2916:, "Man is mortal; Socrates is a man; therefore, Socrates is mortal," aboriginal thinking might read, 'Socrates is mortal, because I once met Socrates and he is a man like me, and I am mortal.' Deloria explains that both of the statements assume that all men are mortal, and that these statements are not verifiable on these grounds. The line of Native American thinking, however uses empirical evidence through memory to verify that Socrates was in fact a man like the person originally making the statement, and enhances the validity of the thinking. Deloria made the distinction, "whereas the Western syllogism simply introduces a doctrine using general concepts and depends on faith in the chain of reasoning for its verification, the Native American statement would stand by itself without faith and belief." Deloria also comments that Native American thinking is very specific (in the way described above) compared to the broadness of traditional Western thinking, which leads to different interpretations of basic principles. American thinkers have previously denounced Native ideas because of this narrower approach, as it leads to 'blurry' distinctions between the 'real' and the 'internal.'
1891:
2824:
2927:, which relates the ideas of many 'American' philosophers like Pierce, James, and Dewey to important concepts in early Native thought. Pratt's publication takes his readers on a journey through American philosophical history from the colonial time period, and via detailed analysis, connects the experimental nature of early American pragmatism to the empirical habit of indigenous Americans. Though Pratt makes these alliances very comprehensible, he also makes clear that the lines between the ideas of Native Americans and American philosophers are complex and historically difficult to trace.
71:
5463:
2176:, men traditionally hunt, trade and go to war. The women have traditionally held primary responsibility for the survival and welfare of the families (and future of the tribe). Traditionally, Plains women own the home, and tend to jobs such as gathering and cultivating plants for food and healing, along with caring for the young and the elderly, making clothing and processing and curing meat and skins. Plains women have historically tanned hides to make clothing as well as bags, saddle cloths, and tipi covers, and have used
1627:
2644:
1917:. The hoe is the main tool used to till the land and prepare it for planting; and later used for weeding. The first versions were made out of wood and stone. When the settlers brought iron, Native Americans switched to iron hoes and hatchets. The dibber was historically a digging stick, used to plant seeds. Once plants are harvested, traditionally women have prepared the produce for eating, using the maul to grind the corn into mash. It is then cooked and eaten that way or baked as corn bread.
5373:
46:
1865:. These tribes possess the right to establish the legal requirements for membership. They may form their own government, enforce laws (both civil and criminal), tax, license and regulate activities, zone, and exclude people from tribal territories. Limitations on tribal powers of self-government include the same limitations applicable to states; for example, neither tribes nor states have the power to make war, engage in foreign relations, or coin money.
2099:
2888:. Though less than 3% of Native Americans owned slaves, divisions grew among the Native Americans over slavery. Among the Cherokee, records show that slave holders in the tribe were largely the children of European men that had shown their children the economics of slavery. As European colonists took slaves into frontier areas, there were more opportunities for relationships between African and Native American peoples.
1959:
2900:
gained their status from their mother's families; they were part of hereditary leadership lines who exercised power and accumulated personal wealth in their changing Native
American societies. The chiefs of the tribes believed that some of the new generation of mixed-race, bilingual chiefs would lead their people into the future and be better able to adapt to new conditions influenced by European Americans.
2244:
1753:
2330:
2858:
2433:
2398:. One form involves members of drum groups sitting in a circle around a large drum, playing in unison while they sing together in their Indigenous language. Often they are accompanied by dancers in colorful regalia. Most Indigenous communities in the United States also maintain private, traditional songs and ceremonies, which are only shared within the community.
2224:
2446:
1880:
1936:
2803:
of the early 18th century, combined with the increasing importation of
African slaves, effectively ended the Native American slave trade by 1750. Colonists found that Native American slaves could easily escape, as they knew the country. The wars cost the lives of numerous colonial slave traders and
2709:
The conditions of enslaved or hostage Native
Americans varied among the tribes. In many cases, young captives were adopted into the tribes to replace warriors killed during warfare or by disease. Other tribes practiced debt slavery or imposed slavery on tribal members who had committed crimes; but,
2658:
European impact was immediate, widespread, and profound—more than any other cultural groups that had contact with Native
Americans during the early years of colonization and nationhood. There was fear on both sides, as both peoples realized how different their societies were. The whites regarded the
2767:
purchased or captured Native
Americans to use as forced labor in cultivating tobacco, rice, and indigo on plantations as well. Accurate records of the numbers enslaved do not exist. Scholars estimate tens of thousands of Native Americans may have been enslaved by the Europeans, sometimes being sold
2168:
Historically, when
European-American male settlers had children with Native American women, if the tribe was patrilineal, their children were considered "white" like their fathers. If the mother was from a matrilineal tribe, the children would be considered tribal members. While rules have, in most
2899:
systems. As did
Benjamin Hawkins, European fur traders and colonial officials tended to marry high-status women, in strategic alliances seen to benefit both sides. The Choctaw, Creek and Cherokee believed they benefited from stronger alliances with the traders and their societies. The women's sons
2308:
The game is played with one or two rackets/sticks and one ball. The object of the game is to land the ball on the opposing team's goal (either a single post or net) to score and to prevent the opposing team from scoring on your goal. The game involves as few as 20 or as many as 300 players with no
2819:
Native
American women were at risk for rape whether they were enslaved or not; during the early colonial years, settlers were disproportionately male. They turned to Native women for sexual relationships. Both Native American and African enslaved women suffered rape and sexual harassment by male
2784:
All servants imported and brought into the
Country... who were not Christians in their native Country... shall be accounted and be slaves. All Negro, mulatto and Indian slaves within this dominion ... shall be held to be real estate. If any slave resists his master ... correcting such slave, and
2875:
While numerous tribes used captive enemies as servants and slaves, they also often adopted younger captives into their tribes to replace members who had died. In the
Southeast, a few Native American tribes began to adopt a slavery system similar to that of the American colonists, buying African
2705:
A number of Native American tribes took captives in war, but usually these captives were able to later become full members of the community via adoption or marriage. While this has been called "slavery" by some anthropologists, none of the named tribes exploited slave labor on a large scale. In
1901:
Post-contact, European settlers in the northeastern region of the Americas observed that some of the Indigenous peoples cleared large areas for cropland. These fields in New England sometimes covered hundreds of acres. Colonists in Virginia noted thousands of acres under cultivation by Native
2804:
disrupted their early societies. The remaining Native American groups banded together to face the Europeans from a position of strength. Many surviving Native American peoples of the southeast strengthened their loose coalitions of language groups and joined confederacies such as the
1347:. The Columbian exchange generally had a destructive impact on Native American cultures through disease, and a 'clash of cultures', whereby European values of private property, smaller family structures, and labor led to conflict, appropriation of traditional communal lands and
2596:
Relationships between Native Americans, European-Americans, and African-Americians have taken different forms over many generations since European contact. Some of the first documented cases of European/Native American intermarriage and contact were recorded in Post-Columbian
2169:
cases, been modernized so the sex of the parent is irrelevant, historically the children of white fathers could have no official place in a patrilineal tribe because their fathers did not belong to it, unless they were adopted by a tribalmale and made part of his family.
2379:, integrate traditional instruments with more modern instrumentation. A variety of small and medium-sized recording companies offer an abundance of contemporary music by Native Americans and descendants, ranging from pow-wow drum music to rock-and-roll and rap.
2190:
Apart from making homes, women traditionally hold many additional responsibilities essential for the survival of the tribes, including the manufacture of weapons and tools, maintenance of the roofs of their homes, as well as historically participating in the
2470:
that served a dual function: the knots and beaded designs mnemonically chronicled tribal stories and legends, and further served as a medium of exchange and a unit of measure. The keepers of the articles were seen as tribal dignitaries.
1699:
The Na-Dené, Algic, and Uto-Aztecan families are the largest in terms of number of languages. Uto-Aztecan has the most speakers (1.95 million) if the languages in Mexico are considered (mostly due to 1.5 million speakers of
2679:(1897), that white settlers introduced some immoralities into Native American tribes. Many Indians suffered because the Europeans introduced alcohol and the whiskey trade resulted in alcoholism among the people, who were
2202:
girls have traditionally been encouraged to learn to ride, hunt and fight. Though fighting was predominantly the duty of men and boys, occasionally women fought as well, especially if the tribe was severely threatened.
5264:
5051:
4980:
1608:. Others separate Northern Plains from Southern Plains and Great Lakes tribes from Northeastern Woodlands tribes. Some identify Prairie tribes as distinct from Northeastern Woodlands tribes and Plains tribes.
1026:
2072:(Title 50 Part 22 of the Code of Federal Regulations) stipulates that only individuals of certifiable Native American ancestry enrolled in a federally recognized tribe are legally authorized to obtain
2850:
African and Native Americans have interacted for centuries. The earliest record of Native American and African contact occurred in April 1502, when Spanish colonists transported the first Africans to
2706:
addition, Native Americans did not buy and sell captives in the pre-colonial era, although they sometimes exchanged captives with other tribes in peace gestures or in exchange for their own members.
