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Natchez trace parkway survey. Letter of the secretary of the interior transmitting in response to Senate resolution no. 222, a report of a survey of the old Indian trail, known as the
Natchez trace, made by the Department of the interior, through the national park service, pursuant to an act approved
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found along the new road. Aaron Burr wrote to his daughter, that the "'road...you will see laid down...on the map...as having been cut by the order of the minister of war...is imaginary; there is no such road.' The region between
Washington, Mississippi, and the Choctaw domain was, Burr reported, 'a
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created and used the trail for centuries. Early
European and American explorers, traders, and immigrants used it in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. European Americans founded inns, also known as "stands", along the Trace to serve food and lodging to travelers. Most of these stands closed as
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down the river. They delivered goods to
Natchez in exchange for cash and sought gambling contests in Natchez Under-the-Hill. They walked or rode horseback the 450 miles back up the Trace to Nashville. In 1810, an estimated 10,000 "Kaintucks" used the Trace annually to return to the north to start
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began trailblazing along the Trace, performing major work to prepare it as a thoroughfare. The work was done by soldiers reassigned from
Tennessee and later by civilian contractors. Jefferson called it the "Columbian Highway" to emphasize American sovereignty in the area. The people who used it,
541:, or stands, as they were called along the Natchez Trace, provided lodging for travelers from the 1790s to the 1840s. These stands furnished food and accommodations and contributed to the spread of news, information, and new ideas. The food was basic: corn in the form of
469:, were the most active of the three denominations in this country. They claimed converts among Native Americans. The Presbyterians started working from the south; the Cumberland Presbyterians worked from the north, as they had migrated to Tennessee from Kentucky.
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travel shifted to steamboats on the
Mississippi and other rivers. The heyday of the Trace began in the 1770s and ended in the 1820s, by the 1830s the route was already in disrepair and its time as a major interregional commercial route had come to an end.
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Although many authors have written that the Trace disappeared back into the woods, much of it was used by people living nearby. Large sections of the Trace in
Tennessee were converted to county roads for operation, and sections continue to be used today.
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was a staple, and bacon, biscuits, coffee with sugar, and whiskey were served. Lodging was normally on the floor; beds were available only to a few due to many travelers and cramped conditions. Some travelers chose to sleep outdoors or on the porches.
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culture on the
Mississippi River after the invention of the steam engine, the Trace lost its importance as a national road, as goods could be moved more quickly, cheaply, and in greater quantity on the river. Before the invention of
92:
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Though the
Natchez Trace was briefly used as a major United States route, it served an essential function for years. The Trace was the only reliable land link between the eastern states and the trading ports of Mississippi and
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wanted to connect the distant
Mississippi frontier to other settled areas of the United States. To foster communication with what was then called the Southwest, he directed the construction of a postal road between
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put in with goods from northern ports, was a hotbed of gamblers, prostitutes, and drunken crew from the boats. Many of the rowdies, referred to as "Kaintucks", were rough Kentucky frontiersmen who operated
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914:. Heritage of Mississippi Series, Vol. IX. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi for the Mississippi Historical Society and the Mississippi Department of Archives and History. pp. 188–189.
858:
On the bicentennial of Lewis's death (2009), the first national public memorial service honoring his life was held; it was also the last event of the Lewis and Clark Expedition Bicentennial.
168:
in 1742, who wrote of the trail and its "miserable conditions". Early European explorers depended on the assistance of Native American guides to go through this territory — specifically, the
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By 1809, the trail was fully navigable by wagon, with the northward journey taking two to three weeks. Critical to the success of the Trace as a trade route was the development of inns and
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431:" movement that swept the country in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the "spiritual development" along the Trace started from the Natchez end and moved northward. Several
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855:, accepted the report of suicide. Lewis was buried near the inn along the Trace. In 1848, a Tennessee state commission erected a monument at the site.
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Some uncertainty persists as to whether it was suicide. His mother believed he had been murdered, and rumors circulated about possible killers.
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that could break paths through the dense undergrowth. In the case of the Trace, bison traveled north to find salt licks in the Nashville area.
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Mount Locust, a "stand", or inn, that served travelers the early 1800s. It's one of the oldest structures left on the Old Natchez Trace.
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The latter accompanied the migration of Scots-Irish and Scots into the frontier areas. Presbyterians and their frontier offshoot, the
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vile country, destitute of springs or of running water—think of drinking the nasty puddle water, covered with green scum, and full of
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Largely following a geologic ridge line, prehistoric animals followed the dry ground of the Trace to distant grazing lands, the
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As with the much-unsettled frontier, banditry regularly occurred along the Trace. Much of it centered around the river landing
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295:—bah! … ow glad I was to get all fine, transparent, lively streams, and itself a clear, beautiful, magnificent river.'"
