1718:(R-NE) to introduce the measure to the House of Representatives in 1890. A native of Selma, Alabama, Vaughan believed that pensions to former slaves would provide increased economic vitality and stability to the New South. In 1891 he published a pamphlet entitled "Freedmen's Pension Bill: A Plea for American Freedmen," and sold copies at a dollar a piece. A black man who worked as a distributor of Vaughan's pamphlet was Isaiah Dickerson of Rutherford County, Tennessee. A few years later, Dickerson and Callie House would launch their own pension and reparations movement by forming an organization led by and composed of African Americans. The 1900 Nashville City Directory lists the address of the National Ex-Slave Mutual Relief, Bounty and Pension Application as being located at 903 Church Street in Nashville.
1911:
1660:
17:
28:(MRB&PA) was an organization founded for the purpose of obtaining pensions for former slaves from the Federal government as compensation and reparations for their unpaid labor and suffering. Founded in 1896 and chartered in 1898 in Nashville, Tennessee, the organization was founded by former slaves
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1482:
1713:
One early effort to obtain pensions for ex-slaves was led by white newspaper editor, Walter R. Vaughan of Omaha, Nebraska. He modeled his plan off of pensions provided by the
Federal government to former Union soldiers, and he persuaded his congressman,
1983:
1726:
The first annual convention of the
National Ex-Slave Mutual Relief, Bounty and Pension Association was held November 28 through December 1, 1898, in Nashville, Tennessee, at Gay Street Christian Church. Among those in attendance were
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2013:
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The organization also sought to provide various forms of relief and support to its members. This included burial benefits and aid to its members in times of sickness or crisis.
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96:
1998:
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The organization was subject to investigation and prosecution by the U.S. Department of
Justice and the Post Office for supposedly using the mails to defraud its members.
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1319:
635:
1988:
1674:
1575:
322:
194:
48:
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Callie House was imprisoned in 1918, and this effectively ended the legislative efforts of the
National Ex-Slave Mutual Relief, Bounty and Pension Association.
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1629:
1609:
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846:
333:
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2008:
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1735:. One primary focus of this first meeting was to take stands to support or oppose federal legislation on matters affecting former slaves.
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778:
210:
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91:
36:. According to historian Mary Frances Berry, the organization was "the first mass reparations movement led by African Americans."
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1216:
866:
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856:
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2003:
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768:
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592:
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1111:
918:
668:
587:
1951:"No Pensions for Ex-Slaves: How Federal Agencies Suppressed Movement to Aid Freedpeople"
1570:
995:
965:
723:
713:
544:
1977:
1639:
1634:
1939:
1123:
935:
663:
526:
29:
1940:"Reparations for Freedmen, 1890–1916: Fraudulent Practices or Justice Deferred?"
1747:(D-KS) in March 1898 to obtain homesteads for former slaves and their families.
1289:
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798:
678:
462:
1906:
1732:
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133:
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960:
693:
472:
299:
1984:
African-American history between emancipation and the civil rights movement
16:
1005:
930:
923:
1093:
399:
1000:
773:
15:
803:
26:
National Ex-Slave Mutual Relief, Bounty and
Pension Association
20:
Co-Founder of the MRB&PA Callie House (1861–1928).
1596:
Unarmed
African Americans killed by police officers
1961:(2). National Archives and Records Administration
1743:The organization supported a bill introduced by
323:Education of freed people during the Civil War
1945:vol. 57, no. 3 (July 1972), pp. 219–230.
1694:
8:
2014:Reparations for slavery in the United States
334:Historically black colleges and universities
318:Education during the slave period in the US
1701:
1687:
1558:
1149:
1059:
886:
824:
749:
641:National Black Caucus of State Legislators
618:
514:
242:
70:
43:
97:Slavery in the colonial history of the US
1999:African Americans' rights organizations
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55:
1886:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp.
1855:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp.
1793:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp.
1989:African-American history of Tennessee
1949:Perry, Miranda Booker (Summer 2010).
1824:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p.
839:Athletic associations and conferences
328:History of African-American education
7:
762:Association for the Study of African
1576:Race and ethnicity in the US census
1077:African-American Vernacular English
646:National Conference of Black Mayors
779:National Black Chamber of Commerce
14:
2009:Organizations established in 1898
1994:African-American fraternal orders
1483:Places by plurality of population
149:Civil rights movement (1954–1968)
139:Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
92:Abolitionism in the United States
1909:
1658:
180:Black Belt in the American South
784:National Council of Negro Women
1581:Racism against Black Americans
1:
789:National Pan-Hellenic Council
1934:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
1930:Berry, Mary Frances (2005).
1880:Berry, Mary Frances (2005).
1849:Berry, Mary Frances (2005).
1818:Berry, Mary Frances (2005).
1787:Berry, Mary Frances (2005).
