocean and reaching sexual maturity, many salmon
252:
One idea about how animals accomplish natal homing is that they imprint on the unique magnetic field that exists in their natal area and then use this information to return years later. This idea is known as the "geomagnetic imprinting hypothesis" The concept was developed in a 2008 paper that
152:
Salmon start their lives in freshwater streams and eventually travel down-river and are washed out to sea. Their ability to travel back, several years later, to the river system in which they were spawned is thought to be linked to olfactory cues, the "taste" of the water.
257:
last a long time; and (3) the effects cannot be easily modified. For natal homing, the concept is that animals like sea turtles and salmon imprint on the magnetic field of their home area when young, and then use this information to return years later.
239:. The breeding sites are usually inhospitable clifftops and uninhabited islands. Birds that were removed as chicks and released elsewhere were found to show fidelity to their point of liberation rather than to their birthplace.
293:. This reduces the time chum salmon spent in surface water column and reduce the chance for chum salmon to approach natal river since the chemical cue for natal homing is concentrated on surface water.
289:. Chum salmon is a typical cold water fish that prefer water around 10 °C (50 °F). When water temperature is raised due to thermal pollution, chum salmon tends to dive into deep water for
209:
smell-related hypothesis states that the young salmon release a pheromone as they migrate downstream, and are able to return the same stream years later by smelling the pheromone they released.
274:
of the young fish returned to the same stream that had also been artificially imprinted with the same chemicals, proving that the fish do use chemical cues to return to their natal region.
160:
but intermingle as they feed in mid-ocean. Juvenile tuna that have been tagged have clearly shown that they almost invariably return to the side of the
Atlantic on which they were spawned.
1336:
783:
Crossin; et al. (2009). "Mechanisms
Influencing the Timing and Success of Reproductive Migration in a Capital Breeding Semelparous Fish Species, the Sockeye Salmon".
306:
few predators, the correct temperature and climate, and will have the right type of sand for turtles because they cannot lay eggs in wet and muddy environments.
148:
return to their natal breeding colony, which are mostly on islands, they are assured of a suitable climate and a sufficient lack of land-based predators.
1025:
1205:
944:
719:
563:
57:
954:
841:
285:, which refers to the degradation of water quality by changing the ambient water temperature, has a serious effect on natal homing of
253:
sought to explain how sea turtles and salmon can return to their home areas after migrating hundreds or thousands of kilometers away
1147:
79:
1044:
320:
915:
866:
201:
return to the same streams they were born in to spawn. There are several hypotheses on how salmon are able to do this.
1162:
1115:
481:
50:
44:
871:
172:
There are several different kinds of marine animals that demonstrate natal homing. The most commonly known is the
1049:
1020:
920:
61:
1200:
184:
turtle in the North
Atlantic cover more than 9,000 miles round trip to lay eggs on the North American shore.
1281:
1066:
1301:
961:
834:
1110:
1015:
217:
153:
497:"Geomagnetic imprinting: A unifying hypothesis of long-distance natal homing in salmon and sea turtles"
1321:
1286:
1124:
1071:
978:
747:
508:
403:
1331:
1306:
1296:
886:
1311:
1172:
1167:
808:
771:
593:
Lohmann, K. J.; C. M. F. Lohmann; N. F. Putman (2007). "Magnetic maps in animals: Nature's GPS".
460:
429:
1357:
1276:
1195:
1182:
1142:
993:
983:
827:
800:
763:
715:
692:
651:
610:
559:
536:
421:
282:
180:
1157:
1105:
1088:
1010:
1002:
792:
755:
738:
Bowen; et al. (2004). "Natal homing in juvenile loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta)".
682:
641:
602:
526:
516:
411:
390:
Rooker, J. R.; D. H. Secor; G. De Metrio; R. Schloesser; B. A. Block; J. D. Neilson (2008).
