180:
301:. That meant that Natchez speakers were frequently multilingual in Muscogee, Cherokee, Natchez, and English. The language gradually became endangered, and it is now generally considered extinct in spite of recent revitalization efforts. Much of what is known of the language comes mostly from its last fluent speakers,
1074:
and are inflected by means of prefixes and suffixes, whereas dependent verbs are not morphologically inflected but require auxiliary verbs for inflection. Most dependent verbs have four different root shapes depending on number of subject and object and number of times the action is repeated. Natchez has
2026:
Natchez oral literature has been documented by John R. Swanton and Mary Haas, both of whom worked with Watt Sam in 1907 and the mid 1930s, respectively. Traditionally the
Natchez had certain stories that could only be told during the winter time, and many of these stories revolved around the theme of
995:
Accent in
Natchez is based on pitch rather than stress. Accent falls predictably on the penultimate syllable if it contains a long vowel, otherwise on the ante-penultimate. Accented short vowels are pronounced with high pitch, accented long vowels are pronounced with rising pitch, unaccented vowels
1073:
Natchez has two basic word classes: nouns and verbs, and a number of minor categories such as deictics, particles and interjections. Adverbial and adjectival modifiers belong to the nominal word class. It has two classes of verbs, dependent and independent. Independent verbs have an invariant root
2008:
Stative verbs are verbs that do not imply willful control of the action by its subject. They tend to be intransitive and the subject tends to be marked by the absolutive case. One group of stative verbs, called "direct impersonal verbs" by Haas, use the object prefixes to mark the subject, and
1999:
The most common constituent orders are "Subject-Verb" (for intransitive verbs) and "Agent-Verb" (for transitive verbs), "Direct.Object-Verb" and "Agent-Direct.Object-Verb. But the order "Direct.Object-Agent-Verb" does also occur in constructions with object focus. Agent-Verb-Direct.Object, a
1968:
There are a number of noun modifying suffixes such as the decessive (used to refer to deceased persons, or persons who have changed into something else), the comparative and the "exclusive". The following example shows the use of the decessive modifier with the morpheme in bold face.
527:. Most Natchez speakers were multilingual, speaking also the Cherokee and Creek languages, and as traditionally the Natchez language was generally passed down matrilineally, this led to a decrease in Natchez speakers as Natchez, Muscogee and Cherokee speakers intermarried.
1583:
There are about 20 different suffixes with verbal modificational meanings (including information about tense and aspect) such as interrogative, diminutive, focus, negative, completive, habitual, "but", "when", "and" (connective), future, "still", "keep on", "might". etc.
1150:, and some verbs take a-forms and others e-forms. Table 3. gives the subject prefixes for the indefinite forms and for the present tense. Other sets are the past, optative, participial and hearsay forms. This gives the following kind of inflection of intransitive verbs.
1103:
The morphological class of preverbs express temporal distinctions (future, past, pluperfect), as well as abilitative, directional and locative information, and also incorporates nouns. For example, the following verb form has two preverbs before the verb root,
316:
The
Natchez nation is now working to revive it as a spoken language. As of 2011, field linguists from the community were being trained in documentation techniques, and six members of the Natchez tribe in Oklahoma now speak the language, out of about 10,000.
581:. A vocabulary compiled based on the French sources was published by Charles van Tuyl in 1979. In the early 21st century linguistic work has been carried out by the linguist Geoffrey Kimball, who has worked based on Haas' notes and unpublished manuscripts.
511:, and massacred the French colony of Fort Rosalie, and the French retaliated by destroying all the Natchez villages. The remaining Natchez fled in scattered bands to live among the Chickasaw, Creek and Cherokee, whom they followed on the
2031:. Protagonists in such stories would encounter cannibals, trick cannibals, marry the daughters of cannibals, kill cannibals, and be eaten by cannibals. In these stories Natchez storytellers would employ a special speech
900:, is a harmonizing vowel which is pronounced the same as the vowel in the preceding syllable. Natchez pronunciation has nasal vowels, but they are not phonemic, and originate from a previous word final /-n/.
1656:
Dependent verbs inflect only for pluralization, but do so in complex ways. The stem may reduplicate to mark a singular subject and plural object or repeated action by singular subject, it may add the suffix
1592:
Dependent verbs are formed by prefixing the dependent verb root to one of about 40 different auxiliary elements. Each auxiliary element has a vague meaning but some have meanings such as "transitive"
2009:
another group, "indirect impersonal verbs", use the prefixes that are otherwise used to refer to indirect objects or benefactives. There are a few transitive stative verbs such as the dependent verb
1078:. In active verbs the actor is indicated by an agreement prefix, whereas in stative verbs the actor is indicated by the same set of prefixes that indicate direct or indirect objects in active verbs.
3985:
896::394) treats vowel length as a separate phoneme because it can represent a morpheme, and because it may occur stem initially and segment away from the vowel that it lengthens. The sixth vowel,
289:
The
Natchez chiefdom was destroyed in the 1730s by the French; Natchez speakers took refuge among their neighbors and accompanied them when the U.S. federal government forcibly removed them to
503:. The French and Natchez were first allied, but hostilities gradually broke out as colonists encroached on Natchez lands. The earliest sources for the Natchez languages are the chronicles of
3929:
2955:
495:
of that area. The first mentions in historical sources come from the French who colonized the
Mississippi Valley beginning around 1700, when the Natchez were centered around the
1142:
One set of prefixes simultaneously encode person of intransitive subject and temporal, modal and epistemic information. The prefixes occur in two forms with either the vowel
2946:
507:, a French colonist who lived among the Natchez and learned their language. His chronicles contain examples of Natchez as it was spoken in the early 1700s. In 1729 the
3980:
1449:
and for the third person either Ø or ī. The affixes only mark for person, not for number of the object. In independent verbs plural object is marked with the affix -
3939:
3835:
468::402) presents the proposed cognate set in Table 1. as an example of the relation between Natchez and Muskogean languages with reconstructed intermediate forms.
