2896:, "Man is mortal; Socrates is a man; therefore, Socrates is mortal," aboriginal thinking might read, 'Socrates is mortal, because I once met Socrates and he is a man like me, and I am mortal.' Deloria explains that both of the statements assume that all men are mortal, and that these statements are not verifiable on these grounds. The line of Native American thinking, however uses empirical evidence through memory to verify that Socrates was in fact a man like the person originally making the statement, and enhances the validity of the thinking. Deloria made the distinction, "whereas the Western syllogism simply introduces a doctrine using general concepts and depends on faith in the chain of reasoning for its verification, the Native American statement would stand by itself without faith and belief." Deloria also comments that Native American thinking is very specific (in the way described above) compared to the broadness of traditional Western thinking, which leads to different interpretations of basic principles. American thinkers have previously denounced Native ideas because of this narrower approach, as it leads to 'blurry' distinctions between the 'real' and the 'internal.'
1871:
2804:
2907:, which relates the ideas of many 'American' philosophers like Pierce, James, and Dewey to important concepts in early Native thought. Pratt's publication takes his readers on a journey through American philosophical history from the colonial time period, and via detailed analysis, connects the experimental nature of early American pragmatism to the empirical habit of indigenous Americans. Though Pratt makes these alliances very comprehensible, he also makes clear that the lines between the ideas of Native Americans and American philosophers are complex and historically difficult to trace.
71:
5443:
2156:, men traditionally hunt, trade and go to war. The women have traditionally held primary responsibility for the survival and welfare of the families (and future of the tribe). Traditionally, Plains women own the home, and tend to jobs such as gathering and cultivating plants for food and healing, along with caring for the young and the elderly, making clothing and processing and curing meat and skins. Plains women have historically tanned hides to make clothing as well as bags, saddle cloths, and tipi covers, and have used
1607:
2624:
1897:. The hoe is the main tool used to till the land and prepare it for planting; and later used for weeding. The first versions were made out of wood and stone. When the settlers brought iron, Native Americans switched to iron hoes and hatchets. The dibber was historically a digging stick, used to plant seeds. Once plants are harvested, traditionally women have prepared the produce for eating, using the maul to grind the corn into mash. It is then cooked and eaten that way or baked as corn bread.
5353:
46:
1845:. These tribes possess the right to establish the legal requirements for membership. They may form their own government, enforce laws (both civil and criminal), tax, license and regulate activities, zone, and exclude people from tribal territories. Limitations on tribal powers of self-government include the same limitations applicable to states; for example, neither tribes nor states have the power to make war, engage in foreign relations, or coin money.
2079:
2868:. Though less than 3% of Native Americans owned slaves, divisions grew among the Native Americans over slavery. Among the Cherokee, records show that slave holders in the tribe were largely the children of European men that had shown their children the economics of slavery. As European colonists took slaves into frontier areas, there were more opportunities for relationships between African and Native American peoples.
1939:
2880:
gained their status from their mother's families; they were part of hereditary leadership lines who exercised power and accumulated personal wealth in their changing Native
American societies. The chiefs of the tribes believed that some of the new generation of mixed-race, bilingual chiefs would lead their people into the future and be better able to adapt to new conditions influenced by European Americans.
2224:
1733:
2310:
2838:
2413:
2378:. One form involves members of drum groups sitting in a circle around a large drum, playing in unison while they sing together in their Indigenous language. Often they are accompanied by dancers in colorful regalia. Most Indigenous communities in the United States also maintain private, traditional songs and ceremonies, which are only shared within the community.
2204:
2426:
1860:
1916:
2783:
of the early 18th century, combined with the increasing importation of
African slaves, effectively ended the Native American slave trade by 1750. Colonists found that Native American slaves could easily escape, as they knew the country. The wars cost the lives of numerous colonial slave traders and
2689:
The conditions of enslaved or hostage Native
Americans varied among the tribes. In many cases, young captives were adopted into the tribes to replace warriors killed during warfare or by disease. Other tribes practiced debt slavery or imposed slavery on tribal members who had committed crimes; but,
2638:
European impact was immediate, widespread, and profound—more than any other cultural groups that had contact with Native
Americans during the early years of colonization and nationhood. There was fear on both sides, as both peoples realized how different their societies were. The whites regarded the
2747:
purchased or captured Native
Americans to use as forced labor in cultivating tobacco, rice, and indigo on plantations as well. Accurate records of the numbers enslaved do not exist. Scholars estimate tens of thousands of Native Americans may have been enslaved by the Europeans, sometimes being sold
2148:
Historically, when
European-American male settlers had children with Native American women, if the tribe was patrilineal, their children were considered "white" like their fathers. If the mother was from a matrilineal tribe, the children would be considered tribal members. While rules have, in most
2879:
systems. As did
Benjamin Hawkins, European fur traders and colonial officials tended to marry high-status women, in strategic alliances seen to benefit both sides. The Choctaw, Creek and Cherokee believed they benefited from stronger alliances with the traders and their societies. The women's sons
2288:
The game is played with one or two rackets/sticks and one ball. The object of the game is to land the ball on the opposing team's goal (either a single post or net) to score and to prevent the opposing team from scoring on your goal. The game involves as few as 20 or as many as 300 players with no
2799:
Native
American women were at risk for rape whether they were enslaved or not; during the early colonial years, settlers were disproportionately male. They turned to Native women for sexual relationships. Both Native American and African enslaved women suffered rape and sexual harassment by male
2764:
All servants imported and brought into the
Country... who were not Christians in their native Country... shall be accounted and be slaves. All Negro, mulatto and Indian slaves within this dominion ... shall be held to be real estate. If any slave resists his master ... correcting such slave, and
2855:
While numerous tribes used captive enemies as servants and slaves, they also often adopted younger captives into their tribes to replace members who had died. In the
Southeast, a few Native American tribes began to adopt a slavery system similar to that of the American colonists, buying African
2685:
A number of Native American tribes took captives in war, but usually these captives were able to later become full members of the community via adoption or marriage. While this has been called "slavery" by some anthropologists, none of the named tribes exploited slave labor on a large scale. In
1881:
Post-contact, European settlers in the northeastern region of the Americas observed that some of the Indigenous peoples cleared large areas for cropland. These fields in New England sometimes covered hundreds of acres. Colonists in Virginia noted thousands of acres under cultivation by Native
2784:
disrupted their early societies. The remaining Native American groups banded together to face the Europeans from a position of strength. Many surviving Native American peoples of the southeast strengthened their loose coalitions of language groups and joined confederacies such as the
1327:. The Columbian exchange generally had a destructive impact on Native American cultures through disease, and a 'clash of cultures', whereby European values of private property, smaller family structures, and labor led to conflict, appropriation of traditional communal lands and
2576:
Relationships between Native Americans, European-Americans, and African-Americians have taken different forms over many generations since European contact. Some of the first documented cases of European/Native American intermarriage and contact were recorded in Post-Columbian
2149:
cases, been modernized so the sex of the parent is irrelevant, historically the children of white fathers could have no official place in a patrilineal tribe because their fathers did not belong to it, unless they were adopted by a tribalmale and made part of his family.
2359:, integrate traditional instruments with more modern instrumentation. A variety of small and medium-sized recording companies offer an abundance of contemporary music by Native Americans and descendants, ranging from pow-wow drum music to rock-and-roll and rap.
2170:
Apart from making homes, women traditionally hold many additional responsibilities essential for the survival of the tribes, including the manufacture of weapons and tools, maintenance of the roofs of their homes, as well as historically participating in the
2450:
that served a dual function: the knots and beaded designs mnemonically chronicled tribal stories and legends, and further served as a medium of exchange and a unit of measure. The keepers of the articles were seen as tribal dignitaries.
1679:
The Na-Dené, Algic, and Uto-Aztecan families are the largest in terms of number of languages. Uto-Aztecan has the most speakers (1.95 million) if the languages in Mexico are considered (mostly due to 1.5 million speakers of
2659:(1897), that white settlers introduced some immoralities into Native American tribes. Many Indians suffered because the Europeans introduced alcohol and the whiskey trade resulted in alcoholism among the people, who were
2182:
girls have traditionally been encouraged to learn to ride, hunt and fight. Though fighting was predominantly the duty of men and boys, occasionally women fought as well, especially if the tribe was severely threatened.
5244:
5031:
4960:
1588:. Others separate Northern Plains from Southern Plains and Great Lakes tribes from Northeastern Woodlands tribes. Some identify Prairie tribes as distinct from Northeastern Woodlands tribes and Plains tribes.
1006:
2052:(Title 50 Part 22 of the Code of Federal Regulations) stipulates that only individuals of certifiable Native American ancestry enrolled in a federally recognized tribe are legally authorized to obtain
2830:
African and Native Americans have interacted for centuries. The earliest record of Native American and African contact occurred in April 1502, when Spanish colonists transported the first Africans to
2686:
addition, Native Americans did not buy and sell captives in the pre-colonial era, although they sometimes exchanged captives with other tribes in peace gestures or in exchange for their own members.
