498:
40:
2691:
744:
Requirements are balanced through estimated costs and estimated benefits. For example, FMVSS #208 effectively mandates the installation of frontal airbags in all new vehicles in the United States, for it is written such that no other technology can meet the stipulated requirements. It has been argued that even using conservative cost figures and optimistic benefit figures, airbags' cost–benefit ratio so extreme that it may fall outside of the cost–benefit requirements for mandatory safety devices. Cost–benefit requirements have been used as the basis for
684:) controlling 85% of the market. The ongoing ban on newer vehicles considered safe in countries with lower vehicle-related death rates has created a perception that an effect of NHTSA's regulatory activity is to protect the U.S. market for a modified oligopoly consisting of the three U.S.-based automakers and the American operations of foreign-brand producers. It has been suggested that the impetus for NHTSA's seeming preoccupation with market control rather than vehicular safety performance is a result of overt market protections such as
829:(NCAP) in response to Title II of the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act of 1972, to encourage manufacturers to build safer vehicles and consumers to buy them. Since that time, the agency has improved the program by adding rating programs, facilitating access to test results, and revising the format of the information to make it easier for consumers to understand. NHTSA asserts the program has influenced manufacturers to build vehicles that consistently achieve high ratings.
4489:
774:(CAFE), which is intended to incentivize the production of fuel-efficient vehicles by dint of fuel economy requirements measured against the sales-weighted harmonic average of each manufacturer's range of vehicles. Many governments outside North America promote fuel economy by heavily taxing motor fuel and/or by including a vehicle's weight, engine size, or fuel economy in calculating vehicle registration taxes (
4499:
864:
753:
demonstrated safety benefit to amber over red. More recent NHTSA-sponsored research has demonstrated that amber rear turn signals provide significantly better crash avoidance than red ones, and NHTSA has found there is no significant cost penalty to amber signals versus red ones, yet the agency has not moved to require amber—instead proposing in 2015 to award extra
2544:
797:
787:
726:
have acknowledged the functional equivalence of the UN and U.S. regulations, encouraged developing countries to recognize and accept both, and advocated for equal recognition of both systems in developed countries. However, some structural features of the U.S. legal system are incompatible with some
656:
effort to close down the grey market in 1988. As a result, it was no longer possible to import foreign vehicles into the United States as a personal import, with few exceptions—primarily vehicles meeting
Canadian regulations substantially similar to those of the United States, and vehicles imported
637:
performance of vehicles and their components. Many of the world's countries accept or require vehicles and equipment built to the UN Regulations, but the U.S. does not recognize the UN Regulations and blocks the importation of vehicles and components not manufacturer-certified as complying with the
514:
effectively or to act within timeframes on petitions and investigations; having no process in place for critical agency responsibilities like evaluating petitions, and having failed to implement consensus recommendations derived from the
Inspector General's audit a decade before, in 2011. The 2018
608:
and since the level of large commercial truck traffic has substantially increased from the 1960s, but highway capacity has not kept up. However, other factors exert significant influence; Canada has lower roadway death and injury rates despite a vehicle mix and regulations similar to those of the
743:
for every safety device, system, or design feature mandated for installation on vehicles. No device, system, or design feature may be mandated unless it costs no more than a specified amount of money per life saved, or will save more money (in property damage, health care, etc.) than it costs.
752:
to emit amber light so they might be distinguished from adjacent red brake lamps, U.S. regulations permit rear turn signals to emit either amber or red light. This has historically been justified on grounds of lower manufacturing cost and greater automaker styling freedom in the context of no
719:
requirements cost-prohibitive. The initial bumper regulations were intended to prevent functional damage to a vehicle's safety-related components such as lights and fuel system components when subjected to barrier crash tests at 5 miles per hour (8 km/h) at the front and 2.5 mph
485:. Other than that, NHTSA has issued only a few regulations in the past 25 years. Most of the reduction in vehicle fatality rates during the last third of the 20th century were gained from the initial NHTSA safety standards during 1968–1984 and subsequent voluntary changes in vehicle
1692:
296:. Additional federal vehicle standards are contained elsewhere in the CFR. Another of NHTSA's activities is the collection of data about motor vehicle crashes, available in various data files maintained by the National Center for Statistics and Analysis, in particular the
843:
515:
audit found NHTSA incapable of conducting adequate, timely safety recalls. The 2015 audit found NHTSA's collection and analysis of safety-related data to be inadequate, and the agency to be lackadaisical and careless in examining safety defects.