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however, dubbed the road "The Devil's Backbone" due to its remoteness, rough conditions, and the frequently encountered
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1039:; article; Morris, M. Scott; The Oxford Eagle online; Oxford, Mississippi; (September 11, 2017); retrieved March 2023
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Many early migrants in Tennessee and Mississippi settled along the Natchez Trace. Some of the most prominent were
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May 21, 1934, with a view to constructing a national road on this route to be known as the Natchez trace parkway
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364:. Trade shifted to either of these routes along the east or west of the area, away from the Trace. As author
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836:) for overnight shelter in October 1809. He was distraught over many issues, possibly affected by his use of
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Map of Mississippi from 1819 showing the "Road Made by Order of Government from Pierre River to Nashville"
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settlements in Mississippi were established along the Natchez Trace. Among them were the 2,000-year-old
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372:(1995), the Trace was "a victim of its own success" by encouraging development in the frontier area.
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who occupied the region. These tribes and earlier prehistoric peoples, collectively known as the
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828:, he was on his way to Washington, D.C., from his base in St. Louis, Missouri. Lewis stopped at
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484:, as compared with the rest of the town atop the river bluff. Under-the-Hill, where barges and
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A Way Through the Wilderness: The Natchez Trace and the Civilization of the Southern Frontier
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The Natchez trace: a study in transportation and travel between the early west and southwest
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Other dangers lurked on the Trace in the areas outside city boundaries. Highwaymen (such as
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The first recorded European explorer to travel the Trace in its entirety was an unnamed
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James Wilkinson's survey of the Mississippi section of the trace, probably circa 1802
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and improved it further until it became a relatively well-established path. Numerous
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fame, died while traveling on the Trace. Then serving as appointed governor of the
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250:(the southern branch of the road ended at Nashville) and the Mississippi River.
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505:) terrorized travelers along the road. They operated large gangs of organized
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along the Trace as early as 1800. By 1812 they claimed a membership of 1,067
1233:. 76th Cong., 3d sess. Senate. Doc. 148. Washington: U.S. Govt. print. off.
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1147:. Jackson, Mississippi: Mississippi Historical Society. pp. 14–16.
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360:(heading south from Nashville) formed more direct and faster routes to
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The Outlaw Years The History Of The Land Pirates Of The Natchez Trace
542:
416:. All sorts of people traveled down the Trace: itinerant preachers,
1244:
Webb, Stacy R. (2007). "Stand Owners & Traders Natchez Trace."
945:
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Tockshish's Stand (McIntosh's Stand), Chickasaw Old Town, Miss.1797
212:
One of numerous overpasses on the Natchez Trace toward the exit to
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The spring located at Buzzard Roost Spring at Milepost 320.3 near
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605:'s Stand and Colbert's Ferry across the Tennessee River, Ala. 1806
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Turner Brashears announces his tavern is open for business, 1806
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Stands on the old Natchez Trace, from Nashville south to Natchez
128:
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segments are listed on the National Register of Historic Places
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83:
Today, the path is commemorated by the 444-mile (715 km)
1144:
Publications of the Mississippi Historical Society, Volume IV
91:. Parts of the original trail are still accessible, and some
1425:
1053:. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press.
119:, and to the Mississippi River. Native Americans used many
1036:
Chickasaw Leader Piominko Impacted US, Mississippi History
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Red Bluff Stand, McRover's Stand, Smith's Stand, Miss.1806
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A cypress swamp along the side of the Natchez Trace near
184:, made use of the trail so often that it became known as
1443:
Lesson Plan: "Footprints in the Dust: The Natchez Trace"
807:
Meriwether Lewis National Monument and Grave, April 2014
447:. The Methodists were soon joined in Natchez by other
1260:
Dee Brown, "What Really Happened to Meriwether Lewis?"
138:
After Native Americans began to settle the land, they
1326:
The Devil's Backbone: The Story of the Natchez Trace
1266:, Winter 1988, Vol. 1, No. 4, accessed Oct 17, 2010
188:during his lifetime. Another early common name was
53:which extends roughly 440 miles (710 km) from
1346:
1302:
912:Old Southwest to Old South: Mississippi, 1798–1840
337:and to defend the country against invasion by the
281:entered the area in greater numbers. In 1801, the
1397:; University of Wisconsin—Madison, pp. 208
1211:"Historic Stands along the Old Natchez Trace."
