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governed in such a way that the vast resources of the land may be developed and its productiveness may be constantly increased, in such a way that a world commerce may be established commensurate with the favourable position of the country between western and eastern oceans and with the commercial instincts of its people descended from the two historic trading nations of Europe, in such a way that peace and good order may be continuously maintained within and security provided against attack from without, so that the new commonwealth may add to and not draw on the strength of the Empire of which it will form part, in such a way that education and the arts and sciences may advance so that in culture as in strength South Africa may be among the foremost nations of the world, and in such a way as to carry on through the coming centuries the ideals of honesty and justice, of courage and purity which made great the nations from which
British and Dutch in South Africa have sprung.
1034:
compromise on their respective franchise systems. This led to the fourth option being adopted, with the Cape qualified franchise receiving constitutional protection in section 35 of the South Africa Act until such a time as it is amended by a joint sitting of
Parliament with a supporting vote of two-thirds of the members. This victory for the Cape delegation did however not extend to the ability of blacks and coloureds to sit in Parliament or provincial councils. While they could thus continue to vote in the Cape, blacks and coloureds could no longer be elected to legislative office.
1119:. Each colonial legislature appointed delegates to go to London, empowered to agree to changes "not inconsistent with the provisions and principles of the draft act". In London, 53 amendments were made to the bill, most of which were procedural and not substantive, and Parliament passed the constitution in essentially the same form it had been submitted by the National Convention. It received royal assent on 20 September 1909 and the Union of South Africa came into being on 31 May 1910, "exactly eight years to the day on which the
858:
1106:"In Natal, which as an ultra-British and ultra-loyal colony, was generally supposed to be in fear of union, many amendments were offered. The convention then met again at Bloemfontein, made certain changes in the draft of the constitution, and again submitted the document to the colonies. This time it was accepted. Only in Natal was it thought necessary to take a popular vote, and here, contrary to expectation, the people voted heavily in favor of union."
381:(d) the Convention shall consist of not more than (12) twelve delegates from the Cape Colony, not more than (8) eight delegates from the Transvaal, not more than (5) five delegates from Natal and the Orange River Colony respectively, and it shall meet as soon as convenient after the next Sessions of all the Parliaments; provided that as soon as at least two Colonies shall have appointed their delegates the Convention shall be considered as constituted;
376:(c) that the members of this Conference agree to submit the foregoing resolutions to the Legislatures of their respective Colonies, and to take such steps as may be necessary to obtain their consent to the appointment of delegates to a National South African Convention, whose object shall be to consider and report on the most desirable form of South African Union and to prepare a draft constitution;
22:
972:
empty, faced with the problem of balancing their budgets". Natal and the Orange River feared that, because they were the two smaller territories, the voting power of the Cape and the
Transvaal would negate their representation. Natal, having been predominantly English among its white inhabitants and being the most fervent supporter of federalism, specifically feared that a
1072:
Constitution should not be our own Act approved of by the Crown", but without the intervention of the
Imperial Parliament there would have to be several identical Colonial Acts of Parliament and the fatal objection would remain that in order to effect the Union, each of these Acts by dealing with the affairs of other colonies, would be
144:. There were 33 delegates in total, with the Cape being represented by 12, the Transvaal eight, the Orange River five, Natal five, and Rhodesia three. The convention was held behind closed doors, in the fear that a public affair would lead delegates to refuse compromising on contentious areas of disagreement. All the delegates were
987:
as "ineffective for the essential purpose of civilized government" because individual states could make their own law, and South Africa had by that time already experienced too much legislative confusion, in Smuts' view. A strict federal model could also not respond quickly enough to pressing issues.
1174:
had already come into effect, government felt it was lawful to change the entrenched clauses without adhering to the requirements of the South Africa Act (i.e. both houses of
Parliament must sit jointly and pass an amendment with a two-thirds majority). The Separate Representation of Voters Act thus
1110:
The Cape submitted 12 amendments, Natal 17 (in another attempt to secure a federal arrangement), and the Orange River three. 40 amendments were subsequently made by the convention between 3 and 11 May 1909 in
Bloemfontein. The final approval by the colonial governments happened between May and June.
