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353:, arguably, the best known evangelist during the Second Great Awakening. While it would certainly not be accurate to say that "Taylor's theology was preached in Finney's ministry", both men came to prominence at about the same time and a comparison of the written works of both men shows much in common, especially in the areas that differed with "Old Calvinism". Much of Taylor's theology (described below) is similar to that preached by Finney.
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430:, who were both accused of heresy by Old School Calvinists. Albert Barnes was acquitted of heresy charges and found orthodox by the Synod of Philadelphia. Lyman Beecher was acquitted of heresy charges and found orthodox by the Synod of Cincinnati. Thus, Taylor's New Haven Theology, New School Theology, or New Divinity was declared an orthodox Christian theology.
393:: Taylor repudiated the view that Christ died upon the cross as a direct sin sacrifice for the sins of Christians. Instead, he taught that Christ's death is the means by which God can urge sinners to freely turn from their sin and be converted, especially when presented with the benefits and privileges that a godly life can bestow upon them.
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the worst sinner in the universe. Christ's righteousness, or his perfection, was then imputed to all believers. Consequently, God no longer sees believers as they really are but is blinded by imputed righteousness. For many
Christians, this belief is the cornerstone of the Christian faith. Yet Taylor explicitly denied this view.
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At the time, such objections to Taylor's theology were considered an attack upon a part of the revivalist movement. Thus the "enemy" of revivalism was understood to be the established churches, especially those that embraced and taught strict
Calvinism. It was perhaps this situation that led to many
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At the heart of this objection is Taylor's view of the atonement. Many
Christians believe that Christ's death upon the cross was as a sin-substitute, whereby the sins of mankind were imputed to Christ, who was punished for our sins in our place. Martin Luther went as far as to say that Christ became
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It has been argued by Angus
Steward that the New Haven theology advocated by Taylor (and others) led to the New England Congregational churches being more open and amenable to the theological liberalism that influenced many mainline denominations in the late 19th century, an influence that is still
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While this may seem a harsh judgment—especially considering Taylor's support of revivalism and the ensuing "conversion" experience that accompanies it—Steward maintains that Taylor and other proponents of New Haven theology deliberately abandoned teachings that were, up to that time,
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Taylor, however, was never a proponent of "perfectionism" - the belief that it was possible (and therefore desirable) for
Christians to live a sinless and obedient life. While Finney's influence in revivalism was important, it was Taylor and the New Haven theology that prevailed in New England
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when given the opportunity. This is based on the belief that the
Christian life, if understood, would be so attractive, wonderful and beneficial for the person that his or her natural inclination would be to convert, something within his or her power to do according to this theology.
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considered an essential part of traditional
Calvinist Theology; by questioning and abandoning these beliefs, a historical precedent was made which allowed future generations to be more influenced by teachings which went further in denying other Calvinist teachings.
386:, nor does he determine the events of our world. Instead he has created a moral universe and will judge its inhabitants. "God promotes moral action by a system of means and ends in which man can respond to ethical appeals for repentance." (Hoffecker)
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Hodge and others felt that Taylor's teachings were so seriously wrong that they were not so much
Arminian, but Pelagian in character. In practical terms, traditional Calvinists have not only rejected Taylor's teachings as erroneous, but also
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415:. Even today, many Calvinists, when confronted with Taylor's teachings, will conclude that he had departed from the true Christian faith. Those who held to Taylor's beliefs, including, most notably, Charles Finney, were similarly
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when only 14 (1800) but could not graduate until 1807 because of an eye problem. He was a son of
Nathaniel and Anna (née Northrup) Taylor. While studying there, Taylor was heavily influenced by the revivalist president of Yale,
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have declined in number and influence over time, Steward holds that New
England Congregationalism suffered the same fate: Influenced by Taylor's rejection of "Old Calvinism" and embracing Liberal theology, with, unlike in the
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movement. After Taylor had been appointed Professor of Didactic Theology at Yale in 1822, he used his influence to publicly support the revivalist movement and defend its beliefs and practices against opponents.
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A note on "Self Love" - the term used by Taylor to denote a natural part of man's being, whereby a person has a natural desire for happiness that motivates all choices and which will manifest itself in Godly
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251:, his sympathy for revivalism during a time when revivals were breaking out ensured that he had a major influence upon the core beliefs of revivalists and the churches that were created from them.
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287:, mainly because he believed that determinism contradicted freedom and was thus immoral. Since God could not be immoral, then Determinism could not be possible for a loving, perfect Deity.
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Within the Congregational church at the time, a theological split occurred between those who advocated New Haven theology and those who adhered to more conservative beliefs.
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with certainty, sin is the act of free choice. A sinner is therefore morally responsible for their own sin rather than being physically enslaved by the sin of Adam.
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Theologian of the early 19th century, whose major contribution to the Christian faith (and to American religious history), known as the
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in opposition to the New Haven theology espoused by Taylor at Yale. Though less in disagreement with the teachings of
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Some of this article has been based upon W. A. Hoffecker, "Taylor, Nathaniel William", in W. A. Elwell (ed).
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The repudiation of determinism was followed by further changes to Calvinistic doctrines such as
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was vigorously opposed to what were perceived to be serious errors in New Haven thinking.