2771:
1921:
The ergative/instrumental case, used to mark the agents of transitive verbs (as well as instruments and some locatives), is marked by a suffix with the form -
3975:
3970:
3934:
569:
Natchez is very little studied, apart from the work by
Swanton and Haas and the early mentions by the French Chroniclers, Natchez has been discussed by
2035:
when impersonating the cannibal characters. This register was distinct from ordinary
Natchez by substituting several morphemes and words for others.
1441:
Direct and indirect objects are marked on the verb with a series of affixes that immediately precede the root. The object affixes are first person
3995:
2939:
825:
2959:
841:
244:
877:
2900:
The
Natchez: Annotated translations from Antoine Simon le Page du Pratz's Histoire de la Louisiane and a short English-Natchez dictionary
3808:
1491:
Dative objects are marked with a suffix that immediately follows the verb root, and which is itself always followed by a dative suffix -
861:
559:
2294:
3888:
2932:
2331:
3944:
728:
3338:
3307:
954:
192:
504:
832:
558:
and linguist
Charles Van Tuyl. These are the only known recordings of spoken Natchez. One of the cylinders is now at the
968:
702:
496:
166:
3656:
1838:
Possession is marked with a suffix that agrees with the possessor. The singular possessive suffixes are: First person -
2032:
931:
739:
283:
3893:
2193:
519:
policies of the mid 19th century forced them to relocate to
Oklahoma. In Oklahoma the language was mostly spoken in
3274:
984:
868:
663:
656:
563:
3754:
2982:
3903:
3736:
3399:
1495:. As the other object affixes they mark only person not number. The dative object suffixes are: first person: -
1075:
940:
765:
758:
481:
275:
202:
2924:
2220:, ed. Janine Scancarelli and Heather Kay Hardy, University of Nebraska Press, 2005, p, 6, accessed 9 Dec 2010
1265:
The past and optative forms are formed by using their respective sets of subject prefixes (past first person
266:
processes. Morphologically, it has complex verbal inflection and a relatively simple nominal inflection (the
3990:
2712:
672:
570:
435:
studied the language with Sam and Raven in the 1930s, and posited that Natchez was distantly related to the
87:
3730:
3688:
3497:
3463:
3181:
2136:
2129:
2116:
2101:
2094:
2082:
2075:
2063:
2056:
2010:
1974:
1944:
1938:
1929:
1923:
1908:
1900:
1883:
1875:
1867:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1729:
1670:
1662:
1658:
1621:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1555:
1550:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1527:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1506:
1467:
1451:
1416:
1391:
1380:
1356:
1339:
1331:
1310:
1302:
1294:
1257:
1249:
1241:
1233:
889:
415:
386:
372:
282:
word order (or more accurately Agent-Object-Verb and Subject-Verb). Natchez storytellers used a specific
3898:
3844:
3763:
3741:
3382:
3264:
812:
796:
789:
551:
524:
489:
3796:
3789:
3723:
3571:
3137:
3103:
500:
3908:
3747:
3705:
3645:
3624:
3418:
3354:
3297:
3245:
3230:
3203:
3171:
2987:
1567:
plural/plural-second.person.optative-auxiliary-first.person.dative-dative-modal-phrasal.termination
718:
694:
451:
436:
279:
248:
3819:
3775:
3699:
3599:
3585:
3515:
3405:
3221:
3165:
3158:
3069:
3053:
2886:
2854:
2825:
2817:
2788:
2757:
2268:
614:
609:
485:
3042:
1397:
286:, "cannibal speech" to impersonate cannibals, a recurring character in Natchez oral literature.
573:
who published an article "On the Language of the Natchez" in 1873, and is briefly mentioned by
3883:
3825:
3578:
3561:
3536:
3522:
3377:
3240:
3235:
3197:
3080:
2337:
2327:
2028:
961:
851:
781:
629:
619:
590:
337:
3965:
3913:
3858:
3851:
3769:
3710:
3638:
3550:
3508:
3473:
3431:
3412:
3387:
3348:
3327:
3321:
3284:
3191:
3089:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3000:
2878:
2846:
2809:
2780:
2749:
2194:"University helps Native Americans save languages: Project aims to increase field linguists"
1794:
Noun morphology is entirely suffixing, and the nominal complex has the following structure:
1090:
preverbs-subject-diminutive subject-aspect-dual subject-patient-patient type-plural subject-
447:
428:
352:
290:
107:
74:
1891:
Plural and dual possessors are formed by using a restrictive relative clause with the verb
550:
recordings of Watt Sam speaking the Natchez language, which were later rediscovered at the
3716:
3673:
3666:
3543:
3529:
3479:
3393:
3368:
3291:
3257:
3251:
3148:
3114:
3014:
2976:
2866:
2800:
Kimball, G. (2013). "The Woman Who Was a Fox: The Structure of a Natchez Oral Narrative".
1503:-; third person -Ø-. Combined with the dative suffix they take the following form: first:
997:
747:
624:
574:
534:
visited the Natchez there were seven fluent speakers left, but in the 1930s when linguist
531:
455:
440:
236:
120:
99:
1455:-, in dependent verbs a plural object is marked by a change in the root shape. An affix -
3782:
3614:
3592:
3445:
3424:
3316:
3210:
3130:
3123:
3062:
3007:
2271:, The Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc., accessed 9 Dec 2010
2155:
Table 4. shows some of the lexical substitutions charactering Natchez cannibal speech.