356:(with its access to the Mississippi River) and
1328:. Pelican Publishing, Louisiana. p. 267.
1309:. Nashville, Tennessee: Rutledge Hill Press.
651:Tokshish Church, Pontotoc County, Mississippi
8:
1426:National Park Service: Natchez Trace Parkway
840:. He was believed by many to have committed
476:Another view of the Sunken Trace (June 2015)
16:Historic trail in the southern United States
1483:Native American trails in the United States
680:Shoat's Stand (Choteau's Stand), Miss. 1811
677:Hawkins's Stand, Harkin's Stand, Miss. 1811
509:in one of the first examples of land-based
325:. The Natchez Trace was used during the
1102:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195140552.001.0001
1468:Historic trails and roads in Mississippi
1387:; University of Wisconsin, pp. 128
1096:. Oxford University Press. p. 319.
1013:. Sydney: Primavera Press. p. 401.
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967:
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309:(the old capital of Mississippi); "Old"
49:, is a historic forest trail within the
25:Part of the original Natchez Trace near
1374:George, Linda, George, Charles (2001).
902:
302:, referred to at the time as "stands".
1473:Historic trails and roads in Tennessee
1406:; Kessinger Publishing, pp. 420,
1353:. New York: HarperCollins Publishers.
1305:The Natchez Trace: A Pictorial History
568:Stand, with Gordon's Ferry across the
352:By 1817, the continued development of
1284:. Kessinger Publishing. p. 244.
7:
1478:Muscle Shoals National Heritage Area
1463:Historic trails and roads in Alabama
910:Bunn, Mike; Williams, Clay (2023).
699:Brashear's Stand, Miss. 1806. See:
269:The U.S. signed treaties with the
14:
643:James Colbert's Stand, Miss. 1812
1431:Natchez Trace Profile and Videos
868:
593:Young Factor's Stand, Tenn. 1805
1393:Jamison, Lena Mitchell (1938).
1158:Cotterill, R. S. (April 1921).
689:Doak's Stand, Miss. 1810. See:
1402:Kroll, Harry Harrison (2005).
1301:Crutchfield, James A. (1985).
1201:Daniels; 1962; pp.114, 124-128
637:Old Factor's Stand, Miss. 1812
1:
1164:Tennessee Historical Magazine
1093:Burr, Hamilton, and Jefferson
737:Wooldridge's Stand, Miss.1806
640:Levi Kemp's Stand, Miss. 1825
575:Keg Springs Stand, Tenn. 1812
224:
223:Grindstone Ford photographed
190:Trail to the Chickasaw Nation
851:and Lewis's former partner,
672:French Camp, LeFleur's Stand
668:Mitchell's Stand, Miss. 1806
370:A Way Through the Wilderness
348:A trail on the Natchez Trace
277:tribes to maintain peace as
1383:Hall, Robert Green (1914).
1189:
1049:James, D. Clayton (1993) .
683:Anderson's Stand, Miss.1811
599:Toscomby's Stand, Tenn.1810
157:, located near present-day
123:created by the foraging of
37:Old Trace historical marker
1501:
1345:Davis, William C. (1995).
1324:Daniels, Jonathan (1962).
1280:Coates, Robert M. (2004).
1090:Kennedy, Roger G. (2000).
976:Devoss, David (May 2008).
822:Lewis and Clark Expedition
810:
725:Ogburn's Stand, Miss. 1810
686:Crowders Stand, Miss. 1813
631:Levi Colbert's Stand, Ala.
590:McLish's Stand, Tenn. 1806
581:Dobbin's Stand, Tenn. 1808
562:Joslin's Stand, Tenn. 1797
435:preachers began working a
799:Death of Meriwether Lewis
740:Dillon's Stand, aft. 1830
728:Hayes's Stand, Miss. 1815
634:Brown's Stand, Miss. 1815
451:denominations, including
1250:Retrieved July 12, 2021.
1216:Retrieved July 12, 2021.
1180:Daniels, 1962 pp.146-149
1141:Rowland, Dunbar (1921).
884:Natchez Trace State Park
731:Dean's Stand, Miss. 1821
696:Ward's Stand, Miss. 1811
659:Wall's Stand, Miss. 1811
596:McGlamery's Stand, Tenn.
467:Cumberland Presbyterians
323:Port Gibson, Mississippi
1226:United States. (1941).
494:another river journey.
358:Jackson's Military Road
311:Greenville, Mississippi
307:Washington, Mississippi
265:Tennessee River section
1213:National Park Service.