803:
802:
799:
798:
804:
455:) expanded NHTSA's scope to include consumer information programs. Despite improvements in vehicle design and public awareness of issues like drunk driving, traffic fatalities have remained stubbornly high. In the early 2020s, more than
2721:
2548:
328:
801:
660:
In 1998, NHTSA exempted vehicles older than 25 years from the rules it administers, since these are presumed to be collector vehicles. In 1999, certain very low production volume specialist vehicles were also exempt for
509:
Audits by the U.S. Department of
Transportation's Office of the Inspector General in 2011, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2018, and 2021 have concluded that NHTSA is ineffectual; the 2021 audit found NHTSA failing to issue or update
2579:
2794:
522:
for the U.S.) in a 2004 book by former
General Motors safety researcher Leonard Evans shows other countries achieving greater traffic safety improvements over time than those achieved in the United States:
2676:
885:
390:) that created the National Traffic Safety Agency, the National Highway Safety Agency, and the National Highway Safety Bureau, predecessor agencies to what would eventually become NHTSA. Once the
5824:
5140:
2051:
5052:
609:
U.S. Nevertheless, the widespread use of truck-based vehicles as passenger carriers is correlated with roadway deaths and injuries not only directly by dint of vehicular safety performance
5534:
645:
arose in the late 1970s. This provided a method to acquire vehicles not officially offered in the United States, but enough vehicles imported this way were faulty, shoddy, and unsafe that
3407:
818:
United States has been the first country/region to have a NCAP program before being copied by other regional, European, American, Asiatic, Oceanic or global NCAP programs. This makes the
505:(red), miles traveled (blue), per one million people (orange), total annual deaths (light blue), VMT in tens of billions (dark blue), and population in millions (teal), from 1921 to 2017
5601:
5398:
2572:
2463:
4657:
1205:
2661:
5447:
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613:, but also indirectly through the relatively low fuel costs that facilitate the use of such vehicles in North America. Motor vehicle fatalities decline as gasoline prices increase.
839:("Occupant Crash Protection"), except that the frontal 4 NCAP test is conducted at 35 mph (56 km/h), rather than 30 mph (48 km/h) as required by FMVSS No. 208.
5299:
4684:
4445:
2848:
2281:
629:
across Europe to standardize best practices in vehicle design and equipment and minimize technical barriers to pan-European vehicle trade and traffic. This eventually became the
600:
Research suggests one reason the U.S. continues to lag in traffic safety is the relatively high prevalence in the U.S. of pickup trucks and SUVs, which a 2003 study by the U.S.
5834:
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630:
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394:(FMVSS) came into effect, vehicles not certified by the maker or importer as compliant with US safety standards were no longer legal to import into the United States.
4750:
5564:
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4137:
1288:
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703:
automobile, which contemporary journalists described as one of the safest vehicles available at the time. NHTSA disapproved the SM's designs featuring steerable
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1158:
357:
227:
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2699:
1146:
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5133:
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temporarily for display or research purposes. In practice, the gray market involved a few thousand cars annually, before its virtual elimination in 1988.
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4990:
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2552:
323:
239:
235:
150:
5740:
5465:
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2610:
2127:
Thompson, Kimberly M.; Segui-Gomez, Maria; Graham, John D. (October 3, 2002). "Validating
Benefit and Cost Estimates: The Case of Airbag Regulation".
2059:
836:
832:
The first standardized 35 mph (56 km/h) front crash test was on May 21, 1979, and the first results were released on
October 15 that year.
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4711:
4702:
3057:
2803:
497:
5629:
5454:
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231:
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found are significantly less safe than passenger cars. Comparisons of past data with the present in the U.S. can result in distortions, due to a
5527:
5205:
4813:
4603:
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1140:
727:
aspects of the UN regulatory system. Studies have concluded that commonizing regulations between the US and the rest of the world (which uses
511:
391:
246:
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4157:
3035:
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points to passenger vehicles with amber rear turn signals. As of
September 2022, however, the agency has not put this proposal into effect.
