426:
bourgeois image. It is today the oldest active French feminist association. The CNFF today has an
Executive Committee of which one third is renewed every three years, elected by the General Assembly of the affiliated associations and individual members. The General Assembly is the decision-making body. The Executive Committee has a president and five vice-presidents, a secretary general and deputy secretary general, a treasurer and assistant treasurer. The goal of the CNFF in collaboration with its member organizations is to affirm the place and role of women in society, to ensure respect for their rights, and to contribute to building a united world where women are fairly represented.
311:
CNFF and the French Group for
Feminist Studies led a group that proposed a law in which paternity would be based on a reasonable presumption rather than absolute proof, the father would be required to pay to support the child, but the mother would retain parental power. The supporters of the feminists in the Chamber of Deputies would not accept this proposal, since they felt it did not encourage marriage and paternal responsibility. A law passed in 1912 required proof of paternity in writing, did not allow recognition of children of incest or adultery, and imposed heavy fines on women whose attempts to prove paternity were rejected.
339:(1914–18) began feminists were expected to suspend their demands and support their country in its struggle. During the war the CNFF would not support the pacifist movement. The official line was that French women had always been sympathetic to pacifism and sought "peace and international understanding, if not in the entire world, at least in Europe." However, "until the German women protested to their own government against its violations of international law and the crimes of its army against civilians, any cooperation with them would be a betrayal of the nation; the fact that they belong to the female sex was quite irrelevant."
378:
large families and in child welfare services. They also demanded that women should have equal access to work and equal pay whether or not they were married or had children. Some feminists noted that schemes where the father received child support payments were unlikely to achieve the desired effect. The CNFF issued a position paper in 1919 that demanded an end to the legal disadvantages to which married women were subject, allowing them to make decisions without the approval of their husband, and demanded equal parental rights with any disagreement to be decided in court.
1310:
382:
348:
144:, CNFF) is a society formed in 1901 to promote women's rights. The first members were mainly prosperous women who believed in using non-violent means to obtain rights by presenting the justice of the cause. Issues in the first half century included the right to vote, legal equality between husband and wife, paternal child support, social support for children, equal employment opportunity, equal pay for equal work and acquisition of citizenship on marriage. The National Council of French Women is affiliated with the
374:
which a French woman would remain French unless she chose to take her husband's nationality. This was proclaimed as "a big step taken in just a few years" at the CNFF meeting in 1922, but the CNFF also asked for reciprocity, the right for a foreign woman who had married a French man to automatically have the right to French citizenship. This eventually found its way into the law of 10 August 1927.
277:
187:) which called for full gender equality. The two groups decided to combine to form the CNFF, defined as a federation of associations with the purpose of improving the condition of women in education, economics, society, philanthropy and politics. By this time Eliska Vincent had lost her enthusiasm for Equality, and resigned when it joined the National Council of French Women.
366:, with partial success. The CNFF also worked to convince the French senators to pass the bill for women's suffrage. Julie Siegfried's husband, Jules Siegfried, was a deputy and won passage of the right for women to vote in 1919, but the law was rejected by the Senate. Julie Siegfried was decorated with the Knight's cross of the Legion of Honor by
327:, a wealthy philanthropist who helped organize seamstresses in Paris, was president of the labor section of the CNFF from 1913 to 1915. On the eve of World War I there were 150 societies in the CNFF including the French Union of Woman Suffrage, with 80 branches, the Society for the Improvement of Women's Lot and the Fraternal Union of women.
196:
226:, Madame Wiggishoff and Maria Pognon from the Congress on the Status and Rights of Women. Although Maria Pognon was concerned that Sarah Monod was for many the "standard-bearer of Protestantism," the choice of the majority was for Sarah Monod to be president due to her high moral and intellectual character.