1696:). Na-Dené and Algic have the widest geographic distributions: Algic currently spans from northeastern Canada across much of the continent down to northeastern Mexico (due to later migrations of the
5719:
5384:
4112:
136:
2289:
height or weight restrictions and no protective gear. The goals could be from around 200 feet (61 m) apart to about 2 miles (3.2 km); in Lacrosse the field is 110 yards (100 m).
5237:
4888:
2436:
Native Americans in the United States have developed several original systems of communication, both in Pre-Columbian times, and later as a response to European influences. For example, the
5427:
2568:
determined by the orientations of these shapes. Cree syllabics are primarily a Canadian phenomenon, but are used occasionally in the United States by communities that straddle the border.
5417:
5253:
4838:
2073:
1275:
1955:, wearing white, being baptized with the new name, Rebecca, by Anglican minister Alexander Whiteaker in Jamestown, Virginia; this event is believed to have taken place in 1613 or 1614.
5159:
5154:
1224:
331:
5680:
5675:
5457:
5230:
1910:
1870:
4245:
2807:
Lillian Gross, described as a "Mixed Blood" by the Smithsonian source, was of Cherokee and European-American heritage. Raised within Cherokee culture, she identified with that.
2753:
1597:
196:
4132:
2672:
3054:
5320:
5144:
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1214:
1087:
5278:
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1424:
1231:
1155:
1072:
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5313:
5308:
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4853:
4054:
4036:
2676:
1818:
1805:
1534:
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1246:
1082:
1062:
80:
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The traditional diet of Native Americans has historically consisted of a combination of agriculture, hunting, and the gathering of wild foods, variable by bioregion.
3184:
2560:. When Evans later worked with the closely related Cree, and ran into trouble with the Latin alphabet, he turned to his Ojibwe project and in 1840 adapted it to the
1841:, the Native American tribe is a fundamental unit of sovereign tribal government, with the federally-recognized right to self-government and, tribal sovereignty and
1347:. The northwest culture area, for example, shared common traits such as salmon fishing, woodworking, large villages or towns, and a hierarchical social structure.
5943:
5129:
4338:
4117:
3702:
2038:
1199:
775:
141:
2803:
5183:
5176:
5113:
5076:
4965:
4328:
3729:
1268:
1241:
1175:
1011:
356:
1959:
Traditional Native American ceremonies are still practiced by many tribes and bands, and the older theological belief systems are still held by many of the
5987:
5832:
5370:
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5083:
3589:
1145:
1067:
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4219:
4159:
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1160:
181:
4313:
1967:
ceremonies, though the specifics of the ceremony vary among tribes. Fasting, singing and prayer in the ancient languages of their people, and sometimes
341:
2269:, stickball, or baggataway, have historically been used to settle disputes, rather than going to war, as a civil way to settle potential conflict. The
5994:
5211:
5193:
4174:
3438:
McKay-Cody, Melanie Raylene (1998), "Plains Indian Sign Language: A comparative study of alternative and primary signers", in Carroll, Cathryn (ed.),
2618:
191:
4308:
1834:
1261:
336:
3668:
2775:
The slave trade of Native Americans lasted only until around 1730. It gave rise to a series of devastating wars among the tribes, including the
2639:
Indians as "savage" because they were not Christian, and were suspicious of cultures which they did not understand. The Native American author,
5051:
1120:
5818:
5714:
5293:
5071:
4898:
4843:
4806:
4745:
4333:
4107:
4045:
3921:
3857:
3793:
3573:
3500:
1826:
1350:
1140:
1057:
907:
842:
817:
785:
361:
131:
61:
30:
3945:
2713:. There was heavy incentive by colonizing Europeans to adopt slavery, and it was most common among tribes who were allied with the British.
2697:
tribes, about a quarter of the population were enslaved. Other North American tribes that participated in some form of enslavement were the
5953:
5948:
5015:
4760:
4029:
2198:
1601:
986:
857:
261:
38:
2848:
Native Americans were rewarded if they returned escaped slaves, and African Americans were rewarded for fighting in the late 19th-century
1993:
religion incorporating elements of Native spiritual practice from a number of different tribes. Some varieties also include elements from
1614:
There are approximately 296 spoken (or formerly spoken) indigenous languages north of Mexico, 269 of which are grouped into 29 families.
5973:
5828:
5652:
5325:
5273:
5171:
4913:
3167:
2760:, including Native Americans and Africans but excluding Europeans. The Virginia General Assembly defined some terms of slavery in 1705:
2403:
2125:, with property and hereditary leadership passed through the maternal lines, and children belonging to their mother's and grandmother's
1236:
922:
5813:
5753:
5745:
5642:
5393:
5257:
5108:
5088:
4934:
4929:
4169:
1466:
1430:
1373:
1170:
1150:
947:
942:
3515:
2875:, mixed-race slaveholders were generally part of an elite hierarchy, often based on their mothers' clan status, as the societies had
5670:
5149:
5103:
4858:
4209:
4194:
3830:
3294:
3099:
3023:
2304:
1584:
These cultural regions are not universally agreed upon. Some systems combine the Great Basin and Plateau into Indigenous peoples of
1219:
1165:
780:
231:
216:
2765:
shall happen to be killed in such correction ... the master shall be free of all punishment ... as if such accident never happened.
70:
6016:
5763:
5288:
5206:
5046:
4214:
3062:
2969:
Emmer, Pieter. "The Myth of Early Globalization: The Atlantic Economy, 1500–1800." European Review 11, no. 1. Feb. 2003. p. 45–46
2925:
2471:
1300:. Yet along with this diversity, there are certain elements which are encountered frequently and shared by many tribal nations.
1115:
236:
2145:, where hereditary leadership passed through the male line, and children were considered to belong to the father and his clan.
6026:
5896:
5841:
5803:
5783:
5463:
5134:
4022:
3189:
2888:
Native American authors have written about aspects of "tribal philosophy" as opposed to the modern or Western worldview. Thus,
2821:
1324:
1204:
171:
2978:
Emmer, Pieter. "The Myth of Early Globalization: The Atlantic Economy, 1500–1800." European Review 11, no. 1. Feb. 2003. p. 46
1471:
5958:
5886:
5876:
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5788:
5629:
5139:
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4592:
4189:
4072:
3479:
3447:
3040:
1209:
1135:
627:
211:
101:
3615:
3358:
1649:
5891:
5866:
5846:
5793:
5056:
5041:
4903:
1571:
1500:
1494:
1460:
1125:
1110:
912:
4550:
4009:
Native Pragmatism: Rethinking the Roots of American Philosophy. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002. 6-10. Print.
3211:
583:
6021:
5871:
5851:
5808:
5798:
5758:
5330:
4801:
4524:
4240:
2892:
author Vine Deloria Jr. in an essay "Philosophy and the Tribal Peoples" argued that whereas a "traditional Westerner"
1529:
1525:
770:
557:
256:
151:
2013:
brought by Spanish missionaries and the Indigenous religions is common; the religious drums, chants, and dances of the
5916:
5856:
5605:
5549:
5422:
4893:
4230:
2455:
2111:
1960:
1490:
902:
4656:
4426:
3884:
2748:
by Native Americans themselves but often war prizes with Europeans, similar to what occurred in the aftermath of the
2552:), but after learning of the Cherokee syllabary, he experimented with invented scripts based on his familiarity with
1672:
695:
453:
3259:
5881:
4833:
4421:
4137:
1408:
812:
448:
3726:
3308:
2324:
Native American musicians have occasionally found broader fame in more mainstream American music. Artists such as
2285:("men hit a rounded object"). There are three basic versions, classified as Great Lakes, Iroquoian, and Southern.
1353:
fall into several distinct ethnolinguistic and territorial phyla, with diverse governmental and economic systems.
1303:
European colonization of the Americas had a major impact on Native American cultures through what is known as the
5470:
4755:
4478:
4179:
3218:
Vol. 19, edited by Albert Watkins, Nebraska State Historical Society, 1919, p. 64, at GenNet, accessed 2011-08-25
1906:
1311:, this was the spread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the
1293:
509:
201:
3593:
2517:; the 85 (originally 86) characters provide a suitable method to write Cherokee. Although some symbols resemble
1343:
by geographical region where shared cultural traits occur, based on how these cultures have continued since the
5544:
5066:
4908:
4828:
4813:
4604:
2083:
917:
862:
807:
792:
639:
34:
1606:
2486:. It is also used for story-telling, oratory, various ceremonies, and by deaf people for ordinary daily use.
