Native American civil rights

2099: 2024:. This psychoactive substance is found on a cactus and is used for healing practices and in religious ceremonies. The use of this substance is highly debated due to the outbreaks of drug use among Americans today. Leaders of the Native American Church argue that the use of peyote allows for a direct connection with gods and that peyote is not taken simply for its psychoactive effects. It is taken in the manner that one might take the sacraments of Christianity. "Peyote is not habit forming and 'in the controlled ambiance of a peyote meeting it is in no way harmful.'" Rather it is considered a unifying influence on the Native American life because it provides the "basis for Indian friendships, rituals, social gatherings, travel, marriage, and more. It has been a source of healing and means of expression for a troubled people. And it has resulted in one of the strongest pan-Indian movements among American Indians". 2190:(BIA) discouraged off-reservation activities, including the right to hunt, fish, or visit other tribes. As a result, the BIA instituted a "pass system" designed to control movement of the Indians. This system required Indians living on reservations to obtain a pass from an Indian agent before they could leave the reservation. In addition, agents were often ordered to limit the number of passes they issued for off-reservation travel. The reasons cited for this limitation were that Indians with passes often overstayed the time limits imposed, and many times Indians left without requesting passes. When this occurred, the military was frequently called to force the Indians to return their reservations. For example, in April 1863, Superintendent J. W. Perit Huntington forced 500 American Indians to return from the 1458:

into the woods; then you will starve for wronging your friends. Why are you jealous of us? We are unarmed, and willing to give you what you ask, if you come in a friendly manner, and not so simple as not to know that is it much better to eat good meat, sleep comfortably, live quietly with my wives and children, laugh and be merry with the English, and trade for their copper and hatchets, than to run away from them and to lie cold in the wood, feed on acorns, roots, and such trash, and be so hunted that I can neither eat nor sleep... Take away your guns and swords, the cause of all our jealousy, or you may all die in the same manner.

50: 2414:(VRA) put an end to individual states' claims on whether or not Natives were allowed to vote through a federal law. Section 2 of the VRA states that, "No voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or procedure, shall be imposed or applied by any State or political subdivision to deny or abridge the right of any citizen of the United States to vote on account of race or color". Further sections describe the measures taken if violations to this act are discovered. 2479:. The United States was then directed to file an amended complaint that "clearly states the relief sought by the United States in this action". In this amended complaint the United States did not seek any relief on behalf of the Seneca Nation relative to the thruway easement. By not seeking such relief in its amended complaint the United States of America permitted the action relative to the thruway easement to be subject to dismissal based on New York's immunity from suit under the 1268: 2467:'s attempts to collect taxes on Seneca territory. The Senecas had previously made the same claim in a lawsuit which they lost because of the state's assertion of sovereign immunity. In Magistrate Heckman's Report and Recommendation it was noted that the State of New York asserted its immunity from a suit against both counts of the complaint (one count was the challenge regarding the state's acquisition of 2170:(1975), even going so far as to appropriate for Native Americans the right to hunt and fish on all of their old grounds whether or not they were currently privately owned, and to prevent private owners from erecting obstacles to exercising this right. The largest amount of opposition and resentment towards Native Americans' fishing and hunting rights stems from the Pacific Northwest. 1988:

Progressive-Era policymakers found no need to separate religious endeavors concerning Native Americans from Native political policy. The government provided various religious groups with funds to accomplish Native American conversion. It was during this time that the government "discouraged or imposed bans on many forms of traditional religious practices, including the

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travel into town or to ranches farther in the hinterlands for jobs." Angry Indian agents, who wanted the Paiutes to stay under their jurisdiction, wrote letters urging the BIA to stop this free travel. According to one Indian agent, "The injurious effects of this freedom from restraint, and continual change of place, on the Indian, can not be overestimated."

1524:" to create "orderly Christian communities filled with model converts who were living and working under the watchful eye of a priest or pastor". Within these communities, converts to the Christian faith would be placed in a separate area from the remainder of the tribe in order to prevent regression back to their native beliefs. Missionaries such as 1930:"Euro-American contact and interactions contributed much to Indian marginality and the disruption and destruction of traditional customs and even the aboriginal use of psychoactive substances. This process was noted in the 1976 Final Report to the American Indian Policy Review Commission, Task Force Eleven: Alcohol and Drug Abuse. 1418:. The Native people proved hospitable and receptive to Grenville, however, when one a small silver cup was stolen from him, Grenville and his men sacked and burned down an entire village in revenge. By 1586, the English settlement had been abandoned. Grenville returned to England with a Native American captive called 2284:

cases, helped define the limits of tribal sovereignty. The Cherokee nation was determined to be a domestic dependent nation, a relationship that "resembles that of a ward to a guardian". This definition meant that Native people did not have a right to vote. Thus, Native Americans' relationship to the

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were leaving illegally. In response, the commissioner sent a note to all Indian agents stating that Indians who disobeyed the pass system would be arrested and punished by state officials. Additional rules were also implemented at this time. For example, the Indian agents were now required to notify

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which was created on June 2, 1924. This act showed progress in that Natives would not have to give up being a Native to be a citizen of the United States. This included being an enrolled member of a tribe, living on a federally recognized reservation, or practicing his or her culture. However, this

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in 1887 continued to pave the pathway for Native citizenship in that members of certain Native American tribes who accepted an allotment of land was considered a citizen. The goal was for Natives to, through assimilation, "adopt the habits of civilized life". This movement certainly convinced a lot

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Indians, for example, frequently rode the trains to their traditional hunting and fishing grounds. "Paiutes would pack up their gathering baskets and hop on the rails, take off a day or two to gather seeds, and bring their harvest back home again, on the car roofs. Men and women used free passes to

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During the 19th and early 20th centuries, the U.S. government attempted to control the travel of American Indians off Indian reservations. Since American Indians did not obtain U.S. citizenship until 1924, they were considered wards of the state and were denied various basic rights, including

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Although Native Americans lost the battle for their lands, the U.S. government eventually conceded hunting and fishing rights both within the reservations and on old tribal land that had been sold to and settled. The reserved rights doctrine allowed for tribes to hunt and fish, along with any other

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I have seen two generations of my people die...I know the difference between peace and war better than any man in my country... Why will you take by force what you may have quietly by love? Why will you destroy us who supply you with food? What can you get by war? We can hide our provisions and run

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1870 barred states from limiting voting on account of race, states found other ways – residency: claiming that Native Americans were not residents of the state if they resided on reservations, self-termination: one must first abandon their tribal ties in order to vote, taxation: Natives who do not

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of California". Doolittle was concerned that the proposed amendment would, "declare the Utes, the Tabahuaches, all those wild Natives to be citizens of the United States, the Great Republic of the world, whose citizenship should be a title as proud as that of king, and whose danger is that you may

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Native American tribes. During the colonial period, Native American sovereignty was upheld by the negotiation of treaties between British proprietors and Native American tribes. Treaties are rules between the tribe and government. The treaties were made with the agreement that the tribes had equal

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in 1965 it was on the list of forbidden psychedelic drugs. Under this act it did not place this on Native American peyotists who were using it for religious practice, though some suffered still under the hands of the state governments for having it in their possession. State laws differed from the

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of the treaty stated that Natives could gain citizenship by "receiving a patent for land under the foregoing provisions ... and be entitled to all the privileges and immunities of such citizens, and shall, at the same time retain all rights to benefits accruing to Indians under this treaty". The

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in 1868, the terms and limits of Native citizenship were further confirmed. The Civil Rights Act of 1866 states, "That all persons born in the United States, and not subject to any foreign power, excluding Indians not taxed, are hereby declared to be citizens of the United States". Some officials

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In 1817, the Cherokee became the first Native Americans recognized as U.S. citizens. Under Article 8 of the 1817 Cherokee treaty, "Upwards of 300 Cherokees (Heads of Families) in the honest simplicity of their souls, made and election to become American citizens." In 1831, however,

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from the 1890s to the 1920s, a "quasi-theocracy" reigned in what federal policymakers called "Indian Country"; they worked hand-in-hand with churches to impose Christianity upon Native Americans "as part of the government's civilizing project". Keeping in the vein of the colonialists before them,

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In order to pacify Christians, "some tribal religious practitioners modified elements of their traditional practices". In the case of the Sun Dance, "a ceremony of renewal and spiritual reaffirmation", some tribes "omit the element of self-sacrifice (many participants observed the ritual of skin

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While attempting to implement this pass system, the BIA received numerous complaints regarding Indians who traveled without permission. Many complained that American Indians were killing game merely for the sport and were taking the hides. Other settlers complained that Indians overstayed their