1716:). Na-Dené and Algic have the widest geographic distributions: Algic currently spans from northeastern Canada across much of the continent down to northeastern Mexico (due to later migrations of the
5739:
5404:
4132:
136:
2309:
height or weight restrictions and no protective gear. The goals could be from around 200 feet (61 m) apart to about 2 miles (3.2 km); in Lacrosse the field is 110 yards (100 m).
5257:
4908:
2456:
Native Americans in the United States have developed several original systems of communication, both in Pre-Columbian times, and later as a response to European influences. For example, the
5447:
2588:
determined by the orientations of these shapes. Cree syllabics are primarily a Canadian phenomenon, but are used occasionally in the United States by communities that straddle the border.
5437:
5273:
4858:
2093:
1295:
1975:, wearing white, being baptized with the new name, Rebecca, by Anglican minister Alexander Whiteaker in Jamestown, Virginia; this event is believed to have taken place in 1613 or 1614.
5179:
5174:
1244:
331:
5700:
5695:
5477:
5250:
1930:
1890:
4265:
2827:
Lillian Gross, described as a "Mixed Blood" by the Smithsonian source, was of Cherokee and European-American heritage. Raised within Cherokee culture, she identified with that.
2773:
1617:
196:
4152:
2692:
3074:
5340:
5164:
1462:
1234:
1107:
5298:
5186:
5113:
2419:
1444:
1251:
1175:
1092:
6051:
5397:
5333:
5328:
5208:
4873:
4074:
4056:
2696:
1838:
1825:
1554:
1309:
1266:
1102:
1082:
80:
1898:
The traditional diet of Native Americans has historically consisted of a combination of agriculture, hunting, and the gathering of wild foods, variable by bioregion.
3204:
2580:. When Evans later worked with the closely related Cree, and ran into trouble with the Latin alphabet, he turned to his Ojibwe project and in 1840 adapted it to the
1861:, the Native American tribe is a fundamental unit of sovereign tribal government, with the federally-recognized right to self-government and, tribal sovereignty and
1367:. The northwest culture area, for example, shared common traits such as salmon fishing, woodworking, large villages or towns, and a hierarchical social structure.
5963:
5149:
4358:
4137:
3722:
2058:
1219:
775:
141:
2823:
5203:
5196:
5133:
5096:
4985:
4348:
3749:
1288:
1261:
1195:
1031:
356:
1979:
Traditional Native American ceremonies are still practiced by many tribes and bands, and the older theological belief systems are still held by many of the
6007:
5852:
5390:
5323:
5303:
5103:
3609:
1165:
1087:
5712:
5707:
5118:
4239:
4179:
3247:
1180:
181:
4333:
1987:
ceremonies, though the specifics of the ceremony vary among tribes. Fasting, singing and prayer in the ancient languages of their people, and sometimes
341:
2289:, stickball, or baggataway, have historically been used to settle disputes, rather than going to war, as a civil way to settle potential conflict. The
6014:
5231:
5213:
4194:
3458:
McKay-Cody, Melanie Raylene (1998), "Plains Indian Sign Language: A comparative study of alternative and primary signers", in Carroll, Cathryn (ed.),
2638:
191:
4328:
1854:
1281:
336:
3688:
2795:
The slave trade of Native Americans lasted only until around 1730. It gave rise to a series of devastating wars among the tribes, including the
2659:
Indians as "savage" because they were not Christian, and were suspicious of cultures which they did not understand. The Native American author,
5071:
1140:
5838:
5734:
5313:
5091:
4918:
4863:
4826:
4765:
4353:
4127:
4065:
3941:
3877:
3813:
3593:
3520:
1846:
1370:
1160:
1077:
927:
842:
817:
785:
361:
131:
61:
30:
3965:
2733:. There was heavy incentive by colonizing Europeans to adopt slavery, and it was most common among tribes who were allied with the British.
2717:
tribes, about a quarter of the population were enslaved. Other North American tribes that participated in some form of enslavement were the
5973:
5968:
5035:
4780:
4049:
2218:
1621:
1006:
857:
261:
38:
2868:
Native Americans were rewarded if they returned escaped slaves, and African Americans were rewarded for fighting in the late 19th-century
2013:
religion incorporating elements of Native spiritual practice from a number of different tribes. Some varieties also include elements from
1634:
There are approximately 296 spoken (or formerly spoken) indigenous languages north of Mexico, 269 of which are grouped into 29 families.
5993:
5848:
5672:
5345:
5293:
5191:
4933:
3187:
2780:, including Native Americans and Africans but excluding Europeans. The Virginia General Assembly defined some terms of slavery in 1705:
2423:
2145:, with property and hereditary leadership passed through the maternal lines, and children belonging to their mother's and grandmother's
1256:
942:
5833:
5773:
5765:
5662:
5413:
5277:
5128:
5108:
4954:
4949:
4189:
1486:
1450:
1393:
1190:
1170:
967:
962:
3535:
2895:, mixed-race slaveholders were generally part of an elite hierarchy, often based on their mothers' clan status, as the societies had
5690:
5169:
5123:
4878:
4229:
4214:
3850:
3314:
3119:
3043:
2324:
1604:
These cultural regions are not universally agreed upon. Some systems combine the Great Basin and Plateau into Indigenous peoples of
1239:
1185:
780:
231:
216:
2785:
shall happen to be killed in such correction ... the master shall be free of all punishment ... as if such accident never happened.
70:
6036:
5783:
5308:
5226:
5066:
4234:
3082:
2989:
Emmer, Pieter. "The Myth of Early Globalization: The Atlantic Economy, 1500–1800." European Review 11, no. 1. Feb. 2003. p. 45–46
2945:
2491:
1320:. Yet along with this diversity, there are certain elements which are encountered frequently and shared by many tribal nations.
1135:
236:
2165:, where hereditary leadership passed through the male line, and children were considered to belong to the father and his clan.
6046:
5916:
5861:
5823:
5803:
5483:
5154:
4042:
3209:
2908:
Native American authors have written about aspects of "tribal philosophy" as opposed to the modern or Western worldview. Thus,
2841:
1344:
1224:
171:
2998:
Emmer, Pieter. "The Myth of Early Globalization: The Atlantic Economy, 1500–1800." European Review 11, no. 1. Feb. 2003. p. 46
1491:
5978:
5906:
5896:
5881:
5808:
5649:
5159:
5028:
4612:
4209:
4092:
3499:
3467:
3060:
1229:
1155:
627:
211:
101:
3635:
3378:
1669:
5911:
5886:
5866:
5813:
5076:
5061:
4923:
1591:
1520:
1514:
1480:
1145:
1130:
932:
4570:
4029:
Native Pragmatism: Rethinking the Roots of American Philosophy. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002. 6-10. Print.
3231:
583:
6041:
5891:
5871:
5828:
5818:
5778:
5350:
4821:
4544:
4260:
2912:
author Vine Deloria Jr. in an essay "Philosophy and the Tribal Peoples" argued that whereas a "traditional Westerner"
1549:
1545:
770:
557:
256:
151:
2033:
brought by Spanish missionaries and the Indigenous religions is common; the religious drums, chants, and dances of the
5936:
5876:
5625:
5569:
5442:
4913:
4250:
2475:
2131:
1980:
1510:
922:
882:
4676:
4446:
3904:
2768:
by Native Americans themselves but often war prizes with Europeans, similar to what occurred in the aftermath of the
2572:), but after learning of the Cherokee syllabary, he experimented with invented scripts based on his familiarity with
1692:
695:
453:
3279:
5901:
4853:
4441:
4157:
1428:
812:
448:
3746:
3328:
2344:
Native American musicians have occasionally found broader fame in more mainstream American music. Artists such as
2305:("men hit a rounded object"). There are three basic versions, classified as Great Lakes, Iroquoian, and Southern.
1373:
fall into several distinct ethnolinguistic and territorial phyla, with diverse governmental and economic systems.
1323:
European colonization of the Americas had a major impact on Native American cultures through what is known as the
5490:
4775:
4498:
4199:
3238:
Vol. 19, edited by Albert Watkins, Nebraska State Historical Society, 1919, p. 64, at GenNet, accessed 2011-08-25
1926:
1331:, this was the spread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the
1313:
862:
509:
201:
3613:
2537:; the 85 (originally 86) characters provide a suitable method to write Cherokee. Although some symbols resemble
1363:
by geographical region where shared cultural traits occur, based on how these cultures have continued since the
5564:
5086:
4928:
4848:
4833:
4624:
2103:
937:
807:
792:
639:
34:
1626:
2506:. It is also used for story-telling, oratory, various ceremonies, and by deaf people for ordinary daily use.