300:(FARS), the Crash Investigation Sampling System (CISS, where technicians investigate a random sample of police crash reports), and others.
5819:
5045:
4932:
4736:
4670:
4652:
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474:
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519:
297:
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911:
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218:
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on all passenger vehicles by the 2012 model year. This technology was first brought to public attention in 1997, with the
Swedish
5541:
5476:
4455:
4288:
4193:
4183:
4142:
4122:
809:
335:
In 1966, Congress held a series of publicized hearings regarding highway safety, passed legislation to make the installation of
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5262:
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5119:
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4785:
4778:
4771:
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4293:
3341:
2651:
2636:
1589:
1231:
444:
423:
411:
2409:
McDonald, Kevin M. "Shifting Out of Park: Moving Auto Safety from
Recalls to Reason" (Lawyers & Judges Publishing, 2006).
39:
5615:
5608:
5212:
4535:
3923:
3709:
3539:
2656:
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2536:
2097:
889:
771:
281:
254:
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2005:
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2496:
1295:
601:
262:
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2028:
1801:"Wheeling-Dealing Gray Market Hits the Skids: Bad Publicity, Corporate Action, Legislation Put Brakes on Car Conversions"
1449:
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5587:
5126:
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4615:
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regulation in the U.S; for example, while many countries in the world since at least the early 1970s have required rear
712:
693:
633:, which began to promulgate what would eventually become the UN Regulations on the design, construction, and safety and
478:
4633:
1471:
Weaknesses in NHTSA's
Training and Guidance Limit Its Ability To Set and Enforce Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards
5571:
5329:
4856:
4693:
4330:
3450:
3435:
3412:
3307:
2954:
924:
The agency has an annual budget of $ 1.09 billion (FY2020). The agency classifies most of its spending under the
250:
874:
699:
An example of the market-control effects of NHTSA's regulatory protocol is found in the agency's 1974 banning of the
5814:
5313:
5091:
4544:
4173:
4112:
3534:
3519:
3402:
2084:
826:
431:
398:
378:
361:
340:
1721:
893:
878:
740:
668:
In the mid-1960s, when the framework was established for US vehicle safety regulations, the US auto market was an
17:
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4997:
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3734:
3529:
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3168:
3102:
2944:
634:
4909:
1978:
5405:
4983:
4188:
4107:
3997:
3977:
3878:
3851:
3524:
3455:
3302:
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720:(4 km/h) at the rear. However, these regulations at low-speed collisions did not enhance occupant safety.
277:
1372:
5756:
5716:
5700:
5670:
5412:
5382:
4152:
4029:
3801:
3269:
2530:
846:(SAFETEA–LU), the agency has issued a Final Rule requiring manufacturers to place NCAP star ratings on the
261:
and importers, allows or blocks the import of vehicles and safety-regulated vehicle parts, administers the
5724:
5375:
5031:
4939:
4178:
4117:
3918:
3856:
3724:
3626:
3574:
3112:
2939:
1493:
Inadequate Data and Analysis Undermine NHTSA's Efforts To Identify and Investigate Vehicle Safety Concerns
650:
502:
456:
1800:
5283:
4528:
4383:
4310:
3816:
3759:
3639:
3324:
3190:
3018:
2976:
2924:
2904:
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and a smaller amount on energy security matters of which it is in charge, i.e., vehicular fuel economy.
2515:
1877:
2525:
5686:
4962:
4398:
4221:
3943:
3846:
3806:
3786:
3744:
3719:
3684:
3666:
3477:
3134:
2981:
2136:
681:
642:
258:
257:(CAFE) system. FMVSS 209 was the first standard to become effective on March 1, 1967. NHTSA licenses
122:
2249:
2216:
462:
NHTSA has conducted numerous high-profile investigations of automotive safety issues, including the
5656:
5391:
4884:
4007:
4002:
3992:
3955:
3873:
3863:
3821:
3764:
3704:
3674:
3579:
3363:
3178:
3129:
2814:
2505:
2439:
2338:
1662:
Grabowski, David C.; Morrissey, Michael A. (2004). "Gasoline Prices and Motor Vehicle Fatalities".