5963:
5559:
5491:
5003:
4939:
4729:
4600:
4490:
4323:
4318:
4298:
4255:
4122:
3140:
2407:
2371:
2345:
2192:
2026:
1854:
952:
635:
521:
351:
346:
311:
156:
3412:
2623:
4823:
4765:
4706:
4701:
2934:
2744:
2549:
2533:
1986:
867:
802:
745:
740:
251:
146:
4470:
501:
5968:
5647:
5554:
4711:
4696:
4691:
4303:
4263:
4226:
4127:
4097:
2872:
2349:
2298:
2042:
2029:. Native American-Catholic syncretism is also found elsewhere in the United States. (e.g., the National
1968:
1943:
1931:
1684:); Na-Dené comes in second with approximately 200,000 speakers (nearly 180,000 of these are speakers of
1655:
1452:
1419:
1393:
1385:
750:
735:
730:
316:
286:
241:
5442:
4416:
443:
3672:
2899:
According to Carlin Romano, the best resource on a characteristically "Native American Philosophy" is
5926:
5921:
5637:
5432:
4626:
4431:
4391:
4353:
4184:
2722:
2482:
across central Canada, central and western United States and northern Mexico, used among the various
2367:
2022:
1638:
1433:
1320:
1023:
663:
458:
418:
380:
206:
2939:
2344:
have used music as political commentary and part of their work as activists for Native American and
5268:
4977:
4681:
4538:
4455:
4366:
4293:
2923:
Nunn, Nathan; Qian, Nancy (2010). "The Columbian Exchange: A History of Disease, Food, and Ideas".
2690:
this status was only temporary as the enslaved worked off their obligations to the tribal society.
2078:
1948:
1627:
1552:
1540:
1521:
1389:
1028:
720:
571:
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393:
306:
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2505:
is particularly noteworthy as he could not previously read any script. He first experimented with
5931:
5724:
4972:
4863:
4818:
4785:
4584:
4465:
4235:
4204:
4087:
3949:
2952:
2739:, European settlers frequently transported enslaved Native Americans to the Caribbean to work on
2490:
2355:
record traditional instruments with an aim of preserving the sounds of nature, or in the case of
2352:
2231:
1842:
1830:
1810:
Early European American scholars described the Native Americans as having a society dominated by
1713:
1661:
1585:
1548:
1437:
1414:
1364:
1304:
1016:
877:
797:
619:
496:
366:
246:
226:
161:
116:
4596:
3565:
3091:
3085:
2844:, 1890. The nickname was given to the "Black Cavalry" by the Native American tribes they fought.
631:
45:
5222:
2454:
A widely used form of communication historically, that is still in use to some extent today is
5778:
5662:
5412:
4750:
4516:
4482:
3988:
Waters, Anne. American Indian Thought. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2004. 6-8. Print.
3917:
3853:
3847:
3826:
3569:
3475:
3471:
3443:
3290:
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3095:
3019:
2694:
2680:
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2049:
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1621:
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hunts. In some of the Plains Indian tribes, medicine women gathered herbs and cured the ill.
1565:
5936:
5610:
5061:
4998:
4993:
4613:
4460:
4411:
4154:
4102:
3979:
Waters, Anne. American Indian Thought. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2004. 6. Print.
3911:
2944:
2865:
2789:
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2582:
2341:
2325:
1667:
1578:
1486:
1130:
978:
972:
650:
491:
438:
176:
126:
3703:"Slavery and Native Americans in British North America and the United States: 1600 to 1865"
2564:. The result contained just nine glyph shapes, each of which stood for a syllable with the
1985:
Another significant, though more recent, religious body among some Native Americans is the
5615:
4622:
4608:
4554:
4092:
4077:
3733:
3519:
3171:
3011:
2841:
2793:
2627:
2526:
2356:
2309:
2250:
2246:
2034:
2010:
1817:
Tribes, Nations, bands and clans may define and organize themselves in a variety of ways.
1717:
1697:
1693:
1685:
1643:
1404:
1296:, beliefs, customs, practices, laws, art forms, traditional clothing, and other facets of
659:
643:
587:
121:
106:
4406:
3997:
Romano, Carlin. America the Philosophical. New York: Random House Inc., 2012. 447. Print.
3970:
Romano, Carlin. America the Philosophical. New York: Random House Inc., 2012. 446. Print.
3796:
Failing Our Black Children: Statutory Rape Laws, Moral Reform and the Hypocrisy of Denial
2509:, before developing his system into a syllabary. In his system, each symbol represents a
433:
1760:(in the Roman model) before tribes were formed. There were some common characteristics:
5585:
5575:
5506:
5298:
5036:
4686:
4381:
4376:
4278:
4149:
4144:
4006:
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2889:
2710:
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2541:
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2333:
2172:
2153:
2122:
2018:
1721:
1709:
1705:
1559:
1481:
1399:
1381:
1105:
1077:
725:
408:
403:
166:
17:
1938:
6010:
5580:
5521:
5407:
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4666:
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3464:
2817:
2757:
2706:
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2479:
2216:
2212:
2118:
2091:
2014:
1978:
is a traditional medicine society based on the oral traditions and prophesies of the
1874:
Chippewa baby waits on a cradleboard while parents tend rice crops (Minnesota, 1940).
1838:
1748:
Early European American scholar described the Native Americans (as well as any other
1689:
1517:
1340:
821:
705:
537:
517:
505:
480:
423:
291:
221:
111:
91:
5773:
5511:
5501:
5496:
5335:
4646:
4588:
4067:
2988:
2702:
2598:
2545:
2475:
2337:
2314:
2223:
2138:
1994:
1890:
1732:
1448:
847:
685:
623:
96:
3767:
3619:
3362:
5340:
4780:
4671:
4636:
4520:
4512:
4508:
4500:
4446:
4436:
4401:
4386:
4361:
4283:
4164:
2876:
2849:
2837:
2780:
2776:
2732:
2606:
2441:
2254:
2157:
2130:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2002:
1736:
1377:
710:
675:
553:
545:
541:
533:
473:
463:
428:
413:
388:
186:
3641:
5516:
5486:
4944:
4641:
4631:
4618:
4580:
4576:
4546:
4495:
4371:
3888:
2831:
2749:
2740:
2736:
2609:, who gave birth to another of the first multi-racial people in the Americas.
2557:
2391:
2387:
2375:
2318:
2238:
2227:
2006:
1990:
1964:
1952:
1886:
1885:
Native American agricultural communities have commonly used tools such as the
1701:
680:
670:
655:
615:
611:
579:
528:
398:
4868:
4775:
4661:
4651:
4571:
4562:
4441:
2893:
2553:
2502:
2087:
2057:
1975:
1923:
1712:). The remaining 27 languages are either isolates or unclassified), such as
1369:
1316:
872:
700:
690:
606:
595:
468:
3090:(1 ed.). New York, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. p.
2412:
1927:
2203:
5768:
4770:
4676:
4566:
4558:
4534:
4529:
4288:
4014:
3768:"The Terrible Transformation:From Indentured Servitude to Racial Slavery"
3263:
2948:
2857:
2825:
2698:
2654:
2537:
2510:
2506:
2494:
2437:
2429:
2329:
2266:
2242:
2164:
1312:
715:
599:
591:
567:
562:
301:
3794:""The Realities of Enslaved Female Africans in America", excerpted from
2956:
4542:
4343:
4273:
3312:
2861:
2785:
2728:
2594:
2514:
2395:
2363:
2270:
2208:
1915:
1681:
1513:
1328:
1297:
575:
326:
321:
296:
2650:
2578:
2565:
2446:
1998:
1979:
1894:
1765:
1749:
1509:
1505:
1356:
They can be classified as belonging to several large cultural areas:
2425:
1859:
3398:
3055:"The U.S. Relationship To American Indian and Alaska Native Tribes"
2727:
During the European colonization of North America, the practice of
2529:
letters, the relationship between symbols and sounds is different.
4961:
List of U.S. communities with Native American majority populations
4889:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
2836:
2802:
2644:
2622:
2586:
2424:
2411:
2308:
2222:
2202:
2179:
2142:
2134:
2121:
Six Nations and the Southeast Muskogean tribes, are traditionally
2077:
2061:
2060:
or spiritual use. The law does not allow Native Americans to give
2053:
1937:
1914:
1869:
1863:
1858:
1753:
1731:
1456:
898:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
897:
2098:
Gender roles can vary significantly between tribal nations, with
1780:
Reciprocal obligations of help, defense, and redress of injuries.
1777:
Mutual rights of inheritance of the property of deceased members.
3416:
2126:
1811:
1757:
5366:
5226:
4018:
3018:. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Company. pp. 70–71, 113.
2630:
was one of the first Native Americans to become certified as a
4236:
Native American rights movement/Red Power movement (1968-1977)
2905:
Native Pragmatism: Rethinking the Roots of American Philosophy
2366:
drumming and singing, which happens at events like the annual
2001:
ceremony. Some tribes' traditional religious beliefs included
4113:
Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
137:
Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
2989:"Native American | History, Art, Culture, & Facts"
2444:
and extending east and north, used strings or belts called
2336:
have had success on the rock and pop charts. Some, such as
2416:
Drawings of kachina dolls, from an 1894 anthropology book.