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Established in 1918, the Native American Church "emphasiz the importance of monogamy, sobriety, and hard work". Today, it serves as an intertribal, multilingual network. The Native American Church has had a long struggle with the government of America due to their ancient and deeply spiritual

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or Fifteenth Amendment since 1965. These in the most part have proved to be successful to upholding the rights of Native Americans as citizens of the United States. Most of these cases are centered on states that have large reservations, or Native populations, such as New Mexico, Arizona and

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Religion was often closely tied to the land and the environment. These concerns include the omnipresent, invisible universal force, and "the three 'life crises' of birth, puberty, and death", spiritual beings, revelations, human intercessors into the spirit world, and ceremonies that renew

1766:, rejected beliefs that Natives were unable to help themselves or that they needed to adopt American society as their own. They were seen as an upset to norms in the Native community, as they were much younger than other recognized leaders of Native civil rights movements. They emphasized 2310:

of Wisconsin, who argued that, "there is a large mass of the Indian population who are clearly subject to the jurisdiction of the United States who ought not to be included as citizens of the United States ... the word 'citizen,' if applied to them, would bring in all the

1470:, who succeeded Smith as president of the colony, and around 50 colonists went to meet with a group of Powhatan Indians to bargain for food. However, they were ambushed and only 16 survived. Ratcliffe was captured and later tortured to death. This marked the beginning of 2375:

was also considered a citizen through the Act of November 6, 1919. As Native Vote states, "The underlying assumption of this act was that these particular Indians had demonstrated that they had become part of the larger Anglo culture and were no longer wholly Indian".

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While the Civil Rights Act and Fourteenth Amendment served to prevent or limit citizenship for Native Americans, there were special considerations that granted citizenship to some individuals or groups, which in turn gave them the right to vote. For example, the 1868

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of Michigan commented, "I am not yet prepared to pass a sweeping act of naturalization by which all the Indian savages, wild or tame, belonging to a tribal relation, are to become my fellow-citizens and go to the polls and vote with me". This sentiment was echoed by

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had granted Indians the privilege of riding on the roof and flatbeds of rail cars without tickets, in exchange for the right-of-way through their reservations. Other railroad lines, including the Carson and the Colorado allowed free railroad travel to the Indians.

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United States government standards with states outlawing the use of peyote. "By 1970, of the seventeen states that still had anti-peyote laws, only five did not provide exemptions for Indians to use peyote ritually." These were amended under the pressure from the

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There has been increased dialogue around the controversy of using Native American symbols such as for school or team mascots. Concerns are that the use of the symbols distort Native American history and culture and often stereotype in offensive ways. In 2020, the

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Over the last five centuries, "Christianity has made enormous inroads into Native society." Many religious Native Americans today voluntarily practice Christianity, both Protestantism and Roman Catholicism, or even both altogether. There was both voluntary and

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in 1924 granted United States citizenship to all Indians born in America. As a result, American Indians were finally granted free travel in the United States. At the present time, American Indians who live on reservations are free to travel as they wish.

2004:(BIA), or the "Indian Office", as it was then called, played a role in the Christianization of Native Americans. Their boarding schools, often staffed by missionaries, removed Native children from the tribe and away from the influence of their cultures. 2008:

piercing), reduced the number of days for the ceremony from eight to two and otherwise emphasized the ceremony's social, rather than religious, features". In the past, tribes have also moved religious days to coincide with national U.S. holidays.

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to help Sioux people choose English names in order to protect their lands from being taken. Lands registered with the birth and natural names of Natives were often lost due to confusion the United States government employees had with filling paperwork.

1716:. The NCAI's founding members came from a wide variety of professionals including veterans, anthropologists, lawyers, elected state and federal officials, and a professional baseball player, George Eastman, and half of them had previously served on 2129:

in the Northwest guarantees that the tribe has the rights to "taking fish at all usual and accustomed places in common with the citizens of the Territory". However, in the 1890s, Lineas and Audubon Winans operated a state-licensed fishing mill in

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of the Constitution states that "Indians not taxed" are not to be included. However, the Constitution also stated that Congress has the power to "regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes"

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rights, as long as they were not specifically denied in a treaty. This angered hunters and fishers who had restrictions placed on them by the government and they protested against the Natives' right to fish and hunt off of reservations.

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Even for signatory Native Nations to the Fort Laramie Treaty, however, it was made clear that though some would become citizens, it did not mean that they all would gain the right to vote. In 1884, when John Elk, a Native who lived in

1697:. Veterans came back from serving, only to find that the U.S. government and American people would not recognize their contributions to the war effort. This encouraged Natives to begin moving towards activism that was more focused on 1482:

capital, which was a tributary tribe to the Powhatan, killing at least 15 Natives, and kidnapping the wife of the village chief and their children. The war lasted until 1614, however, conflict resumed in 1622, when the Powhatan

1327:. This status creates tension today but was far more extreme before Native people were uniformly granted U.S. citizenship in 1924. Assorted laws and policies of the United States government, some tracing to the pre-Revolutionary 2359:

Piece by piece, more acts were created that added Natives to the citizenship rolls. When the Native Territory (what is now Oklahoma) was abolished in 1907, all Natives who lived in that territory were made citizens through the

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by the tons, which would deplete the river of fish for the Natives very quickly. In addition, the Winans purchased land that made it impossible for Native people to approach the river at all. The Yakama took this case to the

1474:. The Powhatan tribe integrated and cared for some of the colonists who deserted Jamestown to live with them, as they were much more prepared for the harsh winter. In the summer of 1610, when the governor of Virginia Colony, 2261:, there was a struggle to define the relationship between Native tribes and the United States, and the terms of citizenship for tribe members. For example, in the determination of a state's number of House Representatives, 1895:. Many Native American tribes and people believe the pipelines threaten their water supply, could damage cultural and religious sites, and violate treaties guaranteeing "undisturbed use and occupation" of tribal land. 1563:

where they would be protected and enclosed by the United States government. According to the federal government at that time, reservations were to be created in order to protect the Indians from increasing numbers of

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said the decision marked a "historic day for all Indigenous peoples around the world as the NFL Washington-based team officially announced the retirement of the racist and disparaging 'Redskins' team name and logo".

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are under the United States just as other major groups. However, unlike other minority groups who are immigrants to the United States, Native Americans are indigenous to American land and have therefore earned

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there was mention of protection for peyote users, but this did not change the fact that they could still be charged. Because it is an "established religion of many centuries' history...not a 20th century

985: 4214: 2076:. It is difficult to describe Native American government in a definite manner due to the fact that there are many different Native tribes with different forms of governance. In January 2016 there were *566 4504: 2243:

The loss of the right to free movement across the country was difficult for American Indians, especially since many tribes traditionally traveled to hunt, fish, and visit other tribes. The passage of the

2044:, which says that "when used as a sacrament in services of the Native American Church in a natural state which is unaltered except for drying or curing or slicing", peyote use is permitted. In 1978 the 4320: 2125:

As the United States continued to colonize more of the continent that they could, they began making treaties with tribes, so that they could have reservations of land. One particular treaty with the

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However, efforts by states and municipalities to disenfranchise Native Americans are ongoing, such that there have been about 74 cases brought by or on behalf of Natives under the VRA or the

4650: 115: 1540:, led the way in the spread of their beliefs within these types of towns and among the natives. These towns led the way to the future separation of the natives from the remainder of society in 1445:, the leader of his tribe, refrained from attacking the colonists as they established their settlement. Despite this, conflicts quickly broke out between the colonists and the Powhatan. Chief 5426: 4095: 2407:. However, when some 25,000 veterans returned home after the war, they realized that even though they had put their lives on the line for their country, they were still not allowed to vote. 1871:

retired their name and logo (which depicted a side profile of a Native American man), following public outcry that the team's branding was offensive to Native Americans. In a statement, the

1517:. This allowed rulers to "bring under their sway 'countries and islands' "discovered" by Columbus, along with 'their residents and inhabitants, and to bring them to the Catholic faith.'" 2164:

State agencies pointed out that conservation efforts were possibly compromised by the Native Americans' habits; however the Supreme Court upheld the privilege with certain cases, such as

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By the early 1920s, Congress was considering a bill to make the remainder of Native Americans citizens in their aim to have them "adopt Anglo culture". This finally was stated with the

1254: 1665:. He published a piece based on these discrepancies in 1915 titled "An Appeal to the Government to Fulfill Sacred Promises Made 61 Years Ago". Following this, he and other citizens of 5697: 2285:

U.S. government continued to be similar to that of people in an occupied land under the control of a foreign power. Further clarification was made in 1856 when Attorney General

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because findings in their study led them to believe that it was habit-forming drug. Congress then attempted to regulate the use of peyote in 1963 with little success, but under the

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indigenous to the United States have varying civil rights priorities, there are some rights that nearly all Native Americans are actively pursuing. These include the protection of

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Spencer C. Tucker; James R. Arnold; Roberta Wiener (30 September 2011). 'The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History

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formed in pursuit of "a greater Indian America". The organization members were young and had grown out of a summer program that brought students from all around the U.S. to

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degrade that citizenship." Because of their substantial numbers at the time, Native Americans would be able to overwhelm the power of the white vote in several states.