1591:School segregation in the US
1129:Black American Sign Language
1103:Languages and other dialects
418:African-American businesses
2030:
956:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
631:Congressional Black Caucus
598:African Diaspora Religions
385:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
1943:Journal of Negro History,
1463:US states and territories
764:American Life and History
486:Lift Every Voice and Sing
195:Treatment of the enslaved
1932:My Face Is Black Is True
1883:My Face Is Black Is True
1852:My Face Is Black Is True
1821:My Face Is Black Is True
1790:My Face Is Black Is True
1665:United States portal
1072:African-American English
583:African-American Muslims
144:Jim Crow era (1896–1954)
1586:Reparations for slavery
674:Back-to-Africa movement
573:Black Hebrew Israelites
451:African-American beauty
1759:Federal investigations
1056:Dialects and languages
216:Second Great Migration
21:
1716:William James Connell
1468:US metropolitan areas
1295:List of neighborhoods
909:Alabama Creole people
899:African-American Jews
831:Negro league baseball
794:National Urban League
746:Civic/economic groups
578:African-American Jews
468:African-American hair
330:, after the Civil War
159:Post–civil rights era
19:
1917:United States portal
1625:Criminal stereotypes
1400:District of Columbia
1117:Afro-Seminole Creole
559:Non-Christian groups
154:Black power movement
118:during the Civil War
87:Atlantic slave trade
1739:Legislative efforts
1021:Sierra Leone Creole
982:Specific ancestries
867:Southwestern (SWAC)
390:Black History Month
221:New Great Migration
175:Agriculture history
34:Isaiah H. Dickerson
2004:Community building
1745:Jeremiah D. Botkin
1030:Sexual orientation
904:Afro-Puerto Ricans
857:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
492:Self-determination
456:Black is beautiful
122:Reconstruction era
22:
1711:
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1320:Dallas-Fort Worth
1137:
1136:
1047:
1046:
991:Americo-Liberians
874:
873:
812:
811:
737:
736:
606:
605:
550:Womanist theology
500:
499:
442:Symbols and ideas
228:
227:
107:Antebellum period
102:Revolutionary War
57:African Americans
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1970:
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1559:
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1150:
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1063:English dialects
1060:
1016:Samaná Americans
941:Creoles of color
887:
825:
769:Black conductors
750:
619:
593:Louisiana Voodoo
515:
260:Family structure
243:
190:Military history
185:Business history
116:military history
71:
44:
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2019:
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1974:
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1938:Berry, Mary F.
1929:
1926:
1924:Further reading
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1390:Historic places
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822:
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733:
650:
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588:Nation of Islam
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280:Musical theater
240:
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211:Great Migration
68:
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12:
11:
5:
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1035:
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996:Creek Freedmen
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2015:
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1897:1-4000-4003-5
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1868:
1866:1-4000-4003-5
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1835:1-4000-4003-5
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1804:1-4000-4003-5
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40:Early history
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18:
1963:. Retrieved
1958:
1954:
1942:
1931:
1882:
1875:
1851:
1844:
1820:
1813:
1789:
1782:
1770:
1762:
1754:
1742:
1725:
1712:
1538:Sierra Leone
1370:Philadelphia
1340:Jacksonville
936:Brass Ankles
689:Conservatism
664:Afrocentrism
636:Joint Center
527:Black church
518:Institutions
433:Billionaires
423:Middle class
376:Celebrations
339:Fraternities
30:Callie House
25:
23:
1965:16 February
1722:Conventions
1606:Stereotypes
1533:Nova Scotia
1415:Mississippi
1375:San Antonio
1355:Los Angeles
1290:Black mecca
1217:Mississippi
1124:Negro Dutch
946:Dominickers
890:Multiethnic
799:TransAfrica
709:Nationalism
679:Black power
463:Black pride
428:Upper class
127:Politicians
1978:Categories
1733:R. H. Boyd
1172:California
1146:Population
719:Patriotism
704:Liberalism
684:Capitalism
655:Ideologies
536:Theologies
395:Juneteenth
367:Literature
295:Newspapers
203:Migrations
134:Juneteenth
1775:Footnotes
1731:and Rev.
1630:Hollywood
1620:Blackface
1555:Prejudice
1473:US cities
1350:Lexington
1325:Davenport
1305:Baltimore
1281:US cities
1257:Tennessee
1207:Louisiana
1153:US states
961:Melungeon
931:Blaxicans
729:Socialism
694:Garveyism
669:Anarchism
473:Good hair
300:Soul food
270:Folktales
1955:Prologue
1670:Category
1493:Diaspora
1420:Missouri
1345:Kentucky
1272:Virginia
1242:Oklahoma
1227:New York
1222:Nebraska
1212:Maryland
1187:Illinois
1167:Arkansas
1006:Merikins
951:Freedmen
924:Mascogos
724:Populism
615:Politics
510:Religion
480:Stepping
246:Lifeways
82:Timeline
49:a series
47:Part of
1767:Decline
1528:Liberia
1410:Georgia
1405:Florida
1335:Houston
1330:Detroit
1315:Chicago
1300:Atlanta
1192:Indiana
1182:Georgia
1177:Florida
1162:Alabama
1094:Tutnese
973:Redbone
699:Leftism
400:Kwanzaa
357:Studies
309:Schools
238:Culture
167:Aspects
112:Slavery
74:Periods
66:History
1894:
1888:70, 72
1863:
1832:
1801:
1795:230, 4
1562:Racism
1523:Israel
1513:France
1508:Canada
1503:Africa
1310:Boston
1247:Oregon
1202:Kansas
1112:Gullah
1001:Gullah
821:Sports
568:Hoodoo
1857:70–75
1675:Index
1518:Ghana
1440:Texas
1365:Omaha
1262:Texas
774:NAACP
285:Names
275:Music
255:Dance
1967:2016
1892:ISBN
1861:ISBN
1830:ISBN
1799:ISBN
1608:and
1267:Utah
1237:Ohio
1197:Iowa
804:UNCF
265:Film
114:and
32:and
24:The
362:Art
1980::
1959:42
1957:.
1953:.
1890:.
1859:.
1828:.
1826:34
1797:.
51:on
1969:.
1900:.
1869:.
1838:.
1807:.
1702:e
1695:t
1688:v
488:"
484:"
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