Know Nothing - Knowledge (XXG)

854:

The legislature set up the state's first reform school for juvenile delinquents while trying to block the importation of supposedly subversive government documents and academic books from Europe. It upgraded the legal status of wives, giving them more property rights and more rights in divorce courts. It passed harsh penalties on speakeasies, gambling houses and bordellos. It passed prohibition legislation with penalties that were so stiff—such as six months in prison for serving one glass of beer—that juries refused to convict defendants. Many of the reforms were quite expensive; state spending rose 45% on top of a 50% hike in annual taxes on cities and towns. This extravagance angered the taxpayers, and few Know Nothings were reelected. These successes at enacting reform legislation came at the expense of the traditional nativist priorities of the party, causing some national Know Nothing leaders, like Samuel Morse, to question the Massachusetts party's aims.

858:

transform the Catholic children). The governor disbanded the Irish militias and replaced Irish holding state jobs with Protestants. However, Know Nothing lawmakers failed to reach the two-thirds majority needed to pass a state constitutional amendment to restrict voting and office holding to men who had resided in Massachusetts for at least 21 years. The legislature then called on Congress to raise the requirement for naturalization from five years to 21 years, but Congress never acted. The most dramatic move by the Know Nothing legislature was to appoint an investigating committee designed to prove widespread sexual immorality underway in Catholic convents. The press had a field day following the story, especially when it was discovered that the key reformer was using committee funds to pay for a prostitute. The legislature shut down its committee, ejected the reformer, and saw its investigation become a laughing stock.

870:, and 79% of the Whigs, plus 15% of Democrats and 24% of those who abstained in the previous election for governor the year before. In full control of the legislature, the Know Nothings enacted their entire agenda. According to Lex Renda, they battled traditionalism and promoted rapid modernization. They extended the waiting period for citizenship to slow down the growth of Irish power; they reformed the state courts. They expanded the number and power of banks; they strengthened corporations; they defeated a proposed 10-hour workday law. They reformed the tax system; increased state spending on public schools; set up a system to build high schools; prohibited the sale of liquor; and they denounced the expansion of slavery in the western territories. 1758: 1717: 298: 767:

especially Catholics. The new party's voters were concentrated in the rapidly growing industrial towns, where Yankee workers faced direct competition with new Irish immigrants. Whereas the Whig Party was strongest in high income districts, the Know Nothing electorate was strongest in the poor districts. They expelled the traditional upper-class, closed, political leadership, especially the lawyers and merchants. In their stead, they elected working-class men, farmers and a large number of teachers and ministers. Replacing the moneyed elite were men who seldom owned $ 10,000 in property.

924:, by the 1850s about 60 percent of the population was Protestant and open to the Know Nothing's anti-Catholic, anti-immigrant appeal. On August 18, 1853, the party held its first rally in Baltimore with about 5,000 in attendance, calling for secularization of public schools, complete separation of church and state, freedom of speech, and regulating immigration. The first Know-Nothing candidate elected into office in Baltimore was Mayor Samuel Hinks in 1855. The following year, ethnic and secular conflicts fueled 982: 555: 739:

the only state where the party gained strength in 1855. Their Ohio success seems to have come from winning over immigrants, especially German-American Lutherans and Scots-Irish Presbyterians, both hostile to Catholicism. In Alabama, Know Nothings were a mix of former Whigs, discontented Democrats and other political outsiders who favored state aid to build more railroads. Virginia attracted national attention in its tempestuous 1855 gubernatorial election. Democrat

6270: 1769: 1878:, and disproportionately male and older, Tea Party advocates express a visceral anger at the cultural and, to some extent, political eclipse of an America in which people who looked and thought like them were dominant (an echo, in its own way, of the anguish of the Know-Nothings). A black President, a female speaker of the house, and a gay head of the House Financial Services Committee are evidently almost too much to bear. Though the 904:

her hard-earned gains in the South and integration into its society. Immigrants fears were unjustified, however, because the national debate over slavery and its expansion, not nativism or anti-Catholicism, was the major reason for Know-Nothing success in the South. The southerners who supported the Know-Nothings did so, for the most part, because they thought the Democrats who favored the expansion of slavery might break up the Union.

969:

Louisiana Know Nothings were pro-slavery and anti-immigrant, but, in contrast to the national party, refused to include a religious test for membership. Instead, the Louisiana Know Nothings insisted that "loyalty to a church should not supersede loyalty to the Union." Similarly, the broader Know Nothing movement viewed Louisiana Catholics, and in particular the Creole elite who supported the American Party, as adhering to a

1706: 491: 5151: 5042: 1793: 1599: 1577: 1550: 1528: 1351: 1329: 1302: 1280: 1227: 1179: 1152: 460:

which the Republic puts on the intrusion of religious influence on the political arena. These influences have brought vast multitudes of foreign-born citizens to the polls, ignorant of American interests, without American feelings, influenced by foreign sympathies, to vote on American affairs; and those votes have, in point of fact, accomplished the present result.

936:, former governor of Tennessee, who wrote in January 1855: "I have been astonished at the widespread feeling in favor of their principles—to wit, Native Americanism and anti-Catholicism—it takes everywhere". Despite this, in Louisiana and Maryland, prominent Know Nothings remained loyal to the Union. In Maryland, American Party's former governor and later senator 1838:, the spirit which actuated the "Know-nothing" party, the spirit which is forever carping about the foreign-born citizen and trying to abridge his privileges, is too deeply seated in the party. The aristocratic and know-nothing principle has been circulating in its system so long that it will require more than one somersault to shake the poison out of its bones. 1741: 1502: 1476: 1450: 1429: 1403: 1254: 1201: 771:

They enlisted few farmers, but on the other hand they included many merchants and factory owners. The party's voters were by no means all native-born Americans, for it won more than a fourth of the German and British Protestants in numerous state elections. It especially appealed to Protestants such as the Lutherans, Dutch Reformed and Presbyterians.

896:

whole, the American Party was strongest among former Unionist Whigs. States-rightist Whigs shunned it, enabling the Democrats to win most of the South. Whigs supported the American Party because of their desire to defeat the Democrats, their unionist sentiment, their anti-immigrant attitudes and the Know Nothing neutrality on the slavery issue.

717: 850:, looking to redirect the focus of the party. Historian Stephen Taylor says that in addition to nativist legislation, "the party also distinguished itself by its opposition to slavery, support for an expansion of the rights of women, regulation of industry, and support of measures designed to improve the status of working people". 431:, the American Party served as a vehicle for politicians who opposed the Democrats. Many of the American Party's members and supporters also hoped that it would stake out a middle ground between the pro-slavery positions of Democratic politicians and the radical anti-slavery positions of the rapidly emerging 857:

The Massachusetts Know Nothings did advance attacks on the civil rights of Irish Catholic immigrants. After this, state courts lost the power to process applications for citizenship and public schools had to require compulsory daily reading of the Protestant Bible (which the nativists were sure would

845:

The most aggressive and innovative legislation came out of Massachusetts, where the new party controlled all but three of the 400 seats—only 35 had any previous legislative experience. The Massachusetts legislature in 1855 passed a series of reforms that "burst the dam against change erected by party

364:

in defense of their traditional religious and political values. The Know Nothing movement is remembered for this theme because Protestants feared that Catholic priests and bishops would control a large bloc of voters. In most places, the ideology and influence of the Know Nothing movement lasted only

766:

Historian John Mulkern has examined the party's success in sweeping to almost complete control of the Massachusetts legislature after its 1854 landslide victory. He finds the new party was populist and highly democratic, hostile to wealth, elites and to expertise, and deeply suspicious of outsiders,

746:

Know Nothings scored victories in Northern state elections in 1854, winning control of the legislature in Massachusetts and polling 40% of the vote in Pennsylvania. Although most of the new immigrants lived in the North, resentment and anger against them was national and the American Party initially

738:

was elected mayor of Chicago and barred all immigrants from city jobs. Abraham Lincoln was strongly opposed to the principles of the Know Nothing movement, but did not denounce it publicly because he needed the votes of its membership to form a successful anti-slavery coalition in Illinois. Ohio was

578:

Immigration during the first five years of the 1850s reached a level five times greater than a decade earlier. Most of the new arrivals were poor Catholic peasants or laborers from Ireland and Germany who crowded the tenements of large cities. Crime and welfare costs soared. Cincinnati's crime rate,

853:

It passed legislation to regulate railroads, insurance companies and public utilities. It funded free textbooks for the public schools and raised the appropriations for local libraries and for the school for the blind. Purification of Massachusetts against divisive social evils was a high priority.

648:

came in third in a four-way race for governor by gathering 26% of the vote. After the 1854 elections, they exerted a large amount of political influence in Maine, Indiana, Pennsylvania, and California, but historians are unsure about the accuracy of this information due to the secrecy of the party,

903:

The southern Irish, who had seen the dangers of Protestant bigotry in Ireland, had the distinct feeling that the Know-Nothings were an American manifestation of that phenomenon. Every migrant, no matter how settled or prosperous, also worried that this virulent strain of nativism threatened his or

873:

The Whigs and Free Soil parties both collapsed in New Hampshire in 1854–55. In the 1855 fall elections the Know Nothings again swept New Hampshire against the Democrats and the small new Republican party. When the Know Nothing "American Party" collapsed in 1856 and merged with the Republicans, New

684:

The results of the 1854 elections were so favorable to the Know Nothings, up to then an informal movement with no centralized organization, that they formed officially as a political party called the American Party, which attracted many members of the by then nearly defunct Whig party as well as a

525:

originated in the semi-secret organization of the party. When a member of the party was asked about his activities, he was supposed to say, "I know nothing." Outsiders derisively called the party's members "Know Nothings", and the name stuck. In 1855, the Know Nothings first entered politics under

459:

The recent election has developed in an aggravated form every evil against which the American party protested. Foreign allies have decided the government of the country – men naturalized in thousands on the eve of the election. Again in the fierce struggle for supremacy, men have forgotten the ban

770:

Nationally, the new party leadership showed incomes, occupation, and social status that were about average. Few were wealthy, according to detailed historical studies of once-secret membership rosters. Fewer than 10% were unskilled workers who might come in direct competition with Irish laborers.

704:

and nativism, also contributed to the disintegration of the party system. The collapsing second party system gave the Know Nothings a much larger pool of potential converts than was available to previous nativist organizations, allowing the Order to succeed where older nativist groups had failed.

908:

In 1855, the American Party challenged the Democrats' dominance. In Alabama, the Know Nothings were a mix of former Whigs, malcontented Democrats and other political misfits; they favored state aid to build more railroads. In the fierce campaign, the Democrats argued that Know Nothings could not

895:

In the Southern United States, the American Party was composed chiefly of ex-Whigs looking for a vehicle to fight the dominant Democratic Party and worried about both the pro-slavery extremism of the Democrats and the emergence of the anti-slavery Republican party in the North. In the South as a

968:

Despite the national American Party's anti-Catholicism, the Know Nothings found strong support in Louisiana, including in largely Catholic New Orleans. The Whig Party in Louisiana had a strong anti-immigrant bent, making the Native American Party the natural home for Louisiana's former Whigs.

1076:

However, Fillmore had sent a letter for publication in 1855 that explicitly denounced immigrant influence in elections and Fillmore stated that the American Party was the "only hope of forming a truly national party, which shall ignore this constant and distracting agitation of slavery."

534:

The immigration of large numbers of Irish and German Catholics to the United States in the period between 1830 and 1860 made religious differences between Catholics and Protestants a political issue. Violence occasionally erupted at the polls. Protestants alleged that Pope

846:

politics, and released a flood of reforms." The period from 1854 to 1857 saw among Massachusetts Know Nothings a decline in the traditional nativist wing of the party and the rise of the group of abolitionists and reformers, including former Massachusetts Senate President

1068:, writing about the turmoil preceding the American Civil War, states that Millard Fillmore was never a Know Nothing nor a nativist. Fillmore was out of the country when the presidential nomination came and had not been consulted about running. Nevins further states: 1031:

I am not a Know-Nothing– That is certain– How could I be? How can any one who abhors the oppression of negroes, be in favor of degrading classes of white people? Our progress in degeneracy appears to me to be pretty rapid– As a nation, we began by declaring that

5533: 786: 5201: 505:, but it played a minor role in American politics until the arrival of large numbers of Irish and German Catholics started in the 1840s. It then emerged in nativist attacks. It appeared in New York City politics as early as 1843 under the banner of the 931:

Historian Michael F. Holt argues that "Know Nothingism originally grew in the South for the same reasons it spread in the North—nativism, anti-Catholicism, and animosity toward unresponsive politicos—not because of conservative Unionism". Holt cites

3893:

That while we resist all encroachments of spiritual power upon our political rights, we disclaim the calumnious charge of our own opponents that we require a religious test to qualify native born citizens to hold office or enjoy the full rights of

509:. The movement quickly spread to nearby states using that name or Native American Party or variants of it. They succeeded in a number of local and Congressional elections, notably in 1844 in Philadelphia, where the anti-Catholic orator 6432: 624:, was soon revealed as a Know Nothing as he promised to crack down on crime, close saloons on Sundays and only appoint native-born Americans to office—he won the election by a landslide. In Washington, D.C., Know Nothing candidate 5194: 1012:, so the ticket was designed to appeal to loyalists from both major parties, winning 23% of the popular vote and carrying one state, Maryland, with eight electoral votes. Fillmore did not win enough votes to block Democrat 517:

came to be the most important. They emerged in New York in the early 1850s as a secret order that quickly spread across the North, reaching non-Catholics, particularly those who were lower middle class or skilled workers.