1688:), and Algic in third with about 180,000 speakers (mainly
3141:"Plains Indian - Material culture and trade | Britannica"
2743:. White settlers in European colonies established in the
4839:
Same-sex marriage in tribal nations in the United States
2074:
Gender roles in First Nations and Native American tribes
3663:
3661:
3659:
2230:
was called the "greatest athlete in the world" by king
2163:
Several dozen tribes have been documented to practiced
3216:
Publications of the Nebraska State Historical Society,
332:
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
3823:
Muslims in American History : A Forgotten Legacy
3499:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFSturtevantFogelson2004 (
3386:
A Cry from the Earth: Music of North American Indians
3287:
A People's History of the United States: 1492–present
2731:
changed dramatically. As the demand for labor in the
1911:
Mythologies of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
1825:
that have been in continual existence since prior to
3466:
Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies
3212:
Melvin Randolph Gilmore, "The True Logan Fontenelle"
1598:
Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas
5909:
5827:
5744:
5735:
5705:
5661:
5628:
5598:
5568:
5537:
5530:
5479:
5450:
5400:
5122:
5024:
4986:
4953:
4922:
4877:
4794:
4738:
4720:
4352:
4254:
4053:
2673:
Slavery among Native Americans in the United States
1339:Academics tend to group the cultures of Indigenous
3590:"Sexuality and the Invasion of America: 1492–1806"
3557:
3494:
3463:
3038:This right was upheld by the US Supreme Court in
2400:Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas
2167:to sisters, with procedural and economic limits.
1833:, government-to-government relationship with the
5189:List of Indian reservations in the United States
4854:Native American recognition in the United States
3755:Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History
3440:Deaf Studies V: Toward 2000--Unity and Diversity
2677:Slavery among Indigenous peoples of the Americas
2086:was the first Native American woman to become a
1819:Federally recognized tribes in the United States
1806:Native American recognition in the United States
1290:federally recognized tribes in the United States
1288:Native American cultures across the 574 current
1247:List of Indian reservations in the United States
2762:
2532:The success of the Cherokee syllabary inspired
2160:to carry an infant while working or traveling.
4914:The International Indian Treaty Council (IITC)
3044:in 1978, which is discussed in Ray (2007) p403
923:The International Indian Treaty Council (IITC)
5378:
5238:
4339:Native American identity in the United States
4030:
3442:, Washington DC: Gallaudet University Press,
3165:A Brief History of the Native American Church
2039:National Shrine of the North American Martyrs
1269:
1242:List of federally recognized tribes by state
8:
5184:State-recognized tribes in the United States
4966:Modern social statistics of Native Americans
3006:
3004:
3002:
2634:, after he graduated from Boston University.
1997:, while others do not. Its main rite is the
3878:
3876:
3543:Compendium of the World's Languages, 2nd ed
2812:Relation with Africans in the United States
2770:Virginia General Assembly declaration, 1705
1786:The right to adopt strangers into the gens.
5741:
5658:
5534:
5476:
5385:
5371:
5363:
5245:
5231:
5223:
4160:Native Americans in the American Civil War
4037:
4023:
4015:
3841:
3839:
2362:A popular Native American musical form is
1771:The right to depose its sachem and chiefs.
1752:society) as having a society dominated by
1319:in the 15th and 16th centuries, following
1276:
1262:
1045:
85:
52:
5167:Native American Medal of Honor recipients
4175:Cultural assimilation of Native Americans
3696:
3694:
3692:
3690:
2938:
2619:Cultural assimilation of Native Americans
2237:Notable Native American athletes include
1783:The right to bestow names on its members.
1739:girl with pottery jar on her head in 1903
1232:Native American Medal of Honor recipients
192:Cultural assimilation of Native Americans
4525:Post 1887 Apache Wars period (1887–1924)
3787:
3785:
2005:. In the American Southwest, especially
1774:The obligation not to marry in the gens.
1605:
558:Post 1887 Apache Wars period (1887–1924)
44:
6032:Indigenous culture in the United States
3946:"Africans and Indians: Only in America"
3800:. University of Daytona. Archived from
3415:. University of Calgary. Archived from
3234:Encyclopedia of North American Indians,
3087:The ecological Indian: myth and history
2915:
2489:In the late 1810s and early 1820s, the
1835:Federal government of the United States
1096:
1048:
60:
3470:. New York, New York: Norton. p.
3359:"History of Native American Lacrossee"
3325:, Bluecloud.org. Retrieved 2007-01-11.
3276:, Bluecloud.org. Retrieved 2007-01-11.
3185:"Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act"
1617:The major ethno-linguistic phyla are:
1610:Early indigenous languages in the U.S.
4899:National Congress of American Indians
4844:Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
4807:National Congress of American Indians
4746:American Indian Religious Freedom Act
4334:Native American disease and epidemics
4108:European colonization of the Americas
2265:Native American ball sports, such as
1351:Native Americans in the United States
908:National Congress of American Indians
843:American Indian Religious Freedom Act
132:European colonization of the Americas
31:Native Americans in the United States
7:
4904:National Indian Youth Council (NIYC)
4761:Native American people and Mormonism
4605:Northern Cheyenne Exodus (1878-1879)
3948:. William Loren Katz. Archived from
3887:. LWF COMMUNICATIONS. Archived from
3289:, Harper Perennial Modern Classics.
3248:, Indians.org. Retrieved 2007-01-11.
2432:, inventor of the Cherokee syllabary
2199:List of Native American sportspeople
1930:, and orphans, was beatified by the
1602:Indigenous languages of the Americas
913:National Indian Youth Council (NIYC)
640:Northern Cheyenne Exodus (1878-1879)
262:Native American temperance activists
39:Indigenous languages of the Americas
5172:List of federally recognized tribes
3174:by Jay Fikes. Retrieved 2006-02-22.
2601:noblewoman. Another is the case of
2544:. Evans had originally adapted the
2404:indigenous ceramics of the Americas
1237:List of federally recognized tribes
5394:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
4935:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
4930:Black Indians in the United States
4894:Native American Rights Fund (NARF)
4170:Certificate Degree of Indian Blood
3792:Gloria J. Browne-Marshall (2009).
3671:. Students on Site. Archived from
2800:slaveholders and other white men.
2064:feathers to non-Native Americans.
948:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
903:Native American Rights Fund (NARF)
25:
4859:Native American women in politics
4210:Native Americans and World War II
4195:Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
3727:Slavery in Historical Perspective
3669:"Native Americans: Early Contact"
2572:Relationships with other cultures
2305:List of Native American musicians
232:Native Americans and World War II
217:Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
5441:
5351:
4491:Buffalo Hunters' War (1876–1877)
4479:Antelope Hills expedition (1858)
4215:American Indian boarding schools
3190:U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
2926:Journal of Economic Perspectives
2856:American slaves, especially the
2589:, who was shipwrecked along the
2493:was invented by the silversmith
2472:international auxiliary language
522:Buffalo Hunters' War (1876–1877)
510:(1858)|Antelope Hills expedition
237:American Indian boarding schools
69:
4909:Women of All Red Nations (WARN)
3885:"CHEROKEE SLAVE REVOLT OF 1842"
3564:. U of Nebraska Press. p.
3357:Thomas Vennum Jr. (2002–2005).
2822:Native American slave ownership
2470:. PISL is a trade language (or
2277:("Little Brother of War"); the
1982:(Chippewa) and related tribes.
1971:, and dancing are also common.
1789:Common religious rights, query.
918:Women of All Red Nations (WARN)
197:Racism against Native Americans
172:Native American slave ownership
5009:Native American Pidgin English
4814:American Indian Movement (AIM)
4190:Indian Citizenship Act of 1924
4073:Archaic period in the Americas
3916:. Univ of Pennsylvania Press.
3495:Sturtevant & Fogelson 2004
3041:Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez
2540:, during the 1840s to develop
2536:, a missionary in what is now
1426:Pacific Northwest Coast tribes
793:American Indian Movement (AIM)
212:Indian Citizenship Act of 1924
102:Archaic period in the Americas
1:
4707:Battle of Kelley Creek (1911)
4483:Comanche Campaign (1867–1875)
4471:Texas–Indian wars (1836–1877)
3556:Katherine Ellinghaus (2006).