17:
5983:
5579:
5511:
5023:
4959:
4749:
4620:
4510:
4343:
4338:
4318:
4275:
4142:
3160:
2427:
2391:
2365:
2212:
2046:
1874:
972:
635:
521:
351:
346:
311:
156:
3432:
2643:
4843:
4785:
4726:
4721:
2954:
2764:
2569:
2553:
2006:
867:
802:
745:
740:
251:
146:
4490:
501:
5988:
5667:
5574:
4731:
4716:
4711:
4323:
4283:
4246:
4147:
4117:
2892:
2369:
2318:
2062:
2049:. Native American-Catholic syncretism is also found elsewhere in the United States. (e.g., the National
1988:
1963:
1951:
1704:); Na-Dené comes in second with approximately 200,000 speakers (nearly 180,000 of these are speakers of
1675:
1472:
1439:
1413:
1405:
750:
735:
730:
316:
286:
241:
5462:
4436:
443:
3692:
2919:
According to Carlin Romano, the best resource on a characteristically "Native American Philosophy" is
5946:
5941:
5657:
5452:
4646:
4451:
4411:
4373:
4204:
2742:
2502:
across central Canada, central and western United States and northern Mexico, used among the various
2387:
2042:
1658:
1453:
1340:
1043:
663:
458:
418:
380:
206:
2959:
2364:
have used music as political commentary and part of their work as activists for Native American and
5288:
4997:
4701:
4558:
4475:
4386:
4313:
2943:
Nunn, Nathan; Qian, Nancy (2010). "The Columbian Exchange: A History of Disease, Food, and Ideas".
2710:
this status was only temporary as the enslaved worked off their obligations to the tribal society.
2098:
1968:
1647:
1572:
1560:
1541:
1409:
1048:
720:
571:
484:
393:
306:
3821:
2622:
2525:
is particularly noteworthy as he could not previously read any script. He first experimented with
5951:
5744:
4992:
4883:
4838:
4805:
4604:
4485:
4255:
4224:
4107:
3969:
2972:
2759:, European settlers frequently transported enslaved Native Americans to the Caribbean to work on
2510:
2375:
record traditional instruments with an aim of preserving the sounds of nature, or in the case of
2372:
2251:
1862:
1850:
1830:
Early European American scholars described the Native Americans as having a society dominated by
1733:
1681:
1605:
1568:
1457:
1434:
1384:
1324:
1036:
872:
797:
619:
496:
366:
246:
226:
161:
116:
4616:
3585:
3111:
3105:
2864:, 1890. The nickname was given to the "Black Cavalry" by the Native American tribes they fought.
631:
45:
5242:
2474:
A widely used form of communication historically, that is still in use to some extent today is
5798:
5682:
5432:
4770:
4536:
4502:
4008:
Waters, Anne. American Indian Thought. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2004. 6-8. Print.
3937:
3873:
3867:
3846:
3589:
3495:
3491:
3463:
3310:
3249:
3115:
3039:
2714:
2700:
2680:
2610:
2518:
2298:
2069:
2050:
1939:
1842:
1653:
1641:
1564:
1495:
1364:
852:
549:
513:
3265:
3184:
3135:
2195:
hunts. In some of the Plains Indian tribes, medicine women gathered herbs and cured the ill.
1585:
5956:
5630:
5081:
5018:
5013:
4633:
4480:
4431:
4174:
4122:
3999:
Waters, Anne. American Indian Thought. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2004. 6. Print.
3931:
2964:
2885:
2809:
2660:
2602:
2361:
2345:
1687:
1598:
1506:
1150:
998:
992:
650:
491:
438:
176:
126:
3723:"Slavery and Native Americans in British North America and the United States: 1600 to 1865"
2584:. The result contained just nine glyph shapes, each of which stood for a syllable with the
2005:
Another significant, though more recent, religious body among some Native Americans is the
5635:
4642:
4628:
4574:
4112:
4097:
3753:
3539:
3191:
3031:
2861:
2813:
2647:
2546:
2376:
2329:
2270:
2266:
2054:
2030:
1837:
Tribes, Nations, bands and clans may define and organize themselves in a variety of ways.
1737:
1717:
1713:
1705:
1663:
1424:
1316:, beliefs, customs, practices, laws, art forms, traditional clothing, and other facets of
659:
643:
587:
121:
106:
4426:
4017:
Romano, Carlin. America the Philosophical. New York: Random House Inc., 2012. 447. Print.
3990:
Romano, Carlin. America the Philosophical. New York: Random House Inc., 2012. 446. Print.
3816:
Failing Our Black Children: Statutory Rape Laws, Moral Reform and the Hypocrisy of Denial
2529:, before developing his system into a syllabary. In his system, each symbol represents a
433:
1780:(in the Roman model) before tribes were formed. There were some common characteristics:
5605:
5595:
5526:
5318:
5056:
4706:
4401:
4396:
4298:
4169:
4164:
4026:
3770:
3578:
3355:
2920:
2909:
2730:
2651:
2561:
2542:
2538:
2503:
2353:
2192:
2173:
2142:
2038:
1741:
1729:
1725:
1579:
1501:
1419:
1401:
1125:
1097:
725:
408:
403:
166:
1958:
6030:
5600:
5541:
5427:
5382:
4867:
4686:
4524:
4506:
4494:
4471:
4416:
4288:
4219:
4102:
4082:
3484:
2837:
2777:
2726:
2581:
2499:
2236:
2232:
2138:
2111:
2034:
1998:
is a traditional medicine society based on the oral traditions and prophesies of the
1894:
Chippewa baby waits on a cradleboard while parents tend rice crops (Minnesota, 1940).
1858:
1768:
Early European American scholar described the Native Americans (as well as any other
1709:
1537:
1360:
821:
705:
537:
517:
505:
480:
423:
291:
221:
111:
91:
5793:
5531:
5521:
5516:
5355:
4666:
4608:
4087:
3008:
2722:
2618:
2565:
2495:
2357:
2334:
2243:
2158:
2014:
1910:
1752:
1468:
847:
685:
623:
96:
3787:
3639:
3382:
5360:
4800:
4691:
4656:
4540:
4532:
4528:
4520:
4466:
4456:
4421:
4406:
4381:
4303:
4184:
2896:
2869:
2857:
2800:
2796:
2752:
2626:
2461:
2274:
2177:
2150:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2022:
1756:
1397:
710:
675:
553:
545:
541:
533:
473:
463:
428:
413:
388:
186:
3661:
5536:
5506:
4964:
4661:
4651:
4638:
4600:
4596:
4566:
4515:
4391:
3908:
2851:
2769:
2760:
2756:
2629:, who gave birth to another of the first multi-racial people in the Americas.
2577:
2411:
2407:
2395:
2338:
2258:
2247:
2026:
2010:
1984:
1972:
1906:
1905:
Native American agricultural communities have commonly used tools such as the
1721:
680:
670:
655:
615:
611:
579:
528:
398:
4888:
4795:
4681:
4671:
4591:
4582:
4461:
2913:
2573:
2522:
2107:
2077:
1995:
1943:
1732:). The remaining 27 languages are either isolates or unclassified), such as
1389:
1336:
892:
887:
877:
700:
690:
606:
595:
468:
3110:(1 ed.). New York, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. p.
2432:
1947:
2223:
5788:
4790:
4696:
4586:
4578:
4554:
4549:
4308:
4034:
3788:"The Terrible Transformation:From Indentured Servitude to Racial Slavery"
3283:
2968:
2877:
2845:
2718:
2674:
2557:
2530:
2526:
2514:
2457:
2449:
2349:
2286:
2262:
2184:
1332:
897:
715:
599:
591:
567:
562:
301:
3814:""The Realities of Enslaved Female Africans in America", excerpted from
2976:
4562:
4363:
4293:
3332:
2881:
2805:
2748:
2614:
2534:
2415:
2383:
2290:
2228:
1935:
1701:
1533:
1348:
1317:
575:
326:
321:
296:
2670:
2598:
2585:
2466:
2018:
1999:
1914:
1785:
1769:
1529:
1525:
1376:
They can be classified as belonging to several large cultural areas:
2445:
1879:
3418:
3075:"The U.S. Relationship To American Indian and Alaska Native Tribes"
2747:
During the European colonization of North America, the practice of
2549:
letters, the relationship between symbols and sounds is different.
4981:
List of U.S. communities with Native American majority populations
4909:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
2856:
2822:
2664:
2642:
2606:
2444:
2431:
2328:
2242:
2222:
2199:
2162:
2154:
2141:
Six Nations and the Southeast Muskogean tribes, are traditionally
2097:
2081:
2080:
or spiritual use. The law does not allow Native Americans to give
2073:
1957:
1934:
1889:
1883:
1878:
1773:
1751:
1476:
918:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
917:
2118:
Gender roles can vary significantly between tribal nations, with
1800:
Reciprocal obligations of help, defense, and redress of injuries.
1797:
Mutual rights of inheritance of the property of deceased members.
3436:
2146:
1831:
1777:
5386:
5246:
4038:
3038:. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Company. pp. 70–71, 113.