570:, was founded by Charles B. Allen in New York City. At its inception, the Order of the Star Spangled Banner only had about 36 members. Fear of Catholic immigration caused some Protestants to become dissatisfied with the 5187: 713:, a Know Nothing chapter was founded in 1854 to oppose Chinese immigration—members included a judge of the state supreme court, who ruled that no Chinese person could testify as a witness against a white man in court. 5736: 912:

In Virginia, the Know Nothing movement came under sharp attack from both established parties. Democrats published a 12,000-word, point-by-point denunciation of Know Nothingism. The Democrats nominated ex-Whig

6999: 574:, whose leaders included Catholics of Irish descent in many cities. Activists formed secret groups, coordinating their votes and throwing their weight behind candidates who were sympathetic to their cause: 451:, an active Know-Nothing, was elected on the American Party ticket to Congress from Maryland. He told Congress that "un-American" Irish Catholic immigrants were to blame for the recent election of Democrat 5108: 615:

In the spring of 1854, the Know Nothings carried Boston and Salem, Massachusetts, and other New England cities. They swept the state of Massachusetts in the fall 1854 elections, their biggest victory. The

6282: 547:. One Boston minister described Catholicism as "the ally of tyranny, the opponent of material prosperity, the foe of thrift, the enemy of the railroad, the caucus, and the school". These fears encouraged 5571: 6273: 6984: 3998: 558:

1850s political cartoon by John H. Goater: Irish and German caricatures "stealing an election" with chaos at the "Election Day Polls" site, fueling fears of immigrant political power

6578: 1987: 1337: 1315: 1288: 1266: 1240: 1213: 1187: 1165: 1138: 678: 551:

regarding papal intentions of subjugating the United States through a continuing influx of Catholics controlled by Irish bishops obedient to and personally selected by the Pope.

673:

was elected to Congress as a Know Nothing candidate, but after a few months he aligned with Republicans. A coalition of Know Nothings, Republicans and other members of Congress

6944: 6329: 685:

significant number of Democrats. Membership in the American Party increased dramatically, from 50,000 to an estimated one million plus in a matter of months during that year.

6979: 2414: 7014: 6954: 6939: 4614:

Alsan, Marcella, Katherine Eriksson, and Gregory Niemesh. "Understanding the Success of the Know-nothing Party" (No. w28078. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2020)

365:

one or two years before it disintegrated due to weak and inexperienced local leaders, a lack of publicly proclaimed national leaders, and a deep split over the issue of

345:. Members of the movement were required to say "I know nothing" whenever they were asked about its specifics by outsiders, providing the group with its colloquial name. 6123: 696:, brought about primarily by the demise of the Whig Party. The Whig Party, weakened for years by internal dissent and chronic factionalism, was nearly destroyed by the 474:

further galvanized opposition to slavery in the North, causing many former Know Nothings to join the Republicans. The remnants of the American Party largely joined the

6278: 1818:

of the 1920s. In the late 19th century, Democrats called the Republicans "Know Nothings" in order to secure the votes of Germans which is exactly what they did in the

7009: 4845: 571: 432: 374: 4389: 6969: 6949: 5590: 750:

The party name gained wide, but brief, popularity: Know Nothing candy, tea, and toothpicks appeared, and the name was given to stagecoaches, buses, and ships. In

743:

won by convincing state voters that Know Nothings were in bed with Northern abolitionists. With the victory by Wise, the movement began to collapse in the South.

4333: 6994: 5564: 2198: 1087: 579:

for example, tripled between 1846 and 1853 and its murder rate increased sevenfold. Boston's expenditures for poor relief rose threefold during the same period.

513:

was elected Representative from Pennsylvania's 1st district. In the early 1850s, numerous secret orders grew up, of which the Order of United Americans and the

415:

left an opening for the emergence of a new major political party in opposition to the Democratic Party. The Know Nothing movement managed to elect congressman

5164: 1072:

was not a member of the party; he had never attended an American gathering. By no spoken or written word had he indicated a subscription to American tenets.

6455: 5771: 5538: 2172: 2155: 1926: 1843: 780: 3054: 5963: 2547: 2309: 899:

David T. Gleeson notes that many Irish Catholics in the South feared that the arrival of the Know-Nothing movement portended a serious threat. He argues:

7019: 6375: 6048: 5973: 5258: 1095: 595:

or Judaism. Prioritizing a zealous disdain for Irish Catholic immigrants, the Know Nothing Party "had nothing to say about Jews", according to historian

475: 313: 155: 4878:

Maizlish, Stephen E. "The Meaning of Nativism and the Crisis of the Union: The Know-Nothing Movement in the Antebellum North." in William Gienapp, ed.

1901:

wrote that politicians who "encourage Americans to fear foreigners" were becoming "modern incarnations of the Know-Nothings". In 2006, an editorial in

599:, reportedly because its backers believed Jews, unlike Catholics, did not allow "their religious feelings to interfere with their political views." In 5993: 5285: 2235:

were commonly referred to as "Native Americans". The membership of the party chiefly consisted of the descendants of colonists and the descendants of

6468: 6442: 6322: 6208: 6033: 5968: 5816: 5557: 5471: 5461: 5447: 5420: 5410: 5396: 5382: 5355: 5328: 5301: 5274: 5247: 4608: 4305: 1937: 1751: 1699: 1677: 440: 401: 160: 793:

Fearful that Catholics were flooding the polls with non-citizens, local activists threatened to stop them. On August 6, 1855, rioting broke out in

6883: 6681: 6138: 6128: 5821: 5761: 3589: 2048: 1882:

and Tea Party movements so far have remained largely distinct (even with growing ties), they share an emotional grammar: the fear of displacement.

881:

held the governorship and five out of every seven votes went to the party, which dominated the Rhode Island legislature. Local newspapers such as

6098: 5756: 2965:

Carey, Anthony Gene (1995). "Too Southern to Be Americans: Proslavery Politics and the Failure of the Know-Nothing Party in Georgia, 1854–1856".

1911:

accused populist Republicans of "turning the GOP into an anti-immigration, Know-Nothing party". The lead editorial of the May 20, 2007, issue of

917:

for governor. He denounced the "lousy, godless, Christless" Know Nothings and instead he advocated an expanded program of internal improvements.

373:

as frequently as it emphasized it in the North and it stressed a neutral position on slavery, but it became the main alternative to the dominant

5721: 5581: 1023:

never publicly attacked the Know Nothings, whose votes he needed, he expressed his own disgust with the political party in a private letter to

825: 789:

An 1855 Ohio Know Nothing Party ticket naming party candidates for state and county offices. At the bottom of the page are voting instructions.

400:, the regulation of industry, and support of measures which were designed to improve the status of working people." It was a forerunner of the 6959: 5801: 4589: 4118: 4087: 4047: 3917: 3773: 3756: 3729: 3572: 3255: 3095: 2871: 2836: 2751: 2388: 2277: 2240: 2232: 2188: 2093: 945: 502: 6974: 6380: 6113: 5893: 5520: 5431: 4203: 2178: 357: 6920: 447:. Fillmore received 21.5% of the popular vote in the 1856 presidential election, finishing behind the Democratic and Republican nominees. 7004: 6834: 6315: 6053: 6038: 5706: 5686: 5661: 4277: 1585: 1563: 1536: 1514: 1488: 1462: 1436: 1415: 1389: 1054:] of loving liberty– to Russia, for instance, where despotism can be taken pure, and without the base alloy of hypocracy– [ 4733:

Dash, Mark. "New Light on the Dark Lantern: the Initiation Rites and Ceremonies of a Know-Nothing Lodge in Shippensburg, Pennsylvania"

960:, was the only member of the Louisiana congressional delegation who refused to resign his seat after the state seceded from the Union. 443:, but he kept quiet about his membership in it, and he personally refrained from supporting the Know Nothing movement's activities and 6173: 6008: 6003: 5978: 5953: 5781: 5696: 4361: 2342: 2228: 2193: 1757: 989:

The party declined rapidly in the North after 1855, in part due to the party's rejection of a clear anti-slavery platform. During the

544: 471: 389: 334: 240: 6397: 6363: 6203: 6063: 6028: 5645: 5210: 5006: 4562: 4513: 4457: 4145: 3696: 3520: 3458: 3132: 3019: 2701: 2671: 2609: 2183: 1855: 1687: 650: 584: 567: 514: 185: 6103: 2364: 3355: 2934:

Bladek, John David (1998). "'Virginia Is Middle Ground': The Know Nothing Party and the Virginia Gubernatorial Election of 1855".

6756: 6632: 6600: 6387: 6178: 6088: 6058: 6023: 5796: 5701: 5614: 5607: 5510: 5266: 2011: 674: 641: 506: 141: 123: 110: 5037: 4703: 4639: 3808: 1090:. The pro-slavery wing of the American Party remained strong on the local and state levels in a few southern states, but by the 6897: 6799: 6402: 6353: 2203: 1811: 1091: 990: 2489: 1716: 928:

around municipal and federal elections in Maryland with Know-Nothing–affiliated gangs clashing with Democratic-aligned gangs.

297: 6964: 6791: 6736: 6422: 6043: 5958: 5666: 5169: 5113: 4417: 751: 866:

The Know Nothings scored a landslide in New Hampshire in 1855. They won 51% of the vote, including 94% of the anti-slavery

407:

The Know Nothing movement briefly emerged as a major political party in the form of the American Party. The collapse of the

4688:

Bladek, John David. "'Virginia Is Middle Ground': the Know Nothing Party and the Virginia Gubernatorial Election of 1855."

809:

of 1856, 1857, and 1858 were all marred by violence and well-founded accusations of ballot-rigging. In the coastal town of

6989: 6560: 6547: 6534: 6521: 6508: 6288: 6018: 6013: 5716: 5494: 4629: 2562:

Levine, Bruce (2001). "Conservatism, Nativism, and Slavery: Thomas R. Whitney and the Origins of the Know-Nothing Party".

1692: 731: 4067: 2828:

Transforming America: Perspectives on U.S. Immigration. Volume 1, The Making of a Nation of Nations: The Founding to 1865

7024: 6903: 6623: 6133: 5806: 2741: 2692: 424: 366: 192: 1933:

was not a natural-born United States citizen, which is a requirement for the office of president of the United States.

6588: 6233: 6213: 6193: 5873: 5640: 5625: 5392: 5312: 5293: 2167: 909:

protect slavery from Northern abolitionists. The Know Nothing American Party disintegrated soon after losing in 1855.

427:, and it subsequently coalesced into a new political party which was known as the American Party. Particularly in the 4258: 3425: 1810:

The nativist, anti-Catholic spirit of the Know Nothing movement was revived by later political movements such as the

4922:

Ramet, Sabrina P., and Christine M. Hassenstab. "The Know Nothing Party: Three Theories about its Rise and Demise."

4651:

Baum, Dale. "Know-Nothingism and the Republican Majority in Massachusetts: The Political Realignment of the 1850s."

6463: 6342: 6183: 6153: 5888: 5751: 5366: 5020: 4039: 3872: 925: 617: 408: 318: 205: 128: 4861:

Levine, Bruce. "Conservatism, Nativism, and Slavery: Thomas R. Whitney and the Origins of the Know-nothing Party"

6338: 6248: 6198: 6073: 5943: 5883: 5726: 5676: 4718:

Cheathem, Mark R. "'I Shall Persevere in the Cause of Truth': Andrew Jackson Donelson and the Election of 1856".

1879: 1710: 806: 308: 283: 6866: 6555: 6412: 6238: 1858:

as a similarity". Historians Steve Fraser and Joshue B. Freeman lend their opinion on the Know Nothing and the

637: 5179: 697: 412: 5157: 4855: 993:, the party was bitterly divided over slavery. The main faction supported the ticket of presidential nominee 6860: 6606: 6568: 6168: 5711: 5681: 5243: 4774:

Gienapp, William E. "Nativism and the Creation of a Republican Majority in the North before the Civil War,"

2038: 1835: 1773: 998: 957: 724: 5983: 797:, during a hotly contested race for the office of governor. Twenty-two were killed and many injured. This " 6529: 6512: 6472: 6407: 5841: 5831: 5786: 5776: 5671: 5075: 2442: 1971: 1082: 1048:". When it comes to this I should prefer emigrating to some country where they make no pretence [ 949: 883: 814: 662: 654: 466: 428: 4972: 4795:

Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press, 2012. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 4 Dec. 2014.

4445:

American Gothic: the story of America's legendary theatrical family, Junius, Edwin, and John Wilkes Booth

1094:

they were no longer a serious national political movement. Most of their remaining members supported the

758:

The party was occasionally referred to, contemporaneously, in a slightly pejorative shortening, "Knism".

6934: 6780: 6762: 6707: 6108: 6093: 5938: 5933: 5811: 5515: 5297: 5129: 3035: 2065: 937: 225: 220: 3536:

Broussard, James H. (1966). "Some Determinants of Know-Nothing Electoral Strength in the South, 1856".

4757:

Farrell, Robert. "No Foreign Despots on Southern Soil: The Know-Nothing Party in Alabama, 1850-1857."

1917:

on a proposed immigration bill referred to "this generation's Know-Nothings". An editorial written by

981: 6848: 6811: 6768: 5746: 5324: 4615: 2896: 2145: 2081: 2020: 953: 921: 802: 794: 740: 658: 215: 200: 4390:"Former NY Governor George Pataki: Donald Trump is the 'Know Nothing' candidate of the 21st Century" 6719: 6594: 6392: 6228: 5948: 5928: 5846: 5836: 5826: 5791: 5691: 4821:

Political Parties and American Political Development: From the Age of Jackson to the Age of Lincoln

4449: 3388:

Oates, Mary J. (1988). "'Lowell': An Account of Convent Life in Lowell, Massachusetts, 1852–1890".