745:
723:
314:
4498:
1956:
1829:
5663:
4362:
4337:
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4079:
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3960:
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3634:
3609:
3594:
3460:
3200:
3163:
2971:
2949:
2862:
2453:
2160:
1953:"An Evaluation of the Bumper Standard - As Modified in 1982 - NHTSA Report Number DOT HS 807 072"
1644:
677:
626:
374:
2200:
1619:
Robertson, Leon S. (2006). "Motor Vehicle Deaths: Failed Policy Analysis and Neglected Policy".
1424:
1417:
688:
and local-content laws having become politically unpopular due to the increasing popularity of
5640:
5548:
5147:
4726:
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4435:
4325:
4273:
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3883:
3661:
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3375:
3284:
3072:
2500:
2257:
2224:
2183:
2144:
1903:
1671:
1628:
1482:
NHTSA's Management of Light Passenger Vehicle Recalls Lacks Adequate Processes and Oversight
1326:. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. United States Department of Transportation
1269:. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. United States Department of Transportation
847:
662:
470:
269:
192:
95:
2772:
625:, a consortium called the Economic Commission for Europe had been established to normalize
272:
used in U.S. safety testing as well as the test protocols themselves, and provides vehicle
5693:
5513:
5006:
4925:
4743:
4662:
4347:
4251:
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4084:
3933:
3796:
3691:
3544:
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3087:
3040:
2914:
2899:
2894:
2879:
2867:
2519:
2509:
728:
486:
266:
2319:"The Effectiveness of Amber Rear Turn Signals for Reducing Rear Impacts, DOT HS 811 115"
2140:
4900:
4877:
4863:
4393:
4357:
4305:
4268:
4059:
3972:
3781:
3484:
3430:
3279:
3212:
3077:
3045:
2993:
2934:
2606:
2085:
Regulatory Economics in the Courts: an Analysis of Judge Scalia's NHTSA Bumper Decision
1693:"Automotive Regulations and Certification Processes: Global Manufacturers' Perspective"
1083:
673:
622:
353:
1852:"Car Show Classic: 1985 Citroen CX 25 GTi Series 2 – Blue Is A Warmer Color Than Grey"
1594:
2006 Status of the Nation's Highways, Bridges, and Transit: Conditions and Performance
5798:
5112:
4647:
4521:
4246:
4049:
4034:
3987:
3811:
3754:
3589:
3514:
3499:
3232:
3205:
3082:
2964:
2909:
2763:
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Budget and Programs and Chief Financial Officer
2339:"The New Car Assessment Program Suggested Approaches for Future Program Enhancements"
1345:
1238:
1037:
967:
700:
696:
in the form of technical regulations different from those outside the United States.
685:
646:
467:
2490:
2164:
1648:
1597:
844:
Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users
397:
Congress established NHTSA in 1970 with the Highway Safety Act of 1970 (Title II of
5154:
4283:
4074:
3841:
3776:
3509:
3107:
3092:
3023:
2889:
1563:
1096:
991:
954:
716:
440:
407:
387:
370:
349:
2105:
1632:
1289:"Budget Estimates Fiscal Year 2016 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration"
339:
mandatory, and created the U.S. Department of Transportation on October 15, 1966 (
2600:
Headquarters: 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE (Transportation Department Building)
292:
5269:
4870:
4799:
4579:
4573:
4502:
4388:
4054:
3604:
3569:
3472:
3440:
3358:
3237:
3097:
863:
749:
708:
319:
2318:
276:
cost information. The agency has asserted preemptive regulatory authority over
5225:
4955:
4627:
4597:
4567:
4513:
4481:
Company still exists but is no longer in the automotive manufacturing business
4241:
4236:
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3739:
3584:
3564:
3465:
3390:
3346:
3274:
3264:
3247:
3067:
2959:
2874:
850:(automobile price sticker). The rule had a September 1, 2007 compliance date.
689:
482:
336:
309:
287:
The Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards are contained in the United States
2374:
2087:
Law and Contemporary Problems volume 50 issue 4 1988 Retrieved July 29, 2015.