1042:
As South Africa was to be a unitary rather than a federal state, the provinces would have no legislatures of their own, but instead a system of provincial councils wholly subordinate to the national
Parliament. No conflict would thus be possible between the councils and Parliament, as the provinces
971:
Leading up to the convention, most sought a federal dispensation. The
Transvaal delegation was concerned that the Transvaal would ultimately be financially responsible for all the other provinces, given that its "treasury was full and overflowing, and the treasuries of the other three colonies were
1101:
wrote that its acceptance in the
Transvaal was a foregone conclusion, as the dominant political parties in the legislature had both agreed to the constitution beforehand. The Cape Parliament, on the other hand, did propose some amendments, including the scrapping of the proportional representation
1008:
Before unification, each of the four colonies that would become South Africa had their own franchise policy. The Cape had a franchise qualified by property and wages. By the time of the convention, there were 22,784 black and coloured voters in the Cape, out of a total electorate of 152,221. Natal
1033:
A standardized "civilization test" would have meant legal equality between whites, blacks and coloureds in South Africa, which was unacceptable to the conservative electorate in the
Transvaal, Orange River and Natal. Furthermore, neither the Cape nor the two former Boer republics were willing to
962:
The convention adopted equality between Dutch and English, with both becoming official languages of the new South Africa. It was also decided that South Africa would have three capital cities: Cape Town would host the national Parliament, Pretoria would host the civil service, and the apex court
879:
The whole people of South Africa are looking to you to devise for them a scheme which will unite them in a threat nation, a nation of white people, maintaining their virility and increasing in numbers, ruling themselves and a contented native population in the common interests of all, a nation
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I do not see how a scheme of Union could be carried through without the assistance and the intervention of the Imperial Parliament. That is the only legislature which, in theory, has the power of legislating for South Africa as a whole... You say that we should consider carefully "whether the
408:
as its president. The Society's aim was "to encourage the formation of similar societies throughout Cape Colony and South Africa and to disseminate information on all aspects and systems of closer Union", with several closer union societies being established across the colonies. It published
1057:
Education was one of the key areas of jurisdiction added to the provincial council system, primarily for the fears raised by Natal and the Orange River that their language rights would be undermined. Their own provincial councils could thus set provincial language standards in education.
313:
In May 1908, the Intercolonial Customs and Railways Conference met to discuss the issue of union as well as railway and customs. Frederick Robert Moor, Prime Minister of Natal, was chosen as chairman of the conference. Each of the four self-governing colonies had three representatives:
995:
But it was mainly the question of a national native policy that decided the issue, with the "unifiers" arguing that a strong central government would be necessary for dealing with this problem. South Africa thus became a unitary state with a single central Parliament that has
1000:". Given this parliamentary sovereignty, the constitution itself could be amended with a simple majority of both houses of Parliament, with the potential exception of two "entrenched" clauses governing the equality of languages and the qualified franchise in the Cape.
403:
being convinced of the financial and economic benefits union might entail. Disunion was widely blamed as a cause of much of the region's social and economic woes. The Closer Union Society was founded in Cape Town in mid-1908, with former Cape prime minister
163:
By the end of the convention, the delegates had drawn up a constitution that would, subject to some amendments by the British government, become the South Africa Act, which was South Africa's constitution between 1910 and 1961, when the country became a
267:". Froude's report led to the British Parliament passing the South Africa Act, 1877, "for the Union under one Government of such of the South African Colonies and States as may agree thereto". It would have modeled the South African union on the
829:
1009:
had a similar policy with a higher property threshold, having had 200 black and coloured voters on the roll out of a total electorate of 22,686. In the Transvaal and Orange River, only white men could vote or stand for election.