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need to pay taxes cannot vote, guardianship: the claim that Native Americans were incompetent and "wards of the state", and on the lack of ability to read English.

2161:(1905) and earned their rights back to fish and to have treaties interpreted by the United States as the members of tribes would have interpreted them at the time. 2436:

One of the major issues surrounding land ownership rights of the Native American Nations is the purposes for which they are and are not allowed to use their land.

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was passed in 1978. It allowed freedom of religion except for some restrictions on use of ceremonial items as the eagle feathers or bones (a protected species) or

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were not prepared for Natives to become citizens and resisted calls for Native suffrage. During Senate floor debates regarding the Fourteenth Amendment, Senator

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in 1936 declared that Natives could not vote because they were not citizens of the state. Similarly, states found ways around voting in other ways. Because the

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Native peoples have been active in educating nonnatives on the cultures, histories, and experiences of their tribes since the beginning of colonization. Chief

1941:(considered a restricted drug by the federal government); however, other laws provide for ceremonial use of these by Native American religious practitioners. 5721: 5714: 5651: 5614: 5503: 4866: 4409: 4384: 4103: 1247: 1220: 1154: 990: 335: 5621: 1601:, and journalists through translators to criticize the idea of "American progress" and to express pride and faith in the identities of their own cultures. 1343: 1124: 1046: 5636: 4757: 4697: 4039: 3816: 1478:

requested that Powhatan return the runaways, the Powhatan chief showed no intention to bring them back. In response, the colonists raided and sacked the

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Wildenthal, Bryan H. Native American sovereignty on trial: a handbook with cases, laws, and documents. Santa Barbara, California. ABC-CLIO, Inc., 2003.

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to seek laws that protected the rights of Native people to own their own media, and for the prosecution of those who persecuted their journalists.

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One example of Christianity's influence on Native American religion is the prominence of the figure of Jesus Christ in peyote ceremonies of the

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member if the members showed proof that they were at least 25 percent Native American. The states laws were generally similar to those of

1099: 2356:'s statement on the allotment policy in which he reported that by 1901, 60,000 Natives had already become citizens of the United States. 5609: 5436: 5381: 5344: 5283: 4871: 4645: 4583: 4425: 4350: 4326: 3896: 3855: 3104: 2956: 2733: 2431: 2045: 1934: 1899: 1709: 1383: 1328: 1300: 1119: 1036: 886: 821: 796: 764: 340: 110: 40: 5553: 5298: 4567: 4007: 3876: 2501: 2387:

Many states still prevented Natives from voting, even though they were citizens of the United States. For example, the attorney general of

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stated, "Indians are the subjects of the United States, and therefore are not, in mere right of home-birth, citizens of the United States.

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and another count challenging the thruway easement). The United States was permitted to intervene on behalf of the Seneca Nation and the

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Religious practices among Natives, pre-colonialism range from individual prayers, rituals, and offerings to large intertribal ceremonies.

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after they had violated the pass system and estimated that up to 300 Indians were still in the area without U.S. authorization.

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In addition to these concerns, many settlers were unhappy with the travel of American Indians on the railroads. For example, the

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Hoxie, Frederick E., ed. Talking Back to Civilization: Indian Voices from the Progressive Era. Boston: Bedford. 2001. p. 66.

2341:, attempted to register in local elections, he was refused a ballot. When he took the case to Supreme Court and through the 1462:

In the winter of 1609 through 1610, the residents of Jamestown had little food or effective shelter as they experienced the

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Until 1935, Native American people could be fined and sent to prison for practicing certain traditional religious beliefs.

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visits at neighboring reservations while neglecting their farming duties at home. For example, in December 1893, Governor

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Robert J. McCarthy, Civil Rights in Tribal Courts; The Indian Bill of Rights at 30 Years, 34 IDAHO LAW REVIEW 465 (1998).

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trial, he was ruled against under the circumstances that Natives were not protected under the Fourteenth Amendment. The

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advantage of this was that the Natives could become citizens yet still maintain their status and rights as Natives.

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Right of criminal defendant to a speedy trial, to be advised of the charges, and to confront any adverse witnesses

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For years the government has been debating the subject of peyote use. In 1949 peyote use was condemned by the

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other reservations of the departure time of Indians, names of Indians, and the route they intended to follow.

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and the need for more soldiers through the draft, Congress reaffirmed Native people's citizenship with the

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permission to build the highway through the territory. The move was a direct shot at New York Governor

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so that they could learn about the Native state of affairs. The organizations' members, people such as

422: 5164: 4969: 4929: 4891: 4722: 3927: 3207: 3073:"Religion as Peoplehood: Native American Religious Traditions and the Discourse of Indigenous Rights" 2768:

Ronda, James P. and Axtell, James. Indian Missions. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978. p.29

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nor a fad subject to extinction at a whim", it continues to be somewhat protected under the law.

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sovereignty as the sovereignty of the colonial governments. The treaties ended in 1871 with the

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to the United States Constitution. On May 4, the Seneca Nation threatened to do the same with

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has a strong history making deals with Native Americans and not keeping them. Thomas Bishop, a

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man, recorded his elders' memories of U.S. promises and compared them to the actual texts in

17: 5599: 5536: 5531: 5151: 4998: 4949: 4692: 4640: 3487: 3211: 3092: 3088: 2961: 2885: 2281: 2139: 1799: 1759: 1712:(NCAI), which was founded in 1944, began representing tribal interests to the public and to 1658: 1621: 1608: 1565: 1109: 957: 951: 629: 470: 417: 155: 105: 2997: 2543: 1503:

believed that it was their sacred duty and calling from God to convert Native Americans to

5160: 5146: 5092: 4630: 4615: 4462: 4191: 4111: 4015: 3983: 3591: 3244: 2918: 2338: 2267: 2199: 2135: 1984: 1828: 1638: 1616: 1604: 638: 622: 566: 100: 85: 4944: 412: 3759: 5574: 5224: 4919: 4914: 4816: 4687: 4682: 4519: 4296: 3967: 3349: 2444: 2343: 2211: 1972: 1906: 1629:

Sioux, were not only equal to European Americans, but that their values were superior.

1626: 1598: 1415: 1084: 1056: 704: 387: 382: 145: 5764: 5385: 5204: 5042: 5024: 5012: 4989: 4934: 4806: 4737: 4620: 4600: 4524: 4509: 4127: 3223: 2897: 2472: 2464: 2448: 2440: 2325: 2286: 1884: 1872: 1833: 1767: 1751: 1642: 1612: 1513: 1487:

in March 1622, killing around a third of the inhabitants, 347 colonists. This caused

1463: 1379: 1375: 800: 684: 516: 496: 484: 459: 402: 270: 200: 90: 70: 2329: 1611:

for American people to show that it is not savage that Native people celebrate what

1354:

are currently facing the destruction of surrounding environments and water sources,

5184: 5126: 4605: 4338: 3740: 2982: 2400: 2302: 2131: 2041: 1694: 1582: 1521: 1504: 1335:—particularly in the areas of cultural expression and travel—to indigenous people. 1332: 1324: 1296: 826: 664: 602: 75: 4542:

United States Congressional Joint Special Committee on Conditions of Indian Tribes

1607:, a Mdewakanton and Wahpeton Sioux and physician, published books and articles in 3142:

The Great Father: The United States Government and the American Indians, Volume 2

5318: 5209: 5174: 5058: 5050: 5046: 5038: 4984: 4974: 4939: 4924: 4899: 4821: 4702: 4440: 2368: 2073: 1960: 1927:; however, not all tribes embraced Christianity, nor did all members of tribes. 1855: 1848: 1795: 1586: 1533: 1281: 689: 654: 532: 524: 520: 512: 452: 442: 407: 392: 367: 165: 3478:

William G. McLoughlin (1981). "Experiment in Cherokee Citizenship, 1817-1829".