2650:
was one of the first Native Americans to become certified as a
4256:
Native American rights movement/Red Power movement (1968-1977)
2925:
Native Pragmatism: Rethinking the Roots of American Philosophy
2386:
drumming and singing, which happens at events like the annual
2021:
ceremony. Some tribes' traditional religious beliefs included
4133:
Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
137:
Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
3009:"Native American | History, Art, Culture, & Facts"
2464:
and extending east and north, used strings or belts called
2356:
have had success on the rock and pop charts. Some, such as
2436:
Drawings of kachina dolls, from an 1894 anthropology book.
1708:), and Algic in third with about 180,000 speakers (mainly
3161:"Plains Indian - Material culture and trade | Britannica"
2763:. White settlers in European colonies established in the
4859:
Same-sex marriage in tribal nations in the United States
2094:
Gender roles in First Nations and Native American tribes
3683:
3681:
3679:
2250:
was called the "greatest athlete in the world" by king
2183:
Several dozen tribes have been documented to practiced
3236:
Publications of the Nebraska State Historical Society,
332:
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
3843:
Muslims in American History : A Forgotten Legacy
3519:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFSturtevantFogelson2004 (
3406:
A Cry from the Earth: Music of North American Indians
3307:
A People's History of the United States: 1492–present
2751:
changed dramatically. As the demand for labor in the
1931:
Mythologies of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
1845:
that have been in continual existence since prior to
3486:
Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies
3232:
Melvin Randolph Gilmore, "The True Logan Fontenelle"
1618:
Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas
5929:
5847:
5764:
5755:
5725:
5681:
5648:
5618:
5588:
5557:
5550:
5499:
5470:
5420:
5142:
5044:
5006:
4973:
4942:
4897:
4814:
4758:
4740:
4372:
4274:
4073:
2693:
Slavery among Native Americans in the United States
1359:Academics tend to group the cultures of Indigenous
3610:"Sexuality and the Invasion of America: 1492–1806"
3577:
3514:
3483:
3058:This right was upheld by the US Supreme Court in
2420:Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas
2187:to sisters, with procedural and economic limits.
1853:, government-to-government relationship with the
5209:List of Indian reservations in the United States
4874:Native American recognition in the United States
3775:Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History
3460:Deaf Studies V: Toward 2000--Unity and Diversity
2697:Slavery among Indigenous peoples of the Americas
2106:was the first Native American woman to become a
1839:Federally recognized tribes in the United States
1826:Native American recognition in the United States
1310:federally recognized tribes in the United States
1308:Native American cultures across the 574 current
1267:List of Indian reservations in the United States
2782:
2552:The success of the Cherokee syllabary inspired
2180:to carry an infant while working or traveling.
4934:The International Indian Treaty Council (IITC)
3064:in 1978, which is discussed in Ray (2007) p403
943:The International Indian Treaty Council (IITC)
5398:
5258:
4359:Native American identity in the United States
4050:
3462:, Washington DC: Gallaudet University Press,
3185:A Brief History of the Native American Church
2059:National Shrine of the North American Martyrs
1289:
1262:List of federally recognized tribes by state
18:Native American cultures of the United States
8:
5204:State-recognized tribes in the United States
4986:Modern social statistics of Native Americans
3026:
3024:
3022:
2654:, after he graduated from Boston University.
2017:, while others do not. Its main rite is the
3898:
3896:
3563:Compendium of the World's Languages, 2nd ed
2832:Relation with Africans in the United States
2790:Virginia General Assembly declaration, 1705
1806:The right to adopt strangers into the gens.
5761:
5678:
5554:
5496:
5405:
5391:
5383:
5265:
5251:
5243:
4180:Native Americans in the American Civil War
4057:
4043:
4035:
3861:
3859:
2382:A popular Native American musical form is
1791:The right to depose its sachem and chiefs.
1772:society) as having a society dominated by
1339:in the 15th and 16th centuries, following
1296:
1282:
1065:
85:
52:
5187:Native American Medal of Honor recipients
4195:Cultural assimilation of Native Americans
3716:
3714:
3712:
3710:
2958:
2639:Cultural assimilation of Native Americans
2257:Notable Native American athletes include
1803:The right to bestow names on its members.
1759:girl with pottery jar on her head in 1903
1252:Native American Medal of Honor recipients
192:Cultural assimilation of Native Americans
4545:Post 1887 Apache Wars period (1887–1924)
3807:
3805:
2025:. In the American Southwest, especially
1794:The obligation not to marry in the gens.
1625:
558:Post 1887 Apache Wars period (1887–1924)
44:
6052:Indigenous culture in the United States
3966:"Africans and Indians: Only in America"
3820:. University of Daytona. Archived from
3435:. University of Calgary. Archived from
3254:Encyclopedia of North American Indians,
3107:The ecological Indian: myth and history
2935:
2509:In the late 1810s and early 1820s, the
1855:Federal government of the United States
1116:
1068:
60:
3490:. New York, New York: Norton. p.
3379:"History of Native American Lacrossee"
3345:, Bluecloud.org. Retrieved 2007-01-11.
3296:, Bluecloud.org. Retrieved 2007-01-11.
3205:"Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act"
1637:The major ethno-linguistic phyla are:
1630:Early indigenous languages in the U.S.
4919:National Congress of American Indians
4864:Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
4827:National Congress of American Indians
4766:American Indian Religious Freedom Act
4354:Native American disease and epidemics
4128:European colonization of the Americas
2285:Native American ball sports, such as
1371:Native Americans in the United States
928:National Congress of American Indians
843:American Indian Religious Freedom Act
132:European colonization of the Americas
31:Native Americans in the United States
7:
4924:National Indian Youth Council (NIYC)
4781:Native American people and Mormonism
4625:Northern Cheyenne Exodus (1878-1879)
3968:. William Loren Katz. Archived from
3907:. LWF COMMUNICATIONS. Archived from
3309:, Harper Perennial Modern Classics.
3268:, Indians.org. Retrieved 2007-01-11.
2452:, inventor of the Cherokee syllabary
2219:List of Native American sportspeople
1950:, and orphans, was beatified by the
1622:Indigenous languages of the Americas
933:National Indian Youth Council (NIYC)
640:Northern Cheyenne Exodus (1878-1879)
262:Native American temperance activists
39:Indigenous languages of the Americas
5192:List of federally recognized tribes
3194:by Jay Fikes. Retrieved 2006-02-22.
2621:noblewoman. Another is the case of
2564:. Evans had originally adapted the
2424:indigenous ceramics of the Americas
1257:List of federally recognized tribes
5414:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
4955:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
4950:Black Indians in the United States
4914:Native American Rights Fund (NARF)
4190:Certificate Degree of Indian Blood
3812:Gloria J. Browne-Marshall (2009).
3691:. Students on Site. Archived from
2820:slaveholders and other white men.
2084:feathers to non-Native Americans.
968:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
923:Native American Rights Fund (NARF)
25:
4879:Native American women in politics
4230:Native Americans and World War II
4215:Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
3747:Slavery in Historical Perspective
3689:"Native Americans: Early Contact"
2592:Relationships with other cultures
2325:List of Native American musicians
232:Native Americans and World War II
217:Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
5461:
5371:
4511:Buffalo Hunters' War (1876–1877)
4499:Antelope Hills expedition (1858)
4235:American Indian boarding schools
3210:U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
2946:Journal of Economic Perspectives
2876:American slaves, especially the
2609:, who was shipwrecked along the
2513:was invented by the silversmith
2492:international auxiliary language
522:Buffalo Hunters' War (1876–1877)
510:(1858)|Antelope Hills expedition
237:American Indian boarding schools
69:
4929:Women of All Red Nations (WARN)
3905:"CHEROKEE SLAVE REVOLT OF 1842"
3584:. U of Nebraska Press. p.
3377:Thomas Vennum Jr. (2002–2005).
2842:Native American slave ownership
2490:. PISL is a trade language (or
2297:("Little Brother of War"); the
2002:(Chippewa) and related tribes.
1991:, and dancing are also common.
1809:Common religious rights, query.
938:Women of All Red Nations (WARN)
197:Racism against Native Americans
172:Native American slave ownership
5029:Native American Pidgin English
4834:American Indian Movement (AIM)
4210:Indian Citizenship Act of 1924
4093:Archaic period in the Americas
3936:. Univ of Pennsylvania Press.
3515:Sturtevant & Fogelson 2004
3061:Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez
2560:, during the 1840s to develop
2556:, a missionary in what is now
1446:Pacific Northwest Coast tribes
793:American Indian Movement (AIM)
212:Indian Citizenship Act of 1924
102:Archaic period in the Americas
1:
4727:Battle of Kelley Creek (1911)
4503:Comanche Campaign (1867–1875)
4491:Texas–Indian wars (1836–1877)
3576:Katherine Ellinghaus (2006).
