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for thousands of years." Expanding upon this logic, Shaler explains that a
Scandinavian origin is most fitting because it would seem strange that the "most vigorous and at the same time the most plastic of the world-peoples should have developed among the limited opportunities afforded by high Asia." Similarly, Shaler disparages the topography of the Americas, Africa, and Australia, claiming that these continents "have shown by their human products that they are unfitted to be the cradle places of great peoples." Nevertheless, Shaler is particularly interested in North America. Although he explains that its "large, simple, and easily comprehensible geographic features" as well as unfavorable climate for agriculture render the continent "unfit to cradle great peoples", he argues that the topography is perfectly suited for a race with better characteristics. Thus, Shaler argues that North America has "peculiar advantages” for American people (of Aryan descent) because the climate and topography of the land is ideal for the institution of slavery, which made it possible to cultivate this "new and rude land".
198:
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358:, who worked for him as a field assistant, and was later hired by Shaler to teach at Harvard. Davis became a renowned geographer, and similar to Shaler, wrote about how different geographies produced more or less fit societies. When Shaler passed, a fund was set up by alumni in his honor, which was specified to be used for field experiences, and these funds are still in use for student field trips today.
1231:
325:, Shaler claimed that black people freed from slavery were "like children lost in the wood, needing the old protection of the strong mastering hand," that they became increasingly dominated by their "animal nature" as they grew from children into adults, and American slavery had been "infinitely the mildest and most decent system of slavery that ever existed."
245:. After graduating in 1862, Shaler went on to become a Harvard fixture in his own right, as lecturer (1868), professor of paleontology for two decades (1869–1888) and as professor of geology for nearly two more (1888–1906). Beginning in 1891, he was dean of the Lawrence School. Shaler was appointed director of the
332:
Shaler justifies the superiority of the Aryan race based on their development within
European topography, "marvelously suited to be the cradles of people", erroneously attributing their origin to the Scandinavian provinces, "a field which seems to have been the seat of the strongest men in the world
336:
Shaler believed that slavery was greatly beneficial for the United States, and even went so far as to suggest that slaves themselves benefitted from this institution, suggesting slavery "led to the rapid accumulation of wealth, and in this way brought the people the sooner into a condition in which
337:
they could control their own destiny." Expressing concern that the South will "release into barbarism", Shaler proposes that "the advance of the negro to a satisfactory grade of development still depends upon his remaining in close contact with the superior race."
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and anti-Darwinist. This was largely out of deference to the brilliant but old-fashioned
Agassiz, whose patronage served Shaler well in ascending the Harvard ladder. When his own position at Harvard was secure, Shaler gradually accepted
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In his later career, Shaler served as
Harvard's Dean of Sciences and was considered one of the university's most popular teachers. He published scores of long and short treatises in his lifetime, with subjects ranging from
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Shaler published work describing the physical geography of different continents and linking these geologic settings to the intelligence and strength of human races that inhabited these spaces. In
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Shaler was an apologist for slavery and an outspoken believer in the superiority of the Anglo-Saxon race. In his later career, Shaler continued to support
Agassiz's
310:—chance, contingency, opportunism—into a picture of order, purpose and progress in which characteristics were inherited through the efforts of individual organisms.
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in charge of the
Atlantic division. He was commissioner of agriculture for Massachusetts at different times, and was president of the
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735:
Livingstone, D. N. (1980). "Nature and Man in
America: Nathaniel Southgate Shaler and the Conservation of Natural Resources".
2001:
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1158:
Koelsch, William A. (1979). "Nathaniel
Southgate Shaler, 1841-1906", in T.W. Freeman & Philippe Pinchemel (ed.),
891:, in Powell, J. W., ed., USGS 12th Annual report 1890-1891: Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, pp. 213-45.
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Bladen, Wilford A. (1983). "Nathaniel
Southgate Shaler and Early American Geography," in Pradyumna P. Karan (ed.),
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134:
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Adams, Michael C.C. (1998). "'When the Man knows Death': The Civil War Poems of
Nathaniel Southgate Shaler,"
365:, and convinced McKay to leave most of his enormous fortune to fund expansion of Harvard's science programs.