290:
108:
100:
235:
spend the winter at sea and then return to the places of their birth, as has been shown by
1134:
973:
858:
850:
232:
145:
751:
512:
407:
1316:
1250:
1227:
1061:
1056:
1039:
1032:
925:
531:
496:
447:
Kress, Stephen W.; Nettleship, David N. (1988). "Re-establishment of
Atlantic Puffins (
221:
193:
157:
132:
120:
1351:
1190:
932:
903:
881:
759:
1271:
1245:
1235:
1212:
775:
324:
236:
812:
433:
1291:
1240:
1081:
937:
286:
17:
1098:
1076:
341:
336:
173:
124:
1326:
966:
579:
521:
416:
391:
116:
804:
767:
696:
614:
540:
425:
655:
1255:
1217:
949:
891:
646:
629:
876:
687:
670:
606:
464:
323:
are used to gather data and have the ability to transfer this data via
141:
112:
910:
197:
136:
128:
104:
392:"Natal Homing and Connectivity in Atlantic Bluefin Tuna Populations"
796:
27:
Tendency of many animals to return to their birthplace to reproduce
1152:
898:
823:
29:
179:
Turtles of a specific natal beach show differences in their
819:
630:"Homing in Pacific salmon: mechanisms and ecological basis"
278:
Effect of thermal pollution on natal homing (chum salmon)
476:
474:
669:
Lohmann, K. J.; C. M. F. Lohmann; C. S. Endres (2008).
495:
Lohmann, K. J.; N. F. Putman; C. M. F. Lohmann (2008).
714:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 268–271.
558:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 268–276.
1264:
1226:
1181:
1133:
1001:
857:
451:) at a former breeding site in the Gulf of Maine".
1337:Task allocation and partitioning of social insects
712:Behavioral Neurobiology: An Integrative Approach
501:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
556:Behavioral Neurobiology: A Behavioral Approach
220:spawn on both the east and west shores of the
156:spawn on both the east and west shores of the
835:
8:
842:
828:
820:
686:
671:"The sensory ecology of ocean navigation"
645:
530:
520:
415:
376:
374:
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
43:This article includes a list of general
352:
265:Chemical cues and olfactory imprinting
945:Patterns of self-organization in ants
785:Physiological and Biochemical Zoology
628:Dittman, Andrew; T. P. Quinn (1996).
7:
119:. This process is primarily used by
205:unique to the fish's natal stream.
955:symmetry breaking of escaping ants
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
992:
760:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2004.02356.x
34:
675:Journal of Experimental Biology
634:Journal of Experimental Biology
595:Journal of Experimental Biology
582:. University of North Carolina.
484:. University of North Carolina.
310:the species' survival chances.
321:Pop-up satellite archival tags
115:return to their birthplace to
1:
327:satellites to the scientist.
916:Mixed-species foraging flock
867:Agent-based model in biology
453:Journal of Field Ornithology
103:process by which some adult
1163:Particle swarm optimization
1374:
872:Collective animal behavior
990:
111:away from their juvenile
1201:Self-propelled particles
710:Zupanc, Gunther (2010).
554:Zupanc, Gunther (2010).
482:"Geomagnetic Imprinting"
1282:Collective intelligence
1148:Ant colony optimization
580:"Sea Turtle Navigation"
522:10.1073/pnas.0801859105
417:10.1126/science.1161473
64:more precise citations.
1302:Microbial intelligence
962:Shoaling and schooling
248:Geomagnetic imprinting
218:Atlantic bluefin tuna
154:Atlantic bluefin tuna
1322:Spatial organization
1287:Decentralised system
1125:Sea turtle migration
979:Swarming (honey bee)
647:10.1242/jeb.199.1.83
601:(Pt 21): 3697–3705.
1297:Group size measures
859:Biological swarming
752:2004MolEc..13.3797B
513:2008PNAS..10519096L
507:(49): 19096–19101.