3136:"American Indian Agriculture"
2755:grew with the cultivation of
1556:Southeastern Woodlands tribes
1521:Northeastern Woodlands tribes
746:Battle of Kelley Creek (1911)
514:Comanche Campaign (1867–1875)
502:Texas–Indian wars (1836–1877)
49:North American ethnic regions
4822:Native American civil rights
4732:Battle of Bear Valley (1918)
4717:Crazy Snake Rebellion (1909)
4712:Battle of Sugar Point (1898)
4634:Rogue River Wars (1855–1856)
4261:Native American civil rights
3933:Race and the Cherokee Nation
3580:Taking assimilation to heart
751:Battle of Bear Valley (1918)
736:Crazy Snake Rebellion (1909)
731:Battle of Sugar Point (1898)
651:Rogue River Wars (1855–1856)
257:Alcohol and Native Americans
152:Slavery in the United States
5175:Native American politicians
5165:Native American War Leaders
4643:Puget Sound War (1855–1856)
4629:Ghost Dance War (1890–1891)
4621:Great Sioux War (1876–1877)
4617:Red Cloud's War (1866–1868)
4601:First Sioux War (1854-1856)
4529:Chiricahua Wars (1860–1886)
4251:Native American Rights Fund
3964:William Loren Katz (2008).
3104:Krech III, Shepard (1999).
2774:Slavery in Colonial America
2476:Plains Indian Sign Language
2132:federally-recognized tribes
2029:, a syncretism between the
1312:, can vary considerably by
660:Puget Sound War (1855–1856)
644:Ghost Dance War (1890–1891)
636:Great Sioux War (1876–1877)
632:Red Cloud's War (1866–1868)
616:First Sioux War (1854-1856)
542:Chiricahua Wars (1860–1886)
6068:
5278:Indigenous North Americans
4854:Occupation of Wounded Knee
4571:Black Hawk War (1865–1872)
4559:Battle at Fort Utah (1850)
4541:Geronimo's War (1881–1886)
4537:Victorio's War (1879–1880)
4442:American Revolutionary War
3636:"Indian Achievement Award"
2835:
2740:
2690:
2636:
2488:First Nation Sign Language
2405:
2322:
2316:
2216:
2210:
2200:Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota
2091:
1983:. Many Plains tribes have
1924:
1872:
1823:
1615:
813:Occupation of Wounded Knee
584:Black Hawk War (1865–1872)
572:Battle at Fort Utah (1850)
554:Geronimo's War (1881–1886)
550:Victorio's War (1879–1880)
449:American Revolutionary War
28:
6002:
5459:
5369:
5284:
5222:
5036:Native American languages
4776:Native American religions
4525:Jicarilla War (1849–1855)
4507:Red River War (1874–1875)
4495:Comanche Wars (1836–1877)
4200:Indian Appropriations Act
3930:Fay A. Yarbrough (2007).
3638:. Ipl.org. Archived from
3561:Campbell, George (1991).
2441:Writing and communication
2137:Many tribes, such as the
2130:traditions among the 574
1927:Native American religions
1886:grown by Native Americans
1670:Siouan–Catawban languages
1380:Contiguous United States
1245:congressional politicians
1007:Native American languages
538:Jicarilla War (1849–1855)
518:Red River War (1874–1875)
506:Comanche Wars (1836–1877)
202:Indian Appropriations Act
4849:Trail of Broken Treaties
4677:Hualapai War (1865–1870)
4667:Yavapai Wars (1861–1875)
4647:Coeur d'Alene War (1858)
4609:Colorado War (1863–1865)
3866:Dorothy A. Mays (2008).
3845:by Dr. Jerald F. Dirks.
3760:, University of Houston.
3404:Bierhosrt, John (1992).
3190:August 21, 2007, at the
2368:causes. Others, such as
2104:Susan La Flesche Picotte
1451:Pacific Coast Athabaskan
1394:Pacific Coast Athabaskan
808:Trail of Broken Treaties
696:Hualapai War (1865–1870)
664:Coeur d'Alene War (1858)
624:Colorado War (1863–1865)
35:Native American identity
6037:Native American culture
5024:American Indian English
4960:Louisiana Creole people
4750:Native American studies
4702:Bannock Uprising (1895)
4657:Navajo Wars (1849–1866)
4613:Powder River War (1865)
4521:Apache Wars (1849–1924)
4339:Mesoamerican literature
4334:Indigenous Peoples' Day
4143:Partus sequitur ventrem
3482:Diamond, Jared (1999).
3421:. Retrieved 2006-02-23.
3266:"Native American Women"
3013:Encyclopedia Britannica
2428:Native American jewelry
2047:Saint Francis Cathedral
1875:Native American cuisine
1784:The right to elect its
1720:) with two outliers in
721:Bannock Uprising (1895)
686:Yavapai Wars(1861–1875)
676:Navajo Wars (1849–1866)
628:Powder River War (1865)
534:Apache Wars (1849–1924)
342:Indigenous Peoples' Day
157:Partus sequitur ventrem
6047:Native American topics
4844:Occupation of Alcatraz
4786:Native American church
4652:Mohave War (1858–1859)
4639:Yakima War (1855–1858)
4597:Sioux Wars (1854–1891)
4575:White River War (1879)
4563:Walker War (1853–1854)
4447:Cherokee–American wars
3903:Art T. Burton (1996).
3869:Women in early America
3771:Slave-owning societies
2865:
2828:
2793:
2655:
2601:. One case is that of
2521:. His creation of the
2478:(PISL), also known as
2453:
2437:
2341:
2254:
2240:
2227:Ball players from the
2213:Native American sports
2115:
2037:are regularly part of
2007:Native American Church
1976:
1955:
1895:
1887:
1815:A council of the gens.
1812:A common burial place.
1760:
1631:
1103:Southeastern Woodlands
1083:Northeastern Woodlands
868:Native American Church
803:Occupation of Alcatraz
656:Yakima War (1855–1858)
612:Sioux Wars (1854–1891)
588:White River War (1879)
576:Walker War (1853–1854)
454:Cherokee–American wars
252:Native American rights
50:
5735:European colonization
4707:Yaqui Uprising (1896)
4682:Modoc War (1872–1873)
4672:Snake War (1864–1869)
4587:Bluff Skirmish (1921)
4583:Bluff War (1914–1915)
4533:Tonto War (1871–1875)
4284:Mississippian culture
4247:Civil rights movement
4148:Five Civilized Tribes
3911:on September 29, 2009
3721:Tony Seybert (2009).
3536:"Plains Cree History"
3408:. Ancient City Press.
3305:Zinn, Howard (2005).
2893:Five Civilized Tribes
2860:
2836:Further information:
2826:
2691:Further information:
2646:
2613:, and fathered three
2533:rather than a single
2448:
2435:
2406:Further information:
2332:
2319:Native American music
2246:
2226:
2101:
2063:Auriesville, New York
1967:was painted in 1840.
1964:Baptism of Pocahontas
1961:
1952:Roman Catholic Church
1938:
1925:Further information:
1893:
1882:
1873:Further information:
1824:Further information:
1755:
1676:Uto-Aztecan languages
1629:
1329:Columbian interchange
863:Traditional religions
771:Civil rights movement
726:Yaqui Uprising (1896)
701:Modoc War (1872–1873)
691:Snake War (1864–1869)
671:Mohave War(1858–1859)
600:Bluff Skirmish (1921)
596:Bluff War (1914–1915)
546:Tonto War (1871–1875)
287:Mississippian culture
242:Civil rights movement
48:
29:Further information:
5453:Solutrean hypothesis
4722:Last Massacre (1911)
4687:Nez Perce War (1877)
4555:Ute Wars (1850–1923)
4452:Northwest Indian War
4205:Racial Integrity Act
3662:"Charles A. Eastman"
3433:"Canadian Languages"
3015:. February 16, 2024.
2969:10.1257/jep.24.2.163
2854:to serve as slaves.
2743:Atlantic slave trade
2737:European enslavement
2677:Indians of Michigan,
2498:, that was once the
2484:Plains Sign Language
2460:, living around the
2388:Gathering of Nations
2235:tribe as painted by
2153:tribes, such as the
1659:Algonquian languages
1341:Christopher Columbus
1327:. Also known as the
1044:Tribal disenrollment
741:Last Massacre (1911)
706:Nez Perce War (1877)
459:Northwest Indian War
207:Racial Integrity Act
64:in the United States
6042:Native American art
5834:Trinidad and Tobago
4998:Reservation poverty
4943:Ethnic subdivisions
4815:Political movements
4476:Second Seminole War
4387:Anglo-Powhatan Wars
3824:on November 5, 2011
3616:on October 23, 1997
3565:. pp. 422–428.