2841: 1955:

Many indigenous religions arose in response to colonization. These include the

1858:, hunting and fishing, and voting are still issues facing Native people today. 1559:

The 1851 Indian Appropriations Act allocated funds to move Western tribes onto

1425:

In 1607, decades after the interaction between the tribe's folk and Grenville,

5482: 5179: 5169: 5156: 5118: 5114: 5084: 5033: 4909: 4514: 3338:

Washington v. Washington State Commercial Passenger Fishing Vessel Association

3096: 2516: 2143: 1949: 1841: 1763: 1500: 659: 649: 634: 594: 590: 558: 507: 377: 3114: 2978:"Dakota Access pipeline: the who, what and why of the Standing Rock protests" 1319:", a special relationship that creates a tension between rights retained via 5406: 5313: 5199: 5189: 5109: 5100: 4979: 4266: 4254: 3363:

American Indians and the Law: The Penguin Library of American Indian History

2348: 1989: 1479: 851: 679: 669: 585: 574: 447: 3649:

Keyssar, Alexander. The Right to Vote. New York: Basic Books, 2000. pg. 165

1720:-chartered tribal councils. At least four of them were also members of the 3215: 2889: 2536:"American Indian Civics Project: 1871 to 1924- Allotment and Assimilation" 5308: 5214: 5104: 5096: 5072: 5067: 4826: 4552: 2388: 1997: 1438: 1410:

on the eastern coast of North America made contact with English explorer

694: 578: 570: 546: 541: 280: 3848:

The Conquest of Paradise: Christopher Columbus and the Columbian Legacy.

3486:(1). American Quarterly, Vol. 33, No. 1 (Spring, 1981), pp. 3-25: 3–25. 5080: 4881: 4811: 3499: 3297:

Young, William A. Quest for Harmony. Seven Bridges P, LLC, 2001. p. 324

3288:

Young, William A. Quest for Harmony. Seven Bridges P, LLC, 2001. p. 302

3266:

Young, William A. Quest for Harmony. Seven Bridges P, LLC, 2001. p. 313

2203: 1670: 1537: 1529: 554: 305: 300: 275: 2937:"NFL's Washington Redskins to change name following years of backlash" 2134:, an important place for fishing to not only the Yakama, but also the 3753:"United States Court of Appeals - Seneca Nation v. State of New York" 3084: 3080: 2236: 2231: 2147: 2126: 2021: 1993: 1938: 3491: 3402:

In a Barren Land: American Indian Dispossession and Survival, Marks

27:

Legal, social, or ethical principles pertaining to Native Americans

5499:

List of U.S. communities with Native American majority populations

5427:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

2447:. On April 18, 2007, the Seneca Nation laid claim to a stretch of 2312: 1266: 877:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

876: 4215:

List of United States Supreme Court cases involving Indian tribes

3391:

Heartbeat of the People: Music and Dance of the Northern Pow-Wow

2050: 4556: 3865: 2352:

of Natives to gain citizenship. This is seen through President

1902:(NIEA) was created to give equal education to Natives in 1969. 4774:

Native American rights movement/Red Power movement (1968-1977)

3155:

Religions in the Modern World: Traditions and Transformations.

1507:. Spaniards practiced Christianization in the New World using 3306:

La Barre, Weston. The Peyote Cult. Archon Books, 1973. p. 265

4651:

Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

1898:

After years of lack of schooling for Natives Americans, the

116:

Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

3468:

Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2007. pg. 1

3323: 3321: 3140:

Enumeration of areas of conflict from Francis Paul Prucha.

2592:(2nd ed.). University of Oklahoma Press. p. 145. 2559:"13 Issues Facing Native People Beyond Mascots And Casinos" 2257:

Beginning in the 18th century and with the creation of the

4096:

County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State

3079:. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 15. 2957:"Tribes make new move to shut down Dakota Access Pipeline" 1272:

Proportion of Indigenous Americans in each county of the

5377:

Same-sex marriage in tribal nations in the United States

3565:

Official Opinions of the Attorneys General 1856, 749–50

2884:. 29, Number 1&2, Winter/Spring 2005 (2): 156–177. 2206:

wrote a letter to the BIA protesting that Indians from

2173:

In 1988, the United States government passed a federal

4357:

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

4321:

Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act

3144:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984, p. 1127 2820:. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 597–618. 2507:

Outline of United States federal Indian law and policy

1959:, which arose at the end of the 18th century, and the 1681:

with the goal of redeeming promises made in treaties.

311:

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

3515:"INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES Vol. II, Treaties" 3435:

Harvard University, U.S. Office of Indian Affairs, 67

3131:

Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000. p 25.

2697:. (2021, February 17). In Encyclopedia Virginia. 2439:

A typical example of the struggle faced involved the

1303:. Native Americans are citizens of their respective 4168:

City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York

4048:

Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida

2512:

Racism against Native Americans in the United States

1879:

There has been significant controversy, including a

5660: 5562: 5524: 5491: 5460: 5415: 5332: 5276: 5258: 4890: 4792: 4591: 4418: 4378: 4369:

Cherokee Nation Truth in Advertising for Native Art

4223: 4024:

Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation

3903: 2998:"Treaties Still Matter: The Dakota Access Pipeline" 2930: 2928: 2621: 1887:that run near tribal territory, particularly the 1677:and several off-reservation communities into the 5727:List of Indian reservations in the United States 5392:Native American recognition in the United States 4120:Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield 3603: 3601: 3599: 3279:Oxford University Press: New York, 1997. p. 113. 2455:by revoking the 1954 agreement that granted the 2384:did not create the right to vote automatically. 1226:List of Indian reservations in the United States 4446:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 2755:Green, Leslie C., and Plive Patricia Dickason. 2655:Roanoke: Solving the Mystery of the Lost Colony 2110:A 1968 column in the Seattle underground paper 5452:The International Indian Treaty Council (IITC) 4000:United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co. 2589:American Indians: Answers to Today's Questions 1808:Protection from unreasonable invasion of homes 902:The International Indian Treaty Council (IITC) 4877:Native American identity in the United States 4568: 3877: 3452: 3450: 3075:. In Johnson, Greg; Kraft, Siv Ellen (eds.). 2015:Contemporary Native American religious issues 1248: 1221:List of federally recognized tribes by state 8: 5722:State-recognized tribes in the United States 5504:Modern social statistics of Native Americans 4104:South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe, Inc. 3517:. Government Printing Office. Archived from 1814:Right to hire an attorney in a criminal case 1645:and Native representative, was requested by 1311:, and those nations are characterized under 3670: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3618: 3616: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3552: 3550: 3444:As Long as the River Shall Run, Knack, 103, 2782:. The Law book Exchange. pp. 201–203. 2116:argues for Native American fishing rights. 1679:Northwestern Federation of American Indians 1374:Before colonization, many Natives lived in 1323:and rights that individual Natives have as 4698:Native Americans in the American Civil War 4575: 4561: 4553: 4040:McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Commission 3884: 3870: 3862: 3192: 3190: 3057: 3055: 1255: 1241: 1024: 64: 31: 5705:Native American Medal of Honor recipients 4713:Cultural assimilation of Native Americans 3709: 3707: 3167: 3165: 3163: 2628:. New York City: HarperCollins. pp. 2624:The People's History of the united States 1996:in ceremonial settings and observance of 1348:cultural assimilation of Native Americans 1211:Native American Medal of Honor recipients 171:Cultural assimilation of Native Americans 5063:Post 1887 Apache Wars period (1887–1924) 2581: 2579: 2557:NoiseCat, Julian Brave (July 30, 2015). 537:Post 1887 Apache Wars period (1887–1924) 4393:Federal recognition of Native Hawaiians 2527: 2063:Tribal sovereignty in the United States 1844:for offenses punishable by imprisonment 1748:Southwest Regional Indian Youth Council 1633:Involvement with United States politics 1075: 1027: 39: 5776:Indigenous rights in the United States 3815:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3808: 3240: 3229: 3003:National Museum of the American Indian 2914: 2903: 1979:Suppression during the Progressive Era 1905:Native American advocates went to the 1625:that the traditions of her tribe, the 5437:National Congress of American Indians 5382:Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women 5345:National Congress of American Indians 5284:American Indian Religious Freedom Act 4872:Native American disease and epidemics 4646:European colonization of the Americas 4327:American Indian Religious Freedom Act 4144:Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho 3897:Native Americans in the United States 3210:. 21, Number 2, Fall 2006 (2): 7–39. 3034:"Issues in Native American Education" 3014:from the original on January 30, 2021 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2757:The Law of Nations and the New World. 2432:Aboriginal title in the United States 2046:American Indian Religious Freedom Act 1935:American Indian Religious Freedom Act 1900:National Indian Education Association 1862:Contemporary movements (1969–present) 1817:Protection against self incrimination 1710:National Congress of American Indians 1301:Native Americans in the United States 887:National Congress of American Indians 822:American Indian Religious Freedom Act 111:European colonization of the Americas 7: 5781:Civil liberties in the United States 5771:1585 establishments in North America 5442:National Indian Youth Council (NIYC) 5299:Native American people and Mormonism 5143:Northern Cheyenne Exodus (1878-1879) 4008:Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States 3277:Ritual: Perspectives and Dimensions. 2695:First Anglo-Powhatan War (1609–1614) 2615: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2502:Native American reservation politics 1918:Religion after Euro-American contact 1728:Civil rights movement era: 1960–1968 1548:1787–1899: Creating the Constitution 892:National Indian Youth Council (NIYC) 619:Northern Cheyenne Exodus (1878-1879) 241:Native American temperance activists 5710:List of federally recognized tribes 4315:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act 3976:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy 3206:Talbot, Steve (November 29, 2006). 1615:called the "ancient way". In 1902, 1216:List of federally recognized tribes 5473:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 5468:Black Indians in the United States 5432:Native American Rights Fund (NARF) 4708:Certificate Degree of Indian Blood 3315:Botsford and EchoHawk 1996, p. 132 3157:New York: Routledge, 2002. p. 242. 3129:Addictions & Native Americans. 3077:Handbook of Indigenous Religion(s) 2142:. The Winans decided to develop a 1975:, and others in the 19th century. 1566:White Americans moving to the West 927:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 882:Native American Rights Fund (NARF) 25: 5397:Native American women in politics 4748:Native Americans and World War II 4733:Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 4485:National Indian Gaming Commission 4080:Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe 3944:New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble 2880:Hofmann, Sudie (March 18, 2008). 2818:The Native North American Almanac 2471:and other smaller islands in the 2371:, any Native who had fought with 1495:Christianization and assimilation 1414:, who set up a settlement called 211:Native Americans and World War II 196:Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 5029:Buffalo Hunters' War (1876–1877) 5017:Antelope Hills expedition (1858) 4753:American Indian boarding schools 4032:Menominee Tribe v. United States 3412:Indians of the Pacific Northwest 3175:. New York: Viking, 2008. p. 18. 2842:"Ohiyesa, or Charles A. Eastman" 2708:Daily Life in the Colonial South 2477:Tonawanda Band of Seneca Indians 2461:New York State Thruway Authority 2324:created the possibility for the 2097: 1386:have mostly been passed through 501:Buffalo Hunters' War (1876–1877) 489:(1858)|Antelope Hills expedition 216:American Indian boarding schools 48: 5447:Women of All Red Nations (WARN) 4239:(1790,1793,1796,1799,1802,1834) 3257:Hoxie, Frederick E. ibid. p. 20 2976:Levin, Sam (November 3, 2016). 2935:Sanchez, Rosa (July 13, 2020). 2882:"The American Indian Quarterly" 2292:After the passage of the first 1782:Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968 897:Women of All Red Nations (WARN) 176:Racism against Native Americans 151:Native American slave ownership 5547:Native American Pidgin English 5352:American Indian Movement (AIM) 4728:Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 4611:Archaic period in the Americas 4469:In the Courts of the Conqueror 4072:Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez 3457:As Long as the River Shall Run 772:American Indian Movement (AIM) 191:Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 81:Archaic period in the Americas 1: 5245:Battle of Kelley Creek (1911) 5021:Comanche Campaign (1867–1875) 5009:Texas–Indian wars (1836–1877) 4351:Native American Languages Act 3196:Duthu, N. Bruce. ibid. p. 17. 2328:to access the right to vote. 1740:National Indian Youth Council 1708:Advocacy groups, such as the 1597:in Iowa spoke to historians, 1360:sexual violence against women 725:Battle of Kelley Creek (1911) 493:Comanche Campaign (1867–1875) 481:Texas–Indian wars (1836–1877) 18:Native American voting rights 5340:Native American civil rights 5250:Battle of Bear Valley (1918) 5235:Crazy Snake Rebellion (1909) 5230:Battle of Sugar Point (1898) 5152:Rogue River Wars (1855–1856) 4779:Native American civil rights 4490:Native American civil rights 4345:Indian Gaming Regulatory Act 4184:Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl 3365:p.101. Penguin Group (USA). 3173:American Indians and the Law 3071:McNally, Michael D. (2017). 2710:, Greenwood, 2013, p. 333, 2188:The Bureau of Indian Affairs 2175:Indian Gaming Regulatory Act 2029:American Medical Association 1822:cruel and unusual punishment 1685:Post World War II: 1946–1959 1542:Native American reservations 1520:The missionaries developed " 1491:that would last until 1632. 