282:
was formed between the Cape and the Free State, which were joined in 1899 by the other territories with the exception of the Transvaal. The Second Boer War (1899 to 1902), which the British won, led to the formerly-independent
1186:(Codesa), which transpired between 1991 and 1993 and led to the end of the apartheid system, was the second constitutional convention that occurred in South Africa to draft a new constitution. It led to the adoption of the
366:"(a) That in the opinion of this Conference the best interests and the permanent prosperity of South Africa can only be secured by an early union, under the Crown of Great Britain, of the several self-governing Colonies;
1114:
The various colonial governments, after having approved the draft, agreed with the resolution taken at the convention that the constitution be referred to the British Parliament for adoption, in which would become the
386:(e) the Convention shall publish the draft constitution as soon as possible, and shall, in consultation with the Governments of the self-governing Colonies, determine the further steps to be taken in reference thereto;
1135:
led to the central government, and moreover the central Parliament, not having a specified list of enumerated powers, instead being able to govern essentially as it pleased over the whole of the country. This led to
357:
participated on the understanding that their delegates could not vote on or discuss anything that did not concern their territories directly or which they were not legally competent to address. Lewis Loyd Michell,
992:
federalism led to too much friction between the states. Smuts believed that a unitary state would allow South Africans to overcome the friction and racial strife they had thereinto experienced.
1140:
fearing language inequality in the years after the constitution was adopted, despite the equality provisions in the South Africa Act. In turn, this would partly cause Hertzog to establish the
271:, but "South Africa had hardly been consulted" in its promulgation and no Cape parliamentarians were willing to sponsor it locally. The Act expired in August 1882, without being implemented.
1061:
This desire for non-partisanship did not come to fruition, however, as every provincial election since the adoption of the South Africa Act would be fought along party political lines.
1684:
395:
and not by States. A Chairman shall be elected from the members who shall have the right of speaking and voting, and in the event of an equality of votes shall have a casting vote."
1709:
1159:
was enacted by the British Parliament also led to controversy in later years, with some arguing that the constitution was "foisted on South Africa by a foreign parliament".
1207:
Minutes of Proceedings with Annexures (Selected) of the South African National Convention held at Durban, Cape Town and Bloemfontein, 12th October, 1908, to 11th May, 1909
371:(b) that to the union contemplated in the foregoing resolution Rhodesia shall be entitled to admission at such time and on such conditions as may hereafter be agreed upon;
263:
to report on the situation in the region. Froude's presence was, however, resented, due to the South Africans' desire "that union should come from within, not dictated by
1175:
passed without the requisite two-thirds majority required, and without both houses sitting together, to amend the Cape qualified franchise, plunging South Africa into a
362:, and EC Baxter represented Rhodesia; and TAG Rosado and BM d'Almeida represented Mozambique. The conference unanimously accepted Smuts' motions, which read as follows:
1050:
non-partisan, the delegates sought to model it largely on that of Switzerland. In this regard, choosing the executive committee of the council was made to be through
1373:
310:
problem" and fiscal and economic matters. At this time the white population of the four colonies stood at around one million, with natives numbering five million.
303:
1289:
97:
1163:
1704:
1183:
205:
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would be located in Bloemfontein. Natal's consolation prize was securing a lucrative railway agreement for which it had been pressing since 1903.
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244:
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252:
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462:
213:
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1190:, and at the same time the end of the parliamentary sovereignty that had started in 1910 when the South Africa Act came into being.
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984:
474:
256:
225:
196:, requesting the formation of a "compact union" including the Free State, the Cape, and Natal (but excluding the Transvaal). The
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The main areas of contention at the National Convention were the following, with the first three being the most controversial:
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588:
513:
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279:
34:
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At this time public opinion was in favor of a union between the colonies, with the business community and especially the
347:
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458:
26:
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A single "colour-line" franchise, such as in the Transvaal and Orange River, would be adopted for all of South Africa.
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193:
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After the draft constitution was formulated, it was tabled before the respective colonial legislatures for approval.