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in 1873, and devoted a part of each year until 1880 to that work. In 1884, he was appointed geologist to the
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1175:(1980). "Nature and Man in America: Nathaniel Southgate Shaler and the Conservation of Natural Resources,"
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Personal communication with Paul Kelley, Harvard Earth & Planetary Sciences Department administrator
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Bacon, H. Philip (1955). "Fireworks in the Classroom: Nathaniel Southgate Shaler as a Teacher,"
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The formation of vegetable mould through the action of worms, with observations on their habits
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Zabilka, Ivan L. (1980). "Nathaniel Southgate Shaler and the Kentucky Geological Survey,"
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1021:"Gordon McKay: Brief life of an inventor with a lasting Harvard legacy: 1821-1903"
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306:. Like many other evolutionists of the time, Shaler incorporated basic tenets of
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George P. Merrill and Eleanor R. Dobson (1935). "Shaler, Nathaniel Southgate".
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Thoughts on the Nature of Intellectual Property and its Importance to the State
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Louis Agassiz as a teacher; illustrative extracts on his method of instruction
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Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences alumni
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Born to a slave-holding family in Kentucky in 1841, Shaler studied at
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Nathaniel Southgate Shaler: A Critical Study of an Earth Scientist
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The Evolution of Geographic Thought in America: A Kentucky Root
1165:
Lane, A. C. (1926). "Nathaniel Southgate Shaler (1841-1906),"
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Nathaniel Southgate Shaler and the Culture of American Science
321:. In his 1884 article, "The Negro Problem", published in the
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The Citizen: A Study of the Individual and the Government
1167:
Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
525:
The Geology of the Road-Building Stones of Massachusetts
273:
Early in his professional career, Shaler was broadly a
626:
Elizabeth of England: A Dramatic Romance in Five Parts
574:
A Comparison of the Features of the Earth and the Moon
425:(1880). "The Geology of Boston and its Environs," in
209:(February 20, 1841 – April 10, 1906) was an American
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Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers
737:
Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers
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1868:
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380:is used to indicate this person as the author when
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152:
140:
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116:
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67:
40:
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225:, whose work is now considered scientific racism.
1142:. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company.
938:. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. pp. 148–173.
269:Research: ecology, geology, and scientific racism
16:American paleontologist and geologist (1841–1906)
2220:Presidents of the Geological Society of America
1126:The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society
1074:The Autobiography of Nathaniel Southgate Shaler
823:The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society
780:The Autobiography of Nathaniel Southgate Shaler
610:The Autobiography of Nathaniel Southgate Shaler
1179:, New Series, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 369–382.
794:. Ithaca: Comstock Publishing. pp. 14–26.
435:Illustrations of the Earth's Surface; Glaciers
1279:
221:and scientific implications of the theory of
8:
782:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 93–100.
714:Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences
413:Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Kentucky
904:. University of Alabama Press, pp. 124-125.
854:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography
441:(1884) "The Negro Problem", article in the
354:. Shaler mentored many students, including
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1135:. Ph.D. thesis, University of Washington.
282:in principle but viewed it through a neo-
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641:From Old Fields: Poems of the Civil War
565:The Individual: Study of Life and Death
400:On the Phosphate Beds of South Carolina
257:in 1895. He also served two years as a
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788:"How Agassiz Taught Professor Shaler"
361:Shaler was a neighbor of businessman
7:
1169:, Vol. 61, No. 12, pp. 557–561.
934:Shaler, Nathaniel Southgate (1897).
811:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
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1160:Geographer: Bibliographical Studies
848:"Shaler, Nathaniel Southgate"
688:"Shaler, Nathaniel Southgate"
1255:Works by or about Nathaniel Shaler
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685:Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920).
557:Geology of the Narragansett Basin
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1128:, Vol. 96, No. 1, pp. 1–28.
808:Dictionary of American Biography
541:Geology of the Cape Cod District
459:Kentucky, a Pioneer Commonwealth
196:
2235:Proponents of scientific racism
1048:International Plant Names Index
549:Outlines of the Earth's History
1190:The Harvard Graduates Magazine
990:Davis, William Morris (1902).