417:
from 1957 to 1963. She was also a member of the secretariat of the
Commission on Women of the United Nations and the French delegation to the United Nations. She achieved major advances for African women. Françoise Bouteiller, president of the CNFF in 1998, testified to the praise given to Lafaucheux
393:
as president of the CNFF, holding this position until 1932 when she was replaced by
Marguerite Pichon-Landry. In 1925 the CNFF had 125,000 members. Sainte-Croix campaigned in 1927 to have women admitted to the police force. She presided over the CNFF's États-Généraux du Féminisme congresses in 1929,
377:
In the postwar period the CNFF prepared arguments for reform of the laws to make it easier to submit paternity suits, while retaining the mother's right to custody of the child. In 1919 the CNFF felt women should contribute to the "struggle against depopulation", and demanded improvements in aid to
171:
in Paris there were several women's congresses and meetings. Feminists differed on subjects such as the responsibility of fathers for illegitimate children, where paternal recognition would give a child the right to bear their father's name and to inherit from him, but would also in some cases give
373:
Avril de Sainte-Croix organized the CNFF congress in 1919. The congress was held in
Strasbourg on 8–9 October 1919. At this meeting it called for a reform to the laws so that a French woman who married a foreigner could choose to retain her nationality. A draft change to the law was proposed under
310:
The CNFF passed a resolution against abortion in 1906, citing the maternal mission and the altruistic function of mothers. The majority of feminists in France felt that delinquent fathers of illegitimate children should be forced to provide support, but did not deserve paternal rights. In 1903 the
425:
In 1962 the CNFF joined the
European Center of the International Council of Women, established in 1962. The CNFF campaigned against social ills including alcoholism, prostitution and the explosion of pornography in the 1970s. The CNFF works discreetly, and with mostly middle-aged members has a
398:(1878–1972) chaired the Legislation section of the CNFF from 1914 to 1927, and was secretary-general from 1929 to 1932. She was president from 1932 to 1952. Pichon-Landry was awarded the medal of the resistance and was made a Knight of the Legion of Honor.
314:
The CNFF, at first moderate in stating its position, was very active between 1909 and 1914 in advocating women's suffrage. By 1910 the CNFF had almost 75,000 members. On 11 November 1911 Sarah Monod received the Legion of Honor from the hands of
Senator
357:
Unlike other
European countries, women in France did not gain the right to vote after the war, but the CNFF gained influence and prestige. In 1919 Avril de Sainte-Croix and the CNFF engaged in a campaign to convince the Allied leaders at the
295:(ICW), created in 1888 in the United States. On 10 May 1902 the CNFF, with 40 federated associations representing 28,000 members, passed a unanimous motion that women's suffrage was the most basic of all women's demands. From 1902
255:). At its inaugural meeting the CNFF claimed to have 35 associated organizations with 21,000 members. These did not include Catholic women's groups, who were more likely to affiliate with the Patriotic League of Frenchwomen (
176:, who would be one of the founders of the CNFF, argued against paternity suits and for a national maternity fund to support unwed mothers and their children. Her proposal was rejected by the majority of attendees.
1117:
394:
1930 and 1931. These congresses focused in successive years on women's legal rights, economic standing and position in the colonies. In 1929 the
Estates General of Feminism endorsed child allowances.
1341:
160:(1841–1914) founded the feminist group "Equality of Asnières" in 1888, which engaged in a moderate form of activism for women's suffrage that drew support from bourgeois women. She succeeded
1053:
1121:
1190:
1033:
251:
44:
1555:
299:
was a strong advocate of women's suffrage in the CNFF. In 1903 Sainte-Croix was secretary general of the CNFF and also of the French branch of the
1565:
249:, and a well-known feminist by the start of the 20th century, was deeply involved in both the CNFF and in the French league for women's rights (
1560:
1529:
1502:
1469:
1440:
1413:
1386:
1231:
1174:
1147:
1083:
1016:
413:), and served as a link between this organization and the CNFF. Lefaucheux was president of the CNFF from 1954 to 1964, and president of the
300:
409:(1904–64) was active in the CNFF after World War II. Lefaucheux was also very active in the Association of Women of the French Union (
1276:
263:
women philanthropists accepted the patriarchal view of the family promulgated by their church and did not participate in the CNFF.