408:2008Sci...322..742R
1312:Predator satiation
1173:Swarm (simulation)
1168:Swarm intelligence
1143:Agent-based models
974:Swarming behaviour
688:10.1242/jeb.015792
607:10.1242/jeb.001313
449:Fratercula arctica
243:Navigational tools
1345:
1344:
1332:Military swarming
1277:Animal navigation
1196:Collective motion
1183:Collective motion
1050:reverse migration
984:Swarming motility
746:(12): 3797–3808.
740:Molecular Ecology
721:978-0-19-920830-2
681:(11): 1719–1728.
565:978-0-19-920830-2
402:(5902): 742–744.
283:Thermal pollution
196:of North Pacific
181:mitochondrial DNA
90:
89:
82:
16:(Redirected from
1365:
1158:Crowd simulation
1135:Swarm algorithms
1106:Insect migration
1011:Animal migration
1003:Animal migration
996:
921:Mobbing behavior
844:
837:
830:
821:
816:
779:
726:
725:
707:
701:
700:
690:
666:
660:
659:
649:
625:
619:
618:
590:
584:
583:
576:
570:
569:
551:
545:
544:
534:
524:
492:
486:
485:
478:
469:
468:
444:
438:
437:
419:
387:
381:
378:
369:
366:
360:
357:
291:thermoregulation
233:Atlantic puffins
228:Atlantic puffins
131:, although some
97:natal philopatry
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
60:this article by
51:inline citations
38:
37:
30:
21:
18:Natal philopatry
1373:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1260:
1222:
1177:
1129:
997:
988:
853:
848:
782:
737:
734:
729:
722:
709:
708:
704:
668:
667:
663:
640:(Pt 1): 83–91.
627:
626:
622:
592:
591:
587:
578:
577:
573:
566:
553:
552:
548:
494:
493:
489:
480:
479:
472:
446:
445:
441:
389:
388:
384:
380:(Lohmann, 2008)
379:
372:
368:(Crossin, 2009)
367:
363:
358:
354:
350:
333:
316:
314:Future research
299:
280:
267:
250:
245:
230:
215:
190:
170:
146:Atlantic puffin
133:migratory birds
121:aquatic animals
86:
75:
69:
66:
56:Please help to
55:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1371:
1369:
1361:
1360:
1350:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1317:Quorum sensing
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1268:
1266:
1265:Related topics
1262:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1251:Swarm robotics
1248:
1243:
1238:
1232:
1230:
1228:Swarm robotics
1224:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1198:
1193:
1187:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1139:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1062:Fish migration
1059:
1057:Cell migration
1054:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1040:Bird migration
1037:
1036:
1035:
1033:coded wire tag
1030:
1029:
1028:
1018:
1007:
1005:
999:
998:
991:
989:
987:
986:
981:
976:
971:
970:
969:
959:
958:
957:
952:
942:
941:
940:
930:
929:
928:
926:feeding frenzy
918:
913:
908:
907:
906:
896:
895:
894:
889:
879:
874:
869:
863:
861:
855:
854:
849:
847:
846:
839:
832:
824:
818:
817:
797:10.1086/605878
791:(6): 635–652.
780:
733:
730:
728:
727:
720:
702:
661:
620:
585:
571:
564:
546:
487:
470:
459:(2): 161–170.