2105: 2099: 1903: 1871: 933: 701: 693: 548: 540: 510: 353: 230: 64: 5549: 3943:"Conservatism, Nativism, and Slavery: Thomas R. Whitney and the Origins of the Know-Nothing Party" 3942: 3782: 2541: 2227:

The Know Nothings used the name "Native American Party" generations before the descendants of the

1008:

Fillmore, a former president, had been a Whig and Donelson was the nephew of Democratic President

6842: 6823: 6805: 6774: 6750: 6612: 6370: 6068: 5923: 5351: 4501: 4482: 4170: 3962: 3669: 3642: 3545: 3405: 3288: 3195: 3157: 2990: 2943: 2783: 2687: 2579: 2128: 2053: 2032: 2026: 1983: 1913: 1859: 1847: 1827: 941: 670: 479: 448: 416: 4805:

Haebler, Peter. "Nativist Riots in Manchester: An Episode of Know-Nothingism in New Hampshire."

4742: 4727: 4079: 3748:

The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War

3247: 2338:

No Foreign Despots on Southern Soil: The American Party in Alabama and South Carolina, 1850-1857

1040:." When the Know-Nothings get control, it will read "all men are created equal, except negroes, 1002: 554: 6481: 6446: 6243: 5766: 5731: 5504: 5142: 5054: 5032:

Boissoneault, Lorraine. "How the 19th-Century Know Nothing Party Reshaped American Politics."

5002: 4738: 4723: 4698:

Boissoneault, Lorraine. "How the 19th-Century Know Nothing Party Reshaped American Politics."

4585: 4579: 4558: 4509: 4453: 4141: 4133: 4114: 4083: 4043: 3923: 3913: 3752: 3725: 3692: 3568: 3516: 3464: 3454: 3280: 3251: 3214: 3187: 3128: 3091: 3015: 3009: 2982: 2877: 2867: 2842: 2832: 2826: 2747: 2707: 2697: 2667: 2615: 2605: 2283: 2273: 2267: 2071: 2041:, Washington D.C. newspaper editor, diplomat to Texas and Prussia, and Andrew Jackson's nephew 2007: 2003: 1954: 1867: 1768: 878: 629: 397: 4826:

Holt, Michael F. "The Antimasonic and Know Nothing Parties", in Arthur Schlesinger Jr., ed.,

3907: 3085: 2861: 6564: 6542: 6499: 6218: 6148: 6143: 6118: 5878: 5741: 5239: 5118: 4366: 4075: 3954: 3848: 3717: 3397: 2974: 2571: 2369: 2133: 2087: 2044: 1959: 1762: 1481: 1233: 994: 810: 720: 666: 621: 600: 436: 370: 210: 3660:

Rice, Philip Morrison (1947). "The Know-Nothing Party in Virginia, 1854–1856 (Concluded)".

1889:

has become a provocative slur, suggesting that the opponent is both nativist and ignorant.

920:

In Maryland, growing anti-immigrant sentiment fueled the party's rise. Despite the state's

6872: 6817: 6658: 6494: 6476: 6293: 6158: 6083: 6078: 5998: 5988: 5918: 5443: 5388: 4581:

Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War

4394: 4029: 2639:. Chicago, Illinois: Quadrangle Books. pp. 337, 380–406 – via Internet Archive. 2015: 1908: 1875: 1605: 1507: 1357: 1259: 1020: 867: 633: 396:

and the need for more government spending" and furnished "support for an expansion of the

5026:

The Sons of the Sires: A History of the Rise, Progress, and Destiny of the American Party

4443: 4236: 2525:(PhD). New York, New York: Columbia University. p. 267 – via Internet Archive. 1952:

The fictional "Confederation of American Natives" party was represented in the 2002 film

5534:

List of third-party and independent performances in United States presidential elections

5137: 4961: 3988: 3042:. Vol. I, no. 2. November 1854. p. 140 – via Smithsonian Libraries. 2774:

Rabinowitz, Howard N. (March 1988). "Nativism, Bigotry and Anti-Semitism in the South".

2520: 2447:. New York City: The American News Company. pp. 72–73 – via Internet Archive. 6854: 6713: 6701: 6670: 6664: 6652: 6646: 6551: 6538: 6490: 6417: 6307: 6223: 5499: 5374: 5347: 5270: 5024: 4683: 4621: 4530: 4282: 4106: 4063: 3888: 3594: 3453:. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. pp. 54, 211, Table 15. 3427:

History of the Archdiocese of Boston in the Various Stages of Development, 1604 to 1943

3240: 2634: 2419: 2263: 1898: 1890: 1721: 1683: 1556: 1455: 1308: 1206: 1013: 1009: 821: 625: 563: 452: 180: 5060:

The Great American Battle: Or, The Contest Between Christianity and Political Romanism

4793:

Challengers To Duopoly : Why Third Parties Matter in American Two-Party Politics.

4762: 2127:, politician and a founder and leader of the New York City criminal Nativist gang the 1705: 6928: 6744: 6725: 5402: 5320: 4752: 4673: 4552: 2994: 2536: 2236: 2124: 2023:, congressman from Louisiana; refused to resign when Louisiana seceded from the Union 1963: 1851: 1408: 1158: 914: 801:" riot was not the only violent riot between Know Nothings and Catholics in 1855. In 798: 710: 645: 604: 420: 253: 173: 17: 4989:

Beyond Party: Cultures of Antipartisanship in Northern Politics before the Civil War

4473:

Cantrell, Gregg (January 1993). "Sam Houston and the Know-Nothings: A Reappraisal".

2604:(1st ed.). New York, New York: W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 681–2, 693. 874:

Hampshire now had a two party system with the Republicans edging out the Democrats.

490: 6891: 6695: 6689: 6450: 6163: 5457: 5439: 5406: 5378: 4994: 4902: 4310: 4254: 4011: 2597: 2151: 2139: 2111: 2059: 1941: 1930: 1918: 1815: 1065: 1024: 847: 785: 393: 4910: 1925:

on August 27, 2010, and titled "Building a Nation of Know-Nothings" discussed the

1086:

ruling in 1857, most of the anti-slavery members of the American Party joined the

5084: 5067: 5058: 5046: 4897: 4894:

The Know-Nothing Party in Massachusetts: The Rise and Fall of a People's Movement

4033: 3781:(Speech). Speech in the House of Representatives. Washington, D.C. Archived from 3746: 3590:"Unintended Consequences: The Rise and Fall of the Know-Nothing Party in Alabama" 3087:

The Know-Nothing Party in Massachusetts: The Rise and Fall of a People's Movement

657:

issues overlapped with nativism in complex and confusing ways. They helped elect

632:, triggering opposition of such a high proportion that the Democrats, Whigs, and 5598: 5416: 4982: 4967:

Taylor, Steven. "Progressive Nativism: The Know-Nothing Party in Massachusetts"

4887:

Hanging Henry Gambrill: The Violent Career of Baltimore's Plug Uglies, 1854–1860

4548: 3714:

Hanging Henry Gambrill: The Violent Career of Baltimore's Plug Uglies, 1854–1860

2666:. New York, New York: W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 22–5, 34 (quotation). 2490:"The Rise and Fall of the American Republican Party in New York City, 1843–1845" 2077: 1823: 1819: 970: 952:, all supported the Union in a border state. Louisiana Know Nothing congressman 829: 596: 4670:

The Party of Fear: From Nativist Movements to the New Right in American History

3633:

Rice, Philip Morrison (1947). "The Know-Nothing Party in Virginia, 1854–1856".

3567:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. p. 78. 3011:

The Party of Fear: From Nativist Movements to the New Right in American History

1966:. The Know Nothings also play a prominent role in the historical fiction novel 543:

in Europe and they also alleged that he was an enemy of liberty, democracy and

464:

The party entered a period of rapid decline after Fillmore's loss. In 1857 the

6640: 6525: 6516: 6503: 6485: 6459: 5453: 5150: 4708:

Carriere, Marius. "Political Leadership of the Louisiana Know-Nothing Party."

4680:

The Protestant Crusade, 1800–1860: A Study of the Origins of American Nativism

4626:

Nativism and Slavery: The Northern Know Nothings and the politics of the 1850s

4557:(Norton Library ed.). New York: W. W. Norton & Co. Inc. p. 122. 3927: 3356:"Scandal Behind the Convent Walls: The Know-Nothing Nunnery Committee of 1855" 3055:"Salmon P. Chase, Nativism, and the Formation of the Republican Party in Ohio" 2636:

The Protestant Crusade, 1800–1860: A Study of the Origins of American Nativism

2269:

Nativism and Slavery: The Northern Know Nothings and the Politics of the 1850s

2115: 1997: 1991: 747:

polled well in the South, attracting the votes of many former southern Whigs.

735: 588: 381: 361: 337:

political movement in the United States in the 1850s, officially known as the

5124: 4018:. Vol. 2. New York City, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 467. 3284: 3191: 2986: 2881: 2846: 2287: 1001:. In Massachusetts, for example, the American Party ran Republican candidate 6188: 5339: 4306:"Donald Trump is an immigration Know-Nothing, and dangerous for Republicans" 3468: 2711: 2619: 2336: 2119: 700:. Growing anti-party sentiment, fueled by anti-slavery sentiment as well as 3721: 3242:

The Transformation of Political Culture: Massachusetts Parties, 1790s–1840s

3090:. Lebanon, New Hampshire: University Press of New England. pp. 74–89. 636:

in the capital united as the "Anti-Know-Nothing Party". In New York, where

4140:. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. pp. 108, 147, 160. 4068:"Fillmore, Millard (1800–1874), thirteenth president of the United States" 3148:

Deusner, Charles E. (April 1963). "The Know Nothing Riots in Louisville".

2978: 2866:. Jefferson, North Carolina: Mcfarland & Company Inc. pp. 63–64. 5467: 5029:. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo & Co., 1855. Work by K–N activist. 4338: 4161:

Kellogg, Louise Phelps (September 1918). "The Bennett Law in Wisconsin".

3995:, p. 8. Springfield, Illinois: Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library. 3424:

Lord, Robert Howard; Harrington, Edward T. & Sexton, John E. (1945).

2540: 877:

The Know Nothings also dominated politics in Rhode Island, where in 1855

444: 385: 349: 235: 4936:

Rice, Philip Morrison. "The Know-Nothing Party in Virginia, 1854–1856."

4833:

Hurt, Payton. "The Rise and Fall of the 'Know Nothings' in California,"

4486: 3292: 3199: 3161: 2787: 2551:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 877. 4951: 4941: 4866: 4779: 4730:

Donelson was Andrew Jackson's nephew and K–N nominee for Vice President

4713: 4693: 4656: 4174: 3966: 3673: 3549: 2947: 2583: 985:

Results by county indicating the percentage for Fillmore in each county

536: 4840:

Kadir, Djelal. "Agnotology and the Know-Nothing Party: Then and Now."

4628:(1992). online at ACLS History e-Book;, the standard scholarly study' 4362:"Donald Trump Isn't The First Know Nothing to Capture American Hearts" 3992: 3850:

A Rhetorical Analysis of Selected Ante-Bellum Speeches by Randell Hunt

3810:

A Glorious Assemblage: The Rise of the Know-Nothing Party in Louisiana

3646: 3538:

Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association

3409: 716: 4508:. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. p. 75. 3912:. Jackson, Mississippi: University of Mississippi Press. p. 46. 3178:

Tuska, Benjamin R. (1925). "Know-Nothingism in Baltimore 1854–1860".

818: 3958: 3716:. Baltimore, Maryland: The Maryland Center for History and Culture. 3515:. New York, New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 141–142. 2863:

Lincoln and His World. Vol. 4, The Path to the Presidency, 1854–1860

2575: 2310:"How the 19th-Century Know Nothing Party Reshaped American Politics" 591:

and religious bigotry, the Know Nothings did not focus their ire on

4852:

America for Americans: A history of xenophobia in the United States

3401: 4138:

The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888–96

3219:. Vol. 1. New York, New York: The American Historical Society 715: 553: 489: 348:

Supporters of the Know Nothing movement believed that an alleged "

272: 4634:

Anbinder, Tyler. "Nativism and prejudice against immigrants," in

3127:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 538–542. 2475:

No King, No Popery: Anti-Catholicism in Revolutionary New England

4663:

The Civil War Party System: The Case of Massachusetts, 1848–1876

4616:

statistical analysis of anti-Irish vote in Massachuesetts online

4113:, New York, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 375–76, 973:

and therefore opposed to papal authority over matters of state.

692:

The key to Know Nothing success in 1854 was the collapse of the

592: 278: 6311: 5553: 5183: 4278:"Donald Trump Isn't a Fascist; He's a Media-Savvy Know-Nothing" 3430:. Vol. 2. Boston: The Pilot Publishing Co. pp. 686–99 2901:

Lincoln Home National Historic Site, U.S. National Park Service

2897:"Lincoln on the Know Nothing Party (Letter to Joshua F. Speed)" 2389:"Progressive Nativism: The Know-Nothing Party in Massachusetts" 1842:

Some historians and journalists "have found parallels with the

3451:

Running on the Record: Civil War-Era Politics in New Hampshire

2831:. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger Publishers. p. 150. 1962:), the fictionalized version of real-life Know Nothing leader 1940:, a number of commentators and politicians compared candidate 1056: 1050: 266: 4946:

Roseboom, Eugene H. "Salmon P. Chase and the Know Nothings."

4221:

Shirley, Craig (April 22, 2006). "How the GOP Lost Its Way".

3040:

The Monthly Nautical Magazine and Quarterly Commercial Review

360:. Therefore, they sought to politically organize native-born 4929:

Parmet, Robert D. "Connecticut's Know-Nothings: A Profile,"

4609:

Nativism (politics) in the United States § Bibliography

4584:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 113. 3751:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 856. 3014:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: UNC Press Books. p. 15. 2272:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 121. 1111: 5211:

Historical right-wing third-party U.S. presidential tickets

4977:

Tuska, Benjamin. "Know-Nothingism in Baltimore 1854-1860."