3116:"American Indian Agriculture"
2735:grew with the cultivation of
1536:Southeastern Woodlands tribes
1501:Northeastern Woodlands tribes
746:Battle of Kelley Creek (1911)
514:Comanche Campaign (1867–1875)
502:Texas–Indian wars (1836–1877)
49:North American ethnic regions
4802:Native American civil rights
4712:Battle of Bear Valley (1918)
4697:Crazy Snake Rebellion (1909)
4692:Battle of Sugar Point (1898)
4614:Rogue River Wars (1855–1856)
4241:Native American civil rights
3913:Race and the Cherokee Nation
3560:Taking assimilation to heart
751:Battle of Bear Valley (1918)
736:Crazy Snake Rebellion (1909)
731:Battle of Sugar Point (1898)
651:Rogue River Wars (1855–1856)
257:Alcohol and Native Americans
152:Slavery in the United States
5155:Native American politicians
5145:Native American War Leaders
4623:Puget Sound War (1855–1856)
4609:Ghost Dance War (1890–1891)
4601:Great Sioux War (1876–1877)
4597:Red Cloud's War (1866–1868)
4581:First Sioux War (1854-1856)
4509:Chiricahua Wars (1860–1886)
4231:Native American Rights Fund
3944:William Loren Katz (2008).
3084:Krech III, Shepard (1999).
2754:Slavery in Colonial America
2456:Plains Indian Sign Language
2112:federally-recognized tribes
2009:, a syncretism between the
1292:, can vary considerably by
660:Puget Sound War (1855–1856)
644:Ghost Dance War (1890–1891)
636:Great Sioux War (1876–1877)
632:Red Cloud's War (1866–1868)
616:First Sioux War (1854-1856)
542:Chiricahua Wars (1860–1886)
6048:
5258:Indigenous North Americans
4834:Occupation of Wounded Knee
4551:Black Hawk War (1865–1872)
4539:Battle at Fort Utah (1850)
4521:Geronimo's War (1881–1886)
4517:Victorio's War (1879–1880)
4422:American Revolutionary War
3616:"Indian Achievement Award"
2815:
2720:
2670:
2616:
2468:First Nation Sign Language
2385:
2302:
2296:
2196:
2190:
2180:Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota
2071:
1963:. Many Plains tribes have
1904:
1852:
1803:
1595:
813:Occupation of Wounded Knee
584:Black Hawk War (1865–1872)
572:Battle at Fort Utah (1850)
554:Geronimo's War (1881–1886)
550:Victorio's War (1879–1880)
449:American Revolutionary War
28:
5982:
5439:
5349:
5264:
5202:
5016:Native American languages
4756:Native American religions
4505:Jicarilla War (1849–1855)
4487:Red River War (1874–1875)
4475:Comanche Wars (1836–1877)
4180:Indian Appropriations Act
3910:Fay A. Yarbrough (2007).
3618:. Ipl.org. Archived from
3541:Campbell, George (1991).
2421:Writing and communication
2117:Many tribes, such as the
2110:traditions among the 574
1907:Native American religions
1866:grown by Native Americans
1650:Siouan–Catawban languages
1360:Contiguous United States
1225:congressional politicians
987:Native American languages
538:Jicarilla War (1849–1855)
518:Red River War (1874–1875)
506:Comanche Wars (1836–1877)
202:Indian Appropriations Act
4829:Trail of Broken Treaties
4657:Hualapai War (1865–1870)
4647:Yavapai Wars (1861–1875)
4627:Coeur d'Alene War (1858)
4589:Colorado War (1863–1865)
3846:Dorothy A. Mays (2008).
3825:by Dr. Jerald F. Dirks.
3740:, University of Houston.
3384:Bierhosrt, John (1992).
3170:August 21, 2007, at the
2348:causes. Others, such as
2084:Susan La Flesche Picotte
1431:Pacific Coast Athabaskan
1374:Pacific Coast Athabaskan
808:Trail of Broken Treaties
696:Hualapai War (1865–1870)
664:Coeur d'Alene War (1858)
624:Colorado War (1863–1865)
35:Native American identity
6017:Native American culture
5004:American Indian English
4940:Louisiana Creole people
4730:Native American studies
4682:Bannock Uprising (1895)
4637:Navajo Wars (1849–1866)
4593:Powder River War (1865)
4501:Apache Wars (1849–1924)
4319:Mesoamerican literature
4314:Indigenous Peoples' Day
4123:Partus sequitur ventrem
3462:Diamond, Jared (1999).
3401:. Retrieved 2006-02-23.
3246:"Native American Women"
2993:Encyclopedia Britannica
2408:Native American jewelry
2027:Saint Francis Cathedral
1855:Native American cuisine
1764:The right to elect its
1700:) with two outliers in
721:Bannock Uprising (1895)
686:Yavapai Wars(1861–1875)
676:Navajo Wars (1849–1866)
628:Powder River War (1865)
534:Apache Wars (1849–1924)
342:Indigenous Peoples' Day
157:Partus sequitur ventrem
18:Native American culture
6027:Native American topics
4824:Occupation of Alcatraz
4766:Native American church
4632:Mohave War (1858–1859)
4619:Yakima War (1855–1858)
4577:Sioux Wars (1854–1891)
4555:White River War (1879)
4543:Walker War (1853–1854)
4427:Cherokee–American wars
3883:Art T. Burton (1996).
3849:Women in early America
3751:Slave-owning societies
2845:
2808:
2773:
2635:
2581:. One case is that of
2501:. His creation of the
2458:(PISL), also known as
2433:
2417:
2321:
2234:
2220:
2207:Ball players from the
2193:Native American sports
2095:
2017:are regularly part of
1987:Native American Church
1956:
1935:
1875:
1867:
1795:A council of the gens.
1792:A common burial place.
1740:
1611:
1083:Southeastern Woodlands
1063:Northeastern Woodlands
868:Native American church
803:Occupation of Alcatraz
656:Yakima War (1855–1858)
612:Sioux Wars (1854–1891)
588:White River War (1879)
576:Walker War (1853–1854)
454:Cherokee–American wars
252:Native American rights
50:
5715:European colonization
4687:Yaqui Uprising (1896)
4662:Modoc War (1872–1873)
4652:Snake War (1864–1869)
4567:Bluff Skirmish (1921)
4563:Bluff War (1914–1915)
4513:Tonto War (1871–1875)
4264:Mississippian culture
4227:Civil rights movement
4128:Five Civilized Tribes
3891:on September 29, 2009
3701:Tony Seybert (2009).
3516:"Plains Cree History"
3388:. Ancient City Press.
3285:Zinn, Howard (2005).
2873:Five Civilized Tribes
2840:
2816:Further information:
2806:
2671:Further information:
2626:
2593:, and fathered three
2513:rather than a single
2428:
2415:
2386:Further information:
2312:
2299:Native American music
2226:
2206:
2081:
2043:Auriesville, New York
1947:was painted in 1840.
1944:Baptism of Pocahontas
1941:
1932:Roman Catholic Church
1918:
1905:Further information:
1873:
1862:
1853:Further information:
1804:Further information:
1735:
1656:Uto-Aztecan languages
1609:
1309:Columbian interchange
863:Traditional religions
771:Civil rights movement
726:Yaqui Uprising (1896)
701:Modoc War (1872–1873)
691:Snake War (1864–1869)
671:Mohave War(1858–1859)
600:Bluff Skirmish (1921)
596:Bluff War (1914–1915)
546:Tonto War (1871–1875)
287:Mississippian culture
242:Civil rights movement
48:
29:Further information:
5433:Solutrean hypothesis
4702:Last Massacre (1911)
4667:Nez Perce War (1877)
4535:Ute Wars (1850–1923)
4432:Northwest Indian War
4185:Racial Integrity Act
3642:"Charles A. Eastman"
3413:"Canadian Languages"
2995:. February 16, 2024.
2949:10.1257/jep.24.2.163
2834:to serve as slaves.
2723:Atlantic slave trade
2717:European enslavement
2657:Indians of Michigan,
2478:, that was once the
2464:Plains Sign Language
2440:, living around the
2368:Gathering of Nations
2215:tribe as painted by
2133:tribes, such as the
1639:Algonquian languages
1321:Christopher Columbus
1307:. Also known as the
1024:Tribal disenrollment
741:Last Massacre (1911)
706:Nez Perce War (1877)
459:Northwest Indian War
207:Racial Integrity Act
64:in the United States
6022:Native American art
5814:Trinidad and Tobago
4978:Reservation poverty
4923:Ethnic subdivisions
4795:Political movements
4456:Second Seminole War
4367:Anglo-Powhatan Wars
3804:on November 5, 2011
3596:on October 23, 1997
3545:. pp. 422–428.