1899:
1492:
1481:
4591:
3888:
3699:
3621:
3185:
3151:
3013:
2148:
812:
at 35 mph (56 km/h) and 38.5 mph (62 km/h), respectively
669:
273:
2156:
1640:
27:
American agency of the Executive Branch of the Department of Transportation
4478:
Non-U.S. based parent company that owns subsidiaries headquartered in U.S.
5082:
3646:
3504:
3370:
3351:
3146:
3117:
3050:
3003:
2884:
2098:"John Graham Releases Results of Cost–Benefit Analysis of Air Bag Safety"
1900:"Global Regulatory Harmonization—One American Manufacturer's Perspective"
1557:"Are SUVs Safer than Cars? An Analysis of Risk by Vehicle Type and Model"
775:
704:
653:
463:
2722:
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Aviation and International Affairs
2444:
Report on Alcohol-Related Traffic Fatalities in the United States (2006)
2250:"World Harmonization and Procedures for Lighting and Signaling Products"
1722:"What you need to know to avoid seeing your grey market car get crushed"
427:
415:
329:
Accidental Death and Disability: The Neglected Disease of Modern Society
308:
In 1964 and 1966, public pressure grew in the United States to increase
4367:
4256:
3913:
3826:
3791:
3242:
2919:
2457:
448:
1675:
786:
641:
Because of the unavailability in America of certain vehicle models, a
280:, but this has been disputed by such state regulatory agencies as the
4585:
4342:
4261:
3948:
3868:
3834:
3252:
3217:
3141:
3122:
3030:
1902:. SAE Technical Paper Series. Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE).
1697:
U.S. Automotive Industry Coalition Meeting - Andean/Mexico Delegation
842:
To improve the dissemination of NCAP ratings, and as a result of the
1506:"Scathing Audit Reveals NHTSA Is A Five-Star Government Clusterfuck"
2261:
2256:, vol. 1, Society of Automotive Engineers - Technical Papers,
2228:
2223:, vol. 1, Society of Automotive Engineers - Technical Papers,
1907:
1562:. Transportation Research Board 82nd Annual Meeting. Archived from
4231:
4044:
3898:
3679:
3380:
3317:
3158:
2998:
1898:
Wenners, M.E.; Frusti, J.M.; Ninomiya, J.S. (September 29, 1998).
1774:"Deception on Engines Charged: 'Gray Market' Mercedes Dealer Held"
785:
496:
2282:"The Influence of Rear Turn Signal Characteristics on Crash Risk"
2215:
Hitzemeyer, Erwin G.; Wilde, Helmut; Ellenberger, Donald (1977),
731:) would save significant money, likely without affecting safety.
3385:
2857:
2713:
Office of Policy Development, Strategic Planning and Performance
1979:"Top 5: Citroen SM innovations that saw the future video - CNET"
1237:. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Archived from
1182:. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Archived from
754:
430:). In 1972, the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act (
4666:
4517:
2776:
2561:
835:
The agency established a frontal impact test protocol based on
3329:
2755:
National Surface Transportation and Innovative Finance Bureau
2737:
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology
2448:
Peltzman, Sam. "The Effects of Automobile Safety Regulation."
2344:. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. January 2007
2052:"Wiping out U.S.-EU rules disparities would yield big savings"
857:
249:
as well as regulations for motor vehicle theft resistance and
2707:
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Transportation Policy
1596:. United States Department of Transportation. Archived from
692:, thus driving the industry to adopt less visible forms of
210:
711:
design that was then mandatory in the U.S. as well as its
5535:
National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
2483:
790:
Consumer information label for a vehicle with NCAP rating
477:
problem. The agency has introduced a proposal to mandate
459:
U.S. residents died in automotive collisions every year.
201:
5602:
Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972
5399:
Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974
2662:
Great Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation
5448:
Emergency Daylight Saving Time Energy Conservation Act
2682:
Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration
2464:"U.S. Appeals Court Orders New Fuel Economy Standards"
822:
colloquial and design either US NCAP or generic NCAP.
33:
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)
5300:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
4446:
List of automobiles manufactured in the United States
322:, an activist lawyer, and the report prepared by the
219:
207:
198:
2746:
John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center
1716:
1714:
1423:(Third ed.). Oxford University Press. pp.