229:
The majority of the members of the council were moderate bourgeois
Republicans. There was a tiny minority of socialists headed by
323:(1848-1922), from a Protestant and deeply Republican bourgeois family, took over the leadership of the CNFF from Monod in 1912.
414:
292:
145:
107:
463:
406:
319:. The French government noted a number of reforms that had been inspired or recommended by the CNFF under her leadership:
168:
164:(1848–1914) as the generally recognized leader of the suffrage movement in Paris when Auclert moved to Algeria in 1888.
381:
148:(ICW). Now the oldest of French feminist organizations, it continues to work for causes related to the rights of women.
359:
1037:
316:
347:
1293:
457:
395:
525:
43:
511:
The International Abolitionist Federation campaigned for revocation of laws that regulated prostitution.
179:
The 1900 meetings included the philanthropic and educational Congress of Women's Works and Institutions (
451:
351:
296:
215:
324:
367:
234:
1342:"La plus grande féministe de France ». Mais qui est donc Madame Avril de Sainte-Croix ?"
291:(1914–18), an era when feminist movements flourished in Europe and elsewhere. The CNFF joined the
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17:
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161:
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230:
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1112:, Bibliothèque de la Société de l'histoire du protestantisme français: Papiers Sarah Monod
445:
390:
320:
280:
260:
242:
223:
219:
137:
1360:
1487:
238:
157:
1205:
1549:
1325:
1075:
The Rise of Professional Women in France: Gender and Public Administration since 1830
206:
The CNFF was formally launched on 18 April 1901. The initial committee was headed by
1223:
Gender History in a Transnational Perspective: Networks, Biographies, Gender Orders
964:
173:
1103:, Conseil national des femmes françaises, Centre des Archives du Féminisme 2 AF 3
1405:
Women's Emancipation Movements in the Nineteenth Century: A European Perspective
439:
336:
288:
211:
199:
276:
760:
1008:
Feminism and Motherhood in Western Europe, 1890-1970: The Maternal Dilemma
418:
by women she had met when she toured Africa for the council in 1975. The
195:
1378:
Wollstonecraft's Daughters: Womanhood in England and France, 1780-1920
222:(1848–1922) from the Congress of Women's Works and Institutions, and
1292:
Maitron (2015). "DUCHĂŠNE Gabrielle [DUCHĂŠNE Mathilde, Denise, dite".
380:
346:
307:
was president of the CNFF section on education from 1905 to 1920.
275:
194:
771:
769:
1489:
Cross Currents in the International Women's Movement, 1848-1948
1462:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History: 4 Volume Set
1139:
Women for Hire: Prostitution and Sexuality in France After 1850
748:
658:
656:
362:
to address women and their problems in the charter of the new
1295:
Dictionnaire Biographique Mouvement Ouvrier Mouvement Social
172:
the father the right of custody. At one of the conferences
568:
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564:
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560:
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556:
554:
541:
539:
596:
736:
647:
1110:
l'Exposition universelle et internationale de Bruxelles
965:
Conseil National des Femmes Françaises (CNFF), Archives
870:
868:
1521:
How to Be French: Nationality in the Making since 1789
720:
718:
620:
183:) and the Congress on the Status and Rights of Women (
119:
1108:
Commissaire général du gouvernement français (1910),
1054:"Gabrielle DuchĂŞne et la recherche d'une autre route"
948:
946:
921:
919:
631:
629:
693:
691:
689:
687:
685:
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303:, which she ran from her home at 1 Avenue Malakoff.
1402:Paletschek, Sylvia; Pietrow-Ennker, Bianka (2004).
114:
103:
93:
85:
77:
69:
61:
53:
1486:
775:
761:Commissaire général du gouvernement français 1910
185:Congrès de la Condition et des Droits de la Femme
1220:Janz, Oliver; Schonpflug, Daniel (2014-04-15).