1797:
ROOT-diminutive-augmentive-possessive-verbal diminutive-modifier-ergative-article-case
650:
516:
512:
508:
477:
459:
326:
298:
263:
224:
67:
2728:
Kimball, Geoffrey (2005). "Natchez". In Janine Scancarelli; Heather Kay Hardy (eds.).
158:
3959:
3486:
3452:
3438:
3096:
2993:
2890:
2858:
2829:
2792:
1001:
913:
679:
641:
267:
39:
2737:
1661:- to mark a plural subject and a singular object or action by plural subject, and -
686:
589:
Natchez has a relatively simple consonant inventory. But it stands out by having a
547:
535:
310:
1086:
The Natchez verb is highly complex and has the following morphological structure:
171:
2919:
1990:"the former woman" (about a woman who has been magically transformed into a man)
925:
908:
578:
543:
306:
228:
80:
53:
2175:
2170:
1575:
Here the plural dative object is implied by the plural form of the verb root.
1385:
976:
918:
555:
2913:
2269:
Nicholas A. Hopkins, "The Native Languages of the Southeastern United States"
2837:
Kimball, G. (2013). "The Marking of Nonsingular Verbal Objects in Natchez".
2341:
2000:
construction with focus on the verb, also occurs, albeit very infrequently.
1374:
948:
598:
439:, a hypothesis also accepted by Geoffrey Kimball, and initially proposed by
432:
259:
232:
151:
135:
49:
1462:
This is an example of the use of the object prefix (object affix in bold):
254:
The phonology of Natchez is atypical in having voicing distinction in its
179:
142:
594:
539:
492:
302:
294:
255:
240:
210:
198:
57:
1044:
206:
2821:
2761:
2326:. Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi. p. 134.
520:
271:
1904:(Lit. "the friend who exists for the two of us") "Our (dual) friend"
2882:
2850:
2813:
2784:
2753:
897:
462:. This proposal has not been widely accepted today by linguists.
1769:
1707:
1640:
488:, making the Natchez the last surviving group of the historical
2928:
1754:
1696:
546:(1872-1957). In 1931, anthropologist Victor Riste made several
1048:
2869:(1924). "The Muskhogean connection of the Natchez language".
1912:(Lit. "the friend who exists for them") "their (pl.) friend".
243:. The language is considered to be either unrelated to other
332:
Table 1. Natchez-Muskogean cognate set from Kimball (2005)
1404:-. The "deontative" affix requires the use of the preverb
209:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2596:
2594:
2581:
2579:
2566:
2564:
2455:
2453:
2440:
2438:
2389:
2387:
1758:
2240:
2238:
1531:-. A text example with the dative suffixes in bold is:
1094:-dative object-dative-new topic-modal suffixes-postverbs
484:. The ancestors of the Natchez are considered to be the
16:
Extinct indigenous language of Mississippi and Louisiana
2121:
is exchanged for the cannibal register optative prefix
2769:
Kimball, Geoffrey (2012). "Natchez Cannibal Speech".
446:
In 1941 Haas also proposed grouping Natchez with the
3986:
Indigenous languages of the North American Southeast
3922:
3876:
3834:
3807:
3687:
3655:
3613:
3560:
3496:
3462:
3367:
3337:
3306:
3273:
3220:
3180:
3147:
3113:
3079:
3052:
2966:
165:
149:
133:
128:
114:
96:
86:
73:
63:
45:
35:
21:
2730:Native Languages of the Southeastern United States
2218:Native Languages of the Southeastern United States
1955:ergative-article skin-hearsay-auxiliary-connective
2717:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
1665:- to mark a plural subject with a plural object.
235:, and who now mostly live among the Muscogee and
2920:OLAC resources in and about the Natchez language
1432:"and he was sticking them on himself (they say)"
2740:(1956). "Natchez and the Muskogean languages".
1805:The diminutive is formed by adding the suffix -
1400:). The pluperfect prefix requires the preverb -
1012:
601:, the opposite of most languages in the world.
427:The Natchez language is generally considered a
184:Precontact distribution of the Natchez language
2940:
2871:International Journal of American Linguistics
2839:International Journal of American Linguistics
2802:International Journal of American Linguistics
2772:International Journal of American Linguistics
2113:In this example the standard optative prefix
1377:(only recorded with the hearsay prefix), and
27:
8:
1411:An example of the use of aspect affixes is:
458:languages in a language family to be called
270:marks nouns in transitive clauses), and its
3831:
3652:
3557:
3270:
3049:
2947:
2933:
2925:
2715:(1873). "On the Language of the Natchez".
2317:
2315:
2295:"Language of extinct tribe haunts scholar"
2037:
1152:
996:have mid pitch, and certain forms such as
330:
178:
18:
2956:Indigenous language families and isolates
2378:
1408:and the present tense form of the verb.
1318:The dual is formed by adding the prefix
902:
603:
3981:Native American language revitalization
2696:
2684:
2672:
2660:
2648:
2636:
2624:
2612:
2600:
2585:
2570:
2555:
2543:
2531:
2519:
2507:
2495:
2483:
2471:
2459:
2444:
2429:
2417:
2405:
2393:
2366:
2354:
2293:Fricker, Richard L. (October 9, 1977).
2280:
2256:
2244:
2163:
893:
538:did her fieldwork there were only two:
465:
203:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
2324:The Natchez Indians: A History to 1735
2039:Table 4. "Cannibal Speech Vocabulary"
1428:hearsay-imperfect-auxiliary-connective
606:
113:
7:
2229:
1347:Participial forms take the prefixes
245:indigenous languages of the Americas
2143:first.person.optative.(cannibal)-pl
3976:Extinct languages of North America
3971:Language isolates of North America
1895:"to exist for someone (to have)".