2661:Andrew J. Blackbird
1969:John Gadsby Chapman
1849:, and which have a
1841:are communities of
1648:Iroquoian languages
1592:Northern Athabaskan
1515:Southern Athabaskan
1481:Southern Athabaskan
1464:Southwestern tribes
1049:Reservation poverty
1032:Societal statistics
956:Ethnic subdivisions
764:Political movements
568:Ute Wars(1850–1923)
485:Second Seminole War
394:Anglo-Powhatan Wars
56:Part of a series on
5994:In popular culture
5745:Columbian exchange
5740:Population history
5471:Mythology/Religion
4899:Civic and economic
4884:Tribal sovereignty
4839:Red Power Movement
4806:Longhouse Religion
4741:Education, science
4692:Bannock War (1878)
4486:American Civil War
4437:Lord Dunmore's War
4225:Blood quantum laws
4108:Post-Classic stage
3752:2012-06-14 at the
3542:on August 17, 2018
3326:"Women in Battle"
3165:www.britannica.com
2866:
2829:
2681:alcohol-intolerant
2656:
2605:, a European from
2511:Cherokee syllabary
2454:
2438:
2373:Charles Littleleaf
2342:
2255:
2252:Gustaf V of Sweden
2241:
2116:
1981:traditional people
1977:
1956:
1896:
1888:
1863:self-determination
1761:
1734:Penutian languages
1682:Salishan languages
1632:
1606:Intermountain West
1550:Eastern Algonquian
1546:Central Algonquian
1435:Great Basin tribes
1385:Californian tribes
1325:Columbian exchange
873:Longhouse Religion
798:Red Power Movement
776:Self-determination
711:Bannock War (1878)
497:American Civil War
444:Lord Dunmore's War
367:Tribal sovereignty
247:Red Power movement
227:Blood quantum laws
182:American Civil War
162:Indian Removal Act
117:Post-Classic stage
51:
6024:
6023:
5925:
5924:
5721:
5720:
5644:
5643:
5614:
5613:
5433:Pre-Columbian era
5380:
5379:
5324:Eastern Woodlands
5240:
5239:
4771:Eagle feather law
4662:Paiute War (1860)
4605:Dakota War (1862)
4567:Tintic War (1856)
4481:Osage Indian War
4412:King Philip's War
3943:978-0-8122-4056-6
3879:978-1-85109-429-5
3595:978-0-8032-1829-1
3385:on April 11, 2009
3356:"Choctaw Indians"
3329:"Women in Battle"
3277:"Medicine Women"
3256:February 9, 2006.
3250:Beatrice Medicine
2715:Pacific Northwest
2701:Cherokee Freedmen
2625:and his mistress
2611:Yucatan Peninsula
2519:Cherokee language
2070:eagle feather law
2051:Kateri Tekakwitha
1940:Kateri Tekakwitha
1869:Traditional diets
1843:Indigenous people
1820:Tribal structures
1654:Caddoan languages
1642:Na-Dene languages
1511:Plains Algonquian
1365:Pre-Columbian era
1306:
1305:
1204:
1203:
1093:Pacific Northwest
1088:Northwest Plateau
883:Keetoowah Society
853:Eagle Feather law
781:Women in politics
620:Dakota War (1862)
580:Tintic War (1856)
492:Osage Indian War
419:King Philip's War
269:
268:
16:(Redirected from
6059:
5762:
5679:
5555:
5497:
5465:
5407:
5400:
5393:
5384:
5375:
5374:
5267:
5260:
5253:
5244:
5150:Native Americans
5019:American English
4592:Posey War (1923)
4309:Iroquois culture
4175:Indian Territory
4123:Age of Discovery
4059:
4052:
4045:
4036:
4030:
4024:
4018:
4015:
4009:
4006:
4000:
3997:
3991:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3900:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3863:
3854:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3809:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3784:
3778:
3767:
3761:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3727:
3718:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3685:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3612:. Archived from
3606:
3600:
3599:
3583:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3538:. Archived from
3531:
3525:
3524:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3489:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3439:on March 4, 2016
3428:
3422:
3419:Iroquois History
3416:
3410:
3409:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3381:. Archived from
3374:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3352:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3335:on June 18, 2012
3331:. Archived from
3324:
3318:
3303:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3286:on June 18, 2012
3282:. Archived from
3280:"Medicine Women"
3275:
3269:
3263:
3257:
3245:
3239:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3201:
3195:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3081:. Archived from
3071:
3065:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3032:Morgan, Lewis H.
3028:
3017:
3016:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2962:
2940:
2862:Buffalo Soldiers
2816:for protection.
2791:
2725:of Georgia, the
2667:), wrote in his
2617:children with a
2603:Gonzalo Guerrero
2346:Robbie Robertson
1942:, the patron of
1847:European contact
1688:Tanoan languages
1599:Native Hawaiians
1429:Plateau Penutian
1298:
1291:
1284:
1220:Native Americans
1098:The Great Plains
1066:
1001:
999:American English
973:Louisiana Creole
681:Paiute War(1860)
607:Posey War (1923)
302:Iroquois culture
177:Indian Territory
127:Age of Discovery
86:
73:
62:Native Americans
53:
21:
6067:
6066:
6062:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6057:
6056:
6027:
6026:
6025:
6020:
5998:
5921:
5843:
5757:
5751:
5727:
5717:
5677:
5640:
5610:
5584:
5546:
5495:
5484:List of deities
5466:
5457:
5416:
5411:
5381:
5376:
5372:
5367:
5299:Northwest Coast
5280:
5271:
5241:
5236:
5218:
5138:
5040:
5002:
4969:
4938:
4902:
4900:
4893:
4810:
4754:
4742:
4736:
4697:Crow War (1887)
4368:
4294:Hohokam culture
4270:
4113:Woodland period
4098:Formative stage
4069:
4066:Native American
4063:
4033:
4027:Pratt, Scott L.
4025:
4021:
4016:
4012:
4007:
4003:
3998:
3994:
3989:
3985:
3975:
3973:
3972:on May 13, 2008
3963:
3962:
3958:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3914:
3912:
3902:
3901:
3894:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3865:
3864:
3857:
3841:
3837:
3827:
3825:
3811:
3810:
3803:
3793:
3791:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3768:
3764:
3758:Digital History
3754:Wayback Machine
3744:
3740:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3720:
3719:
3708:
3698:
3696:
3695:on May 10, 2008
3687:
3686:
3677:
3667:
3665:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3645:
3643:
3642:on July 3, 2010
3634:
3633:
3629:
3619:
3617:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3596:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3545:
3543:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3518:
3513:
3509:
3502:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3442:
3440:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3417:
3413:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3388:
3386:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3361:
3359:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3338:
3336:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3304:
3300:
3289:
3287:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3264:
3260:
3246:
3242:
3230:
3226:
3216:
3214:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3192:Wayback Machine
3183:
3179:
3169:
3167:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3144:
3142:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3122:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3088:
3086:
3085:on May 19, 2009
3073:
3072:
3068:
3057:
3053:
3046:
3036:Ancient Society
3030:
3029:
3020:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2984:
2960:10.1.1.232.9242
2942:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2906:
2848:
2834:
2792:
2789:
2745:
2739:
2703:
2689:
2669:History of the
2648:Charles Eastman
2641:
2635:
2594:
2568:to Ojibwe (see
2443:
2430:
2404:
2377:R. Carlos Nakai
2327:
2321:
2315:
2303:dehuntshigwa'es
2283:
2271:Jacoby Ellsbury
2267:Notah Begay III
2221:
2215:
2209:
2172:In most of the
2096:
2090:
2055:Fonda, New York
1996:Midewiwin Lodge
1933:
1923:
1877:
1871:
1828:
1822:
1766:
1750:
1664:Algic languages
1624:
1616:Main articles:
1614:
1425:Interior Salish
1357:
1302:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1214:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1112:
1063:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1021:
1013:
1012:
1011:
997:
987:
979:
978:
977:
957:
949:
948:
947:
912:
904:
903:
902:
837:
829:
828:
827:
765:
757:
756:
755:
716:Crow War (1887)
383:
373:
372:
371:
297:Hohokam culture
281:
271:
270:
122:Woodland period
107:Formative stage
83:
41:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6065:
6063:
6055:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6029:
6028:
6022:
6021:
6019:
6018:
6011:
6003:
6000:
5999:
5997:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5960:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5933:
5931:
5930:Related topics
5927:
5926:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5858:
5856:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5770:
5768:
5759:
5753:
5752:
5750:
5749:
5748:
5747:
5742:
5731:
5729:
5723:
5722:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5704:
5703:
5693:
5687:
5685:
5676:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5654:
5652:
5646:
5645:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5622:
5620:
5616:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5592:
5590:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5561:
5559:
5552:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5527:Medicine wheel
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5503:
5501:
5494:
5493:
5488:
5487:
5486:
5474:
5472:
5468:
5467:
5460:
5458:
5456:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5438:Classification
5435:
5430:
5424:
5422:
5418:
5417:
5412:
5410:
5409:
5402:
5395:
5387:
5378:
5377:
5370:
5368:
5366:
5365:
5364:
5363:
5358:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5337:
5336:
5331:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5274:Cultural areas
5272:
5270:
5269:
5262:
5255:
5247:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5234:
5229:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5200:
5199:
5189:
5184:
5183:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5146:
5144:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5114:North Carolina
5111:
5106:
5101:
5100:
5099:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5048:
5046:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5038:
5033:
5032:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5010:
5008:
5004:
5003:
5001:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4989:
4988:
4977:
4975:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4946:
4944:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4905:
4903:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4818:
4816:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4762:
4760:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4746:
4744:
4743:and technology
4738:
4737:
4735:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4636:
4631:
4594:
4589:
4579:Ute War (1887)
4552:
4547:
4518:
4513:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4402:Peach Tree War
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4378:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4299:Plains Indians
4296:
4291:
4286:
4280:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4266:Discrimination
4263:
4258:
4253:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4170:Trail of Tears
4167:
4165:Indian removal
4162:
4161:
4160:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4079:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4054:
4047:
4039:
4032:
4031:
4019:
4010:
4001:
3992:
3983:
3956:
3942:
3922:
3892:
3878:
3855:
3835:
3801:
3779:
3762:
3738:
3706:
3675:
3653:
3627:
3601:
3594:
3568:
3553:
3526:
3517:, p. 337.