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Steward, Angus, "The Decline and Fall of New England Congregationalism",
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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Influence on Calvinist theology during the Second Great Awakening
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Taylor's influence is important when examining the ministry of
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and dove into a rocket ship(1943), Springfield, MA: Merriam.
310:. Both Taylor and Dwight are credited with the creation of "
605:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
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United Presbyterian Church in the United States of America
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and who found traditional Calvinism difficult to embrace.
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From his position at Yale, Taylor repudiated Calvinistic
382:: God does not determine the destiny of all men through
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Taylor and the decline of New England Congregationalism
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188:). In the years after his graduation, Taylor studied
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129:(June 23, 1786 – March 10, 1858) was an influential
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422:Taylor's New England Theology was put on trial in
1098:Reformed Presbyterian Church – Hanover Presbytery
1090:Reformed Presbyterian Church in the United States
406:"Old Calvinist" objections to Taylor's teachings
171:Born in 1786 to a rich and religious family in
1106:Reformed Presbyterian Church General Assembly
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19:For other people named Nathaniel Taylor, see
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192:, worked as Dwight's secretary, and, after
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16:American Reformed theologian (1786–1858)
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1012:American Christian Missionary Society
449:The East Windsor Theological Seminary
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1059:Upper Cumberland Presbyterian Church
850:Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy
564:http://www.prca.org/prtj/apr99.html
745:Moderators of the General Assembly
612:Evangelical Dictionary of Theology
549:(1943), Springfield, MA: Merriam.
519:Webster's Biographical Dictionary
275:Influence on Calvinistic doctrines
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1242:19th-century American theologians
836:Old School–New School Controversy
547:Webster's Biographical Dictionary
21:Nathaniel Taylor (disambiguation)
1211:Reformed Christianity portal
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801:American Home Missionary Society
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464:revivalist movements (and later
247:While Taylor himself was not an
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1153:Evangelical Presbyterian Church
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1082:Presbyterian Church in America
1040:Cumberland Presbyterian Church
766:Princeton Theological Seminary
361:A Summary of Taylor's Theology
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717:Old Side–New Side Controversy
1262:Yale Divinity School faculty
1161:American Presbyterian Church
1134:Orthodox Presbyterian Church
1122:Vanguard Presbyterian Church
1114:Covenant Presbyterian Church
892:United Andean Indian Mission
615:, Grand Rapids, Baker, 1990.
143:, was to line up historical
878:Federal Council of Churches
843:Gardiner Spring Resolutions
794:Presbyterian Mission Agency
780:Auburn Theological Seminary
773:Union Presbyterian Seminary
499:Southern Baptist Convention
345:Influence on Charles Finney
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885:Interchurch World Movement
314:", which appealed to both
153:The Second Great Awakening
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906:Presbyterian Church (USA)
871:Evangelical Protestantism
597:Taylor, Nathaniel William
438:Taylorism versus Tylerism
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937:New School Presbyterians
812:Nathaniel William Taylor
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351:Charles Grandison Finney
320:New School Presbyterians
266:", but also the growing
127:Nathaniel William Taylor
62:New Milford, Connecticut
602:Encyclopædia Britannica
368:: All men are lost but
969:Springfield Presbytery
787:Second Great Awakening
256:Second Great Awakening
220:This section is empty.
80:New Haven, Connecticut
1252:Christian revivalists
1247:American evangelicals
759:Plan of Union of 1801
731:Synod of Philadelphia
710:First Great Awakening
110:Theologian, professor
91:Grove Street Cemetery
996:Restoration Movement
988:Christian Connection
808:New England theology
752:Princeton University
702:in the United States
545:"Tyler, Bennet", in
494:Liberal Christianity
161:Yale Divinity School
42:Lithograph of Taylor
1257:Yale College alumni
1004:Disciples of Christ
913:Mainline Protestant
824:Archibald Alexander
626:Yale Honours Taylor
147:with the religious
30:Nathaniel W. Taylor
1020:Churches of Christ
857:Auburn Affirmation
820:Princeton theology
677:Church of Scotland
485:being felt today.
331:Princeton Seminary
316:Congregationalists
312:New Haven Theology
304:Christ's Atonement
136:New Haven theology
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74:(1858-03-10)
1237:1858 deaths
1232:1786 births
1030:(1927–1971)
924:Derivatives
470:Evangelical
281:Determinism
173:Connecticut
1226:Categories
980:Christians
399:repentance
357:churches.
292:Revelation
249:evangelist
194:ordination
149:revivalism
131:Protestant
54:1786-06-23
691:Calvinism
417:heterodox
413:heretical
391:Atonement
337:and even
268:Unitarian
200:in 1812.
198:New Haven
167:Biography
145:Calvinism
141:Taylorism
1197:Category
476:belief.
474:Arminian
458:Tylerism
384:election
339:Pelagian
335:Arminian
190:theology
669:History
590::
573:Sources
285:freedom
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1163:(1979)
1155:(1956)
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1084:(1973)
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370:Adam
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69:Died
48:Born
599:".
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139:or
1228::
526:^
456:,
419:.
341:.
302:,
298:,
294:,
163:.
830:)
822:(
814:)
810:(
704:)
700:(
654:e
647:t
640:v
536:.
233:)
229:(
56:)
52:(
23:.
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