988:
Smuts also regarded Canadian federalism as emphasizing the jealousies and differences of race and religion, and felt
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system as adopted at the convention, the scrapping of which the Orange River Colony agreed with. Leacock continues:
1082:
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689:
674:
1132:
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representing the Cape Colony; Moor, Charles O'Grady Gubbins, and Charles Hitchins representing the Natal Colony;
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977:
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517:
504:
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323:
233:
209:
181:
141:
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The decision of the National Convention to choose a unitary rather than a federal framework under a regime of
983:
Jan Smuts was the primary sponsor of the idea that South Africa should be a unitary state. He criticized the
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592:
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948:
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121:
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30:
1120:
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331:
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217:
145:
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The Natal referendum returned 11,121 votes in favor of the draft constitution and 3,701 against.
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of the legislature which passed it. No such objection would exist to an Imperial Parliament Act.
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343:
335:
117:
57:
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becoming British colonies. The customs union was renewed in 1903, now including the Transvaal.
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in 1912. It also led to the "flag controversy" of 1926 and 1927, and the imposition of racial
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717:
566:
447:
185:
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662:
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201:
180:
The first attempt to establish a union of the colonies of Southern Africa was in 1858, when
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851:* Thomas Watt replaced William Boase Morcom at the National Convention on 11 January 1909.
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767:
551:
339:
240:
212:, to communicate with Grey and proposing a conference. When Grey communicated this to the
189:
157:
45:
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spoke at an event of the Transvaal Closer Union Society on the topic of immigration law.
278:(1880 to 1881) intervened in the journey toward union, and it was not until 1889 when a
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886:
570:
530:
430:
284:
275:
264:
153:
73:
21:
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306:. The report regarded the disunion in the region as artificial, and noted the shared "
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culture and language culture would be forced upon it. The Cape sought to protect the
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703:
626:
583:
545:
541:
478:
414:
248:
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had no exclusive powers - only those assigned to them by the sovereign legislature.
1054:, with the executive Administrator of each province being independently appointed.
955:
600:
491:
482:
165:
129:
109:
1354:
The Mechanism of the Modern State: A Treatise on the Science and Art of Government
980:
it had adopted which allowed black and coloureds to stand for elections and vote.
1485:"THE SOUTH AFRICAN CONSTITUTION. » 13 Feb 1909 » The Spectator Archive"
1012:
Four potential solutions to the franchise problem were tabled at the convention:
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of the new union would be, with particular regard to the status of the black and
771:
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752:
670:
636:
621:
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327:
229:
125:
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37:
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between the colonies and republics of South Africa to be established. In 1874,
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907:
731:
678:
300:
Review of the Present Mutual Relations of the British South African Colonies,
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1145:
989:
944:
804:
741:
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685:
555:
418:
105:
81:
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was tasked with preparing a report on the disunion of the colonies, titled
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721:
711:
351:
61:
53:
41:
1381:. Vol. 9. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 77.
422:
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The Cape qualified franchise would be extended to all of South Africa.
611:
221:
149:
124:. The four colonies of the area that would become South Africa - the
108:(23 November to 18 December 1908, 11 January to 3 February 1909) and
101:
1337:
A Study of Politics in the Cape Colony from January 1908 to May 1910
243:
passed a resolution approving of the idea of union, and in 1872 the
1019:
A standardized "civilization test" would be adopted for all voters.
429:, with a view to propagate the idea of union among South Africans.
140:- were represented at the convention, along with a delegation from
48:(left to right) - were all present at the National Convention, and
793:- Attorney-General and Minister of Education, Orangia Unie MP for
112:(3 May to 11 May 1909). The convention led to the adoption of the
1025:
The Cape qualified franchise would be left alone, but the future
232:
over the Free State, which it had previously controlled as the
1290:"THE SOUTH AFRICA ACT, 1877— RENEWAL. (Hansard, 20 July 1882)"
490:- Commissioner of Public Works and South African Party MP for
1081:—Extract from a letter by John de Villiers to John Merriman.
413:
in 1908 which explained the constitutional structures of the
1170:. Because Parliament was legally sovereign, and because the
610:- Prime Minister and Minister of Native Affairs, and MP for
812:- Constitutionalist Party Member of the Legislative Council
503:- Secretary for Agriculture and South African Party MP for
1209:. Cape Town: Cape Times Limited Government Printers. 1910.