631:
World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations
204:
161:
5825:
United States Department of Transportation agencies
5639:
5464:
5420:
Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1972
5224:
5076:
Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants
5023:
4846:
4701:
4423:
4407:
4376:
4206:
4166:
4100:
4093:
4020:
3421:
3293:
2844:
2833:
2698:
2628:
2537:
DOT's list of operating administrators of the NHTSA
1294:. U.S. Department of Transportation. Archived from
195:
170:
156:
146:
129:
118:
110:
102:
91:
83:
69:
51:
46:
1416:
432:
399:
379:
362:
341:
18:National Highway and Traffic Safety Administration
2324:. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
1208:. International Trade Data System. Archived from
2726:Office of International Transportation and Trade
2493:(National Highway Traffic Safety Administration)
1206:"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration"
5565:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
5427:Agriculture and Consumer Protection Act of 1973
2716:Office of Infrastructure Finance and Innovation
5249:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
4451:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
2672:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
2516:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
2506:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
2497:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
617:International counterparts and the grey market
184:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
5307:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
4678:
4529:
2788:
2573:
1159:United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
358:National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act
8:
3408:Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing
2700:Under Secretary of Transportation for Policy
2178:
2176:
2174:
1555:Wenzel, Tom; Ross, Marc (January 15, 2003).
1147:Intelligent Transportation Systems Institute
649:of North America helped launch a successful
245:NHTSA is charged with writing and enforcing
32:
5835:Regulatory authorities of the United States
5521:Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act
5134:Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973
5099:Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974
2647:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration
2006:"Ford Push for Global Regs...Meaning What?"
892:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
356:earlier on September 9, 1966, included the
5367:Securities Investor Protection Corporation
4685:
4671:
4663:
4536:
4522:
4514:
4097:
2841:
2795:
2781:
2773:
2589:United States Department of Transportation
2580:
2566:
2558:
2553:United States Department of Transportation
240:transportation safety in the United States
38:
5337:Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention Act
2217:"What Color Should Rear Turn Signals Be?"
1930:"Crouching Tariff, Hidden Trade Barrier?"
1749:"U.S. Accuses 'Gray Market' Car Importer"
1664:Journal of Policy Analysis and Management
912:Learn how and when to remove this message
837:Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 208
808:NHTSA front and side-impact tests of the
501:Annual US traffic fatalities per billion
5805:1970 establishments in the United States
5106:Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972
4656:) is being considered for deletion. See
2804:Automotive industry in the United States
939:
795:
525:
5830:Government agencies established in 1970
5630:Water Resources Development Act of 1974
5455:Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act
5344:Poison Prevention Packaging Act of 1970
5323:U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission
2333:
2331:
1951:La Heist, Warren G.; Ephraim, Frank G.
1687:
1685:
1588:Federal Highway Administration (2006).
1171:
5528:National Ambient Air Quality Standards
5206:Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970
4461:North American International Auto Show
1450:"Systemic Dysfunction at NHTSA: Audit"
1141:Insurance Institute for Highway Safety
715:, which made compliance with the 1973
512:Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards
392:Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards
247:Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards
31:
5484:Environmental Quality Improvement Act
5256:Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1970
5141:Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act
3036:Growler Manufacturing and Engineering
2029:"Legal Hurdles to Regulatory Harmony"
1525:
1523:
1390:"Crash Investigation Sampling System"
312:, culminating with the publishing of
7:
5046:Minority Business Development Agency
2202:Automotive Lighting in North America
1826:"How To: Win the Car-Importing Game"
1321:"Budget Estimates, Fiscal Year 2025"
1264:"Budget Estimates, Fiscal Year 2018"
1153:National Transportation Safety Board
890:adding citations to reliable sources
139:Sophie Shulman, Deputy Administrator
136:Sophie Shulman, Acting Administrator
5588:Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement
5353:Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act
5060:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
4991:Prevention of Nuclear War Agreement
2825:Transportation in the United States
2741:Bureau of Transportation Statistics
1590:"Chapter 14 Freight Transportation"
1504:Ballaban, Michael (June 22, 2015).