1369:There are three aspect prefixes, -
1129:i-incompletive-phrasal.termination
554:in the 1970s by Watt Sam's nephew
14:
1459:- indicates a diminutive object.
983:
967:
960:
953:
939:
930:
876:
867:
860:
840:
831:
824:
795:
788:
764:
757:
738:
727:
701:
685:
678:
671:
662:
655:
223:is the ancestral language of the
2147:incompletive-phrasal.termination
2732:. University of Nebraska Press.
1571:"You will leave it here for us"
1322:and the plural with the prefix
3996:Languages extinct in the 1950s
2902:. Oklahoma Historical Society.
2322:Barnett, James F. Jr. (2007).
505:Antoine-Simon Le Page du Pratz
262:; it also has a wide range of
1:
2916:, sample story and vocabulary
2914:Natchez Nation language page
2013:"to be tired of something".
1986:decessive-article-absolutive
1959:"opossum skinned him and..."
1154:Table 3. "Subject prefixes"
892:, and a length distinction.
849:
810:
779:
745:
716:
692:
648:
530:In 1907 when anthropologist
247:or distantly related to the
2192:Smith, Diane (2011-06-15).
309:, who worked with linguist
227:who historically inhabited
4012:
1723:"he gets drunk repeatedly"
480:historically lived in the
324:
1850:"your"; and third person
811:
746:
717:
693:
649:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
564:Michigan State University
189:
177:
26:
2898:Van Tuyl, C. D. (1979).
1487:"let her kill me and..."
1076:active-stative alignment
1061:person Natchez 1S.PAT-be
482:Lower Mississippi Valley
276:active-stative alignment
79:1957, with the death of
2198:Seattle Times Newspaper
2181:(subscription required)
1782:get.drunk -PL.SUBJ -AUX
1610:, "involuntary action"
1058:/tom̥ naːʃt͡ʃeh ta-ʔaː/
888:There were six vowels,
571:Daniel Garrison Brinton
28:
3940:Unclassified languages
2069:"to howl (of a wolf)"
1479:third.person.optative-
1070:
191:This article contains
2047:Standard Natchez word
1844:"my"; Second person -
1720:get.drunk -REDUP -AUX
1483:-auxiliary-connective
1121:nok-kin-han-ta-w-a:-~
552:University of Chicago
499:close to present day
1004:have falling pitch.
501:Natchez, Mississippi
274:is characterized by
3889:Algonquian–Wakashan
2534:, pp. 415–421.
2283:, pp. 385–453.
2216:"Introduction", in
2040:
1917:Ergative/Absolutive
1481:first.person.object
1155:
591:voicing distinction
437:Muskogean languages
333:
280:subject-object-verb
249:Muskogean languages
3877:Proposed groupings
2967:Language families
2510:, pp. 414–15.
2498:, pp. 413–14.
2474:, pp. 411–12.
2151:"Let us eat him!"
2102:ʔen̥pat͡s-haɬsiʔiʃ
2038:
1939:ʔakʷenuht͡sahokʃaɬ
1901:kitahnataniːt͡siya
1790:Nominal morphology
1499:-; second person -
1277:; optative: first
1261:"he/she/it drinks"
1153:
1055:toM na·šceh taʔa·.
542:(1876 - 1944) and
486:Plaquemine culture
331:
3953:
3952:
3935:Extinct languages
3872:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3683:
3682:
3609:
3608:
3363:
3362:
3339:Takelma–Kalapuyan
2627:, pp. 428–9.
2179:(18th ed., 2015)
2111:
2110:
1604:, "intransitive"
1551:maː-leːheː-paː-l-
1360:"drinking, drunk"
1314:"he/she/it drank"
1229:
1228:
1159:tense/mode/person
1082:Verbal inflection
993:
992:
886:
885:
854:
819:
784:
754:
644:
638:
425:
424:
410:Natchez-Muskogean
217:
216:
199:rendering support
195:phonetic symbols.
4003:
3945:Linguistic areas
3832:
3653:
3558:
3271:
3050:
2949:
2942:
2935:
2926:
2903:
2894:
2862:
2833:
2796:
2765:
2733:
2724:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2589:
2583:
2574:
2568:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2448:
2442:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2420:, p. 404-5.
2415:
2409:
2408:, p. 401-2.
2403:
2397:
2391:
2382:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2319:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2171:Natchez language
2168:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2131:
2118:
2103:
2096:
2084:
2077:
2065:
2058:
2041:
2017:Discourse styles
2012:
1987:
1980:
1956:
1950:
1940:
1931:
1925:
1910:
1902:
1887:"his/her friend"
1885:
1877:
1869:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1820:"Natchez person"
1785:"they get drunk"
1771:
1760:
1756:
1735:
1709:
1698:
1676:
1664:
1660:
1642:
1623:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1552:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1529:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1508:
1484:
1469:
1453:
1445:; second person
1429:
1422:
1393:
1382:
1358:
1341:
1333:
1312:
1304:
1296:
1269:, second person
1259:
1251:
1243:
1235:
1156:
1138:Subject prefixes
1130:
1126:
1050:
1046:
987:
971:
964:
957:
943:
934:
903:
891:
880:
871:
864:
852:
844:
835:
828:
817:
799:
792:
782:
768:
761:
752:
742:
731:
705:
689:
682:
675:
666:
659:
642:
636:
604:
509:Natchez revolted
429:language isolate
417:
388:
374:
334:
291:Indian Territory
237:Cherokee peoples
221:Natchez language
182:
161:
145:
138:
108:Language isolate
102:
31:
19:
4011:
4010:
4006:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3918:
3864:
3830:
3812:linguistic area
3811:
3803:
3692:linguistic area
3691:
3679:
3651:
3605:
3556:
3501:linguistic area
3500:
3492:
3466:linguistic area
3465:
3458:
3359:
3333:
3302:
3269:
3216:
3176:
3143:
3109:
3075:
3048:
2968:
2962:
2953:
2910:
2897:
2865:
2836:
2799:
2768:
2736:
2727:
2711:
2708:
2703:
2695:
2691:
2683:
2679:
2671:
2667:
2659:
2655:
2647:
2643:
2635:
2631:
2623:
2619:
2611:
2607:
2599:
2592:
2584:
2577:
2569:
2562:
2554:
2550:
2542:
2538:
2530:
2526:
2522:, pp. 415.