3507:
3500:
3474:
3468:
3450:
3423:
3411:
3396:
3369:
3347:
3319:
3298:
3270:
3258:
3240:
3224:
3213:. June 8, 1940
3196:
3177:
3152:
3127:
3120:
3096:
3066:
3051:
3044:
3018:
3000:
2991:
2982:
2953:(2): 163–188.
2934:
2932:
2929:
2921:Scott L. Pratt
2910:Yankton Dakota
2905:
2902:
2833:
2830:
2787:
2765:American South
2741:Main article:
2738:
2735:
2721:of Texas, the
2688:
2685:
2652:medical doctor
2637:Main article:
2634:
2631:
2593:
2590:
2562:Cree syllabics
2504:Plains Nations
2494:), formerly a
2442:
2439:
2403:
2400:
2317:Main article:
2314:
2311:
2282:
2279:
2211:Main article:
2208:
2205:
2174:Plains Nations
2149:. Others were
2092:Main article:
2089:
2086:
1922:
1919:
1870:
1867:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1765:
1764:Gens structure
1762:
1749:
1746:
1742:Gulf languages
1697:
1696:
1690:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1645:
1613:
1610:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1588:
1580:Alaska Natives
1577:
1576:
1575:
1552:
1517:
1502:Plains Indians
1498:
1483:
1460:
1442:
1431:
1420:Plateau tribes
1416:
1356:
1355:Cultural areas
1353:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1293:
1286:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1176:North Carolina
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1004:
1003:
1002:
989:
988:
985:
984:
981:
980:
976:
975:
970:
965:
959:
958:
955:
954:
951:
950:
946:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
914:
913:
910:
909:
906:
905:
901:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
839:
838:
835:
834:
831:
830:
826:
825:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
789:
788:
778:
773:
767:
766:
763:
762:
759:
758:
754:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
667:
666:
653:
647:
646:
609:
603:
602:
592:Ute War (1887)
565:
560:
531:
525:
524:
499:
494:
488:
487:
477:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
409:Peach Tree War
406:
401:
396:
391:
385:
384:
379:
378:
375:
374:
370:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
283:
282:
277:
276:
273:
272:
267:
266:
265:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
167:Trail of Tears
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
84:
79:
78:
75:
74:
66:
65:
58:
57:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6064:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6017:
6016:
6012:
6010:
6009:
6005:
6004:
6001:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5939:
5938:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5928:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5850:
5849:South America
5846:
5840:
5839:United States
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5771:
5769:
5767:
5766:North America
5763:
5760:
5756:Modern groups
5754:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5737:
5736:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5724:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5702:
5699:
5698:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5688:
5686:
5684:
5680:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5655:
5653:
5651:
5647:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5619:South America
5617:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5593:
5591:
5587:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5556:
5553:
5549:
5543:
5542:Turtle Island
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5500:North America
5498:
5492:
5489:
5485:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5473:
5469:
5464:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5428:Paleo-Indians
5426:
5425:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5408:
5403:
5401:
5396:
5394:
5389:
5388:
5385:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5268:
5263:
5261:
5256:
5254:
5249:
5248:
5245:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5221:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5198:
5195:
5194:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5141:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5045:By state/city
5043:
5037:
5034:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5005:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4896:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4869:
4868:Red handprint
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4813:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4739:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4473:
4472:Seminole Wars
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4432:Pontiac's War
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4417:Tuscarora War
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4371:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4349:Neighborhoods
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4289:Adena culture
4287:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4248:
4245:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4220:Jim Crow laws
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4103:Classic stage
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4083:Paleo-Indians
4081:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4067:
4060:
4055:
4053:
4048:
4046:
4041:
4040:
4037:
4028:
4023:
4020:
4014:
4011:
4005:
4002:
3996:
3993:
3987:
3984:
3971:
3967:
3960:
3957:
3945:
3939:
3935:
3934:
3926:
3923:
3910:
3906:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3881:
3875:
3871:
3870:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3851:1-59008-044-0
3848:
3844:
3839:
3836:
3823:
3819:
3817:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3789:
3783:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3766:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3748:
3742:
3739:
3724:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3694:
3690:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3664:. Answers.com
3663:
3657:
3654:
3641:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3615:
3611:
3605:
3602:
3597:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3581:
3572:
3569:
3564:
3557:
3554:
3541:
3537:
3530:
3527:
3522:
3516:
3511:
3508:
3503:
3497:
3493:
3488:
3487:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3465:
3461:
3454:
3451:
3438:
3434:
3431:Darin Flynn.
3427:
3424:
3420:
3415:
3412:
3407:
3400:
3397:
3389:September 11,
3384:
3380:
3373:
3370:
3357:
3351:
3348:
3334:
3330:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3315:0-06-083865-5
3312:
3308:
3302:
3299:
3285:
3281:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3225:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3181:
3178:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3153:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3128:
3123:
3121:0-393-04755-5
3117:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3100:
3097:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3055:
3052:
3047:
3045:0-674-03450-3
3041:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3010:
3004:
3001:
2995:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2939:
2936:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2873:
2871:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2853:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2838:Black Indians
2831:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2786:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2744:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2662:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2623:Hernán Cortés
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2582:Cree language
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2517:to write the
2516:
2512:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2500:lingua franca
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2366:First Nations
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2336:
2333:Jake Fragua,
2331:
2326:
2320:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2237:George Catlin
2234:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2214:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2196:
2194:
2188:
2186:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2139:Haudenosaunee
2135:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2113:
2112:United States
2109:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2076:feathers for
2075:
2071:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2035:Pueblo people
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1859:United States
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1827:
1819:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
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1715:
1711:
1707:
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1694:
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1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
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1668:
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1660:
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1649:
1646:
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1639:
1638:
1635:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1492:Yuman–CochimĂ
1489:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1361:North America
1354:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1287:
1285:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1210:
1209:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1059:
1058:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1027:Neighborhoods
1025:
1024:
1017:
1016:
1008:
1005:
1000:
996:
995:
994:
991:
990:
983:
982:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
963:Black Indians
961:
960:
953:
952:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
915:
908:
907:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
840:
833:
832:
823:
822:Red handprint
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
787:
784:
783:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
768:
761:
760:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
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481:Seminole Wars
479:
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439:Pontiac's War
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424:Tuscarora War
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357:Neighborhoods
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112:Classic stage
110:
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92:Paleo-Indians
90:
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6013:
6006:
5728:colonization
5532:The red road
5522:Medicine man
5517:Great Spirit
5356:Aridoamerica
5334:Southeastern
5329:Northeastern
4993:Reservations
4974:Demographics
4645: /
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4627: /
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4619: /
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4509: /
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4493: /
4474: /
4427:Dummer's War
4249: /
4088:Lithic stage
4022:
4013:
4004:
3995:
3986:
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3970:the original
3959:
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3872:. ABC-CLIO.
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2776:soon became
2746:
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2708:
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2657:
2633:Assimilation
2595:
2570:Evans system
2566:Latin script
2551:
2508:
2496:trade pidgin
2487:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2465:
2455:
2381:
2358:John Trudell
2343:
2335:Jemez Pueblo
2307:
2302:
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2284:
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2239:in the 1830s
2197:
2189:
2182:
2178:cradleboards
2171:
2167:
2136:
2117:
2088:Gender roles
2067:
2015:Christianity
2011:syncretistic
2004:
1993:
1978:
1962:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1836:
1829:
1767:
1748:Organization
1744:and others.