1118:"Conseil National des Femmes Françaises (CNFF)"
811:
1166:Political and Historical Encyclopedia of Women
976:
662:
8:
572:
181:Congrès des Œuvres et Institutions Féminines
27:
1348:(in French) (9). translator: Michèle Bruhat
1099:Comité d’initiative, CNFF (10 April 1901),
988:
411:Association des Femmes de l'Union Française
89:228 Boulevard Raspail - 75014 Paris, France
42:
26:
545:
422:was established to assist African women.
389:In 1922 Avril de Sainte-Croix succeeded
385:Etats généraux du féminisme, Paris, 1929
252:Ligue française pour le droit des femmes
237:, balanced by the Catholic Right led by
1120:. Archives du FĂ©minisme. Archived from
799:
535:
504:
1432:Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers
1036:. University of Angers. Archived from
1034:"Marguerite Pichon-Landry (1878-1972)"
674:
490:Marie-Jeanne Vidaillet-Peretti 2005–12
434:The presidents of the CNFF have been:
245:, a contributor to the feminist daily
142:Conseil National des femmes françaises
36:Conseil National des femmes françaises
1375:Orr, Clarissa Campbell (1996-01-01).
898:
886:
874:
859:
835:
823:
787:
724:
709:
697:
635:
584:
528:which launched the French Revolution.
301:International Abolitionist Federation
287:The CNFF peaked in the period before
7:
1485:Ward D'Itri, Patricia (1999-01-01).
952:
937:
925:
910:
847:
737:Paletschek & Pietrow-Ennker 2004
648:Paletschek & Pietrow-Ennker 2004
524:) of Feminism is a reference to the
608:
1312:Monod, Alexandrine Elisabeth Sarah
749:Monod, Alexandrine Elisabeth Sarah
420:Foundation Marie-Hélène Lefaucheux
25:
1556:Feminist organizations in France
1005:Allen, Ann Taylor (2005-07-01).
472:Jacqueline Tonnet-Imbert 1970–76
257:Ligue Patriotique des Françaises
134:National Council of French Women
29:National Council of French Women
18:National Council of French women
1458:"Avril de Sainte-Croix, Ghénia"
1381:. Manchester University Press.
1163:Fauré, Christine (2004-06-02).
1052:Carle, Emmanuelle (July 2004).
1566:International Council of Women
1346:Bulletin Archives du FĂ©minisme
1340:Offen, Karen (December 2005).
1078:. Cambridge University Press.
1072:Clark, Linda L. (2000-12-21).
597:Comité d’initiative, CNFF 1901
484:Françoise Bouteiller 1998–2000
415:International Council of Women
293:International Council of Women
156:The dignified and respectable
146:International Council of Women
108:International Council of Women
1:
1561:1901 establishments in France
1408:. Stanford University Press.
202:, first president of the CNFF
1518:Weil, Patrick (2010-07-01).
1142:. Harvard University Press.
1136:Corbin, Alain (1996-09-01).
520:The term "Estates General" (
1464:. Oxford University Press.
360:Versailles Peace Conference
1582:
663:Janz & Schonpflug 2014
621:Fonds Marie Bonnevial: BUA
493:Martine Marandel-Joly 2012
487:Françoise Delamour 2000–05
1524:. Duke University Press.
1493:. Popular Press. p.
1456:Smith, Bonnie G. (2008).
1429:Rappaport, Helen (2001).
317:Camille Ferdinand Dreyfus
141:
41:
34:
1032:Bard, Christine (2015).
458:Marguerite Pichon-Landry
396:Marguerite Pichon-Landry
48:Logo of the organization
35:
1271:. U of Nebraska Press.
1191:"Fonds Marie Bonnevial"
526:Estates-General of 1789
481:Paulette Laubie 1991–98
469:Lucie Chevalley 1964–70
464:Marie-Hélène Lefaucheux
407:Marie-Hélène Lefaucheux
1011:. Palgrave Macmillan.