1448:Stern, Daniel (November 16, 2021).
621:In 1958, under the auspices of the
352:). Legislation signed by President
5441:Emergency Petroleum Allocation Act
5360:Securities Investor Protection Act
5293:Occupational Safety and Health Act
5277:Economic Stabilization Act of 1970
5199:District of Columbia Home Rule Act
2930:Environmental Performance Vehicles
2630:Deputy Secretary of Transportation
2620:Deputy Secretary of Transportation
2551:from websites or documents of the
2452:83, no. 4 (August 1975): 677–725.
2027:Stern, Daniel (October 28, 2013).
928:heading, with a minority spent on
437:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
404:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
384:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
367:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
346:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
298:Fatality Analysis Reporting System
25:
5556:Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1970
5491:National Environmental Policy Act
4660:to help reach a consensus. ›
2522: (archived November 12, 1996)
5542:New Source Performance Standards
5477:Council on Environmental Quality
4497:
4488:
4487:
4456:New York International Auto Show
4294:Cooper Tire & Rubber Company
4138:Kia Motors Manufacturing Georgia
2729:Office of International Aviation
2689:
2547: This article incorporates
2542:
2512: (archived January 16, 2000)
2450:The Journal of Political Economy
2104:. March 25, 1997. Archived from
1371:Calmes, Jackie (April 5, 2014).
862:
191:
5579:Coastal Zone Management Program
5500:Environmental Protection Agency
5263:Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1973
5178:Federal Contested Elections Act
5162:Drug Enforcement Administration
5120:End Stage Renal Disease Program
2750:Transportation Safety Institute
2652:Federal Railroad Administration
2637:Federal Aviation Administration
1928:Stern, Daniel (June 24, 2013).
1621:Journal of Public Health Policy
606:significant population increase
475:Toyota sticky accelerator pedal
5616:Endangered Species Act of 1973
5609:Endangered Species Act of 1969
5213:Congressional Research Service
4793:VP confirmation of Gerald Ford
3540:Clydesdale Motor Truck Company
2657:Federal Transit Administration
2642:Federal Highway Administration
2004:Stern, Daniel (May 20, 2013).
1747:Ramos, George (May 23, 1985).
772:Corporate Average Fuel Economy
282:California Air Resources Board
255:Corporate Average Fuel Economy
76:National Highway Safety Bureau
1:
5434:Federal Energy Administration
5185:Federal Election Campaign Act
4970:Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
3904:North American Bus Industries
2989:General Dynamics Land Systems
2710:Office of the Chief Economist
2050:Beene, Ryan (July 25, 2015).
1633:10.1057/palgrave.jphp.3200074
1373:"Minding the Minders of G.M."
825:In 1979, NHTSA created the/a
602:Transportation Research Board
263:vehicle identification number
5595:Marine Mammal Protection Act
5507:Clean Air Amendments of 1970
5127:Supplemental Security Income
5069:Education Amendments of 1972
4227:American Expedition Vehicles
3223:Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus
2820:Economy of the United States
1799:Dean, Paul (July 11, 1986).
713:height adjustable suspension
479:Electronic Stability Control
324:National Academy of Sciences
236:Department of Transportation
151:Department of Transportation
5820:New Car Assessment Programs
5572:Coastal Zone Management Act
5330:Consumer Product Safety Act
5113:National Cancer Act of 1971
4751:1970 Lincoln Memorial visit
4694:Presidency of Richard Nixon
4653:Presidency of Richard Nixon
4558:(Australia and New Zealand)
4545:New Car Assessment Programs
4331:Proterra (bus manufacturer)
2732:Office of Aviation Analysis
2677:Office of Inspector General
2611:Secretary of Transportation
2425:. Science Serving Society.
2389:"Past NHTSA Administrators"
2364:"safercar.gov | NHTSA"
2205:, Driving Vision News, 2011
1534:. Science Serving Society.
1415:Robertson, Leon S. (2007).
1180:"Who We Are and What We Do"
265:(VIN) system, develops the
5851:
5734:Senate Watergate Committee
5314:Permissible exposure limit
5092:Rehabilitation Act of 1973
4837:Presidential Proclamations
4394:Rezvani Automotive Designs
3535:