2518:
2514:
2506:
2502:
2494:
2490:
2482:
2478:
2470:
2466:
2458:
2451:
2443:
2436:
2428:
2424:
2416:
2412:
2404:
2400:
2392:
2385:
2377:
2373:
2365:
2361:
2353:
2349:
2334:
2321:
2320:
2313:
2303:
2301:
2299:Boca Raton News
2292:
2291:
2287:
2279:
2275:
2267:
2263:
2255:
2251:
2243:
2236:
2228:
2224:
2215:
2211:
2202:
2200:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2146:
2142:
2024:
2022:Cannibal speech
2019:
2006:
1997:
1985:
1966:
1954:
1919:
1856:"his/her/its".
1836:
1829:"Natchez child"
1803:
1792:
1787:
1773:
1762:
1745:
1737:
1725:
1711:
1700:
1686:
1678:
1654:
1652:"he gets drunk"
1644:
1633:
1625:
1598:, "reciprocal"
1590:
1588:Dependent verbs
1581:
1566:
1562:
1478:
1439:
1427:
1367:
1273:, third person
1140:
1128:
1124:
1117:nokkinhanta:wã:
1101:
1084:
1071:
1066:
1053:
1035:
1024:
1010:
597:but not in its
587:
575:Albert Gallatin
532:John R. Swanton
474:
441:John R. Swanton
367:Proto-Muskogean
329:
323:
258:but not in its
197:Without proper
185:
157:
141:
134:
110:
103:
100:Language family
98:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4009:
4007:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3991:Gulf languages
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3958:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3930:Classification
3926:
3924:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3904:Macro-Chibchan
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3855:
3848:
3840:
3838:
3829:
3828:
3823:
3815:
3813:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3793:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3767:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3751:
3739:
3737:Tequistlatecan
3734:
3727:
3720:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3695:
3693:
3685:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3670:
3662:
3660:
3650:
3649:
3642:
3635:
3628:
3620:
3618:
3611:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3596:
3589:
3582:
3575:
3567:
3565:
3555:
3554:
3547:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3512:
3504:
3502:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3483:
3476:
3470:
3468:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3449:
3442:
3435:
3428:
3421:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3400:Tequistlatecan
3397:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3374:
3372:
3365:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3344:
3342:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3324:
3319:
3313:
3311:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3288:
3280:
3278:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3227:
3225:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3195:
3187:
3185:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3162:
3154:
3152:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3119:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3085:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3066:
3058:
3056:
3047:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2972:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2909:
2908:External links
2906:
2905:
2904:
2895:
2883:10.1086/463749
2867:Swanton, J. R.
2863:
2851:10.1086/668610
2845:(1): 133–147.
2834:
2814:10.1086/670925
2808:(3): 421–437.
2797:
2785:10.1086/664482
2779:(2): 273–280.
2766:
2754:10.2307/410653
2734:
2725:
2723:(90): 483–499.
2713:Brinton, D. G.
2707:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2699:, p. 275.
2689:
2677:
2675:, p. 441.
2665:
2663:, p. 439.
2653:
2651:, p. 444.
2641:
2639:, p. 428.
2629:
2617:
2615:, p. 429.
2605:
2603:, p. 427.
2590:
2588:, p. 426.
2575:
2573:, p. 425.
2560:
2558:, p. 242.
2548:
2546:, p. 403.
2536:
2524:
2512:
2500:
2488:
2486:, p. 411.
2476:
2464:
2462:, p. 409.
2449:
2447:, p. 408.
2434:
2432:, p. 405.
2422:
2410:
2398:
2396:, p. 396.
2383:
2371:
2369:, p. 451.
2359:
2347:
2332:
2311:
2285:
2273:
2261:
2249:
2247:, p. 402.
2234:
2222:
2209:
2184:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2140:
2137:ka-pi-ʃkʷ-aː-n
2133:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2098:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2079:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2060:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2005:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1982:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1951:
1942:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1909:kitahnapiːʃiya
1905:
1889:
1888:
1880:
1872:
1864:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1821:
1802:
1799:
1791:
1788:
1763:
1746:
1738:
1727:
1726:
1701:
1687:
1679:
1668:
1667:
1649:get.drunk -AUX
1634:
1626:
1619:
1618:
1589:
1586:
1580:
1579:Modal suffixes
1577:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1560:
1548:
1537:maː-leːheːpaːl
1489:
1488:
1485:
1475:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1424:
1366:
1365:Aspect affixes
1363:
1362:
1361:
1345:
1344:
1336:
1335:"we two drink"
1332:ta-pani-hkuʃãː
1316:
1315:
1307:
1299:
1263:
1262:
1254:
1246:
1238:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1200:Present second
1197:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1122:
1119:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1083:
1080:
1064:"I am Natchez"
1036:
1025:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1002:interrogatives
991:
990:
988:
981:
979:
973:
972:
965:
958:
951:
945:
944:
937:
935:
928:
922:
921:
916:
911:
906:
884:
883:
881:
874:
872:
865:
858:
856:
848:
847:
845:
838:
836:
829:
822:
820:
815:
809:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
793:
786:
778:
777:
775:
773:
771:
769:
762:
755:
750:
744:
743:
736:
734:
732:
725:
723:
721:
715:
714:
712:
710:
708:
706:
699:
697:
691:
690:
683:
676:
669:
667:
660:
653:
647:
646:
639:
633:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
586:
583:
517:Indian removal
513:trail of tears
478:Natchez people
473:
470:
423:
422:
419:
411:
407:
406:
404:
398:
394:
393:
392:"to overflow"
390:
383:
379:
378:
376:
368:
364:
363:
360:
355:
349:
348:
345:
340:
327:Gulf languages
322:
321:Classification
319:
313:in the 1930s.