808:
744:Grindstone Ford, Miss.
712:
701:Ridgeland, Mississippi
691:Treaty of Doak's Stand
652:
618:
534:
526:
517:Stands along the trace
513:in the United States.
482:Natchez Under-The-Hill
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1437:Natchez Trace Parkway
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761:Coon Box Stand, Miss.
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233:Even before the 1803
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178:Mississippian culture
106:
85:Natchez Trace Parkway
36:
24:
1389:-- Ebook (full view)
1192:pp.107, 115-116, 270
983:Smithsonian Magazine
834:Hohenwald, Tennessee
578:Sheboss Place, Tenn.
59:Natchez, Mississippi
55:Nashville, Tennessee
45:, also known as the
1160:"The Natchez Trace"
826:Louisiana Territory
623:Buzzard Roost Stand
525:Buzzard Roost Stand
159:Tupelo, Mississippi
89:Natchez Trace Trail
1051:Antebellum Natchez
876:Mississippi portal
844:there with a gun.
832:(near current-day
809:
776:Selserville, Miss.
713:
653:
619:
535:
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409:
392:Early 19th century
368:wrote in his book
350:
283:United States Army
279:European Americans
267:
259:
235:Louisiana Purchase
231:
217:
206:
131:, and other large
109:
107:The "Sunken Trace"
39:
31:
1395:The Natchez trace
1376:The Natchez Trace
1264:Columbia Magazine
1111:978-0-19-514055-2
1060:978-0-8071-1860-3
1011:Ways of the world
1009:Lay, M G (1992).
978:"End of the Road"
942:Project MUSE
921:978-1-4968-4380-7
781:Washington, Miss.
766:Greenville, Miss.
665:Stand, Miss. 1800
615:Cherokee, Alabama
445:African Americans
375:With the rise of
47:Old Natchez Trace
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1404:Perilous Journey
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849:Thomas Jefferson
818:Meriwether Lewis
813:Meriwether Lewis
771:Uniontown, Miss.
625:, Ala. 1812 See:
427:As part of the "
366:William C. Davis
329:and the ensuing
239:Thomas Jefferson
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140:blazed the trail
117:Middle Tennessee
77:Native Americans
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585:Grinder's Stand
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511:organized crime
441:white Americans
429:Great Awakening
420:, traders, and
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248:Wilderness Road
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186:Piominko's Path
155:Woodland period
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992:. Retrieved
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674:, Miss. 1810
663:Pigeon Roost
627:Levi Colbert
587:, Tenn. 1808
553:
536:
503:Samuel Mason
499:John Murrell
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479:
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456:missionaries
426:
424:among them.
410:
386:
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268:
244:Daniel Boone
237:, President
232:
189:
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163:
151:Pharr Mounds
137:
110:
82:
75:
46:
42:
40:
18:
1170:(1): 29–35.
886:, Tennessee
753:Port Gibson
406:Mississippi
382:steam power
362:New Orleans
327:War of 1812
228: 1938
196:Development
144:prehistoric
115:of today's
71:Mississippi
1452:Categories
1274:References
938:1348393702
930:2022042580
570:Duck River
449:Protestant
418:highwaymen
335:Red Sticks
293:animaculae
288:highwaymen
147:indigenous
113:salt licks
63:Cumberland
1128:181840559
820:, of the
555:Nashville
491:flatboats
486:keelboats
433:Methodist
414:Louisiana
377:steamboat
331:Creek War
271:Chickasaw
214:Vicksburg
174:Chickasaw
166:Frenchman
67:Tennessee
1120:99022453
1077:28281641
1069:68028496
862:See also
795:Source:
566:Gordon's
507:brigands
443:and 267
422:peddlers
317:married
182:Piomingo
73:rivers.
994:May 10,
990:(2): 72
842:suicide
789:Natchez
718:Jackson
453:Baptist
437:circuit
402:Jackson
354:Memphis
339:British
313:(where
275:Choctaw
170:Choctaw
99:Origins
27:Natchez
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69:, and
1246:MEHRA
897:Notes
838:opium
125:bison
57:, to
1408:ISBN
1355:ISBN
1330:ISBN
1311:ISBN
1286:ISBN
1124:OCLC
1116:LCCN
1106:ISBN
1073:OCLC
1065:LCCN
1055:ISBN
1025:, p5
1015:ISBN
996:2020
934:OCLC
926:LCCN
916:ISBN
746:1797
539:inns
537:The
501:and
458:and
273:and
172:and
133:game
129:deer
41:The
1098:doi
246:'s
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988:39
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