4418:"Trump: A throwback to the Know-Nothing Party of the 1850s" 1944:

to the Know Nothings due to his anti-immigration policies.

388:

appeals. At the state level, the party was, in some cases,

3271:

Ruchames, Louis (1952). "The Abolitionists and the Jews".

2723: 2721: 1866:

Tea Party populism should also be thought of as a kind of

6274:

State and local political parties (without national body)

4646:

Ambivalent Americans: The Know-Nothing Party in Maryland

4334:"Is Trump Turning the GOP Into the 'Know Nothing' Party?" 4035:

The Presidencies of Zachary Taylor & Millard Fillmore

3853:(PhD). Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University 2456: 2454: 1036:" We now practically read it "all men are created equal, 677:

to the Democratic Party elected Banks to the position of

7000:

Defunct far-right political parties in the United States

3813:(MA). Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University 3689:

Ambivalent Americans: The Know-Nothing Party in Maryland

4198: 4196: 2444:

The Life and Times of John Kelly, Tribune of the People

603:, the party supported a Jewish candidate for governor, 4802:

Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001.

3273:

Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society

2415:"'Know Nothings' Opposed Immigration in Lincoln's Day" 754:, Maine, a shipowner dubbed his new 700-ton freighter 5036:(2017), heavily illustrated with editorial cartoons. 4702:(2017), heavily illustrated with editorial cartoons. 3879:. Shreveport, Louisiana. September 5, 1855. p. 1 3414:(Discusses the actual behavior of the Catholic nuns.) 1988:

Speaker of the United States House of Representatives

369:. In parts of the South, the party did not emphasize 6921:

Political parties of minorities in the United States

2602:

The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln

6882: 6833: 6790: 6735: 6680: 6631: 6622: 6577: 6431: 5906: 5866: 5859: 5654: 5633: 5624: 5597: 5485: 5430: 5365: 5338: 5311: 5284: 5257: 5230: 5217: 5066:Fillmore, Millard; Frank H. Severance (ed.)(1907). 644:almost a decade before, the Know Nothing candidate 290: 259: 249: 191: 179: 169: 148: 137: 116: 106: 88: 70: 60: 43: 34: 5093:The Wide-Awake Gift: A Know Nothing Token for 1855 5077:The Wide-Awake Gift: A Know Nothing Token for 1855 4889:. Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society (2005). 4788:(1978), detailed statistical study, state-by-state 3239: 3036:"Launches in the United States for the Past Month" 2696:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 131. 813:, in 1854, Know Nothings were associated with the 4880:Essays on American Antebellum Politics, 1840–1860 1644:Know Nothing Candidates in Presidential Elections 423:and several other individuals into office in the 4907:Ordeal of the Union: A House Dividing, 1852–1857 4778:, Vol. 72, No. 3 (Dec., 1985), pp. 529–559 948:, along with his brother, former Representative 435:. The American Party nominated former President 4016:Ordeal of the Union: A House Dividing 1852–1857 2922:Ordeal of the Union: A House Dividing 1852–1857 2746:. University of California Press. p. 158. 1832: 1826:took place in Illinois in 1892, where Democrat 1107:Know Nothing Winners in Congressional Elections 1070: 1029: 1019:Many were appalled by the Know Nothings. While 887:fueled anti-Irish and anti-Catholic sentiment. 690: 576: 6985:Anti-immigration politics in the United States 5591:List of political parties in the United States 5095:. New York: J. C. Derby, 1855; pp. 54–63. 4786:The Origins of the Republican Party, 1852–1856 4735:Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 2303: 2301: 2299: 2297: 640:had been elected mayor of New York City as an 539:had contributed to the failure of the liberal 495:Uncle Sam's youngest son, Citizen Know Nothing 6323: 5565: 5195: 3842: 3840: 3506: 3504: 3502: 2382: 2380: 2199:Religious discrimination in the United States 1958:, led by William "Bill the Butcher" Cutting ( 8: 5539:History of conservatism in the United States 4814:The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party 3173: 3171: 2960: 2958: 2173:Know-Nothing Riots in United States politics 781:Know-Nothing Riots in United States politics 649:because all parties were in turmoil and the 620:candidate for mayor of Philadelphia, editor 6945:1860 disestablishments in the United States 4873:Catholicism and American Freedom: A History 4638:, ed. by Reed Ueda (2006) pp. 177–201 3150:Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 2743:The Jews of the United States, 1654 to 2000 2664:Catholicism and American Freedom: A History 1897:to be under the "neo-Know Nothing banner". 6980:Anti-German sentiment in the United States 6628: 6330: 6316: 6308: 5903: 5863: 5630: 5572: 5558: 5550: 5227: 5202: 5188: 5180: 5109:Nativism in the 1856 Presidential Election 4938:Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 4828:History of United States Political Parties 4690:Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 4001:held by Massachusetts Historical Society.) 3989:Letter to Joshua F. Speed, August 24, 1855 3772:Bouligny, John Edward (February 5, 1861). 3662:Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 3635:Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 2936:Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 2649: 1893:'s 1968 presidential campaign was said by 1647: 356:in the United States was being hatched by 296: 31: 4388:Kaufman, Scott Eric (December 16, 2015). 4101: 4099: 4080:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400374 3993:Papers of Abraham Lincoln Digital Library 3125:Origins of the Republican Party 1852–1856 2477:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. 1822:campaign in Wisconsin in 1890. A similar 7015:Right-wing populism in the United States 6955:Political parties disestablished in 1860 6940:1844 establishments in the United States 4909:(1947), overall political survey of era 4842:Review of International American Studies 4074:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. 3831: 3341: 3317: 3110: 2812: 2800: 2727: 2693:Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era 2460: 2239:European immigrants; it did not include 2156:18th vice president of the United States 1938:2016 United States presidential election 1366: 1115: 1080:After the Supreme Court's controversial 980: 784: 688:The historian Tyler Anbinder concluded: 478:in 1860 and they disappeared during the 402:temperance movement in the United States 341:before 1855, and afterwards simply the 5048:Immigration: Its Evils and Consequences 4931:Connecticut Historical Society Bulletin 4835:California Historical Society Quarterly 3329: 2255: 2220: 1117:United States House of Representatives 585:antisemitic nativist groups in the U.S. 7010:Political parties in the United States 5722:Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party 5582:political parties in the United States 4769:Anti-Catholicism in America, 1620–1860 4554:Thaddeus Stevens: Scourge of the South 4187: 3620: 3305: 2363:Kierdorf, Douglas (January 10, 2016). 2229:aboriginal populations of the Americas 2114:, politician, painter and inventor of 6970:Anti-Catholicism in the United States 6950:Political parties established in 1844 4475:The Southwestern Historical Quarterly 4416:Kiedrowski, Jay (September 9, 2016). 4332:Raleigh, Helen (September 19, 2015). 3493: 3481: 2494:New-York Historical Society Quarterly 2233:Native Americans in the United States 2189:Anti-Catholicism in the United States 380:The Know Nothings supplemented their 7: 6995:Defunct American political movements 6408:Presidency of William Henry Harrison 6381:1860 Constitutional Union Convention 4958:Political Nativism in New York State 4948:Mississippi Valley Historical Review 4771:(Cambridge University Press, 2017) . 4259:"Building a Nation of Know-Nothings" 3775:Feb. 5, 1861: Secession of Louisiana 2895:Lincoln, Abraham (August 24, 1855). 2522:Political Nativism in New York State 2179:Baltimore Know-Nothing riots of 1856 1852:prejudices against Latino immigrants 5707:Freedom Road Socialist Organization 4969:Historical Journal of Massachusetts 4917:The Know-Nothing Party in the South 4682:(1938), standard scholarly survey; 4636:A companion to American immigration 4276:Cassidy, John (December 28, 2015). 3363:Historical Journal of Massachusetts 3246:. Oxford University Press. p. 2396:Historical Journal of Massachusetts 2365:"Getting to know the Know-Nothings" 2049:13th president of the United States 501:Anti-Catholicism was widespread in 50:Native American Party (before 1855) 6279:Presidential nominating convention 4204:"Library Exhibits | Know Nothings" 3691:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 3213:Hatch, Louis Clinton, ed. (1919). 2441:McLaughlin, James Fairfax (1885). 2343:University of Southern Mississippi 2194:Nativism in United States politics 472:Supreme Court of the United States 352:" conspiracy to subvert civil and 25: 7020:Conservatism in the United States 6364:1856 American National Convention 4896:. Boston: Northeastern UP, 1990. 4800:The Irish in the South, 1815–1877 4304:Nevius, James (August 15, 2015). 3565:The Irish in the South, 1815–1877 2860:Miller, Richard Lawrence (2012). 2184:71st Infantry Regiment (New York) 2056:, lieutenant governor of Kentucky 1691:after Taylor's nomination at the 1688:Henry Alexander Scammell Dearborn 568:Order of the Star Spangled Banner 515:Order of the Star Spangled Banner 186:Order of the Star Spangled Banner 27:1850s US nativist political party 6269: 6268: 5149: 5114:Nativism By Michael F. Holt, PhD 3906:Carriere, Marius M. Jr. (2018). 2341:(MA). Hattiesburg, Mississippi: 2102:, politician and social activist 1792: 1791: 1767: 1756: 1739: 1715: 1704: 1598: 1597: 1576: 1575: 1549: 1548: 1527: 1526: 1500: 1474: 1448: 1427: 1401: 1350: 1349: 1328: 1327: 1301: 1300: 1279: 1278: 1252: 1226: 1225: 1199: 1178: 1177: 1151: 1150: 6403:Presidency of John Quincy Adams 5340:States' Rights Democratic Party 4999:The Rise of American Democracy. 4360:Reston, Laura (July 30, 2015). 3947:The Journal of American History 3511:McLoughlin, William G. (1986). 2564:The Journal of American History 2413:Kemp, Bill (January 17, 2016). 2204:Xenophobia in the United States 2136:, congressman from Pennsylvania 1812:American Protective Association 6423:Presidency of Millard Fillmore 5170:New International Encyclopedia 5080:. New York: J.C. Derby, 1855. 4720:Tennessee Historical Quarterly 4529:Billington, Ray Allen (1959). 4208:exhibits.library.villanova.edu 3909:The Know Nothings in Louisiana 3712:Melton, Tracy Matthew (2005). 3180:The Catholic Historical Review 2488:Leonard, Ira M. (April 1966). 1740: 1501: 1475: 1449: 1428: 1402: 1253: 1200: 997:and vice presidential nominee 862:New Hampshire and Rhode Island 1: 6289:Politics of the United States 5511:National States' Rights Party 5495:Straight-Out Democratic Party 5119:Lager Beer Riot, Chicago 1855 4933:(1966), 31 #3, pp. 84–90 4567:– via Internet Archive. 4462:– via Internet Archive. 4163:Wisconsin Magazine of History 4111:Safire's Political Dictionary 3238:Formisano, Ronald P. (1983). 3008:Bennett, David Harry (1988). 2473:Cogliano, Francis D. (1995). 1929:, which falsely claimed that 1834:The spirit which enacted the 1693:1848 Whig National Convention 1005:as its presidential nominee. 991:presidential election of 1856 826:burned down a Catholic church 392:in its stances on "issues of 6960:American nationalist parties 6418:Presidency of Zachary Taylor 5979:Democratic-Republican (1844) 5807:South Carolina Workers Party 4648:, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins. 3123:Gienapp, William E. (1987). 1814:of the 1890s and the Second 1780: 1777: 1728: 1725: 587:, and despite their zealous 470:pro-slavery decision of the 94:; 164 years ago 76:; 180 years ago 6975:Anti-Catholic organizations 5021:Anspach, Frederick Rinehart 4863:Journal of American History 4776:Journal of American History 4653:Journal of American History 4537:. Vol. 10, no. 2. 4072:American National Biography 4038:. The American Presidency. 2662:McGreevey, John T. (2003). 2633:Billington, Ray A. (1938). 2335:Farrell, Robert N. (2017). 2168:Philadelphia Nativist Riots 2035:, congressman from Maryland 1830:denounced the Republicans: 1027:, written August 24, 1855: 669:as governor of California. 665:and they also helped elect 53:American Party (after 1855) 7041: 7005:1850s in the United States 5737:National Progressive Party 5662:African People's Socialist 5367:American Independent Party 5259:Constitutional Union Party 5158:Know Nothing Platform 1856 4979:Catholic Historical Review 4606: 4040:University Press of Kansas 3563:Gleeson, David T. (2001). 2825:LeMay, Michael C. (2012). 2542:"Know Nothing Party" 2519:Scisco, Louis Dow (1901). 2074:, governor of Rhode Island 1798: 1790: 1783: 1745: 1738: 1731: 1096:Constitutional Union Party 778: 762:Leadership and legislation 526:the American Party label. 476:Constitutional Union Party 441:1856 presidential election 206:Anti-immigration sentiment 156:Constitutional Union Party 6349: 6261: 6189:States Rights (Dixiecrat) 5588: 5529: 5286:National Democratic Party 4531:"The Know-Nothing Uproar" 4500:Ramage, James A. (2004). 3930:– via Google Books. 3847:Tarver, Jerry L. (1964). 3745:Holt, Michael F. (1999). 3354:Mulkern, John R. (1983). 3227:– via Google Books. 3084:Mulkern, John R. (1990). 2763:– via Google Books. 2316:. Smithsonian Institution 2290:– via Google Books. 1681: 1604: 1555: 1506: 1480: 1454: 1407: 1356: 1307: 1258: 1232: 1205: 1157: 1034:all men are created equal 734:, Know Nothing candidate 628:defeated incumbent Mayor 507:American Republican Party 411:after the passage of the 309:Politics of United States 304: 295: 124:American Republican Party 111:American Republican Party 6413:Presidency of John Tyler 5782:Socialism and Liberation 4885:Melton, Tracy Matthew. 4837:9 (March and June 1930). 4807:Historical New Hampshire 3588:Frederick, Jeff (2002). 3438:– via Hathi Trust. 2740:Diner, Hasia R. (2006). 2387:Taylor, Stephen (2000). 2308:Boissoneault, Lorraine. 2148:, mayor of San Francisco 2090:, governor of California 1682:Withdrew endorsement of 1637: 1630: 1623: 6059:National States' Rights 5914:American (Know Nothing) 5762:Progressive Labor Party 5244:Andrew Jackson Donelson 5069:Millard Fillmore Papers 4644:Baker, Jean H. (1977), 4210:. Villanova University. 3687:Baker, Jean H. (1977). 3513:Rhode Island: A History 3496:, pp. 55, 58, 212. 2776:American Jewish History 2548:Encyclopædia Britannica 2096:, senator from Maryland 2039:Andrew Jackson Donelson 1990:from Massachusetts and 1856:hostility towards Islam 1836:Alien and Sedition laws 1774:Andrew Jackson Donelson 999:Andrew Jackson Donelson 562:In 1849, an oath-bound 6904:Alexander H. H. Stuart 5787:Serve America Movement 5777:Renew America Movement 4981:11.2 (1925): 217–251. 4950:25.3 (1938): 335–350. 4915:Overdyke, W. Darrell. 4882:(1982) pp. 166–98 4844:10.1 (2017): 117–131. 4767:Farrelly, Maura Jane. 4749:The Know-Nothing Party 4655:64 (1977–78): 959–86. 4237:"The Immigration Deal" 3941:Levine, Bruce (2001). 3807:Hall, Ryan M. (2015). 3722:10.56021/9780938420941 2108:, governor of Kentucky 2068:, governor of Maryland 2029:, senator for Kentucky 1884: 1840: 1639: Republican Party 1625: Democratic Party 1083:Dred Scott v. Sandford 1074: 1062: 1016:from the White House. 986: 950:John Pendleton Kennedy 906: 884:The Providence Journal 817:of a Catholic priest, 815:tarring and feathering 790: 728: 707: 663:mayor of San Francisco 581: 559: 498: 467:Dred Scott v. Sandford 462: 455:as president, stating: 6965:American nationalists 6898:Thomas M. T. McKennan 6194:Traditionalist Worker 5874:Democratic-Republican 5812:Social Democrats, USA 5802:Socialist Alternative 5298:Simon Bolivar Buckner 5224:national popular vote 5154:Texts on Wikisource: 5130:Catholic Encyclopedia 5043:Busey, Samuel Clagett 4924:Politics and Religion 4865:2001 88(2): 455–488. 4791:Gillespie, J. David. 4761:72.2 (2019): 99–122. 4747:Desmond, Humphrey J. 4737:2003 127(1): 89–100. 4722:2003 62(3): 218–237. 4607:Further information: 3873:"American Convention" 3390:New England Quarterly 2979:10.1353/cwh.1995.0023 2066:Thomas Holliday Hicks 1978:Notable Know Nothings 1864: 1368:United States Senate 984: 938:Thomas Holliday Hicks 901: 788: 732:In the spring of 1855 719: 557: 493: 457: 339:Native American Party 226:Cultural assimilation 221:Anti-German sentiment 18:Native American Party 6990:Anti-Irish sentiment 6376:Constitutional Union 6049:National Renaissance 5974:Constitutional Union 5218:Presidential tickets 5034:Smithsonian Magazine 4987:Voss-Hubbard, Mark. 4926:6.3 (2013): 570–595. 