299:Trail of Tears
264:morphophonemic
225:Natchez people
215:
214:
201:, you may see
187:
186:
183:
175:
174:
169:
163:
162:
155:
147:
146:
139:
131:
130:
129:Language codes
126:
125:
124:
123:
116:
112:
111:
106:
104:
97:
94:
93:
90:
84:
83:
77:
71:
70:
68:Natchez people
65:
61:
60:
47:
43:
42:
37:
36:Native to
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4008:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3657:Calusa–Tunica
3654:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3612:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3305:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3272:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2965:
2961:
2960:North America
2957:
2950:
2945:
2943:
2938:
2936:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2698:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2379:Van Tuyl 1979
2375:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2348:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2333:9781578069880
2329:
2325:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2300:
2296:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2185:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2164:
2158:
2156:
2150:
2141:
2139:
2134:
2132:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2106:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2085:
2080:
2078:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2066:
2061:
2059:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2044:Cannibal word
2043:
2042:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2021:
2016:
2014:
2004:Stative verbs
2003:
2001:
1994:
1989:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1941:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1926:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1903:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1886:
1881:
1879:"your friend"
1878:
1873:
1870:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1833:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1761:
1751:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1736:
1733:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1674:
1666:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1632:
1629:
1624:
1617:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1587:
1585:
1578:
1576:
1570:
1561:
1558:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1524:
1514:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1444:
1436:
1431:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1387:
1384:
1376:
1372:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1342:
1337:
1334:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1313:
1308:
1305:
1300:
1297:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1260:
1255:
1252:
1247:
1244:
1239:
1236:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:Present third
1214:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:Present first
1184:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1151:
1149:
1146:or the vowel
1145:
1137:
1132:
1125:can-something
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1112:"something":
1111:
1107:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1042:
1039:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1007:
1005:
1003:
999:
989:
986:
982:
980:
978:
975:
974:
970:
966:
963:
959:
956:
952:
950:
947:
946:
942:
938:
936:
933:
929:
927:
924:
923:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
904:
901:
899:
895:
894:Kimball (2005
882:
879:
875:
873:
870:
866:
863:
859:
857:
855:
850:
846:
843:
839:
837:
834:
830:
827:
823:
821:
816:
814:
807:
805:
803:
801:
798:
794:
791:
787:
785:
780:
776:
774:
772:
770:
767:
763:
760:
756:
751:
749:
741:
737:
735:
733:
730:
726:
724:
722:
720:
713:
711:
709:
707:
704:
700:
698:
696:
688:
684:
681:
677:
674:
670:
668:
665:
661:
658:
654:
652:
645:
640:
635:
634:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
605:
602:
600:
596:
592:
584:
582:
580:
576:
572:
567:
565:
561:
560:Voice Library
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
497:Grand Village
494:
491:
490:Mississippian
487:
483:
479:
471:
469:
467:
466:Kimball (2005
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
420:
418:
412:
409:
408:
405:
403:
399:
396:
395:
391:
389:
384:
381:
380:
377:
375:
369:
366:
365:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
350:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
335:
328:
320:
318:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
268:ergative case
265:
261:
257:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
194:
188:
181:
176:
173:
170:
168:
164:
160:
156:
154:
153:
148:
144:
140:
137:
132:
127:
122:
119:
118:
117:
109:
105:
101:
95:
91:
89:
85:
82:
78:
76:
72:
69:
66:
62:
59:
55:
51:
48:
44:
41:
40:United States
38:
34:
30:
25:
20:
3894:Aztec–Tanoan
3857:
3850:
3845:Guanahatabey
3843:
3836:Pre-Arawakan
3818:
3795:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3762:
3753:
3746:
3731:Oto-Manguean
3729:
3722:
3715:
3698:
3689:Mesoamerican
3672:
3665:
3644:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3623:
3598:
3591:
3584:
3577:
3570:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3498:Coahuiltecan
3485:
3478:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3423:
3411:
3404:
3392:
3347:
3326:
3308:Coast Oregon
3290:
3283:
3250:
3209:
3202:
3190:
3182:Macro-Siouan
3164:
3157:
3136:
3129:
3122:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3068:
3061:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3020:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2975:
2969:and isolates
2899:
2877:(1): 46–75.
2874:
2870:
2842:
2838:
2805:
2801:
2776:
2770:
2748:(1): 61–72.