386:
354:
284:
203:
81:Support women's rights
1268:Rereading Camara Laye
1058:Archives du FĂ©minisme
776:Julie Siegfried, CNFF
452:Avril de Sainte-Croix
384:
352:Avril de Sainte-Croix
350:
297:Avril de Sainte-Croix
279:
216:Avril de Sainte-Croix
198:
169:1900 World Exposition
1265:King, Adele (2002).
368:Alexandre Millerand
31:
1226:. Berghahn Books.
977:Organisation, CNFF
387:
355:
285:
283:, second president
204:
95:Official language
1531:978-0-8223-8947-7
1504:978-0-87972-782-6
1471:978-0-19-514890-9
1442:978-1-57607-101-4
1415:978-0-8047-6707-1
1388:978-0-7190-4241-6
1248:"Julie Siegfried"
1233:978-1-78238-275-1
1176:978-1-135-45691-7
1149:978-0-674-95544-8
1085:978-1-139-42686-2
1018:978-1-4039-8143-1
402:Post World War II
364:League of Nations
325:Gabrielle DuchĂŞne
305:Pauline Kergomard
162:Hubertine Auclert
130:
129:
16:(Redirected from
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573:Historique, CNFF
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476:Solange Troisier
235:Élisabeth Renaud
231:Louise Saumoneau
218:(1855–1939) and
208:Isabelle Bogelot
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1060:(in French) (7)
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989:Objectifs, CNFF
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446:Julie Siegfried
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391:Julie Siegfried
345:
343:Inter-war years
333:
321:Julie Siegfried
281:Julie Siegfried
274:
272:Pre-World War I
269:
243:Marie Bonnevial
224:Marie Bonnevial
220:Julie Siegfried
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1361:"Organisation"
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903:
901:, p. 179.
891:
889:, p. 144.
879:
877:, p. 152.
864:
862:, p. 147.
852:
850:, p. 202.
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838:, p. 138.
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826:, p. 130.
816:
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741:
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712:, p. 497.
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677:, p. 312.
667:
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613:
611:, p. 186.
601:
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548:, p. 874.
546:Rappaport 2001
534:
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522:Etats Généraux
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241:. The teacher
239:Marie Maugeret
210:. It included
192:
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158:Eliska Vincent
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1435:. ABC-CLIO.
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1206:"Historique"
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104:Affiliations
86:Headquarters
70:Legal status
54:Abbreviation
28:
1326:"Objectifs"
675:Corbin 1996
440:Sarah Monod
337:World War I
331:World War I
289:World War I
212:Sarah Monod
200:Sarah Monod
167:During the
1550:Categories
1537:2015-03-08
1510:2015-03-08
1477:2014-10-10
1448:2015-03-08
1421:2015-03-08
1394:2013-09-20
1367:2015-03-08
1352:2014-10-09
1332:2015-03-08
1318:2013-09-21
1302:2015-02-01
1284:2015-03-08
1257:2015-03-08
1239:2015-03-08
1212:2015-03-08
1197:2013-08-24
1182:2015-03-08
1155:2014-09-26
1128:2015-03-08
1091:2015-03-08
1064:2015-01-31
1044:2015-03-08
1024:2015-03-08
899:Smith 2008
887:Allen 2005
875:Allen 2005
860:Allen 2005
836:Allen 2005
824:Allen 2005
788:Carle 2004
725:Allen 2005
710:Fauré 2004
698:Offen 2005
636:Clark 2000
585:Allen 2005
499:References
430:Presidents
191:Foundation
152:Background
1298:. Maitron
953:King 2002
938:King 2002
926:King 2002
911:Bard 2015
848:Weil 2010
247:La Fronde
62:Formation
609:Orr 1996
261:Catholic
259:). Most
998:Sources
478:1976–91
466:1954–64
460:1932–54
454:1922–32
448:1912–22
442:1901–12
267:History
115:Website
78:Purpose
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138:French
99:French
73:Active
1251:(PDF)
1193:. BUA
335:When
122:.cnff
110:(ICW)
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124:.fr
120:www
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