1293:Native American civil rights 730:Battle of Bear Valley (1918) 715:Crazy Snake Rebellion (1909) 710:Battle of Sugar Point (1898) 630:Rogue River Wars (1855–1856) 236:Alcohol and Native Americans 131:Slavery in the United States 5693:Native American politicians 5683:Native American War Leaders 5161:Puget Sound War (1855–1856) 5147:Ghost Dance War (1890–1891) 5139:Great Sioux War (1876–1877) 5135:Red Cloud's War (1866–1868) 5119:First Sioux War (1854-1856) 5047:Chiricahua Wars (1860–1886) 4769:Native American Rights Fund 4505:Recognition of sacred sites 4500:Native American Rights Fund 4405:Federally recognized tribes 4285:Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act 2497:Native American Rights Fund 1854:Other civil rights such as 1776:unrecognized Native nations 1722:Society of American Indians 1693:aided the United States in 1402:1585–1786: Initial meetings 1350:. Many tribes that live on 639:Puget Sound War (1855–1856) 623:Ghost Dance War (1890–1891) 615:Great Sioux War (1876–1877) 611:Red Cloud's War (1866–1868) 595:First Sioux War (1854-1856) 521:Chiricahua Wars (1860–1886) 5807: 5372:Occupation of Wounded Knee 5089:Black Hawk War (1865–1872) 5077:Battle at Fort Utah (1850) 5059:Geronimo's War (1881–1886) 5055:Victorio's War (1879–1880) 4960:American Revolutionary War 4363:Indian Arts and Crafts Act 3920:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia 3607:Congressional Globe 1866, 3590:Congressional Globe 1866, 3541:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia 2429: 2277:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia 2089:Fishing and hunting rights 2060: 1731: 1554:Indian Appropriations Acts 1429:established the colony of 1370:Pre-contact with Europeans 1317:domestic dependent nations 792:Occupation of Wounded Knee 563:Black Hawk War (1865–1872) 551:Battle at Fort Utah (1850) 533:Geronimo's War (1881–1886) 529:Victorio's War (1879–1880) 428:American Revolutionary War 5740: 5554:Native American languages 5294:Native American religions 5043:Jicarilla War (1849–1855) 5025:Red River War (1874–1875) 5013:Comanche Wars (1836–1877) 4718:Indian Appropriations Act 4279:Indian Reorganization Act 4206:Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta 4064:United States v. Antelope 3513:Kappler, Charles (1904). 3127:French, Laurence Armand. 3097:10.1163/9789004346710_004 2816:Champagne, Duane (2001). 2457:Interstate Highway System 2020:religious practice using 1718:Indian Rights Association 1489:second Anglo-Powhatan War 1286:2020 United States Census 1204:congressional politicians 966:Native American languages 517:Jicarilla War (1849–1855) 497:Red River War (1874–1875) 485:Comanche Wars (1836–1877) 181:Indian Appropriations Act 5367:Trail of Broken Treaties 5195:Hualapai War (1865–1870) 5185:Yavapai Wars (1861–1875) 5165:Coeur d'Alene War (1858) 5127:Colorado War (1863–1865) 4431:Bureau of Indian Affairs 4333:Indian Child Welfare Act 4136:South Dakota v. Bourland 3361:Duthu, N. Bruce (2008). 2294:Civil Rights Act in 1866 2228:Central Pacific Railroad 2002:Bureau of Indian Affairs 1746:, and introduced to the 1667:Pacific Northwest tribes 1655:United States government 1472:First Anglo-Powhatan War 787:Trail of Broken Treaties 675:Hualapai War (1865–1870) 643:Coeur d'Alene War (1858) 603:Colorado War (1863–1865) 5791:Native American culture 5786:Native American history 5542:American Indian English 5478:Louisiana Creole people 5268:Native American studies 5220:Bannock Uprising (1895) 5175:Navajo Wars (1849–1866) 5131:Powder River War (1865) 5039:Apache Wars (1849–1924) 4857:Mesoamerican literature 4852:Indigenous Peoples' Day 4661:Partus sequitur ventrem 4480:Long Walk of the Navajo 4410:State recognized tribes 4309:Indian Civil Rights Act 3850:New York: Plume, 1991. 3830:Salamanca Press article 3414:, Elizabeth von Aderkas 3008:Smithsonian Institution 2778:Bennett, Elmer (2008). 2453:Cattaraugus Reservation 2405:Nationality Act of 1940 2158:United States v. Winans 1788:Indian Civil Rights Act 1577:Criticizing colonialism 1340:many tribes and peoples 700:Bannock Uprising (1895) 665:Yavapai Wars(1861–1875) 655:Navajo Wars (1849–1866) 607:Powder River War (1865) 513:Apache Wars (1849–1924) 321:Indigenous Peoples' Day 136:Partus sequitur ventrem 5362:Occupation of Alcatraz 5304:Native American church 5170:Mohave War (1858–1859) 5157:Yakima War (1855–1858) 5115:Sioux Wars (1854–1891) 5093:White River War (1879) 5081:Walker War (1853–1854) 4965:Cherokee–American wars 4495:Native American gaming 4398:Legal status of Hawaii 4273:Indian Citizenship Act 4152:Idaho v. United States 4056:Bryan v. Itasca County 3992:Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock 3952:Standing Bear v. Crook 3239:Cite journal requires 2913:Cite journal requires 2669:"Rethinking Jamestown" 2381:Indian Citizenship Act 2322:Treaty of Fort Laramie 2296:, and adoption of the 2246:Indian Citizenship Act 2038:Native American Church 2033:Drug Abuse Control Act 1946:Native American Church 1889:Dakota Access Pipeline 1587:Crow Nation in Montana 1509:Pope Alexander VI 1460: 1346:and resistance to the 1289: 1062:Southeastern Woodlands 1042:Northeastern Woodlands 847:Native American church 782:Occupation of Alcatraz 635:Yakima War (1855–1858) 591:Sioux Wars (1854–1891) 567:White River War (1879) 555:Walker War (1853–1854) 433:Cherokee–American wars 231:Native American rights 5225:Yaqui Uprising (1896) 5200:Modoc War (1872–1873) 5190:Snake War (1864–1869) 5105:Bluff Skirmish (1921) 5101:Bluff War (1914–1915) 5051:Tonto War (1871–1875) 4802:Mississippian culture 4765:Civil rights movement 4666:Five Civilized Tribes 4303:Indian Relocation Act 4160:United States v. Lara 3936:Fellows v. Blacksmith 3424:The Northern Shoshoni 3216:10.1353/wic.2006.0024 2890:10.1353/aiq.2008.0017 2620:Zinn, Howard (2003). 2540:americanindiantah.com 2362:Oklahoma Enabling Act 2186:the right to travel. 2167:Antoine v. Washington 2083:Indian Appropriations 1847:Equal law protection 1768:direct protest action 1455: 1449:wrote in a letter to 1433:in the middle of the 1408:American Indian tribe 1384:European colonization 1270: 842:Traditional religions 750:Civil rights movement 705:Yaqui Uprising (1896) 680:Modoc War (1872–1873) 670:Snake War (1864–1869) 650:Mohave War(1858–1859) 579:Bluff Skirmish (1921) 575:Bluff War (1914–1915) 525:Tonto War (1871–1875) 266:Mississippian culture 221:Civil rights movement 5240:Last Massacre (1911) 5205:Nez Perce War (1877) 5073:Ute Wars (1850–1923) 4970:Northwest Indian War 4723:Racial Integrity Act 3928:Worcester v. Georgia 3797:on December 18, 2008 3658:Roosevelt 1901, 6672 3061:Utter, Jack. p. 148. 2728:. ABC-CLIO. p. 332. 2673:Smithsonian Magazine 2658:Retrieved April 2011 2586:Utter, Jack (2001). 2308:James Rood Doolittle 2298:Fourteenth Amendment 2268:Article I, Section 8 2263:Article I, Section 3 2078:federally recognized 1969:Indian Shaker Church 1965:Four Mothers Society 1893:Keystone XL Pipeline 1786:With the law of the 1466:. In December 1609, 1435:Powhatan confederacy 1309:of the United States 1278:District of Columbia 1003:Tribal disenrollment 720:Last Massacre (1911) 685:Nez Perce War (1877) 438:Northwest Indian War 186:Racial Integrity Act 43:in the United States 5516:Reservation poverty 5461:Ethnic subdivisions 5333:Political movements 4994:Second Seminole War 4905:Anglo-Powhatan Wars 4475:Indian reservations 4436:Cherokee Commission 3912:Johnson v. McIntosh 3521:on November 3, 2012 3275:Bell, Catherine M. 3040:on November 5, 2008 2965:. October 20, 2020. 2706:Schlotterbeck, J., 2393:Fifteenth Amendment 2373:honorable discharge 2367:Furthermore, after 2280:, one of the three 1869:Washington Redskins 1820:Protection against 1772:federal recognition 1595:Meskwaki Settlement 1561:Indian reservations 1485:massacred Jamestown 1356:depressed economies 1352:Indian reservations 1008:Reservation poverty 991:Societal statistics 915:Ethnic subdivisions 743:Political movements 547:Ute Wars(1850–1923) 464:Second Seminole War 373:Anglo-Powhatan Wars 35:Part of a series on 5417:Civic and economic 5402:Tribal sovereignty 5357:Red Power Movement 5324:Longhouse Religion 5259:Education, science 5210:Bannock War (1878) 5004:American Civil War 4955:Lord Dunmore's War 4743:Blood quantum laws 4626:Post-Classic stage 4535:Self-determination 4530:Tribal sovereignty 4456:Eagle-bone whistle 4249:Indian Removal Act 4237:Nonintercourse Act 4231:Blood quantum laws 4198:McGirt v. Oklahoma 3741:Buffalo News story 3480:American Quarterly 3208:"Wíčazo Ša Review" 3091:. pp. 52–79. 2780:Federal Indian Law 2485:Interstate 86 2481:Eleventh Amendment 2449:Interstate 90 2354:Theodore Roosevelt 1957:Longhouse Religion 1881:number of protests 1734:Red Power movement 1703:self-determination 1699:tribal sovereignty 1669:organized all the 1647:Theodore Roosevelt 1427:Captain John Smith 1321:tribal sovereignty 1290: 857:Longhouse Religion 777:Red Power Movement 755:Self-determination 690:Bannock War (1878) 476:American Civil War 423:Lord Dunmore's War 346:Tribal sovereignty 226:Red Power movement 206:Blood quantum laws 161:American Civil War 141:Indian Removal Act 96:Post-Classic stage 5758: 5757: 5289:Eagle feather law 5180:Paiute War (1860) 5123:Dakota War (1862) 5085:Tintic War (1856) 4999:Osage Indian War 4930:King Philip's War 4550: 4549: 4451:Eagle feather law 4385:State recognition 4176:Cobell v. Salazar 4088:Solem v. Bartlett 3960:Ex parte Crow Dog 3856:978-0-452-26669-8 3844:Sale, Kirkpatrick 3765:on August 8, 2007 3171:Duthu, N. Bruce. 