1698:
1693:Eskimo–Aleut
1636:
1633:
1603:
1586:Eskimo–Aleut
1555:
1519:
1500:
1487:Aridoamerica
1485:
1469:Oasisamerica
1463:
1454:Coast Salish
1445:
1433:
1418:
1388:(Northern):
1383:
1375:
1369:
1358:
1328:
1322:
1307:
1037:Reservations
1020:Demographics
848:Christianity
662: /
658: /
642: /
638: /
634: /
630: /
626: /
622: /
618: /
614: /
598: /
594: /
590: /
586: /
582: /
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556: /
552: /
548: /
544: /
540: /
536: /
520: /
516: /
512: /
508: /
504: /
483: /
434:Dummer's War
278:
97:Lithic stage
42:
26:
5937:Ethnobotany
5794:El Salvador
5696:Visual arts
5565:Cosmovision
5551:Mesoamerica
5512:Fifth World
5478:Mythologies
5443:Archaeology
5421:Pre-history
5361:Mesoamerica
5314:Great Basin
4801:Sweat lodge
4467:Arikara War
4457:War of 1812
4422:Yamasee War
4407:Esopus Wars
4397:Kieft's War
4382:Beaver Wars
4304:Anishinaabe
4185:Dawes Rolls
3790:. PBS. 2009
3145:February 8,
3140:Answers.com
3089:February 8,
3079:america.gov
2897:matrilineal
2870:Indian Wars
2801:Indian Wars
2797:Yamasee War
2761:plantations
2753:West Indies
2713:Among some
2627:La Malinche
2554:James Evans
2462:Great Lakes
2392:Albuquerque
2275:Billy Mills
2151:patrilineal
2143:matrilineal
2128:egalitarian
2124:matriarchal
2120:patriarchal
2031:Catholicism
2023:Wakan Tanka
1902:Americans.
1788:and chiefs.
1590:Subarctic:
1473:Uto-Aztecan
1440:Uto-Aztecan
1414:Uto-Aztecan
1406:Palaihnihan
1398:Coast Miwok
1345:1492 voyage
1235:war leaders
1078:Great Basin
786:Nationalism
474:Arikara War
464:War of 1812
429:Yamasee War
414:Esopus Wars
404:Kieft's War
389:Beaver Wars
187:Dawes Rolls
6031:Categories
5979:Philosophy
5784:Costa Rica
5758:by country
5589:Variations
5580:World tree
5537:Totem pole
5507:Arborglyph
5309:California
5067:California
4965:Pretendian
4516:Cayuse War
4392:Pequot War
4240:gravesites
3794:January 7,
3668:August 22,
3646:August 22,
3546:August 29,
3501:0393317552
3469:1893891097
3217:August 17,
3170:October 6,
2931:References
2904:Philosophy
2891:Among the
2852:Hispaniola
2812:, and the
2778:racialized
2770:Pequot War
2757:sugar cane
2578:Devanagari
2412:pictograph
2408:hieroglyph
2396:New Mexico
2339:New Mexico
2323:See also:
2293:called it
2281:Team based
2259:Jim Thorpe
2248:Jim Thorpe
2217:See also:
2053:Shrine in
2027:New Mexico
2009:. It is a
1985:sweatlodge
1973:Pocahontas
1944:ecologists
1722:California
1136:California
529:Cayuse War
399:Pequot War
347:Literature
5974:Movements
5969:Languages
5917:Venezuela
5862:Argentina
5824:Nicaragua
5804:Guatemala
5799:Greenland
5491:Religions
5346:Caribbean
5341:Southwest
5294:Subarctic
5214:Massacres
5170:musicians
5134:Wisconsin
5097:Baltimore
5007:Languages
4889:Land Back
4796:Sun Dance
4462:Creek War
4158:ownership
3443:August 8,
3339:April 15,
3290:April 15,
2955:CiteSeerX
2574:shorthand
2527:logograms
2523:syllabary
2480:Hand Talk
2370:flautists
2362:Blackfoot
2301:name was
2295:isitoboli
2108:physician
2078:religious
1857:. In the
1851:sovereign
1573:Iroquoian
1561:Muskogean
1542:Iroquoian
1410:Chumashan
1390:Yok-Utian
1337:Old World
1240:musicians
1196:Wisconsin
1108:Southwest
1069:by region
1062:Geography
986:Languages
893:Wabunowin
888:Midewiwin
878:Sun Dance
858:Mormonism
469:Creek War
6008:Category
5964:Identity
5947:Iroquois
5942:Cherokee
5907:Suriname
5897:Paraguay
5882:Colombia
5809:Honduras
5789:Dominica
5726:European
5701:Painting
5663:Colombia
5575:Religion
5570:Creation
5448:Genetics
5227:Category
5197:by state
5129:Virginia
5119:Oklahoma
5109:Nebraska
5104:Michigan
5092:Maryland
5072:Colorado
4791:Smudging
4759:Religion
4550:Yuma War
4138:Genocide
3828:June 20,
3750:Archived
3731:June 20,
3188:Archived
3034:(1907).
2977:25703506
2878:Cherokee
2846:Freedmen
2788:—
2719:Comanche
2675:Chippewa
2558:Manitoba
2547:Cyrillic
2531:syllable
2515:Sequoyah
2458:Iroquois
2450:Sequoyah
2350:The Band
2299:Onondaga
2287:lacrosse
2263:Joe Hipp
2185:polygyny
2057:and the
2043:Santa Fe
1989:drumming
1971:depicts
1921:Religion
1718:Kickapoo
1695:(Alaska)
1612:Language
1584:Arctic:
1569:Catawban
1458:Wakashan
1335:and the
1333:Americas
1314:language
1191:Virginia
1181:Oklahoma
1171:Nebraska
1166:Michigan
1161:Maryland
1141:Colorado
1117:by state
898:Wocekiye
836:Religion
563:Yuma War
142:Genocide
5984:Studies
5912:Uruguay
5887:Ecuador
5867:Bolivia
5814:Jamaica
5713:Writers
5708:Artists
5668:Ecuador
5650:Culture
5631:Mapuche
5304:Plateau
5180:writers
5155:artists
5077:Florida
5062:Arizona
5014:English
4364:Pow wow
4344:Fashion
4276:Culture
4153:Slavery
4075:History
3949:May 30,
3915:May 29,
3885:May 29,
3853:p. 204.
3699:May 19,
3620:May 19,
2882:Choctaw
2814:Catawba
2806:Choctaw
2749:slavery
2731:Klamath
2687:Slavery
2615:Mestizo
2535:phoneme
2416:perform
2384:pow wow
2354:Redbone
2291:Choctaw
2229:Choctaw
2110:in the
1702:Nahuatl
1565:Caddoan
1534:Mohican
1496:Tepiman
1349:slavery
1318:culture
1225:artists
1146:Florida
1131:Arizona
993:English
352:Fashion
322:Pow wow
279:Culture
147:Slavery
81:History
6015:Portal
5952:Navajo
5892:Guyana
5872:Brazil
5829:Panama
5819:Mexico
5779:Canada
5774:Belize
5636:Muisca
5558:Common
5351:Mexico
5319:Plains
5289:Arctic
5232:Portal
5160:actors
5124:Oregon
5082:Hawaii
5057:Alaska
4901:groups
4068:topics
3976:May 6,
3940:
3876:
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3592:
3498:
3466:
3362:May 2,
3358:. 2006
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2360:, and
2352:) and
2273:, and
2233:Lakota
2207:Sports
2126:, and
2039:Masses
2019:peyote
2000:Ojibwa
1948:exiles
1915:dibber
1913:, and
1786:sachem
1778:gentes
1770:tribal
1714:Ojibwe
1706:Navajo
1538:Mohawk
1530:Pequot
1526:Lenape
1507:Siouan
1230:actors
1186:Oregon
1151:Hawaii
1126:Alaska
911:Groups
362:Health
37:, and
5989:Trade
5877:Chile
5691:Music
5658:Andes
5606:Olmec
5596:Aztec
5143:Lists
4324:Music
4118:Trade
3726:(PDF)
2973:JSTOR
2886:Creek
2810:Creek
2723:Creek
2665:Odawa
2619:Mayan
2607:Spain
2543:Greek
2539:Latin
2337:from
2313:Music
2193:bison
2163:Ponca
2159:Osage
2155:Omaha
2082:eagle
2074:eagle
1884:Maize
1832:clans
1774:clans
1738:Hokan
1730:Wiyot
1726:Yurok
1477:Yuman
1402:Yurok
1213:Lists
327:Dance
317:Music
5957:Zuni
5902:Peru
5853:list
5673:Peru
5626:Inca
5601:Maya
5087:Iowa
5052:List
4374:Wars
4329:Film
4319:Food
3978:2009
3951:2009
3938:ISBN
3917:2009
3887:2008
3874:ISBN
3847:ISBN
3830:2009
3796:2010
3733:2009
3701:2009
3670:2010
3648:2010
3622:2009
3590:ISBN
3548:2018
3521:help
3496:ISBN
3464:ISBN
3445:2015
3391:2008
3364:2008
3341:2013
3311:ISBN
3292:2013
3219:2023
3172:2022
3147:2008
3116:ISBN
3091:2006
3040:ISBN
2923:'s,
2673:and
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