200:
of the Orange Free State followed up the petition with a
1087:
Lord de Villiers and His Times: South Africa 1842—1914.
832:
and President of the Executive and Legislative Councils
350:
representing the Orange River Colony. Rhodesia and the
247:
similarly resolved that it would be "desirable" for a
1340:(MA thesis). University of Cape Town. pp. 72–73.
697:- Colonial Treasurer and National Association MP for
1166:, which intended to remove coloured voters from the
1029:
would be allowed to decide the matter in the future.
939:The status of the two dominant European languages,
803:- Minister of Agriculture and Orangia Unie MP for
844:- former Minister without Portfolio, Cape Colony
1227:. Cape Town: Juta & Co. Limited. p. 6.
1069:
877:
620:- Minister of Railways and Harbours and MP for
441:The delegates to the National Convention were:
1685:Constitutional conventions (political meeting)
156:. Two-thirds had fought on either side of the
90:Convention on the Closer Union of South Africa
770:- Prime Minister and Colonial Secretary, and
8:
1710:South Africa and the Commonwealth of Nations
148:men, a third of them were farmers, ten were
1555:"Conflicts of Interests in S African Union"
1162:In 1951, the National Party introduced the
391:(f) in the Convention the voting shall be
688:- Colonial Secretary and Het Volk MP for
1184:Convention for a Democratic South Africa
52:(far left), FR Moor (second from left),
20:
1198:
928:How South Africa would be divided into
338:representing the Transvaal Colony; and
1351:Marriott, John Arthur Ransome (1927).
64:(second from right) were also present.
1479:
1477:
1475:
1429:
1427:
1375:The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi
1164:Separate Representation of Voters Act
292:High Commissioner for Southern Africa
7:
1372:Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand (2015).
1357:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp.
1314:
1312:
1310:
1269:
1267:
1236:
1234:
1218:
1216:
563:- Progressive Party MP for Cape Town
473:- Prime Minister and Treasurer, and
838:- Member of the Legislative Council
1596:Minutes of the National Convention
1403:Minutes of the National Convention
895:Minutes of the National Convention
785:(Vice-President of the Convention)
302:described as an equivalent of the
14:
1705:Political history of South Africa
730:- Progressive Association MP for
720:- Progressive Association MP for
104:(12 October to 5 November 1908),
1179:that would continue until 1955.
906:Whether South Africa would be a
856:
348:Alfred Ernest William Ramsbottom
120:and thus to the creation of the
1321:The Unification of South Africa
998:unlimited legislative authority
706:- Leader of the Opposition and
589:Johannes Hendricus Meiring Beck
573:and South African Party MP for
567:Hercules Christiaan van Heerden
552:Walter Ernest Mortimer Stanford
1656:The South African Constitution
1641:The South African Constitution
1626:The South African Constitution
1611:The South African Constitution
1582:The South African Constitution
1541:The South African Constitution
1526:The South African Constitution
1511:The South African Constitution
1466:The South African Constitution
1451:The South African Constitution
1436:The South African Constitution
1418:The South African Constitution
1276:The South African Constitution
1258:The South African Constitution
1243:The South African Constitution
1225:The South African Constitution
100:held between 1908 and 1909 in
1:
1700:Legal history of South Africa
1334:Kennedy Ross, Barrie (1950).
867:The delegates in Durban, 1908
591:- South African Party MP for
582:- South African Party MP for
466:(President of the Convention)
1695:20th century in South Africa
1046:In their desire to keep the
836:Charles Patrick John Coghlan
1188:1993 "interim" Constitution
1148:by the National Party from
1052:proportional representation
749:Jacobus Herculaas de la Rey
544:- Progressive Party MP for
529:- Progressive Party MP for
228:was not prepared to resume
194:Governor of the Cape Colony
40:, in 1910. The front row -
1726:
1323:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
791:James Barry Munnik Hertzog
344:James Barry Munnik Hertzog
224:, Lytton replied that the
1133:parliamentary sovereignty
783:- former State President
257:British North America Act
255:, who had introduced the
98:constitutional convention
16:Constitutional convention
1223:May, Henry John (1955).