2641:Andrew J. Blackbird
1949:John Gadsby Chapman
1829:, and which have a
1821:are communities of
1628:Iroquoian languages
1572:Northern Athabaskan
1495:Southern Athabaskan
1461:Southern Athabaskan
1444:Southwestern tribes
1029:Reservation poverty
1012:Societal statistics
936:Ethnic subdivisions
764:Political movements
568:Ute Wars(1850–1923)
485:Second Seminole War
394:Anglo-Powhatan Wars
56:Part of a series on
5974:In popular culture
5725:Columbian exchange
5720:Population history
5451:Mythology/Religion
4879:Civic and economic
4864:Tribal sovereignty
4819:Red Power Movement
4786:Longhouse Religion
4721:Education, science
4672:Bannock War (1878)
4466:American Civil War
4417:Lord Dunmore's War
4205:Blood quantum laws
4088:Post-Classic stage
3732:2012-06-14 at the
3522:on August 17, 2018
3306:"Women in Battle"
3145:www.britannica.com
2846:
2809:
2661:alcohol-intolerant
2636:
2585:, a European from
2491:Cherokee syllabary
2434:
2418:
2353:Charles Littleleaf
2322:
2235:
2232:Gustaf V of Sweden
2221:
2096:
1961:traditional people
1957:
1936:
1876:
1868:
1843:self-determination
1741:
1714:Penutian languages
1662:Salishan languages
1612:
1586:Intermountain West
1530:Eastern Algonquian
1526:Central Algonquian
1415:Great Basin tribes
1365:Californian tribes
1305:Columbian exchange
878:Longhouse Religion
798:Red Power Movement
776:Self-determination
711:Bannock War (1878)
497:American Civil War
444:Lord Dunmore's War
367:Tribal sovereignty
247:Red Power movement
227:Blood quantum laws
182:American Civil War
162:Indian Removal Act
117:Post-Classic stage
51:
6004:
6003:
5905:
5904:
5701:
5700:
5624:
5623:
5594:
5593:
5413:Pre-Columbian era
5360:
5359:
5304:Eastern Woodlands
5220:
5219:
4751:Eagle feather law
4642:Paiute War (1860)
4585:Dakota War (1862)
4547:Tintic War (1856)
4461:Osage Indian War
4392:King Philip's War
3923:978-0-8122-4056-6
3859:978-1-85109-429-5
3575:978-0-8032-1829-1
3365:on April 11, 2009
3336:"Choctaw Indians"
3309:"Women in Battle"
3257:"Medicine Women"
3236:February 9, 2006.
3230:Beatrice Medicine
2695:Pacific Northwest
2681:Cherokee Freedmen
2605:and his mistress
2591:Yucatan Peninsula
2499:Cherokee language
2050:eagle feather law
2031:Kateri Tekakwitha
1920:Kateri Tekakwitha
1849:Traditional diets
1823:Indigenous people
1800:Tribal structures
1634:Caddoan languages
1622:Na-Dene languages
1491:Plains Algonquian
1345:Pre-Columbian era
1286:
1285:
1184:
1183:
1073:Pacific Northwest
1068:Northwest Plateau
853:Eagle Feather law
781:Women in politics
620:Dakota War (1862)
580:Tintic War (1856)
492:Osage Indian War
419:King Philip's War
269:
268:
16:(Redirected from
6039:
5742:
5659:
5535:
5477:
5445:
5387:
5380:
5373:
5364:
5355:
5354:
5247:
5240:
5233:
5224:
5130:Native Americans
4999:American English
4572:Posey War (1923)
4289:Iroquois culture
4155:Indian Territory
4103:Age of Discovery
4039:
4032:
4025:
4016:
4010:
4004:
3998:
3995:
3989:
3986:
3980:
3977:
3971:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3880:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3843:
3834:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3789:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3764:
3758:
3747:
3741:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3707:
3698:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3665:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3592:. Archived from
3586:
3580:
3579:
3563:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3518:. Archived from
3511:
3505:
3504:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3469:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3419:on March 4, 2016
3408:
3402:
3399:Iroquois History
3396:
3390:
3389:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3361:. Archived from
3354:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3332:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3315:on June 18, 2012
3311:. Archived from
3304:
3298:
3283:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3266:on June 18, 2012
3262:. Archived from
3260:"Medicine Women"
3255:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3225:
3219:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3181:
3175:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3061:. Archived from
3051:
3045:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3012:Morgan, Lewis H.
3008:
2997:
2996:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2970:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2942:
2920:
2842:Buffalo Soldiers
2796:for protection.
2771:
2705:of Georgia, the
2647:), wrote in his
2597:children with a
2583:Gonzalo Guerrero
2326:Robbie Robertson
1922:, the patron of
1827:European contact
1668:Tanoan languages
1579:Native Hawaiians
1409:Plateau Penutian
1278:
1271:
1264:
1200:Native Americans
1078:The Great Plains
1046:
981:
979:American English
953:Louisiana Creole
681:Paiute War(1860)
607:Posey War (1923)
302:Iroquois culture
177:Indian Territory
127:Age of Discovery
86:
73:
62:Native Americans
53:
21:
6047:
6046:
6042:
6041:
6040:
6038:
6037:
6036:
6007:
6006:
6005:
6000:
5978:
5901:
5823:
5737:
5731:
5707:
5697:
5657:
5620:
5590:
5564:
5526:
5475:
5464:List of deities
5446:
5437:
5396:
5391:
5361:
5356:
5352:
5347:
5279:Northwest Coast
5260:
5251:
5221:
5216:
5198:
5118:
5020:
4982:
4949:
4918:
4882:
4880:
4873:
4790:
4734:
4722:
4716:
4677:Crow War (1887)
4348:
4274:Hohokam culture
4250:
4093:Woodland period
4078:Formative stage
4049:
4046:Native American
4043:
4013:
4007:Pratt, Scott L.
4005:
4001:
3996:
3992:
3987:
3983:
3978:
3974:
3969:
3965:
3955:
3953:
3952:on May 13, 2008
3943:
3942:
3938:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3894:
3892:
3882:
3881:
3874:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3845:
3844:
3837:
3821:
3817:
3807:
3805:
3791:
3790:
3783:
3773:
3771:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3748:
3744:
3738:Digital History
3734:Wayback Machine
3724:
3720:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3700:
3699:
3688:
3678:
3676:
3675:on May 10, 2008
3667:
3666:
3657:
3647:
3645:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3625:
3623:
3622:on July 3, 2010
3614:
3613:
3609:
3599:
3597:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3576:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3525:
3523:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3498:
3493:
3489:
3482:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3450:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3422:
3420:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3397:
3393:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3368:
3366:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3341:
3339:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3318:
3316:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3284:
3280:
3269:
3267:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3244:
3240:
3226:
3222:
3210:
3206:
3196:
3194:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3172:Wayback Machine
3163:
3159:
3149:
3147:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3124:
3122:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3102:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3068:
3066:
3065:on May 19, 2009
3053:
3052:
3048:
3037:
3033:
3026:
3016:Ancient Society
3010:
3009:
3000:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2940:10.1.1.232.9242
2922:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2886:
2828:
2814:
2772:
2769:
2725:
2719:
2683:
2669:
2649:History of the
2628:Charles Eastman
2621:
2615:
2574:
2548:to Ojibwe (see
2423:
2410:
2384:
2357:R. Carlos Nakai
2307:
2301:
2295:
2283:dehuntshigwa'es
2263:
2251:Jacoby Ellsbury
2247:Notah Begay III
2201:
2195:
2189:
2152:In most of the
2076:
2070:
2035:Fonda, New York
1976:Midewiwin Lodge
1913:
1903:
1857:
1851:
1808:
1802:
1746:
1730:
1644:Algic languages
1604:
1596:Main articles:
1594:
1405:Interior Salish
1337:
1282:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1194:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1092:
1043:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1001:
993:
992:
991:
977:
967:
959:
958:
957:
937:
929:
928:
927:
892:
884:
883:
882:
837:
829:
828:
827:
765:
757:
756:
755:
716:Crow War (1887)
383:
373:
372:
371:
297:Hohokam culture
281:
271:
270:
122:Woodland period
107:Formative stage
83:
41:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6045:
6043:
6035:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6009:
6008:
6002:
6001:
5999:
5998:
5991:
5983:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5940:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5913:
5911:
5910:Related topics
5907:
5906:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5838:
5836:
5825:
5824:
5822:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5750:
5748:
5739:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5729:
5728:
5727:
5722:
5711:
5709:
5703:
5702:
5699:
5698:
5696:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5684:
5683:
5673:
5667:
5665:
5656:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5634:
5632:
5626:
5625:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5602:
5600:
5596:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5589:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5572:
5570:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5541:
5539:
5532:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5507:Medicine wheel
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5483:
5481:
5474:
5473:
5468:
5467:
5466:
5454:
5452:
5448:
5447:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5418:Classification
5415:
5410:
5404:
5402:
5398:
5397:
5392:
5390:
5389:
5382:
5375:
5367:
5358:
5357:
5350:
5348:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5343:
5338:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5265:
5262:
5261:
5254:Cultural areas
5252:
5250:
5249:
5242:
5235:
5227:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5214:
5209:
5203:
5200:
5199:
5197:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5180:
5179:
5169:
5164:
5163:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5126:
5124:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5094:North Carolina
5091:
5086:
5081:
5080:
5079:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5028:
5026:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5012:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4990:
4988:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4969:
4968:
4957:
4955:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4926:
4924:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4885:
4883:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4810:
4809:
4798:
4796:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4742:
4740:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4726:
4724:
4723:and technology
4718:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4616:
4611:
4574:
4569:
4559:Ute War (1887)
4532:
4527:
4498:
4493:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4382:Peach Tree War
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4358:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4279:Plains Indians
4276:
4271:
4266:
4260:
4258:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4246:Discrimination
4243:
4238:
4233:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4150:Trail of Tears
4147:
4145:Indian removal
4142:
4141:
4140:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4059:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4034:
4027:
4019:
4012:
4011:
3999:
3990:
3981:
3972:
3963:
3936:
3922:
3902:
3872:
3858:
3835:
3815:
3781:
3759:
3742:
3718:
3686:
3655:
3633:
3607:
3581:
3574:
3548:
3533:
3506:
3497:, p. 337.