439:
382:
370:
361:
351:
349:
346:
345:
344:
339:
332:
329:
315:
312:
298:
295:
279:
276:
266:
263:
249:
246:
244:
241:
229:
226:
222:Atlantic Ocean
214:
211:
189:
186:
169:
166:
158:Atlantic Ocean
88:
87:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1370:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1191:Active matter
1189:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1067:diel vertical
1065:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1000:
995:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
968:
965:
964:
963:
960:
956:
953:
951:
948:
947:
946:
943:
939:
936:
935:
934:
931:
927:
924:
923:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
905:
904:herd behavior
902:
901:
900:
897:
893:
890:
888:
885:
884:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
864:
862:
860:
856:
852:
845:
840:
838:
833:
831:
826:
825:
822:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
736:
735:
731:
723:
717:
713:
706:
703:
698:
694:
689:
684:
680:
676:
672:
665:
662:
657:
653:
648:
643:
639:
635:
631:
624:
621:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
589:
586:
581:
575:
572:
567:
561:
557:
550:
547:
542:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
491:
488:
483:
477:
475:
471:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
443:
440:
435:
431:
427:
423:
418:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
386:
383:
377:
375:
371:
365:
362:
359:(Bowen, 2004)
356:
353:
347:
343:
340:
338:
335:
334:
330:
328:
326:
322:
313:
311:
307:
303:
296:
294:
292:
288:
284:
277:
275:
271:
264:
262:
258:
254:
247:
242:
240:
238:
237:ringing birds
234:
227:
225:
223:
219:
212:
210:
206:
202:
199:
195:
187:
185:
182:
177:
175:
167:
165:
161:
159:
155:
149:
147:
143:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
84:
81:
73:
70:December 2011
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
1272:Allee effect
1246:Nanorobotics
1236:Ant robotics
1213:Vicsek model
1093:
788:
784:
743:
739:
711:
705:
678:
674:
664:
637:
633:
623:
598:
594:
588:
574:
555:
549:
504:
500:
490:
456:
452:
448:
442:
399:
395:
385:
364:
355:
325:Argos System
317:
308:
304:
300:
281:
272:
268:
259:
255:
251:
231:
216:
213:Bluefin tuna
207:
203:
191:
178:
171:
162:
150:
96:
93:Natal homing
92:
91:
76:
67:
48:
1292:Eusociality
1241:Microbotics
1111:butterflies
1082:sardine run
1016:altitudinal
938:pack hunter
287:chum salmon
168:Sea turtles
125:sea turtles
62:introducing
1206:clustering
1099:philopatry
1077:salmon run
1072:Lessepsian
732:References
342:Salmon run
337:Philopatry
174:sea turtle
107:that have
45:references
1327:Stigmergy
1307:Mutualism
967:bait ball
297:Evolution
194:migration
144:like the
117:reproduce
99:, is the
1358:Ethology
1352:Category
1256:Symbrion
1218:BIO-LGCA
1021:tracking
950:ant mill
892:sort sol
887:flocking
851:Swarming
805:19780650
768:15548292
697:18490387
615:17951410
541:19060188
426:18832611
331:See also
142:seabirds
123:such as
113:habitats
109:migrated
1116:monarch
1045:flyways
1026:history
877:Droving
776:2816336
748:Bibcode
656:9317381
532:2614721
509:Bibcode
465:4513318
404:Bibcode
396:Science
137:mammals
105:animals
58:improve
1089:Homing
911:Locust
813:542744
811:
803:
774:
766:
718:
695:
654:
613:
562:
539:
529:
463:
434:633053
432:
424:
198:Salmon
188:Salmon
129:salmon
101:homing
47:, but
1153:Boids
1094:natal
882:Flock
809:S2CID
772:S2CID
461:JSTOR
430:S2CID
348:Notes
140:When
95:, or
933:Pack
899:Herd
801:PMID
764:PMID
716:ISBN
693:PMID
652:PMID
611:PMID
560:ISBN
537:PMID
422:PMID
192:The
135:and
127:and
793:doi
756:doi
683:doi
679:211
642:doi
638:199
603:doi
599:210
527:PMC
517:doi
505:105
412:doi
400:322
1354::
807:.
799:.
789:82
787:.
770:.
762:.
754:.
744:13
742:.
691:.
677:.
673:.
650:.
636:.
632:.
609:.
597:.
535:.
525:.
515:.
503:.
499:.
473:^
457:59
455:.
428:.
420:.
410:.
398:.
394:.
373:^
843:e
836:t
829:v
815:.
795::
778:.
758::
750::
724:.
699:.
685::
658:.
644::
617:.
605::
568:.
543:.
519::
511::
467:.
436:.
414::
406::
83:)
77:(
72:)
68:(
54:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.