4875:(W. W. Norton, 2003) 4854:(Basic Books, 2019) 4784:Gienapp, William E. 4700:Smithsonian Magazine 4692:1998 106(1): 35–70. 4578:Foner, Eric (1995). 4506:Kentucky's Governors 4450:Simon & Schuster 4442:Smith, Gene (1992). 4042:. pp. 252–253. 3053:Gienapp, William E. 2314:Smithsonian Magazine 2241:Indigenous Americans 2146:Stephen Palfrey Webb 2142:, mayor of Baltimore 2062:, mayor of Baltimore 2021:John Edward Bouligny 1672:Outcome of election 971:Gallican Catholicism 954:John Edward Bouligny 795:Louisville, Kentucky 741:Henry Alexander Wise 679:Speaker of the House 659:Stephen Palfrey Webb 216:Anti-Irish sentiment 201:American nationalism 161:North American Party 7025:Nativism (politics) 6720:William M. Meredith 6535:1848 (Philadelphia) 6393:Second Party System 6339:National Republican 6249:Youth International 6199:Unconditional Union 6104:Populist (People's) 6014:Independence (2007) 6009:Independence (1906) 5969:Constitution (1952) 5944:American Vegetarian 5884:National Republican 5727:Legal Marijuana Now 5677:American Solidarity 5085:"The 'Know Nothings 4956:Scisco, Louis Dow. 4871:McGreevey, John T. 4830:(1973), I, 575–620. 4678:Billington, Ray A. 4257:(August 27, 2010). 4223:The Washington Post 3999:Original manuscript 3987:Lincoln, Abraham. " 3788:on February 2, 2017 3449:Renda, Lex (1997). 3332:, pp. 101–102. 3308:, pp. 171–172. 2688:McPherson, James M. 2106:Charles S. Morehead 2100:Lewis Charles Levin 1907:by neoconservative 1904:The Weekly Standard 1860:Tea Party movements 1848:Tea Party movements 1799:Democratic victory 1746:Democratic victory 1369: 1118: 934:William B. Campbell 698:Kansas–Nebraska Act 694:second party system 642:American Republican 549:conspiracy theories 541:Revolutions of 1848 511:Lewis Charles Levin 413:Kansas–Nebraska Act 65:Lewis Charles Levin 6861:William B. Preston 6843:Samuel L. Southard 6824:John J. Crittenden 6806:John J. Crittenden 6775:George W. Crawford 6371:Anti-Masonic Party 6129:Progressive (1948) 6124:Progressive (1924) 6119:Progressive (1912) 6054:National Socialist 6034:Liberal Republican 6004:Human Rights Party 5964:Communist Workers' 5817:Socialist Equality 5505:Unpledged electors 5488:right-wing parties 5393:Thomas J. Anderson 5352:Fielding L. Wright 5222:one percent of the 5055:Carroll, Anna Ella 4809:39 (1985): 121–37. 4798:Gleeson, David T. 4668:Bennett, David H. 4502:Lowell H. Harrison 4263:The New York Times 4241:The New York Times 4134:Jensen, Richard J. 2803:, pp. 75–102. 2054:James Greene Hardy 2033:Henry Winter Davis 2027:John J. Crittenden 2000:, mayor of Chicago 1984:Nathaniel P. Banks 1948:In popular culture 1923:The New York Times 1914:The New York Times 1874:. Almost entirely 1828:John Peter Altgeld 1378:overall seats won 1367: 1127:overall seats won 1116: 987: 942:Henry Winter Davis 791: 729: 671:Nathaniel P. Banks 560: 499: 480:American Civil War 449:Henry Winter Davis 417:Nathaniel P. Banks 6917: 6916: 6913: 6912: 6867:William A. Graham 6781:Charles M. Conrad 6509:1839 (Harrisburg) 6305: 6304: 6257: 6256: 6174:Social Democratic 6169:Silver Republican 6139:Radical Democracy 6134:Proletarian Party 5902: 5901: 5855: 5854: 5822:Socialist Workers 5712:Freedom Socialist 5682:Christian Liberty 5547: 5546: 5481: 5480: 5419:/Eileen Shearer ( 5325:Thomas C. O'Brien 5220:that won at least 5143:Handbook of Texas 4964:, pp. 84–202 4892:Mulkern, John R. 4819:Holt, Michael F. 4812:Holt, Michael F. 4712:(1980): 183–195. 4710:Louisiana History 4591:978-0-1997-6226-2 4535:American Heritage 4120:978-0-19-534061-7 4089:978-0-19-860669-7 4049:978-0-7006-0362-6 3919:978-1-4968-1688-7 3877:The South-Western 3758:978-0-19-516104-5 3731:978-0-938420-94-1 3574:978-0-8078-4968-2 3484:, pp. 33–57. 3257:978-0-19-503124-9 3113:, pp. 34–43. 3097:978-1-55553-071-6 2967:Civil War History 2873:978-0-7864-8812-4 2838:978-0-313-39644-1 2753:978-0-520-24848-9 2650:Billington (1938) 2279:978-0-19-507233-4 2072:William W. Hoppin 2004:John Wilkes Booth 1955:Gangs of New York 1868:identity politics 1803: 1802: 1618: 1617: 1611: 1610: 1363: 1362: 1102:Electoral results 940:, Representative 879:William W. Hoppin 807:mayoral elections 630:John Walker Maury 530:Underlying issues 354:religious liberty 327: 326: 314:Political parties 149:Succeeded by 16:(Redirected from 7032: 6849:George E. Badger 6792:Attorney General 6629: 6561:1856 (Baltimore) 6548:1852 (Baltimore) 6522:1844 (Baltimore) 6456:1831 (Baltimore) 6388:Opposition Party 6332: 6325: 6318: 6309: 6272: 6271: 6184:Socialist (1901) 5904: 5864: 5842:Working Families 5797:Socialist Action 5792:Socialist (1973) 5742:Progressive Dane 5672:American Freedom 5631: 5574: 5567: 5560: 5551: 5470:/Cyril Minnett ( 5240:Millard Fillmore 5228: 5204: 5197: 5190: 5181: 5174: 5153: 5134: 5125:"Knownothingism" 5088: 5083:Bond, Thomas E. 4962:full text online 4596: 4595: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4545: 4539: 4538: 4526: 4520: 4519: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4452:. p. 60 ]. 4439: 4433: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4385: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4367:The New Republic 4357: 4351: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4329: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4218: 4212: 4211: 4200: 4191: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4103: 4094: 4093: 4060: 4054: 4053: 4030:Smith, Elbert B. 4026: 4020: 4019: 4008: 4002: 3996: 3991:" (1855-08-24). 3984: 3978: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3886: 3884: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3844: 3835: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3804: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3787: 3780: 3769: 3763: 3762: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3684: 3678: 3677: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3533: 3527: 3526: 3508: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3421: 3415: 3413: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3360: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3315: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3268: 3262: 3261: 3245: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3216:Maine: A History 3210: 3204: 3203: 3175: 3166: 3165: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3081: 3075: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3032: 3026: 3025: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2962: 2953: 2951: 2931: 2925: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2892: 2886: 2885: 2857: 2851: 2850: 2822: 2816: 2810: 2804: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2771: 2765: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2716: 2715: 2684: 2678: 2677: 2659: 2653: 2647: 2641: 2640: 2630: 2624: 2623: 2594: 2588: 2587: 2559: 2553: 2552: 2544: 2533: 2527: 2526: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2485: 2479: 2478: 2470: 2464: 2458: 2449: 2448: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2410: 2404: 2403: 2393: 2384: 2375: 2374: 2370:The Boston Globe 2360: 2354: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2332: 2326: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2305: 2292: 2291: 2260: 2244: 2225: 2134:Thaddeus Stevens 2088:J. Neely Johnson 2045:Millard Fillmore 1960:Daniel Day-Lewis 1927:birther movement 1880:anti-immigration 1795: 1794: 1787: 1771: 1763:Millard Fillmore 1760: 1743: 1742: 1735: 1719: 1708: 1666:Electoral votes 1648: 1640: 1638: 1633: 1632: Whig Party 1631: 1626: 1624: 1601: 1600: 1593: 1579: 1578: 1571: 1552: 1551: 1544: 1530: 1529: 1522: 1504: 1503: 1496: 1482:Millard Fillmore 1478: 1477: 1470: 1452: 1451: 1444: 1431: 1430: 1423: 1405: 1404: 1397: 1370: 1353: 1352: 1345: 1331: 1330: 1323: 1304: 1303: 1296: 1282: 1281: 1274: 1256: 1255: 1248: 1234:Millard Fillmore 1229: 1228: 1221: 1203: 1202: 1195: 1181: 1180: 1173: 1154: 1153: 1146: 1119: 1112: 1088:Republican Party 995:Millard Fillmore 811:Ellsworth, Maine 667:J. Neely Johnson 622:Robert T. Conrad 572:Democratic Party 503:colonial America 437:Millard Fillmore 433:Republican Party 375:Democratic Party 371:anti-Catholicism 300: 277: 271: 265: 211:Anti-Catholicism 142:Republican Party 138:Merged into 117:Preceded by 102: 100: 95: 84: 82: 77: 32: 21: 7040: 7039: 7035: 7034: 7033: 7031: 7030: 7029: 6925: 6924: 6918: 6909: 6878: 6873:John P. Kennedy 6829: 6818:Reverdy Johnson 6786: 6769:James M. Porter 6763:John C. Spencer 6751:Peter B. Porter 6731: 6708:John C. Spencer 6676: 6659:John M. Clayton 6618: 6580: 6573: 6434: 6427: 6354:American System 6345: 6336: 6306: 6301: 6298: 6294:Politics portal 6253: 6179:Socialist Labor 6159:Red Guard Party 6109:Personal Choice 6044:National (1917) 5939:American (1969) 5934:American (1924) 5919:Americans Elect 5898: 5860:Defunct parties 5851: 5650: 5620: 5593: 5584: 5578: 5548: 5543: 5525: 5487: 5477: 5444:Maureen Salaman 5426: 5389:John G. Schmitz 5361: 5334: 5307: 5280: 5253: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5213: 5208: 5162: 5123: 5105: 5100: 5086: 5016: 5014:Primary sources 5011: 4940:(1947): 61–75. 4622:Anbinder, Tyler 4611: 4604: 4599: 4592: 4577: 4576: 4572: 4565: 4547: 4546: 4542: 4528: 4527: 4523: 4516: 4499: 4498: 4494: 4472: 4471: 4467: 4460: 4441: 4440: 4436: 4426: 4424: 4415: 4414: 4410: 4400: 4398: 4387: 4386: 4382: 4372: 4370: 4359: 4358: 4354: 4344: 4342: 4331: 4330: 4326: 4316: 4314: 4303: 4302: 4298: 4288: 4286: 4275: 4274: 4270: 4253: 4252: 4248: 4243:. May 20, 2007. 4235: 4234: 4230: 4220: 4219: 4215: 4202: 4201: 4194: 4186: 4182: 4160: 4159: 4155: 4148: 4132: 4131: 4127: 4121: 4107:Safire, William 4105: 4104: 4097: 4090: 4064:Anbinder, Tyler 4062: 4061: 4057: 4050: 4028: 4027: 4023: 4010: 4009: 4005: 3986: 3985: 3981: 3971: 3969: 3959:10.2307/2675102 3940: 3939: 3935: 3920: 3905: 3904: 3900: 3882: 3880: 3871: 3870: 3866: 3856: 3854: 3846: 3845: 3838: 3832:Anbinder (1992) 3830: 3826: 3816: 3814: 3806: 3805: 3801: 3791: 3789: 3785: 3778: 3771: 3770: 3766: 3759: 3744: 3743: 3739: 3732: 3711: 3710: 3706: 3699: 3686: 3685: 3681: 3659: 3658: 3654: 3632: 3631: 3627: 3619: 3615: 3605: 3603: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3575: 3562: 3561: 3557: 3535: 3534: 3530: 3523: 3510: 3509: 3500: 3492: 3488: 3480: 3476: 3461: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3433: 3431: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3387: 3386: 3382: 3372: 3370: 3358: 3353: 3352: 3348: 3342:Anbinder (1992) 3340: 3336: 3328: 3324: 3318:Ruchames (1952) 3316: 3312: 3304: 3300: 3270: 3269: 3265: 3258: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3222: 3220: 3212: 3211: 3207: 3177: 3176: 3169: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3135: 3122: 3121: 3117: 3111:Anbinder (1992) 3109: 3105: 3098: 3083: 3082: 3078: 3068: 3066: 3052: 3051: 3047: 3034: 3033: 3029: 3022: 3007: 3006: 3002: 2964: 2963: 2956: 2933: 2932: 2928: 2924:(1947) 2:396–8. 2919: 2915: 2905: 2903: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2874: 2859: 2858: 2854: 2839: 2824: 2823: 2819: 2813:Anbinder (1992) 2811: 2807: 2801:Anbinder (1992) 2799: 2795: 2773: 2772: 2768: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2739: 2738: 2734: 2728:Anbinder (1992) 2726: 2719: 2704: 2686: 2685: 2681: 2674: 2661: 2660: 2656: 2648: 2644: 2632: 2631: 2627: 2612: 2596: 2595: 2591: 2576:10.2307/2675102 2561: 2560: 2556: 2535: 2534: 2530: 2518: 2517: 2513: 2503: 2501: 2487: 2486: 2482: 2472: 2471: 2467: 2461:Anbinder (1992) 2459: 2452: 2440: 2439: 2435: 2425: 2423: 2412: 2411: 2407: 2391: 2386: 2385: 2378: 2362: 2361: 2357: 2347: 2345: 2334: 2333: 2329: 2319: 2317: 2307: 2306: 2295: 2280: 2264:Anbinder, Tyler 2262: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2248: 2247: 2226: 2222: 2217: 2212: 2164: 2094:Anthony Kennedy 2016:Abraham Lincoln 1980: 1950: 1909:William Kristol 1808: 1788: 1785: 1772: 1761: 1736: 1733: 1720: 1709: 1690: 1646: 1636: 1635: 1629: 1628: 1622: 1621: 1619: 1606:Abraham Lincoln 1594: 1591: 1572: 1569: 1545: 1542: 1523: 1520: 1508:Franklin Pierce 1497: 1494: 1471: 1468: 1445: 1442: 1424: 1421: 1398: 1395: 1377: 1358:Abraham Lincoln 1346: 1343: 1324: 1321: 1297: 1294: 1275: 1272: 1260:Franklin Pierce 1249: 1246: 1222: 1219: 1196: 1193: 1174: 1171: 1147: 1144: 1126: 1109: 1104: 1021:Abraham Lincoln 1003:John C. Frémont 979: 966: 946:Anthony Kennedy 893: 864: 843: 838: 783: 777: 764: 727:campaign poster 613: 532: 497:, an 1854 print 488: 398:rights of women 323: 281: 275: 269: 263: 245: 165: 144:(Northern U.S.) 133: 98: 96: 93: 80: 78: 75: 56: 39: 38: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7038: 7036: 7028: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6927: 6926: 6915: 6914: 6911: 6910: 6908: 6907: 6901: 6895: 6888: 6886: 6880: 6879: 6877: 6876: 6870: 6864: 6858: 6855:Abel P. Upshur 6852: 6846: 6839: 6837: 6831: 6830: 6828: 6827: 6821: 6815: 6809: 6803: 6796: 6794: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6784: 6778: 6772: 6766: 6760: 6754: 6748: 6741: 6739: 6733: 6732: 6730: 6729: 6723: 6717: 6714:George M. Bibb 6711: 6705: 6702:Walter Forward 6699: 6693: 6686: 6684: 6678: 6677: 6675: 6674: 6671:Edward Everett 6668: 6665:Daniel Webster 6662: 6656: 6653:Abel P. Upshur 6650: 6647:Daniel Webster 6644: 6637: 6635: 6626: 6620: 6619: 6617: 6616: 6610: 6604: 6598: 6592: 6585: 6583: 6575: 6574: 6572: 6571: 6558: 6545: 6532: 6519: 6506: 6497: 6488: 6479: 6466: 6453: 6439: 6437: 6429: 6428: 6426: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6384: 6383: 6373: 6368: 6367: 6366: 6359:American Party 6356: 6350: 6347: 6346: 6337: 6335: 6334: 6327: 6320: 6312: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6299: 6297: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6276: 6265: 6262: 6259: 6258: 6255: 6254: 6252: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6234:Young Patriots 6231: 6226: 6224:White Panthers 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6099:People's Party 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6039:Liberty (1840) 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5994:Gold Democrats 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5910: 5908: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5896: 5894:National Union 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5870: 5868: 5861: 5857: 5856: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5658: 5656: 5652: 5651: 5649: 5648: 5643: 5637: 5635: 5628: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5618: 5611: 5603: 5601: 5595: 5594: 5589: 5586: 5585: 5579: 5577: 5576: 5569: 5562: 5554: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5541: 5536: 5530: 5527: 5526: 5524: 5523: 5521:Populist Party 5518: 5516:American Party 5513: 5508: 5502: 5500:Texas Regulars 5497: 5491: 5489: 5483: 5482: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5475: 5465: 5451: 5436: 5434: 5432:Populist Party 5428: 5427: 5425: 5424: 5414: 5400: 5386: 5375:George Wallace 5371: 5369: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5359: 5348:Strom Thurmond 5344: 5342: 5336: 5335: 5333: 5332: 5317: 5315: 5309: 5308: 5306: 5305: 5294:John M. Palmer 5290: 5288: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5278: 5271:Edward Everett 5263: 5261: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5251: 5236: 5234: 5232:American Party 5225: 5215: 5214: 5209: 5207: 5206: 5199: 5192: 5184: 5178: 5177: 5176: 5175: 5160: 5147: 5138:American Party 5135: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5104: 5103:External links 5101: 5099: 5098: 5097: 5096: 5072: 5064: 5052: 5040: 5030: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5009: 4992: 4985: 4975: 4965: 4954: 4944: 4934: 4927: 4920: 4913: 4900: 4890: 4883: 4876: 4869: 4859: 4848: 4838: 4831: 4824: 4817: 4810: 4803: 4796: 4789: 4782: 4772: 4765: 4759:Alabama Review 4755: 4745: 4731: 4716: 4706: 4696: 4686: 4676: 4666: 4659: 4649: 4642: 4640:online excerpt 4632: 4619: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4597: 4590: 4570: 4563: 4540: 4521: 4514: 4492: 4481:(3): 327–343. 