3487:
3480:
3454:
3448:
3430:
3403:
3391:
3376:
3349:
3327:
3299:
3278:
3250:
3238:
3220:
3204:
3193:. June 8, 1940
3176:
3157:
3132:
3107:
3100:
3076:
3046:
3031:
3024:
2998:
2980:
2971:
2962:
2933:(2): 163–188.
2914:
2912:
2909:
2901:Scott L. Pratt
2890:Yankton Dakota
2885:
2882:
2813:
2810:
2767:
2745:American South
2721:Main article:
2718:
2715:
2701:of Texas, the
2668:
2665:
2632:medical doctor
2617:Main article:
2614:
2611:
2573:
2570:
2542:Cree syllabics
2484:Plains Nations
2474:), formerly a
2422:
2419:
2383:
2380:
2297:Main article:
2294:
2291:
2262:
2259:
2191:Main article:
2188:
2185:
2154:Plains Nations
2129:. Others were
2072:Main article:
2069:
2066:
1902:
1899:
1850:
1847:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1745:
1744:Gens structure
1742:
1729:
1726:
1722:Gulf languages
1677:
1676:
1670:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1625:
1593:
1590:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1568:
1560:Alaska Natives
1557:
1556:
1555:
1532:
1497:
1482:Plains Indians
1478:
1463:
1440:
1422:
1411:
1400:Plateau tribes
1396:
1336:
1335:Cultural areas
1333:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1273:
1266:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1156:North Carolina
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1003:
1002:
999:
998:
995:
994:
990:
989:
984:
983:
982:
969:
968:
965:
964:
961:
960:
956:
955:
950:
945:
939:
938:
935:
934:
931:
930:
926:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
894:
893:
890:
889:
886:
885:
881:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
839:
838:
835:
834:
831:
830:
826:
825:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
789:
788:
778:
773:
767:
766:
763:
762:
759:
758:
754:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
667:
666:
653:
647:
646:
609:
603:
602:
592:Ute War (1887)
565:
560:
531:
525:
524:
499:
494:
488:
487:
477:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
409:Peach Tree War
406:
401:
396:
391:
385:
384:
379:
378:
375:
374:
370:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
283:
282:
277:
276:
273:
272:
267:
266:
265:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
167:Trail of Tears
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
84:
79:
78:
75:
74:
66:
65:
58:
57:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6044:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6014:
6012:
5997:
5996:
5992:
5990:
5989:
5985:
5984:
5981:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5919:
5918:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5908:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5830:
5829:South America
5826:
5820:
5819:United States
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5751:
5749:
5747:
5746:North America
5743:
5740:
5736:Modern groups
5734:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5716:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5704:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5682:
5679:
5678:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5664:
5660:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5635:
5633:
5631:
5627:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5603:
5601:
5599:South America
5597:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5567:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5536:
5533:
5529:
5523:
5522:Turtle Island
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5480:North America
5478:
5472:
5469:
5465:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5449:
5444:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5408:Paleo-Indians
5406:
5405:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5388:
5383:
5381:
5376:
5374:
5369:
5368:
5365:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5333:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5306:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5248:
5243:
5241:
5236:
5234:
5229:
5228:
5225:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5201:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5178:
5175:
5174:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5121:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5025:By state/city
5023:
5017:
5014:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4985:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4952:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4921:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4876:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4849:
4848:Red handprint
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4793:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4737:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4719:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4453:
4452:Seminole Wars
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4412:Pontiac's War
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4397:Tuscarora War
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4329:Neighborhoods
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4269:Adena culture
4267:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4200:Jim Crow laws
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4083:Classic stage
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4063:Paleo-Indians
4061:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4052:
4047:
4040:
4035:
4033:
4028:
4026:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4008:
4003:
4000:
3994:
3991:
3985:
3982:
3976:
3973:
3967:
3964:
3951:
3947:
3940:
3937:
3925:
3919:
3915:
3914:
3906:
3903:
3890:
3886:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3861:
3855:
3851:
3850:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3831:1-59008-044-0
3828:
3824:
3819:
3816:
3803:
3799:
3797:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3769:
3763:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3746:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3728:
3722:
3719:
3704:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3674:
3670:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3644:. Answers.com
3643:
3637:
3634:
3621:
3617:
3611:
3608:
3595:
3591:
3585:
3582:
3577:
3571:
3567:
3562:
3561:
3552:
3549:
3544:
3537:
3534:
3521:
3517:
3510:
3507:
3502:
3496:
3491:
3488:
3483:
3477:
3473:
3468:
3467:
3458:
3455:
3451:
3445:
3441:
3434:
3431:
3418:
3414:
3411:Darin Flynn.
3407:
3404:
3400:
3395:
3392:
3387:
3380:
3377:
3369:September 11,
3364:
3360:
3353:
3350:
3337:
3331:
3328:
3314:
3310:
3303:
3300:
3296:
3295:0-06-083865-5
3292:
3288:
3282:
3279:
3265:
3261:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3228:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3208:
3205:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3161:
3158:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3133:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3108:
3103:
3101:0-393-04755-5
3097:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3080:
3077:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3042:
3035:
3032:
3027:
3025:0-674-03450-3
3021:
3017:
3013:
3007:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2966:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2919:
2916:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2833:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2818:Black Indians
2811:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2766:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2724:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2642:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2603:Hernán Cortés
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2562:Cree language
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2497:to write the
2496:
2492:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2480:lingua franca
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2431:
2427:
2420:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2346:First Nations
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2316:
2313:Jake Fragua,
2311:
2306:
2300:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2217:George Catlin
2214:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2194:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2176:
2174:
2168:
2166:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2119:Haudenosaunee
2115:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2093:
2092:United States
2089:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2056:feathers for
2055:
2051:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2015:Pueblo people
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1839:United States
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1813:
1807:
1799:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1472:Yuman–CochimĂ
1469:
1468:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1341:North America
1334:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1267:
1265:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1190:
1189:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1039:
1038:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1007:Neighborhoods
1005:
1004:
997:
996:
988:
985:
980:
976:
975:
974:
971:
970:
963:
962:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
943:Black Indians
941:
940:
933:
932:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
895:
888:
887:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
840:
833:
832:
823:
822:Red handprint
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
787:
784:
783:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
768:
761:
760:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
668:
665:
661:
657:
654:
652:
649:
648:
645:
641:
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481:Seminole Wars
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439:Pontiac's War
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424:Tuscarora War
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112:Classic stage
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92:Paleo-Indians
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5993:
5986:
5708:colonization
5512:The red road
5502:Medicine man
5497:Great Spirit
5336:Aridoamerica
5314:Southeastern
5309:Northeastern
4973:Reservations
4954:Demographics
4625: /
4621: /
4607: /
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4599: /
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4454: /
4407:Dummer's War
4229: /
4068:Lithic stage
4002:
3993:
3984:
3975:
3966:
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3950:the original
3939:
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3912:
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3889:the original
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3852:. ABC-CLIO.
3848:
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3802:the original
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2763:
2756:soon became
2726:
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2688:
2684:
2648:
2637:
2613:Assimilation
2575:
2550:Evans system
2546:Latin script
2531:
2488:
2476:trade pidgin
2467:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2445:
2435:
2361:
2338:John Trudell
2323:
2315:Jemez Pueblo
2287:
2282:
2274:
2264:
2236:
2219:in the 1830s
2177:
2169:
2162:
2158:cradleboards
2151:
2147:
2116:
2097:
2068:Gender roles
2047:
1995:Christianity
1991:syncretistic
1984:
1973:
1958:
1942:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1816:
1809:
1747:
1728:Organization
1724:and others.