965:Koch, Philip S. (2018-09-07).
900:Livingstone, David N. (1987).
889:The Origin and Nature of Soils
825:, Vol. 80, No. 4, pp. 408-431.
427:The Memorial History of Boston
1:
2230:American proslavery activists
2225:People from Newport, Kentucky
1296:Geological Society of America
1203:"Nathaniel Southgate Shaler,"
1187:"Nathaniel Southgate Shaler,"
1147:"Nathaniel Southgate Shaler,"
993:Elementary physical geography
407:Geological Survey of Kentucky
290:'s work on the importance of
255:Geological Society of America
217:who wrote extensively on the
178:Author abbrev. (zoology)
1162:, Vol. III. London: Mansell.
501:The United States of America
493:The Interpretation of Nature
341:Legacy at Harvard University
1228:(public domain audiobooks)
167:Other notable students
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2210:Harvard University faculty
1340:Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin
1145:Davis, William M. (1906).
1019:(September–October 2007).
778:Shaler, Nathaniel (1907).
484:The Story of Our Continent
476:Origin and Nature of Soils
330:Nature and Man in America,
302:to other animals, such as
247:Kentucky Geological Survey
239:Lawrence Scientific School
207:Nathaniel Southgate Shaler
135:Lawrence Scientific School
23:Nathaniel Southgate Shaler
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1393:Charles Doolittle Walcott
1246:Works by Nathaniel Shaler
1237:Works by Nathaniel Shaler
1222:Works by Nathaniel Shaler
936:Nature and Man in America
468:Nature and Man in America
195:
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35:Nathaniel Shaler in 1894.
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2200:American soil scientists
2195:American paleontologists
1614:Walter Curran Mendenhall
1370:Benjamin Kendall Emerson
857:. New York: D. Appleton.
1680:Arville Irving Levorsen
1477:Arthur Philemon Coleman
1471:George Ferdinand Becker
1155:(10), pp. 746–755.
1150:Educational Foundations
450:A First Book in Geology
157:Charles Henry Smyth Jr.
2054:Rob Van der Voo (2004)
1811:Konrad Bates Krauskopf
1590:Reginald Aldworth Daly
1537:William Berryman Scott
1459:Herman LeRoy Fairchild
1405:Samuel Franklin Emmons
1399:Newton Horace Winchell
1183:Thayer, William Roscoe
967:"William Morris Davis"
913:Shaler, N.S. (1884). "
887:Shaler, N. S. (1891).
877:. London: John Murray.
694:Encyclopedia Americana
655:Bully for Brontosaurus
286:lens. Shaler extended
251:U.S. Geological Survey
2117:Jonathan Price (2015)
2076:Judith Totman Parrish
1978:Robert D. Hatcher Jr.
1739:Walter Hermann Bucher
1602:William Henry Collins
1596:Charles Kenneth Leith
1501:John Campbell Merriam
1495:Charles Whitman Cross
1211:, pp. 7676–7677.
1131:Berg, Walter (1957).
1068:Cole, Grenville A. J.
786:Cooper, Lane (1917).
710:"Nathaniel S. Shaler"
708:Harvard, University.
2106:Suzanne Mahlburg Kay
1984:William R. Dickinson
1775:Thomas Brennan Nolan
1745:George Sherwood Hume
1698:William Walden Rubey
1578:R. A. F. Penrose Jr.
1453:William Morris Davis
1376:George Mercer Dawson
950:Journal of Geography
661:Jay Backus Woodworth
517:Domesticated Animals
356:William Morris Davis
2043:Anthony J. Naldrett
1990:David A. Stephenson
1966:Doris Malkin Curtis
1799:Wilmot Hyde Bradley
1763:Marland P. Billings
1757:Raymond Cecil Moore
1727:Wendell P. Woodring
1692:Chester R. Longwell
1429:Charles R. Van Hise
1411:John Casper Branner
1334:John William Dawson
1092:1910Natur..82..274C
749:1980TrIBG...5..369L
371:author abbreviation
171:Ralph Stockman Tarr
2165:Geology portal
2127:Isabel P. Montañez
2049:B. Clark Burchfiel
2002:George A. Thompson
1996:Eldridge M. Moores
1787:Harry Hammond Hess
1769:Hollis Dow Hedberg
1751:Richard J. Russell
1721:Thomas S. Lovering
1650:Douglas W. Johnson
1632:T. Wayland Vaughan
1584:Alfred Church Lane
1489:Frank Dawson Adams
1465:Eugene Allen Smith
1441:Grove Karl Gilbert
1328:Grove Karl Gilbert
1322:Alexander Winchell
1294:Presidents of the
1173:Livingstone, D. N.