1038:Administrative divisions
930:administrative divisions
801:Christiaan Rudolf de Wet
533:and owner-editor of the
501:Francois Stephanus Malan
406:William Philip Schreiner
324:Francois Stephanus Malan
234:Orange River Sovereignty
210:Jacobus Nicolaas Boshoff
718:James Percy Fitzpatrick
708:Progressive Association
618:Edward Mackenzie Greene
536:Eastern Province Herald
488:Jacobus Wilhelmus Sauer
320:Jacobus Wilhelmus Sauer
236:between 1848 and 1854.
94:Closer Union Convention
60:(third from right) and
1172:Statute of Westminster
1108:
1078:
985:American federal model
882:
781:Martinus Theunis Steyn
681:, Chairman of Het Volk
580:Gysbert Henry Maasdorp
411:The Framework of Union
397:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
355:province of Mozambique
241:Cape House of Assembly
65:
1690:National unifications
1489:The Spectator Archive
1319:Thompson, LM (1961).
1177:constitutional crisis
1104:
704:George Herbert Farrar
673:- Prime Minister and
608:Frederick Robert Moor
554:- Independent MP for
510:Leander Starr Jameson
461:and President of the
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
296:Lord William Selborne
122:Union of South Africa
88:), also known as the
56:(fourth from right),
31:Union of South Africa
24:
1680:1909 in South Africa
1675:1908 in South Africa
1121:Peace of Vereeniging
885:—Opening remarks by
826:William Henry Milton
738:Schalk Willem Burger
686:Jan Christiaan Smuts
642:William Boase Morcom
471:John Xavier Merriman
360:Francis James Newton
332:Jan Christiaan Smuts
316:John Xavier Merriman
261:James Anthony Froude
253:Lord Henry Carnarvon
218:Edward Bulwer-Lytton
170:Constitution of 1961
1598:. pp. 355–359.
978:qualified franchise
967:Federal or unitary?
842:Lewis Lloyd Michell
633:Charles John Smythe
561:John William Jagger
527:Edgar Harris Walton
475:South African Party
463:Legislative Council
188:sent a petition to
134:Orange River Colony
86:Nasionale Konvensie
78:Nationale Conventie
70:National Convention
1405:. pp. xi–xii.
1048:provincial council
873:Contentious issues
751:- Het Volk MP for
740:- Het Volk MP for
728:Henry Lill Lindsay
695:Henry Charles Hull
569:- Chairman of the
336:Henry Charles Hull
226:British government
214:Colonial Secretary
118:British Parliament
66:
58:Henry Charles Hull
1294:api.parliament.uk
958:would be located.
932:, especially the
891:Governor of Natal
514:Progressive Party
448:Cape of Good Hope
186:Orange Free State
1717:
1660:
1659:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1628:. pp. 9–10.
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1420:. pp. 7–15.
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1157:South Africa Act
1117:South Africa Act
1093:
1027:Union Parliament
898:
893:, quoted in the
860:
646:Pietermartizburg
512:- Leader of the
455:John de Villiers
245:House of Commons
152:, and some were
138:Transvaal Colony
114:South Africa Act
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1559:History Moments
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1283:
1278:. pp. 4–5.
1273:
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1099:Stephen Leacock
1095:
1092:, London, 1925.
1080:
1067:
1040:
1006:
969:
900:
884:
875:
870:
869:
868:
866:
861:
849:
768:Abraham Fischer
629:- MP for Umgeni
439:
340:Abraham Fischer
206:State President
204:requesting the
190:Sir George Grey
178:
158:Second Boer War
46:Abraham Fischer
17:
12:
11:
5:
1723:
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1142:National Party
1128:
1125:
1083:Eric A. Walker
1068:
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564:
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531:Port Elizabeth
524:
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485:
468:
443:
438:
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431:Mahatma Gandhi
285:Boer republics
276:First Boer War
269:Canadian model
265:Downing Street
177:
174:
35:Prime Minister
27:first ministry
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
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1658:. p. 18.
1657:
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1643:. p. 15.