1678:
1673:Eskimo–Aleut
1616:
1613:
1583:
1566:Eskimo–Aleut
1535:
1499:
1480:
1467:Aridoamerica
1465:
1449:Oasisamerica
1443:
1434:Coast Salish
1425:
1413:
1398:
1368:(Northern):
1363:
1355:
1349:
1338:
1308:
1302:
1287:
1017:Reservations
1000:Demographics
848:Christianity
662: /
658: /
642: /
638: /
634: /
630: /
626: /
622: /
618: /
614: /
598: /
594: /
590: /
586: /
582: /
578: /
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570: /
556: /
552: /
548: /
544: /
540: /
536: /
520: /
516: /
512: /
508: /
504: /
483: /
434:Dummer's War
278:
97:Lithic stage
42:
26:
5917:Ethnobotany
5774:El Salvador
5676:Visual arts
5545:Cosmovision
5531:Mesoamerica
5492:Fifth World
5458:Mythologies
5423:Archaeology
5401:Pre-history
5341:Mesoamerica
5294:Great Basin
4781:Sweat lodge
4447:Arikara War
4437:War of 1812
4402:Yamasee War
4387:Esopus Wars
4377:Kieft's War
4362:Beaver Wars
4284:Anishinaabe
4165:Dawes Rolls
3770:. PBS. 2009
3125:February 8,
3120:Answers.com
3069:February 8,
3059:america.gov
2877:matrilineal
2850:Indian Wars
2781:Indian Wars
2777:Yamasee War
2741:plantations
2733:West Indies
2693:Among some
2607:La Malinche
2534:James Evans
2442:Great Lakes
2372:Albuquerque
2255:Billy Mills
2131:patrilineal
2123:matrilineal
2108:egalitarian
2104:matriarchal
2100:patriarchal
2011:Catholicism
2003:Wakan Tanka
1882:Americans.
1768:and chiefs.
1570:Subarctic:
1453:Uto-Aztecan
1420:Uto-Aztecan
1394:Uto-Aztecan
1386:Palaihnihan
1378:Coast Miwok
1325:1492 voyage
1215:war leaders
1058:Great Basin
786:Nationalism
474:Arikara War
464:War of 1812
429:Yamasee War
414:Esopus Wars
404:Kieft's War
389:Beaver Wars
187:Dawes Rolls
6011:Categories
5959:Philosophy
5764:Costa Rica
5738:by country
5569:Variations
5560:World tree
5517:Totem pole
5487:Arborglyph
5289:California
5047:California
4945:Pretendian
4496:Cayuse War
4372:Pequot War
4220:gravesites
3774:January 7,
3648:August 22,
3626:August 22,
3526:August 29,
3481:0393317552
3449:1893891097
3197:August 17,
3150:October 6,
2911:References
2884:Philosophy
2871:Among the
2832:Hispaniola
2792:, and the
2758:racialized
2750:Pequot War
2737:sugar cane
2558:Devanagari
2392:pictograph
2388:hieroglyph
2376:New Mexico
2319:New Mexico
2303:See also:
2273:called it
2261:Team based
2239:Jim Thorpe
2228:Jim Thorpe
2197:See also:
2033:Shrine in
2007:New Mexico
1989:. It is a
1965:sweatlodge
1953:Pocahontas
1924:ecologists
1702:California
1116:California
529:Cayuse War
399:Pequot War
347:Literature
5954:Movements
5949:Languages
5897:Venezuela
5842:Argentina
5804:Nicaragua
5784:Guatemala
5779:Greenland
5471:Religions
5326:Caribbean
5321:Southwest
5274:Subarctic
5194:Massacres
5150:musicians
5114:Wisconsin
5077:Baltimore
4987:Languages
4869:Land Back
4776:Sun Dance
4442:Creek War
4138:ownership
3423:August 8,
3319:April 15,
3270:April 15,
2935:CiteSeerX
2554:shorthand
2507:logograms
2503:syllabary
2460:Hand Talk
2350:flautists
2342:Blackfoot
2281:name was
2275:isitoboli
2088:physician
2058:religious
1837:. In the
1831:sovereign
1553:Iroquoian
1541:Muskogean
1522:Iroquoian
1390:Chumashan
1370:Yok-Utian
1317:Old World
1220:musicians
1176:Wisconsin
1088:Southwest
1049:by region
1042:Geography
966:Languages
873:Sun Dance
858:Mormonism
469:Creek War
5988:Category
5944:Identity
5927:Iroquois
5922:Cherokee
5887:Suriname
5877:Paraguay
5862:Colombia
5789:Honduras
5769:Dominica
5706:European
5681:Painting
5643:Colombia
5555:Religion
5550:Creation
5428:Genetics
5207:Category
5177:by state
5109:Virginia
5099:Oklahoma
5089:Nebraska
5084:Michigan
5072:Maryland
5052:Colorado
4771:Smudging
4739:Religion
4530:Yuma War
4118:Genocide
3808:June 20,
3730:Archived
3711:June 20,
3168:Archived
3014:(1907).
2957:25703506
2858:Cherokee
2826:Freedmen
2768:—
2699:Comanche
2655:Chippewa
2538:Manitoba
2527:Cyrillic
2511:syllable
2495:Sequoyah
2438:Iroquois
2430:Sequoyah
2330:The Band
2279:Onondaga
2267:lacrosse
2243:Joe Hipp
2165:polygyny
2037:and the
2023:Santa Fe
1969:drumming
1951:depicts
1901:Religion
1698:Kickapoo
1675:(Alaska)
1592:Language
1564:Arctic:
1549:Catawban
1438:Wakashan
1315:and the
1313:Americas
1294:language
1171:Virginia
1161:Oklahoma
1151:Nebraska
1146:Michigan
1141:Maryland
1121:Colorado
1097:by state
836:Religion
563:Yuma War
142:Genocide
5964:Studies
5892:Uruguay
5867:Ecuador
5847:Bolivia
5794:Jamaica
5693:Writers
5688:Artists
5648:Ecuador
5630:Culture
5611:Mapuche
5284:Plateau
5160:writers
5135:artists
5057:Florida
5042:Arizona
4994:English
4344:Pow wow
4324:Fashion
4256:Culture
4133:Slavery
4055:History
3929:May 30,
3895:May 29,
3865:May 29,
3833:p. 204.
3679:May 19,
3600:May 19,
2862:Choctaw
2794:Catawba
2786:Choctaw
2729:slavery
2711:Klamath
2667:Slavery
2595:Mestizo
2515:phoneme
2396:perform
2364:pow wow
2334:Redbone
2271:Choctaw
2209:Choctaw
2090:in the
1682:Nahuatl
1545:Caddoan
1514:Mohican
1476:Tepiman
1329:slavery
1298:culture
1205:artists
1126:Florida
1111:Arizona
973:English
352:Fashion
322:Pow wow
279:Culture
147:Slavery
81:History
5995:Portal
5932:Navajo
5872:Guyana
5852:Brazil
5809:Panama
5799:Mexico
5759:Canada
5754:Belize
5616:Muisca
5538:Common
5331:Mexico
5299:Plains
5269:Arctic
5212:Portal
5140:actors
5104:Oregon
5062:Hawaii
5037:Alaska
4881:groups
4048:topics
3956:May 6,
3920:
3856:
3829:
3572:
3478:
3446:
3342:May 2,
3338:. 2006
3293:
3098:
3022:
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2864:, and
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2779:. The
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2679:, and
2651:Ottawa
2579:Mexico
2566:vowels
2525:, and
2447:wampum
2406:, and
2340:, and
2332:) and
2253:, and
2213:Lakota
2187:Sports
2106:, and
2019:Masses
1999:peyote
1980:Ojibwa
1928:exiles
1895:dibber
1893:, and
1766:sachem
1758:gentes
1750:tribal
1694:Ojibwe
1686:Navajo
1518:Mohawk
1510:Pequot
1506:Lenape
1487:Siouan
1210:actors
1166:Oregon
1131:Hawaii
1106:Alaska
891:Groups
362:Health
37:, and
5969:Trade
5857:Chile
5671:Music
5638:Andes
5586:Olmec
5576:Aztec
5123:Lists
4304:Music
4098:Trade
3706:(PDF)
2953:JSTOR
2866:Creek
2790:Creek
2703:Creek
2645:Odawa
2599:Mayan
2587:Spain
2523:Greek
2519:Latin
2317:from
2293:Music
2173:bison
2143:Ponca
2139:Osage
2135:Omaha
2062:eagle
2054:eagle
1864:Maize
1812:clans
1754:clans
1718:Hokan
1710:Wiyot
1706:Yurok
1457:Yuman
1382:Yurok
1193:Lists
327:Dance
317:Music
5937:Zuni
5882:Peru
5833:list
5653:Peru
5606:Inca
5581:Maya
5067:Iowa
5032:List
4354:Wars
4309:Film
4299:Food
3958:2009
3931:2009
3918:ISBN
3897:2009
3867:2008
3854:ISBN
3827:ISBN
3810:2009
3776:2010
3713:2009
3681:2009
3650:2010
3628:2010
3602:2009
3570:ISBN
3528:2018
3501:help
3476:ISBN
3444:ISBN
3425:2015
3371:2008
3344:2008
3321:2013
3291:ISBN
3272:2013
3199:2023
3152:2022
3127:2008
3096:ISBN
3071:2006
3020:ISBN
2903:'s,
2653:and
2556:and
2466:and
2211:and
2178:The
2141:and
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2048:The
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