3153:Woodhead, Linda. 3106:978-90-04-34669-7 2734:978-1-851096-97-8 2675:. January 1, 2005 2546:on July 16, 2011. 2451:that crosses the 2412:Voting Rights Act 2401:World War II 2220:Crow Reservations 2192:Willamette Valley 2069:indigenous tribes 1925:forced conversion 1744:Boulder, Colorado 1412:Richard Grenville 1313:United States law 1265: 1264: 1163: 1162: 1052:Pacific Northwest 1047:Northwest Plateau 832:Eagle Feather law 760:Women in politics 599:Dakota War (1862) 559:Tintic War (1856) 471:Osage Indian War 398:King Philip's War 248: 247: 16:(Redirected from 5798: 5668:Native Americans 5537:American English 5110:Posey War (1923) 4827:Iroquois culture 4693:Indian Territory 4641:Age of Discovery 4577: 4570: 4563: 4554: 4426:Aboriginal title 4243:Civilization Act 4179:(D.C. Cir. 2009) 3886: 3879: 3872: 3863: 3832: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3814: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3796: 3790:. Archived from 3789: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3764: 3758:. Archived from 3757: 3749: 3743: 3738: 3732: 3729: 3723: 3720: 3714: 3711: 3702: 3699: 3693: 3690: 3684: 3681: 3675: 3672: 3659: 3656: 3650: 3647: 3641: 3638: 3623: 3620: 3611: 3605: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3579: 3566: 3563: 3557: 3554: 3545: 3537: 3531: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3510: 3504: 3503: 3475: 3469: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3445: 3442: 3436: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3379: 3373: 3359: 3353: 3334: 3328: 3325: 3316: 3313: 3307: 3304: 3298: 3295: 3289: 3286: 3280: 3273: 3267: 3264: 3258: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3242: 3237: 3235: 3227: 3203: 3197: 3194: 3185: 3182: 3176: 3169: 3158: 3151: 3145: 3138: 3132: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3089:Brill Publishers 3068: 3062: 3059: 3050: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3036:. Archived from 3030: 3024: 3023: 3021: 3019: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2962:Associated Press 2953: 2947: 2946: 2932: 2923: 2922: 2916: 2911: 2909: 2901: 2877: 2871: 2868: 2862: 2859: 2853: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2838: 2832: 2831: 2813: 2794: 2793: 2775: 2769: 2766: 2760: 2753: 2747: 2744: 2738: 2724: 2718: 2704: 2698: 2693:Wolfe, Brendan. 2691: 2685: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2665: 2659: 2650: 2644: 2643: 2627: 2617: 2604: 2603: 2583: 2574: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2554: 2548: 2547: 2542:. Archived from 2532: 2369:World War I 2282:Marshall Trilogy 2181:Traveling rights 2101: 1913:Religious rights 1827:Protection from 1774:of several then- 1760:Vine Deloria Jr. 1691:Native Americans 1622:Atlantic Monthly 1257: 1250: 1243: 1179:Native Americans 1057:The Great Plains 1025: 960: 958:American English 932:Louisiana Creole 660:Paiute War(1860) 586:Posey War (1923) 281:Iroquois culture 156:Indian Territory 106:Age of Discovery 65: 52: 41:Native Americans 32: 21: 5806: 5805: 5801: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5796: 5795: 5761: 5760: 5759: 5754: 5736: 5656: 5558: 5520: 5487: 5456: 5420: 5418: 5411: 5328: 5272: 5260: 5254: 5215:Crow War (1887) 4886: 4812:Hohokam culture 4788: 4631:Woodland period 4616:Formative stage 4587: 4584:Native American 4581: 4551: 4546: 4463:Hunting license 4414: 4383: 4374: 4291:Nationality Act 4219: 4192:Sharp v. Murphy 4112:Hodel v. Irving 4016:Williams v. Lee 3984:Talton v. Mayes 3899: 3890: 3840: 3835: 3828: 3824: 3807: 3800: 3798: 3794: 3787: 3785:"Archived copy" 3783: 3782: 3778: 3768: 3766: 3762: 3755: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3739: 3735: 3730: 3726: 3721: 3717: 3712: 3705: 3700: 3696: 3691: 3687: 3683:Cohen 1942, 158 3682: 3678: 3673: 3662: 3657: 3653: 3648: 3644: 3639: 3626: 3621: 3614: 3606: 3597: 3589: 3585: 3580: 3569: 3564: 3560: 3555: 3548: 3538: 3534: 3524: 3522: 3512: 3511: 3507: 3492:10.2307/2712531 3477: 3476: 3472: 3467: 3463: 3455: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3434: 3430: 3422: 3418: 3410: 3406: 3401: 3397: 3389: 3385: 3380: 3376: 3360: 3356: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3319: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3301: 3296: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3274: 3270: 3265: 3261: 3256: 3252: 3238: 3228: 3205: 3204: 3200: 3195: 3188: 3183: 3179: 3170: 3161: 3152: 3148: 3139: 3135: 3126: 3122: 3107: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3060: 3053: 3043: 3041: 3032: 3031: 3027: 3017: 3015: 2996: 2995: 2991: 2975: 2974: 2970: 2955: 2954: 2950: 2934: 2933: 2926: 2912: 2902: 2879: 2878: 2874: 2869: 2865: 2860: 2856: 2846: 2844: 2840: 2839: 2835: 2828: 2815: 2814: 2797: 2790: 2777: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2763: 2754: 2750: 2745: 2741: 2725: 2721: 2705: 2701: 2692: 2688: 2678: 2676: 2667: 2666: 2662: 2651: 2647: 2640: 2619: 2618: 2607: 2600: 2585: 2584: 2577: 2567: 2565: 2563:Huffington Post 2556: 2555: 2551: 2534: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2493: 2434: 2428: 2339:Omaha, Nebraska 2255: 2200:John E. Osborne 2183: 2119: 2118: 2117: 2109: 2104: 2103: 2102: 2091: 2065: 2059: 2017: 1985:Progressive Era 1981: 1920: 1915: 1864: 1829:double jeopardy 1784: 1736: 1730: 1687: 1639:Charles Eastman 1635: 1617:Gertrude Bonnin 1605:Charles Eastman 1599:anthropologists 1579: 1574: 1550: 1511:'s papal bull, 1497: 1476:Lord De la Warr 1437:in what is now 1404: 1372: 1364:substance abuse 1331:, denied basic 1329:colonial period 1288: 1261: 1232: 1231: 1230: 1173: 1165: 1164: 1159: 1071: 1022: 1014: 1013: 1012: 980: 972: 971: 970: 956: 946: 938: 937: 936: 916: 908: 907: 906: 871: 863: 862: 861: 816: 808: 807: 806: 744: 736: 735: 734: 695:Crow War (1887) 362: 352: 351: 350: 276:Hohokam culture 260: 250: 249: 101:Woodland period 86:Formative stage 62: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5804: 5802: 5794: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5763: 5762: 5756: 5755: 5753: 5752: 5747: 5741: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5718: 5717: 5707: 5702: 5701: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5664: 5662: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5632:North Carolina 5629: 5624: 5619: 5618: 5617: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5566: 5564: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5556: 5551: 5550: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5528: 5526: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5507: 5506: 5495: 5493: 5489: 5488: 5486: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5464: 5462: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5423: 5421: 5416: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5348: 5347: 5336: 5334: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5280: 5278: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5270: 5264: 5262: 5261:and technology 5256: 5255: 5253: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5154: 5149: 5112: 5107: 5097:Ute War (1887) 5070: 5065: 5036: 5031: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4920:Peach Tree War 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4896: 4894: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4817:Plains Indians 4814: 4809: 4804: 4798: 4796: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4786: 4784:Discrimination 4781: 4776: 4771: 4762: 4761: 4760: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4688:Trail of Tears 4685: 4683:Indian removal 4680: 4679: 4678: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4597: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4582: 4580: 4579: 4572: 4565: 4557: 4548: 4547: 4545: 4544: 4539: 4538: 4537: 4527: 4522: 4520:Trail of Tears 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4465: 4460: 4459: 4458: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4422: 4420: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4401: 4400: 4389: 4387: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4372: 4366: 4360: 4354: 4348: 4342: 4336: 4330: 4324: 4318: 4312: 4306: 4300: 4297:Public Law 280 4294: 4288: 4282: 4276: 4270: 4264: 4258: 4252: 4246: 4240: 4234: 4233:(1705 onwards) 4227: 4225: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4217: 4211: 4210: 4202: 4188: 4180: 4172: 4164: 4156: 4148: 4140: 4132: 4124: 4116: 4108: 4100: 4092: 4084: 4076: 4068: 4060: 4052: 4044: 4036: 4028: 4020: 4012: 4004: 3996: 3988: 3980: 3972: 3968:Elk v. Wilkins 3964: 3956: 3955:(D. Neb. 1879) 3948: 3940: 3932: 3924: 3916: 3907: 3905: 3901: 3900: 3891: 3889: 3888: 3881: 3874: 3866: 3860: 3859: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3833: 3822: 3776: 3744: 3733: 3724: 3715: 3703: 3694: 3685: 3676: 3660: 3651: 3642: 3624: 3612: 3595: 3583: 3567: 3558: 3546: 3532: 3505: 3470: 3461: 3446: 3437: 3428: 3416: 3404: 3395: 3383: 3374: 3354: 3329: 3317: 3308: 3299: 3290: 3281: 3268: 3259: 3250: 3241:|journal= 3198: 3186: 3177: 3159: 3146: 