2745:
2741:
2729:
2720:
2716:
2697:Kimball 2012
2692:
2685:Kimball 2012
2680:
2673:Kimball 2005
2668:
2661:Kimball 2005
2656:
2649:Kimball 2005
2644:
2637:Kimball 2005
2632:
2625:Kimball 2005
2620:
2613:Kimball 2005
2608:
2601:Kimball 2005
2586:Kimball 2005
2571:Kimball 2005
2556:Kimball 2005
2551:
2544:Kimball 2005
2539:
2532:Kimball 2005
2527:
2520:Kimball 2005
2515:
2508:Kimball 2005
2503:
2496:Kimball 2005
2491:
2484:Kimball 2005
2479:
2472:Kimball 2005
2467:
2460:Kimball 2005
2445:Kimball 2005
2430:Kimball 2005
2425:
2418:Kimball 2005
2413:
2406:Kimball 2005
2401:
2394:Kimball 2005
2374:
2367:Kimball 2005
2362:
2355:Brinton 1873
2350:
2323:
2302:. Retrieved
2298:
2288:
2281:Kimball 2005
2276:
2264:
2257:Swanton 1924
2252:
2245:Kimball 2005
2225:
2217:
2212:
2201:. Retrieved
2197:
2187:
2174:
2166:
2154:
2135:
2128:
2122:
2114:
2112:
2100:
2095:waːle-halʔiʃ
2093:
2081:
2074:
2064:pakaʃ-hewʔiʃ
2062:
2057:ʔaʃa-hakiʔiš
2055:
2025:
2007:
1998:
1976:
1973:
1967:
1946:
1937:
1928:
1922:
1920:
1907:
1899:
1892:
1890:
1882:
1874:
1866:
1860:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1837:
1825:
1823:
1817:
1810:
1806:
1804:
1796:
1793:
1784:
1781:
1776:
1774:
1767:
1764:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1739:
1731:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1714:
1712:
1705:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1688:
1683:
1680:
1672:
1669:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1638:
1635:
1630:
1627:
1620:
1611:
1605:
1601:-hetahnuːiʔʃ
1599:
1593:
1591:
1582:
1574:
1553:
1539:
1535:
1526:
1516:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1490:
1480:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1418:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1389:
1378:
1370:
1368:
1355:
1348:
1346:
1340:ta-pi-hkuʃãː
1338:
1330:
1323:
1319:
1317:
1309:
1301:
1293:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1264:
1256:
1248:
1240:
1234:ha-hkuʃi-ʔiʃ
1232:
1223:
1218:
1208:
1203:
1193:
1188:
1178:
1173:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1133:"I can work"
1116:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1091:
1085:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1021:
1018:
1015:
994:
887:
588:
568:
548:wax cylinder
536:Mary R. Haas
529:
475:
464:
445:
426:
414:
401:
387:waːn̥-haːʔiʃ
385:
371:
357:
342:
315:
311:Mary R. Haas
288:
253:
220:
218:
190:
150:
3899:Macro-Mayan
3764:Uto-Aztecan
3742:Totozoquean
3572:Coahuilteco
3383:Palaihnihan
3265:Tsimshianic
2738:Haas, M. R.
2304:3 September
2029:cannibalism
1871:"my friend"
1801:Diminutives
1646:taː -halʔiʃ
1515:, second: -
1320:tani-/teni-
1306:"you drank"
1253:"you drink"
1250:pana-hkuʃãː
1108:"can", and
1068:- Watt Sam
998:imperatives
813:Approximant
579:Albert Pike
544:Nancy Raven
525:Notchietown
397:Pre-Natchez
307:Nancy Raven
229:Mississippi
205:instead of
81:Nancy Raven
54:Mississippi
3960:Categories
3755:Mixe–Zoque
3724:Misumalpan
3646:Chitimacha
3138:Algonquian
3104:Athabaskan
2983:Yuki–Wappo
2706:References
2203:2013-06-02
2176:Ethnologue
2107:"to fish"
2088:"opossum"
1834:Possession
1525:-, third -
1398:deontative
1386:pluperfect
1343:"we drink"
1237:"to drink"
1170:Indefinite
643:labialized
599:obstruents
556:Archie Sam
452:Chitimacha
421:"to flow"
362:"to flow"
347:"to flow"
325:See also:
260:obstruents
3909:Tolatecan
3809:Caribbean
3797:Alagüilac
3790:Purépecha
3776:Cuitlatec
3748:Totonacan
3706:Jicaquean
3625:Muskogean
3600:Mamulique
3586:Comecrudo
3516:Karankawa
3419:Jicaquean
3406:Chimariko
3355:Kalapuyan
3298:Sahaptian
3246:Yok-Utian
3231:Chinookan
3204:Iroquoian
3172:Chimakuan
2988:Chumashan
2891:143856671
2859:143991275
2830:144512594
2793:147367035
2230:Haas 1956
2130:kapiʃkʷãː
1964:Modifiers
1949:ahok-ʃa-ɬ
1945:ʔakʷenuh-
1818:naːʃt͡seh
1743:get.drunk
1684:get.drunk
1631:get.drunk
1622:taːhalʔiʃ
1613:-hektiʔiʃ
1426:stick.on-
1396:"ought" (
1375:imperfect
1311:ʔi-hkuʃãː
1303:pu-hkuʃãː
1298:"I drank"
1295:ya-hkuʃãː
1287:ʔaː-/ʔeː-
1283:paː-/peː-
1281:, second
1258:na-hkuʃãː
1245:"I drink"
1242:ta-hkuʃãː
1030:naːʃt͡ʃeh
818:voiceless
753:voiceless
719:Fricative
695:Affricate
595:sonorants
585:Phonology
493:chiefdoms
443:in 1924.