4465: 4458: 4434: 4408: 4380: 4352: 4324: 4296: 4283:The New Yorker 4268: 4246: 4228: 4225:. p. A21. 4213: 4192: 4190:, p. 220. 4180: 4153: 4146: 4125: 4119: 4095: 4088: 4055: 4048: 4021: 4003: 3979: 3933: 3918: 3898: 3889:Newspapers.com 3864: 3836: 3834:, p. 167. 3824: 3799: 3764: 3757: 3737: 3730: 3704: 3697: 3679: 3668:(2): 159–167. 3652: 3625: 3613: 3595:Alabama Review 3580: 3573: 3555: 3528: 3521: 3498: 3486: 3474: 3459: 3441: 3416: 3402:10.2307/365222 3380: 3346: 3344:, p. 137. 3334: 3330:Mulkern (1990) 3322: 3320:, p. 139. 3310: 3298: 3263: 3256: 3230: 3205: 3186:(2): 217–251. 3167: 3140: 3133: 3115: 3103: 3096: 3076: 3045: 3027: 3020: 3000: 2954: 2926: 2920:Allan Nevins, 2913: 2887: 2872: 2852: 2837: 2817: 2805: 2793: 2782:(3): 437–451. 2766: 2752: 2732: 2730:, p. 120. 2717: 2702: 2679: 2672: 2654: 2652:, p. 242. 2642: 2625: 2610: 2589: 2570:(2): 455–488. 2554: 2539:, ed. (1911). 2537:Chisholm, Hugh 2528: 2511: 2480: 2465: 2463:, p. 270. 2450: 2433: 2420:The Pantagraph 2405: 2376: 2355: 2327: 2293: 2278: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2245: 2219: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2211: 2208: 2207: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2191: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2170: 2163: 2160: 2159: 2158: 2149: 2143: 2137: 2131: 2122: 2109: 2103: 2097: 2091: 2085: 2075: 2069: 2063: 2057: 2051: 2042: 2036: 2030: 2024: 2018: 2008:Ford's Theatre 2001: 1995: 1979: 1976: 1949: 1946: 1899:Fareed Zakaria 1891:George Wallace 1807: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1797: 1789: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1765: 1754: 1748: 1747: 1744: 1737: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1722:Reynell Coates 1713: 1702: 1696: 1695: 1684:Zachary Taylor 1680: 1674: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1645: 1642: 1616: 1615: 1609: 1608: 1603: 1595: 1590: 1588: 1582: 1581: 1573: 1568: 1566: 1560: 1559: 1557:James Buchanan 1554: 1546: 1541: 1539: 1533: 1532: 1524: 1519: 1517: 1511: 1510: 1505: 1498: 1493: 1491: 1485: 1484: 1479: 1472: 1467: 1465: 1459: 1458: 1456:Zachary Taylor 1453: 1446: 1441: 1439: 1433: 1432: 1425: 1420: 1418: 1412: 1411: 1406: 1399: 1394: 1392: 1386: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1374: 1373:Election year 1364: 1361: 1360: 1355: 1347: 1342: 1340: 1334: 1333: 1325: 1320: 1318: 1312: 1311: 1309:James Buchanan 1306: 1298: 1293: 1291: 1285: 1284: 1276: 1271: 1269: 1263: 1262: 1257: 1250: 1245: 1243: 1237: 1236: 1231: 1223: 1218: 1216: 1210: 1209: 1207:Zachary Taylor 1204: 1197: 1192: 1190: 1184: 1183: 1175: 1170: 1168: 1162: 1161: 1156: 1148: 1143: 1141: 1135: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1123: 1122:Election year 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1042:and foreigners 1038:except negroes 1014:James Buchanan 1010:Andrew Jackson 978: 975: 965: 962: 944:, and Senator 922:Catholic roots 892: 889: 863: 860: 842: 839: 837: 834: 822:Johannes Bapst 779:Main article: 776: 773: 763: 760: 626:John T. Towers 612: 609: 564:secret society 531: 528: 487: 484: 453:James Buchanan 425:1854 elections 343:American Party 325: 324: 322: 321: 316: 311: 305: 302: 301: 293: 292: 288: 287: 261: 257: 256: 251: 247: 246: 244: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 197: 195: 189: 188: 183: 177: 176: 171: 167: 166: 164: 163: 158: 152: 150: 146: 145: 139: 135: 134: 132: 131: 126: 120: 118: 114: 113: 108: 107:Merger of 104: 103: 90: 86: 85: 72: 68: 67: 62: 58: 57: 55: 54: 51: 47: 45: 41: 40: 37:American Party 36: 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7037: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6932: 6930: 6923: 6922: 6905: 6902: 6899: 6896: 6893: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6885: 6881: 6874: 6871: 6868: 6865: 6862: 6859: 6856: 6853: 6850: 6847: 6844: 6841: 6840: 6838: 6836: 6832: 6825: 6822: 6819: 6816: 6813: 6810: 6807: 6804: 6801: 6798: 6797: 6795: 6793: 6789: 6782: 6779: 6776: 6773: 6770: 6767: 6764: 6761: 6758: 6755: 6752: 6749: 6746: 6745:James Barbour 6743: 6742: 6740: 6738: 6734: 6727: 6726:Thomas Corwin 6724: 6721: 6718: 6715: 6712: 6709: 6706: 6703: 6700: 6697: 6694: 6691: 6688: 6687: 6685: 6683: 6679: 6672: 6669: 6666: 6663: 6660: 6657: 6654: 6651: 6648: 6645: 6642: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6634: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6621: 6614: 6611: 6608: 6605: 6602: 6599: 6596: 6593: 6590: 6587: 6586: 6584: 6582: 6576: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6530:Frelinghuysen 6527: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6441: 6440: 6438: 6436: 6430: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6382: 6379: 6378: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6365: 6362: 6361: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6351: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6333: 6328: 6326: 6321: 6319: 6314: 6313: 6310: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6284: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6263: 6260: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6229:White Patriot 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6094:Patriot Party 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5949:Black Panther 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5929:American Nazi 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5907:Third parties 5905: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5867:Major parties 5865: 5862: 5858: 5848: 5847:Workers World 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5837:Working Class 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5827:Transhumanist 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5717:Forward Party 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5702:Freedom Party 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5659: 5657: 5653: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5626:Third parties 5623: 5617: 5616: 5612: 5610: 5609: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5599:Major parties 5596: 5592: 5587: 5583: 5575: 5570: 5568: 5563: 5561: 5556: 5555: 5552: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5531: 5528: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5486:Other notable 5484: 5473: 5469: 5466: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5452: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5438: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5429: 5422: 5418: 5415: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5403:Lester Maddox 5401: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5387: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5364: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5337: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5321:William Lemke 5319: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5310: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5283: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5256: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5229: 5226: 5216: 5212: 5205: 5200: 5198: 5193: 5191: 5186: 5185: 5182: 5172: 5171: 5166: 5165:Know-Nothings 5161: 5159: 5156: 5155: 5152: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5139: 5136: 5132: 5131: 5126: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5106: 5102: 5094: 5090: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5078: 5074:One of Them. 5073: 5071: 5070: 5065: 5062: 5061: 5056: 5053: 5050: 5049: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5028: 5027: 5022: 5019: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5007:0-393-05820-4 5004: 5000: 4996: 4995:Wilentz, Sean 4993: 4990: 4986: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4932: 4928: 4925: 4921: 4918: 4914: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4903:Nevins, Allan 4901: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4888: 4884: 4881: 4877: 4874: 4870: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4836: 4832: 4829: 4825: 4822: 4818: 4815: 4811: 4808: 4804: 4801: 4797: 4794: 4790: 4787: 4783: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4770: 4766: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4664: 4660: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4647: 4643: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4620: 4617: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4601: 4593: 4587: 4583: 4582: 4574: 4571: 4566: 4564:0-393-00331-0 4560: 4556: 4555: 4550: 4544: 4541: 4536: 4532: 4525: 4522: 4517: 4515:0-8131-2326-7 4511: 4507: 4503: 4496: 4493: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4469: 4466: 4461: 4459:0-671-76713-5 4455: 4451: 4447: 4446: 4438: 4435: 4423: 4419: 4412: 4409: 4397: 4396: 4391: 4384: 4381: 4369: 4368: 4363: 4356: 4353: 4341: 4340: 4335: 4328: 4325: 4313: 4312: 4307: 4300: 4297: 4285: 4284: 4279: 4272: 4269: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4255:Egan, Timothy 4250: 4247: 4242: 4238: 4232: 4229: 4224: 4217: 4214: 4209: 4205: 4199: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4188:Jensen (1971) 4184: 4181: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4157: 4154: 4149: 4147:0-226-39825-0 4143: 4139: 4135: 4129: 4126: 4122: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4102: 4100: 4096: 4091: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4059: 4056: 4051: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4036: 4031: 4025: 4022: 4017: 4013: 4012:Nevins, Allan 4007: 4004: 4000: 3994: 3990: 3983: 3980: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3937: 3934: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3915: 3911: 3910: 3902: 3899: 3895: 3890: 3878: 3874: 3868: 3865: 3852: 3851: 3843: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3828: 3825: 3812: 3811: 3803: 3800: 3784: 3777: 3776: 3768: 3765: 3760: 3754: 3750: 3749: 3741: 3738: 3733: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3708: 3705: 3700: 3698:0-8018-1906-7 3694: 3690: 3683: 3680: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3656: 3653: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3629: 3626: 3623:, p. 45. 3622: 3621:Bladek (1998) 3617: 3614: 3601: 3597: 3596: 3591: 3584: 3581: 3576: 3570: 3566: 3559: 3556: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3532: 3529: 3524: 3522:0-393-30271-7 3518: 3514: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3490: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3475: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3460:0-8139-1722-0 3456: 3452: 3445: 3442: 3429: 3428: 3420: 3417: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3396:(1): 101–18. 3395: 3391: 3384: 3381: 3368: 3364: 3357: 3350: 3347: 3343: 3338: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3323: 3319: 3314: 3311: 3307: 3306:Taylor (2000) 3302: 3299: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3267: 3264: 3259: 3253: 3249: 3244: 3243: 3234: 3231: 3218: 3217: 3209: 3206: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3174: 3172: 3168: 3163: 3159: 3156:(2): 122–47. 3155: 3151: 3144: 3141: 3136: 3134:0-19-504100-3 3130: 3126: 3119: 3116: 3112: 3107: 3104: 3099: 3093: 3089: 3088: 3080: 3077: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3049: 3046: 3041: 3037: 3031: 3028: 3023: 3021:0-8078-1772-4 3017: 3013: 3012: 3004: 3001: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2961: 2959: 2955: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2930: 2927: 2923: 2917: 2914: 2902: 2898: 2891: 2888: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2869: 2865: 2864: 2856: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2834: 2830: 2829: 2821: 2818: 2815:, p. 95. 2814: 2809: 2806: 2802: 2797: 2794: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2770: 2767: 2755: 2749: 2745: 2744: 2736: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2703:0-19-503863-0 2699: 2695: 2694: 2689: 2683: 2680: 2675: 2673:0-393-04760-1 2669: 2665: 2658: 2655: 2651: 2646: 2643: 2638: 2637: 2629: 2626: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2611:0-393-05820-4 2607: 2603: 2599: 2598:Wilentz, Sean 2593: 2590: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2558: 2555: 2550: 2549: 2543: 2538: 2532: 2529: 2524: 2523: 2515: 2512: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2484: 2481: 2476: 2469: 2466: 2462: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2446: 2445: 2437: 2434: 2422: 2421: 2416: 2409: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2390: 2383: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2371: 2366: 2359: 2356: 2344: 2340: 2339: 2331: 2328: 2315: 2311: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2275: 2271: 2270: 2265: 2259: 2256: 2250: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2224: 2221: 2214: 2209: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2125:William Poole 2123: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1982: 1981: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1964:William Poole 1961: 1957: 1956: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1939: 1934: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1915: 1910: 1906: 1905: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1850:, seeing the 1849: 1845: 1839: 1837: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1805: 1775: 1770: 1766: 1764: 1759: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1723: 1718: 1714: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1697: 1694: 1689: 1685: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1657:Running mate 1656: 1653: 1650: 1649: 1643: 1641: 1614: 1607: 1596: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1574: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1561: 1558: 1547: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1534: 1525: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1512: 1509: 1499: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1483: 1473: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1460: 1457: 1447: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1426: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1410: 1409:James K. Polk 1400: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1387: 1383: 1380: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1365: 1359: 1348: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1326: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1310: 1299: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1277: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1261: 1251: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1235: 1224: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1208: 1198: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1185: 1176: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1160: 1159:James K. Polk 1149: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1132: 1129: 1124: 1121: 1120: 1114: 1113: 1106: 1101: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1092:1860 election 1089: 1085: 1084: 1078: 1073: 1069: 1067: 1061: 1059: 1058: 1053: 1052: 1047: 1046:and catholics 1043: 1039: 1035: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1006: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 983: 976: 974: 972: 963: 961: 959: 956:, a Catholic 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 929: 927: 923: 918: 916: 915:Henry A. Wise 910: 905: 900: 897: 890: 888: 886: 885: 880: 875: 871: 869: 861: 859: 855: 851: 849: 841:Massachusetts 840: 835: 833: 831: 827: 823: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 799:Bloody Monday 796: 787: 782: 774: 772: 768: 761: 759: 757: 756:Know-Nothing. 