3133: 3120: 3105: 3063: 3051: 3025: 2989: 2968: 2948: 2924: 2915:|journal= 2872: 2863: 2854: 2833: 2826: 2795: 2788: 2770: 2761: 2748: 2739: 2719: 2716:978-0313340697 2699: 2686: 2660: 2645: 2638: 2605: 2598: 2575: 2549: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2520: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2492: 2489: 2445:New York State 2430:Main article: 2427: 2424: 2344:Elk v. Wilkins 2330:Article 6 2313:Digger Indians 2254: 2251: 2182: 2179: 2106: 2105: 2096: 2095: 2094: 2093: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2061:Main article: 2058: 2055: 2016: 2013: 2000:rituals." The 1980: 1977: 1973:Kuksu religion 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1907:United Nations 1863: 1860: 1852: 1851: 1845: 1838: 1825: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1783: 1780: 1729: 1726: 1686: 1683: 1643:Santee Dakotan 1634: 1631: 1627:Yankton Dakota 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1549: 1546: 1499:Many European 1496: 1493: 1468:John Ratcliffe 1416:Roanoke Colony 1403: 1400: 1371: 1368: 1305:Native nations 1271: 1263: 1262: 1260: 1259: 1252: 1245: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1229: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1207: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1175: 1174: 1171: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1161: 1160: 1158: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1135:North Carolina 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1081: 1078: 1077: 1073: 1072: 1070: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1023: 1020: 1019: 1016: 1015: 1011: 1010: 1005: 1000: 999: 998: 993: 982: 981: 978: 977: 974: 973: 969: 968: 963: 962: 961: 948: 947: 944: 943: 940: 939: 935: 934: 929: 924: 918: 917: 914: 913: 910: 909: 905: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 879: 873: 872: 869: 868: 865: 864: 860: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 824: 818: 817: 814: 813: 810: 809: 805: 804: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 768: 767: 757: 752: 746: 745: 742: 741: 738: 737: 733: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 646: 645: 632: 626: 625: 588: 582: 581: 571:Ute War (1887) 544: 539: 510: 504: 503: 478: 473: 467: 466: 456: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 388:Peach Tree War 385: 380: 375: 370: 364: 363: 358: 357: 354: 353: 349: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 262: 261: 256: 255: 252: 251: 246: 245: 244: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 158: 153: 148: 146:Trail of Tears 143: 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 63: 58: 57: 54: 53: 45: 44: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5803: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5766: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5742: 5739: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5716: 5713: 5712: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5670: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5659: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5563:By state/city 5561: 5555: 5552: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5534: 5533: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5523: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5505: 5502: 5501: 5500: 5497: 5496: 5494: 5490: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5459: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5414: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5387: 5386:Red handprint 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5346: 5343: 5342: 5341: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5331: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5275: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5257: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4991: 4990:Seminole Wars 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4950:Pontiac's War 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4935:Tuscarora War 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4889: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4867:Neighborhoods 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4807:Adena culture 4805: 4803: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4791: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4766: 4763: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4738:Jim Crow laws 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4677: 4674: 4673: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4621:Classic stage 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4601:Paleo-Indians 4599: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4590: 4585: 4578: 4573: 4571: 4566: 4564: 4559: 4558: 4555: 4543: 4540: 4536: 4533: 4532: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4525:Treaty rights 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4510:Seminole Wars 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 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Reina 4125: 4122: 4121: 4117: 4114: 4113: 4109: 4106: 4105: 4101: 4098: 4097: 4093: 4090: 4089: 4085: 4082: 4081: 4077: 4074: 4073: 4069: 4066: 4065: 4061: 4058: 4057: 4053: 4050: 4049: 4045: 4042: 4041: 4037: 4034: 4033: 4029: 4026: 4025: 4021: 4018: 4017: 4013: 4010: 4009: 4005: 4002: 4001: 3997: 3994: 3993: 3989: 3986: 3985: 3981: 3978: 3977: 3973: 3970: 3969: 3965: 3962: 3961: 3957: 3954: 3953: 3949: 3946: 3945: 3941: 3938: 3937: 3933: 3930: 3929: 3925: 3922: 3921: 3917: 3914: 3913: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3887: 3882: 3880: 3875: 3873: 3868: 3867: 3864: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3842: 3841: 3837: 3831: 3826: 3823: 3818: 3812: 3801:September 22, 3793: 3786: 3780: 3777: 3769:September 22, 3761: 3754: 3748: 3745: 3742: 3737: 3734: 3728: 3725: 3719: 3716: 3710: 3708: 3704: 3698: 3695: 3689: 3686: 3680: 3677: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3661: 3655: 3652: 3646: 3643: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3625: 3619: 3617: 3613: 3610: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3596: 3593: 3587: 3584: 3578: 3576: 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1764:Hank Adams 1732:See also: 1526:John Eliot 1451:John Smith 1395:Precontact 1284:as of the 1095:California 508:Cayuse War 378:Pequot War 326:Literature 5732:Massacres 5688:musicians 5652:Wisconsin 5615:Baltimore 5525:Languages 5407:Land Back 5314:Sun Dance 4980:Creek War 4676:ownership 4267:Burke Act 4255:Dawes Act 3731:McCool 45 3722:McCool 22 3701:McCool 19 3609:2892-2893 3393:, Browner 3224:154771191 3115:1874-6691 2898:201773549 2870:(Sokolow) 2679:April 10, 2349:Dawes Act 2208:Fort Hall 2146:to catch 2140:Nez Perce 1992:, use of 1990:Sun Dance 1950:syncretic 1883:, around 1794:Right to 1659:Snohomish 1637:In 1903, 1619:told the 1572:1900–1945 1480:Paspahegh 1431:Jamestown 1199:musicians 1155:Wisconsin 1067:Southwest 1028:by region 1021:Geography 945:Languages 852:Sun Dance 837:Mormonism 448:Creek War 5745:Category 5715:by state 5647:Virginia 5637:Oklahoma 5627:Nebraska 5622:Michigan 5610:Maryland 5590:Colorado 5309:Smudging 5277:Religion 5068:Yuma War 4656:Genocide 3904:Case law 3811:cite web 3692:McCool 9 3674:McCool 7 3640:McCool 6 3622:McCool 5 3581:McCool 3 3556:McCool 2 3525:June 22, 3012:Archived 2942:ABC News 2491:See also 2389:Colorado 2138:and the 2136:Umatilla 1998:potlatch 1891:and the 1804:assembly 1714:Congress 1663:treaties 1552:See the 1447:Powhatan 1443:Powhatan 1439:Virginia 1295:are the 1150:Virginia 1140:Oklahoma 1130:Nebraska 1125:Michigan 1120:Maryland 1100:Colorado 1076:by state 815:Religion 542:Yuma War 121:Genocide 5698:writers 5673:artists 5595:Florida 5580:Arizona 5532:English 4882:Pow wow 4862:Fashion 4794:Culture 4671:Slavery 4593:History 4419:Related 4380:Federal 3500:2712531 2759:pg. 173 2746:Sale 27 2204:Wyoming 1673:agency 1671:Tulalip 1609:English 1593:of the 1585:of the 1538:Baptist 1530:Puritan 1420:Raleigh 1184:artists 1105:Florida 1090:Arizona 952:English 331:Fashion 301:Pow wow 258:Culture 126:Slavery 60:History 5750:Portal 5678:actors 5642:Oregon 5600:Hawaii 5575:Alaska 5419:groups 4586:topics 4371:(2008) 4365:(1990) 4359:(1990) 4353:(1990) 4347:(1988) 4341:(1984) 4335:(1978) 4329:(1978) 4323:(1975) 4317:(1971) 4311:(1968) 4305:(1956) 4299:(1953) 4293:(1940) 4287:(1936) 4281:(1934) 4275:(1924) 4269:(1906) 4263:(1898) 4257:(1887) 4251:(1830) 4245:(1819) 4209:(2022) 4201:(2020) 4187:(2013) 4171:(2005) 4163:(2004) 4155:(2001) 4147:(1997) 4139:(1993) 4131:(1990) 4123:(1989) 4115:(1987) 4107:(1986) 4099:(1985) 4091:(1984) 4083:(1982) 4075:(1978) 4067:(1977) 4059:(1976) 4051:(1974) 4043:(1973) 4035:(1968) 4027:(1960) 4019:(1959) 4011:(1955) 4003:(1941) 3995:(1903) 3987:(1896) 3979:(1896) 3971:(1884) 3963:(1883) 3947:(1858) 3939:(1857) 3931:(1832) 3923:(1831) 3915:(1823) 3893:Rights 3854: 3713:ITCA 2 3544:(1831) 3498: 3369: 3341:, 3222: 3113: 3103: 3085:Boston 3081:Leiden 2896: 2824: 2786: 2732: 2714: 2636: 2596: 2253:Voting 2237:Paiute 2232:Nevada 2218:, and 2148:salmon 2127:Yakama 2022:peyote 1994:peyote 1939:peyote 1802:, and 1762:, and 1532:, and 1362:, and 1280:, and 1276:, the 1189:actors 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Knowledge (XXG)

Native American civil rights

Index