1642:
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1627:
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1613:. p. 17.
1612:
1605:
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1597:
1591:
1588:
1584:. p. 16.
1583:
1576:
1573:
1561:. 3 June 2015
1560:
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1543:. p. 12.
1542:
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1528:. p. 11.
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1513:. p. 10.
1512:
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1438:. p. 14.
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1123:was signed".
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724:South Central
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631:
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627:Thomas Hyslop
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559:
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547:
546:Fort Beaufort
543:
542:Thomas Smartt
540:
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511:
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459:Chief Justice
456:
453:
452:
450:
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445:
444:
442:
436:
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416:
415:United States
412:
407:
402:
401:mining houses
396:
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387:
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363:
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341:
337:
333:
329:
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321:
317:
311:
309:
305:
304:Durham Report
301:
297:
293:
290:In 1907, the
288:
286:
281:
280:customs union
277:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
249:confederation
246:
242:
239:In 1871, the
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
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83:
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75:
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1610:
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1595:
1590:
1581:
1575:
1563:. Retrieved
1558:
1549:
1540:
1534:
1525:
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1510:
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1492:. Retrieved
1488:
1468:. p. 9.
1465:
1459:
1453:. p. 8.
1450:
1444:
1435:
1417:
1411:
1402:
1397:
1374:
1367:
1353:
1346:
1336:
1329:
1320:
1297:. Retrieved
1293:
1284:
1275:
1260:. p. 3.
1257:
1251:
1245:. p. 7.
1242:
1224:
1206:
1201:
1181:
1168:voters' roll
1161:
1154:
1130:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1096:
1086:
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1073:
1070:
1060:
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961:
956:capital city
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894:
883:
878:
850:
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772:Orangia Unie
761:Orange River
759:
661:
599:
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492:Aliwal North
483:Stellenbosch
465:
446:
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410:
398:
392:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
312:
299:
289:
273:
238:
179:
162:
130:Natal Colony
110:Bloemfontein
93:
89:
85:
77:
69:
67:
18:
1074:ultra vires
753:Ventersdorp
671:Louis Botha
653:* - MP for
651:Thomas Watt
644:* - MP for
637:Lions River
622:Lions River
522:Grahamstown
516:and MP for
427:Switzerland
328:Louis Botha
230:sovereignty
192:, the then
126:Cape Colony
50:JBM Hertzog
38:Louis Botha
1669:Categories
1194:References
1138:Afrikaners
990:Australian
954:Where the
908:federation
795:Smithfield
732:Troyeville
699:Georgetown
690:Wonderboom
679:Standerton
505:Malmesbury
417:, Canada,
393:per capita
352:Portuguese
202:resolution
176:Background
168:under the
1155:That the
1146:apartheid
1090:Constable
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945:Afrikaans
934:provinces
919:franchise
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663:Transvaal
655:Newcastle
635:- MP for
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556:Tembuland
518:Kimberley
437:Delegates
419:Australia
198:Volksraad
154:academics
106:Cape Town
82:Afrikaans
1152:onward.
1065:Adoption
923:coloured
819:Rhodesia
722:Pretoria
712:Boksburg
675:Het Volk
182:burghers
166:republic
142:Rhodesia
136:and the
96:, was a
62:FS Malan
54:JC Smuts
42:JW Sauer
1565:30 June
1494:10 July
1299:29 June
949:English
943:(later
774:MP for
710:MP for
677:MP for
575:Cradock
477:MP for
423:Germany
259:, sent
184:of the
150:lawyers
116:by the
92:or the
29:of the
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925:races.
612:Weenen
496:George
346:, and
334:, and
322:, and
308:Native
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102:Durban
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1434:May.
1416:May.
1379:(PDF)
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974:Dutch
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744:South
736:Gen.
684:Gen.
669:Gen.
616:Col.
601:Natal
550:Col.
451:(12)
146:white
74:Dutch
1567:2018
1496:2018
1383:ISBN
1301:2018
1182:The
1150:1948
822:(3)
764:(5)
714:East
666:(8)
604:(5)
520:and
494:and
481:and
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