753: 748: 744: 742: 737: 733: 726: 722: 718: 714: 712: 711:San Francisco 706: 703: 699: 695: 689: 686: 682: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 647: 646:Daniel Ullman 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 610: 608: 606: 605:Daniel Ullman 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 583:Unlike later 580: 575: 573: 569: 565: 556: 552: 550: 546: 545:republicanism 542: 538: 529: 527: 524: 519: 516: 512: 508: 504: 496: 492: 485: 483: 481: 477: 473: 469: 468: 461: 456: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 421:Massachusetts 418: 414: 410: 405: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 378: 376: 372: 368: 363: 359: 355: 351: 346: 344: 340: 336: 332: 331:Know Nothings 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 306: 303: 299: 294: 289: 285: 284:American flag 280: 274: 268: 262: 258: 255: 254:Protestantism 252: 248: 242: 241:Republicanism 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 198: 196: 194: 190: 187: 184: 182: 178: 175: 174:New York City 172: 168: 162: 159: 157: 154: 153: 151: 147: 143: 140: 136: 130: 127: 125: 122: 121: 119: 115: 112: 109: 105: 91: 87: 73: 69: 66: 63: 59: 52: 49: 48: 46: 42: 33: 30: 19: 6935:Know Nothing 6919: 6892:Thomas Ewing 6800:William Wirt 6696:Thomas Ewing 6690:Richard Rush 6624:U.S. Cabinet 6433:Presidential 6358: 6343:Whig Parties 6214:Union (1936) 6209:Union (1861) 6204:Union (1850) 6069:New Alliance 6029:Labor (1996) 6024:Labor (1919) 5984:Farmer–Labor 5924:Anti-Masonic 5913: 5697:Constitution 5613: 5606: 5458:Floyd Parker 5440:Bob Richards 5407:William Dyke 5379:Curtis LeMay 5231: 5168: 5141: 5128: 5092: 5076: 5068: 5059: 5047: 5033: 5025: 4998: 4988: 4978: 4971:(2000) 28#2 4968: 4957: 4947: 4937: 4930: 4923: 4916: 4906: 4893: 4886: 4879: 4872: 4862: 4851: 4850:Lee, Erika. 4841: 4834: 4827: 4820: 4813: 4806: 4799: 4792: 4785: 4775: 4768: 4758: 4748: 4734: 4719: 4709: 4699: 4689: 4679: 4669: 4662: 4661:Baum, Dale. 4652: 4645: 4635: 4625: 4602:Bibliography 4580: 4573: 4553: 4549:Brodie, Fawn 4543: 4534: 4524: 4505: 4495: 4478: 4474: 4468: 4448:. New York: 4444: 4437: 4427:November 15, 4425:. Retrieved 4421: 4411: 4399:. Retrieved 4393: 4383: 4371:. Retrieved 4365: 4355: 4343:. Retrieved 4337: 4327: 4315:. Retrieved 4311:The Guardian 4309: 4299: 4287:. Retrieved 4281: 4271: 4262: 4249: 4240: 4231: 4222: 4216: 4207: 4183: 4166: 4162: 4156: 4137: 4128: 4110: 4071: 4058: 4034: 4024: 4015: 4006: 3982: 3970:. Retrieved 3950: 3946: 3936: 3908: 3901: 3894:citizenship. 3892: 3887:– via 3881:. Retrieved 3876: 3867: 3855:. Retrieved 3849: 3827: 3815:. Retrieved 3809: 3802: 3790:. Retrieved 3783:the original 3774: 3767: 3747: 3740: 3713: 3707: 3688: 3682: 3665: 3661: 3655: 3638: 3634: 3628: 3616: 3604:. Retrieved 3599: 3593: 3583: 3564: 3558: 3541: 3537: 3531: 3512: 3494:Renda (1997) 3489: 3482:Renda (1997) 3477: 3450: 3444: 3432:. Retrieved 3426: 3419: 3393: 3389: 3383: 3371:. Retrieved 3366: 3362: 3349: 3337: 3325: 3313: 3301: 3276: 3272: 3266: 3241: 3233: 3221:. Retrieved 3215: 3208: 3183: 3179: 3153: 3149: 3143: 3124: 3118: 3106: 3086: 3079: 3067:. Retrieved 3062: 3059:Ohio History 3058: 3048: 3039: 3030: 3010: 3003: 2973:(1): 22–40. 2970: 2966: 2942:(1): 35–70. 2939: 2935: 2929: 2921: 2916: 2906:December 17, 2904:. Retrieved 2900: 2890: 2862: 2855: 2827: 2820: 2808: 2796: 2779: 2775: 2769: 2757:. Retrieved 2742: 2735: 2691: 2682: 2663: 2657: 2645: 2635: 2628: 2601: 2592: 2567: 2563: 2557: 2546: 2531: 2521: 2514: 2502:. Retrieved 2497: 2493: 2483: 2474: 2468: 2443: 2436: 2424:. Retrieved 2418: 2408: 2402:(2): 167–84. 2399: 2395: 2368: 2358: 2346:. Retrieved 2337: 2330: 2318:. Retrieved 2313: 2268: 2258: 2223: 2152:Henry Wilson 2140:Thomas Swann 2112:Samuel Morse 2060:Samuel Hinks 2012:assassinated 1970:by novelist 1967: 1953: 1951: 1942:Donald Trump 1935: 1931:Barack Obama 1922: 1919:Timothy Egan 1912: 1902: 1894: 1887:Know Nothing 1886: 1885: 1865: 1841: 1833: 1816:Ku Klux Klan 1809: 1663:Vote % 1634: 1627: 1620: 1612: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1066:Allan Nevins 1063: 1055: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1030: 1025:Joshua Speed 1018: 1007: 988: 967: 930: 919: 911: 907: 902: 898: 894: 882: 876: 872: 868:Free Soilers 865: 856: 852: 848:Henry Wilson 844: 824:. They also 792: 769: 765: 755: 749: 745: 730: 708: 691: 687: 683: 651:anti-slavery 638:James Harper 614: 582: 577: 561: 533: 523:Know Nothing 522: 520: 500: 494: 465: 463: 458: 406: 394:labor rights 379: 347: 342: 338: 330: 328: 170:Headquarters 61:First Leader 29: 6906:(1850–1853) 6894:(1849–1850) 6875:(1852–1853) 6869:(1850–1852) 6863:(1849–1850) 6857:(1841–1843) 6845:(1825–1829) 6826:(1850–1853) 6820:(1849–1850) 6814:(1843–1845) 6812:John Nelson 6802:(1825–1829) 6783:(1850–1853) 6777:(1849–1850) 6771:(1843–1844) 6765:(1841–1843) 6753:(1828–1829) 6747:(1825–1828) 6728:(1850–1853) 6722:(1849–1850) 6716:(1844–1845) 6710:(1843–1844) 6704:(1841–1843) 6692:(1825–1829) 6673:(1852–1853) 6667:(1850–1852) 6661:(1849–1850) 6655:(1843–1844) 6649:(1841–1843) 6643:(1825–1829) 6615:(1856–1857) 6609:(1847–1849) 6603:(1841–1843) 6597:(1839–1841) 6591:(1825–1827) 6469:1836 (None) 6443:1828 (None) 6398:Union Party 6244:Young Lords 6064:Natural Law 5767:Prohibition 5646:Libertarian 5417:John Rarick 4401:January 16, 4373:January 16, 4345:January 16, 4317:January 16, 4289:January 16, 3883:October 20, 3857:October 20, 3792:January 23, 3606:January 23, 3544:(1): 5–20. 2759:February 9, 2500:(2): 151–92 2320:January 13, 2237:Evangelical 2175:(1844–1858) 2129:Bowery Boys 2078:Sam Houston 2006:, actor at 1972:Noah Gordon 1862:, arguing: 1824:culture war 1820:Bennett Law 1711:Jacob Broom 1384:Presidency 1133:Presidency 836:New England 830:Bath, Maine 655:prohibition 634:Freesoilers 607:, in 1854. 597:Hasia Diner 390:progressive 384:views with 362:Protestants 181:Secret wing 6929:Categories 6641:Henry Clay 6579:U.S. House 6219:U.S. Labor 6154:Red Guards 6149:Readjuster 6144:Raza Unida 6089:Opposition 5954:Boston Tea 5879:Federalist 5615:Republican 5608:Democratic 5454:David Duke 3953:(2): 484. 3928:1021063970 3369:(1): 22–34 3279:(2): 138. 2348:October 1, 2210:References 2116:morse code 2084:from Texas 2014:President 1998:Levi Boone 1992:Union Army 1654:Candidate 1064:Historian 736:Levi Boone 702:temperance 589:xenophobia 409:Whig Party 382:xenophobic 291:Party flag 129:Whig Party 44:Other name 6757:John Bell 6589:J. Taylor 6539:Z. Taylor 6084:Nullifier 6079:New Union 6074:New Party 5999:Greenback 5989:Free Soil 5747:Marijuana 5692:Communist 5580:National 5267:John Bell 5140:from the 4743:0031-4587 4728:0040-3261 4551:(1966) . 4169:(1): 13. 3817:August 4, 3641:(1): 66. 3602:(1): 3–33 3434:April 25, 3373:April 25, 3285:0146-5511 3223:April 25, 3192:0008-8080 3069:April 25, 2995:144295708 2987:1533-6271 2882:775680836 2847:828743108 2504:April 25, 2426:April 11, 2288:925224120 2251:Citations 2120:telegraph 1651:Election 1098:in 1860. 964:Louisiana 803:Baltimore 521:The name 358:Catholics 319:Elections 89:Dissolved 6884:Interior 6682:Treasury 6607:Winthrop 6581:Speakers 6569:Donelson 6565:Fillmore 6543:Fillmore 6513:Harrison 6473:Harrison 6464:Sergeant 6114:Populist 5959:Citizens 5757:People's 5687:Citizens 5667:Alliance 5507:movement 5468:Bo Gritz 5057:(1856). 5045:(1856). 5001:(2005); 4942:in JSTOR 4867:in JSTOR 4780:in JSTOR 4694:in JSTOR 4657:in JSTOR 4487:30237138 4422:MinnPost 4339:Townhall 4136:(1971). 4109:(2008), 4066:(2000). 4032:(1988). 4014:(1947). 3972:April 5, 3469:36065963 3293:43057515 3200:25012185 3162:23375884 3065:: 22, 24 2788:23883316 2712:15550774 2690:(1988). 2620:57414581 2600:(2005). 2266:(1992). 2162:See also 2118:and the 1778:873,053 1295:14 / 237 1273:52 / 234 775:Violence 752:Trescott 725:Donelson 721:Fillmore 601:New York 445:ideology 386:populist 350:Romanist 335:nativist 250:Religion 236:Populism 231:Nativism 193:Ideology 6495:Granger 6491:Webster 6477:Granger 6435:tickets 6239:Workers 6019:Justice 5732:Liberal 5655:Smaller 5173:. 1905. 5091:, from 4960:(1901) 4898:excerpt 4763:extract 4751:(1905) 4672:(1988) 4630:summary 4504:(ed.). 4175:4630124 3997:(Note: 3967:2675102 3674:4245471 3550:4230880 2948:4249690 2584:2675102 2082:senator 1994:general 1936:In the 1870:of the 1844:Birther 1786:8 / 294 1734:0 / 294 1344:0 / 239 1322:6 / 238 1247:0 / 234 1220:0 / 233 1194:1 / 233 1172:1 / 230 1145:6 / 227 977:Decline 675:opposed 537:Pius IX 486:History 439:in the 367:slavery 333:were a 286:colors) 97: ( 79: ( 71:Founded 6900:(1850) 6851:(1841) 6808:(1841) 6759:(1841) 6698:(1841) 6595:Hunter 6556:Graham 6500:Mangum 6164:Silver 5772:Reform 5752:Pirate 5634:Larger 5145:Online 5038:online 5005: 4991:(2002) 4983:online 4973:online 4952:online 4919:(1950) 4911:online 4856:online 4846:online 4823:(1992) 4816:(1999) 4753:online 4741: 4726: 4714:online 4704:online 4684:online 4674:online 4665:(1984) 4588: 4561: 4512: 4485: 4456: 4173: 4144: 4117: 4086: 4046: 3965: 3926: 3916: 3755: 3728: 3695: 3672: 3647:245457 3645: 3571: 3548: 3519: 3467: 3457: 3410:365222 3408: 3291: 3283: 3254: 3198: 3190: 3160: 3131: 3094: 3018: 2993: 2985: 2946: 2880: 2870: 2845: 2835: 2786: 2750: 2710: 2700: 2670: 2618: 2608: 2582: 2286: 2276: 1968:Shaman 1806:Legacy 1726:2,566 1660:Votes 1613: 1592:0 / 68 1570:2 / 66 1543:5 / 66 1521:1 / 62 1495:0 / 62 1469:0 / 62 1443:0 / 62 1422:0 / 60 1396:0 / 58 1376:No. of 1125:No. of 958:Creole 819:Jesuit 805:, the 566:, the 276: 270: 264: 260:Colors 6633:State 6613:Banks 6601:White 6552:Scott 6517:Tyler 6504:Tyler 6486:Tyler 6482:White 6447:Adams 5832:Unity 5641:Green 5313:Union 4483:JSTOR 4395:Salon 4171:JSTOR 3963:JSTOR 3786:(PDF) 3779:(PDF) 3670:JSTOR 3643:JSTOR 3546:JSTOR 3406:JSTOR 3359:(PDF) 3289:JSTOR 3196:JSTOR 3158:JSTOR 2991:S2CID 2944:JSTOR 2784:JSTOR 2580:JSTOR 2392:(PDF) 2215:Notes 1876:white 1872:right 1781:21.5 1060:] 926:riots 891:South 429:South 273:White 6835:Navy 6526:Clay 6460:Clay 6451:Rush 6341:and 6283:List 5889:Whig 5472:1992 5462:1988 5448:1984 5421:1980 5411:1976 5397:1972 5383:1968 5356:1948 5329:1936 5302:1896 5275:1860 5248:1856 5003:ISBN 4739:ISSN 4724:ISSN 4586:ISBN 4559:ISBN 4510:ISBN 4454:ISBN 4429:2017 4403:2016 4375:2016 4347:2016 4319:2016 4291:2016 4142:ISBN 4115:ISBN 4084:ISBN 4044:ISBN 3974:2023 3924:OCLC 3914:ISBN 3885:2020 3859:2020 3819:2020 3794:2017 3753:ISBN 3726:ISBN 3693:ISBN 3608:2017 3569:ISBN 3517:ISBN 3465:OCLC 3455:ISBN 3436:2023 3375:2023 3281:ISSN 3252:ISBN 3225:2023 3188:ISSN 3129:ISBN 3092:ISBN 3071:2023 3016:ISBN 2983:ISSN 2908:2019 2878:OCLC 2868:ISBN 2843:OCLC 2833:ISBN 2761:2022 2748:ISBN 2708:OCLC 2698:ISBN 2668:ISBN 2616:OCLC 2606:ISBN 2506:2023 2428:2016 2350:2020 2322:2020 2284:OCLC 2274:ISBN 2231:and 2010:who 1895:Time 1854:and 1846:and 1752:1856 1729:0.1 1700:1852 1686:and 1678:1848 1669:+/- 1586:1860 1564:1858 1537:1856 1515:1854 1489:1852 1463:1850 1437:1848 1416:1846 1390:1844 1381:+/– 1338:1860 1316:1858 1289:1856 1267:1854 1241:1852 1214:1850 1188:1848 1166:1846 1139:1844 1130:+/– 653:and 618:Whig 611:Rise 593:Jews 329:The 279:Blue 99:1860 92:1860 81:1844 74:1844 6737:War 5167:". 4076:doi 3955:doi 3718:doi 3398:doi 3248:332 2975:doi 2940:106 2572:doi 1921:in 1305:38 1283:52 1057:sic 1051:sic 828:in 709:In 661:as 419:of 267:Red 6931:: 6563:: 6550:: 6537:: 6524:: 6511:: 6471:: 6458:: 6445:: 5127:. 5023:. 4997:. 4905:. 4624:. 4533:. 4479:96 4477:. 4420:. 4392:. 4364:. 4336:. 4308:. 4280:. 4261:. 4239:. 4206:. 4195:^ 4165:. 4098:^ 4082:. 4070:. 3961:. 3951:88 3949:. 3945:. 3922:. 3891:. 3875:. 3839:^ 3724:. 3666:55 3664:. 3639:55 3637:. 3600:55 3598:. 3592:. 3540:. 3501:^ 3463:. 3404:. 3394:61 3392:. 3367:11 3365:. 3361:. 3287:. 3277:42 3275:. 3250:. 3194:. 3184:11 3182:. 3170:^ 3154:61 3152:. 3063:93 3061:. 3057:. 3038:. 2989:. 2981:. 2971:41 2969:. 2957:^ 2938:. 2899:. 2876:. 2841:. 2780:77 2778:. 2720:^ 2706:. 2614:. 2578:. 2568:88 2566:. 2545:. 2498:50 2496:. 2492:. 2453:^ 2417:. 2400:28 2398:. 2394:. 2379:^ 2367:. 2312:. 2296:^ 2282:. 2154:, 2080:, 2047:, 1986:, 1974:. 1796:8 1602:2 1580:3 1553:4 1531:1 1354:6 1332:8 1230:1 1182:5 1155:6 1044:, 832:. 681:. 482:. 404:. 377:. 6567:/ 6554:/ 6541:/ 6528:/ 6515:/ 6502:/ 6493:/ 6484:/ 6475:/ 6462:/ 6449:/ 6331:e 6324:t 6317:v 6285:) 6281:( 5573:e 5566:t 5559:v 5474:) 5464:) 5460:( 5456:/ 5450:) 5446:( 5442:/ 5423:) 5413:) 5409:( 5405:/ 5399:) 5395:( 5391:/ 5385:) 5381:( 5377:/ 5358:) 5354:( 5350:/ 5331:) 5327:( 5323:/ 5304:) 5300:( 5296:/ 5277:) 5273:( 5269:/ 5250:) 5246:( 5242:/ 5203:e 5196:t 5189:v 5163:" 5133:. 5089:" 5087:' 5063:. 5051:. 4858:. 4618:. 4594:. 4518:. 4489:. 4431:. 4405:. 4377:. 4349:. 4321:. 4293:. 4265:. 4177:. 4167:2 4150:. 4092:. 4078:: 4052:. 3976:. 3957:: 3861:. 3821:. 3796:. 3761:. 3734:. 3720:: 3701:. 3676:. 3649:. 3610:. 3577:. 3552:. 3542:7 3525:. 3471:. 3412:. 3400:: 3377:. 3295:. 3260:. 3202:. 3164:. 3137:. 3100:. 3073:. 3024:. 2997:. 2977:: 2952:. 2950:. 2910:. 2884:. 2849:. 2790:. 2714:. 2676:. 2622:. 2586:. 2574:: 2508:. 2430:. 2373:. 2352:. 2324:. 2243:. 1032:" 723:– 282:( 101:) 83:) 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index