433:Mary Haas
297:) on the
256:sonorants
233:Louisiana
152:Glottolog
136:ISO 639-3
64:Ethnicity
50:Louisiana
3820:Arawakan
3700:Chibchan
3579:Cotoname
3537:Quinigua
3523:Maratino
3222:Penutian
3166:Wakashan
3159:Salishan
3070:Eskimoan
3054:Eskaleut
2742:Language
2342:86038006
2083:ʔakʷenuh
2050:meaning
2033:register
1953:opossum-
1893:haːʃiʔiʃ
1876:kitahpiʃ
1868:kitahniʃ
1863:"friend"
1824:naːʃt͡se
1607:-hakiʔiʃ
1447:-p-/-pi-
1443:-n-/-ni-
1357:ʔi-hkuʃi
1285:, third
1099:Preverbs
890:/ieaəou/
615:Alveolar
610:Bilabial
540:Watt Sam
358:ho-fahna
303:Watt Sam
295:Oklahoma
284:register
241:Oklahoma
211:Help:IPA
159:natc1249
115:Dialects
92:6 (2011)
58:Oklahoma
3966:Natchez
3884:Amerind
3859:Ciguayo
3852:Macorix
3826:Cariban
3800: ?
3659: ?
3639:Atakapa
3632:Natchez
3617: ?
3564: ?
3562:Pakawan
3551:Tonkawa
3509:Aranama
3464:Pueblo
3432:Salinan
3413:Esselen
3378:Shastan
3371: ?
3349:Takelma
3341: ?
3328:Siuslaw
3310: ?
3285:Klamath
3277: ?
3275:Plateau
3241:Maiduan
3236:Wintuan
3224: ?
3198:Caddoan
3184: ?
3151: ?
3090:Tlingit
3081:Na-Dene
3036:Waikuri
3029:Timucua
3022:Kutenai
3001:Beothuk
1975:tamaːɬ-
1884:kitahiʃ
1779:-halʔiʃ
1765:-halʔiʃ
1717:-halʔiʃ
1703:-halʔiʃ
1636:-halʔiʃ
1595:-halʔiʃ
1565:-leave.
1468:taː-ʔa-
1437:Objects
1417:ʔok-ʃe-
1279:ʔa-/ʔe-
1271:pu-/pi-
1267:ya-/ye-
1041:ta-ʔaː/
1033:Natchez
1027:na·šceh
1008:Grammar
914:Central
630:Glottal
620:Palatal
593:in its
472:History
448:Atakapa
416:xʷanaxa
382:Natchez
353:Koasati
207:Unicode
172:Natchez
88:Revival
75:Extinct
29:Na·šceh
22:Natchez
3914:Waroid
3770:Xincan
3711:Lencan
3674:Calusa
3667:Tunica
3544:Solano
3530:Naolan
3474:Tanoan
3388:Pomoan
3322:Coosan
3317:Alsean
3292:Molala
3252:Yokuts
3192:Siouan
3043:Pericú
3015:Cayuse
2889:
2857:
2828:
2822:670925
2820:
2791:
2762:410653
2760:
2340:
2330:
1995:Syntax
1984:woman-
1777:-əːhəː
1749:-əːhəː
1734:halʔiʃ
1675:halʔiʃ
1563:future
1421:-ʃku-k
1388:, and
1165:E-set
1127:-make-
1038:taʔa·.
1022:person
853:voiced
783:voiced
521:Abihka
456:Tunica
454:, and
373:xʷaxna
343:fayhn-
272:syntax
121:Taensa
46:Region
3923:Lists
3783:Huave
3717:Mayan
3593:Garza
3480:Keres
3446:Washo
3425:Karuk
3394:Yuman
3369:Hokan
3258:Utian
3211:Yuchi
3149:Mosan
3131:Yurok
3124:Wiyot
3115:Algic
3063:Aleut
3008:Bidai
2977:Haida
2887:S2CID
2855:S2CID
2826:S2CID
2818:JSTOR
2789:S2CID
2758:JSTOR
2159:Notes
2145:-eat-
2011:ʔim̥-
1979:-ya-n
1861:kitah
1853:(ʔ)iʃ
1811:iːnuh
1713:taː -
1697:REDUP
1663:əːhəː
1511:it͡si
1477:kill-
1162:A-set
1019:/tom̥
926:Close
909:Front
898:schwa
748:Nasal
637:plain
625:Velar
515:when
402:wanxa
338:Creek
293:(now
3615:Gulf
3487:Zuni
3453:Yana
3439:Seri
3097:Eyak
2994:Adai
2338:OCLC
2328:ISBN
2306:2013
2123:-ka-
2076:yaːʃ
1930:it͡s
1807:ːnuh
1775:taː
1759:SUBJ
1559:-u-~
1541:it͡s
1522:piʃi
1507:t͡si
1501:p(i)
1497:(i)t
1473:-l-k
1406:yaː-
1204:pan-
1092:ROOT
1000:and
977:Open
919:Back
651:Stop
577:and
523:and
476:The
460:Gulf
305:and
278:and
231:and
219:The
2958:of
2879:doi
2847:doi
2810:doi
2781:doi
2750:doi
2173:at
1947:t͡s
1924:t͡s
1847:piʃ
1841:niʃ
1826:nuh
1813:-.
1809:-/-
1770:AUX
1740:taː
1732:haː
1730:taː
1715:taː
1708:AUX
1691:taː
1681:taː
1673:taː
1671:taː
1641:AUX
1628:taː
1554:it-
1520:-/-
1518:pʃi
1509:-/-
1452:ːpi
1392:ʃen
1349:ʔi-
1324:pi-
1289:).
1275:ʔi-
1224:ne-
1219:na-
1209:pen
1194:te-
1189:ta-
1179:he-
1174:ha-
1110:kin
1106:nok
1051:-be
1049:PAT
1016:toM
949:Mid
703:t͡s
562:at
431:.
239:in
193:IPA
167:ELP
143:ncz
3962::
2885:.
2873:.
2853:.
2843:79
2841:.
2824:.
2816:.
2806:79
2804:.
2787:.
2777:78
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