1070:(6 January 1910).
263:American Civil War
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2058:William A. Thomas
1900:Laurence L. Sloss
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1638:Eliot Blackwelder
1608:Nevin M. Fenneman
1531:Waldemar Lindgren
1519:Charles Schuchert
1513:James Furman Kemp
1316:James Dwight Dana
1241:Project Gutenberg
1086:(2097): 274–275.
915:The Negro Problem
601:Man and the Earth
533:American Highways
319:Scientific racism
308:natural selection
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153:Doctoral students
111:Scientific career
51:February 20, 1841
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1960:Raymond A. Price
1954:Randolph Bromery
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1876:Robert Folinsbee
1859:Julian Goldsmith
1835:Richard H. Jahns
1626:Arthur Louis Day
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1358:Edward Orton Sr.
1346:Nathaniel Shaler
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2121:Claudia Mora
2088:Joaquin Ruiz
2082:Jean M. Bahr
1841:Luna Leopold
1829:John Rodgers
1817:Ian Campbell
1662:Adolph Knopf
1560:Arthur Keith
1447:Arnold Hague
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296:bioturbation
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131:Institutions
121:Paleontology
110:
73:(1906-04-10)
2190:1906 deaths
2185:1841 births
1942:Jack Oliver
1936:W. G. Ernst
1894:Leon Silver
1733:Ernst Cloos
1656:E. L. Bruce
1525:David White
1250:Hathi Trust
1072:"Review of
405:(1876–82).
350:surveys to
275:creationist
219:theological
92:Nationality
2215:Lamarckism
2179:Categories
1310:James Hall
1032:3 February
976:2019-04-01
720:15 January
667:References
315:polygenism
284:Lamarckian
47:1841-02-20
1869:1976–2000
1708:1951–1975
1547:1926–1950
1386:1901–1925
1303:1889–1900
955:, p. 350.
843:Fiske, J.
784:Cited in
716:. Harvard
292:earthworm
280:Darwinism
229:Biography
223:evolution
215:geologist
191:Signature
80:Cambridge
1972:E-An Zen
1226:LibriVox
1201:(1906).
1185:(1906).
871:(1881).
648:See also
639:(1906).
623:(1903).
607:(1909).
598:(1905).
589:(1904).
580:(1904).
571:(1903).
562:(1900).
555:(1899).
546:(1898).
539:(1898).
530:(1896).
523:(1895).
514:(1895).
509:Volume 2
505:Volume 1
499:(1894).
490:(1893).
481:(1892).
474:(1891).
465:(1891).
456:(1885).
447:(1884).
432:(1881).
418:(1878).
411:(1876).
398:(1870).
95:American
60:Kentucky
1257:at the
1108:3989897
1088:Bibcode
745:Bibcode
618:Fiction
125:Geology
56:Newport
2147:(2020)
2141:(2019)
2135:(2018)
2129:(2017)
2123:(2016)
2114:(2014)
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2016:(1999)
2010:(1998)
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1968:(1991)
1962:(1990)
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1449:(1910)
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1342:(1894)
1336:(1893)
1330:(1892)
1324:(1891)
1318:(1890)
1312:(1889)
1106:
1080:Nature
765:621848
763:
634:Poetry
382:citing
376:Shaler
241:under
182:Shaler
117:Fields
2030:2001–
1248:, at
1104:S2CID
761:JSTOR
393:Works
294:soil
259:Union
1034:2013
722:2023
304:ants
213:and
68:Died
41:Born
1239:at
1224:at
1096:doi
917:,"
753:doi
507:) (
298:to
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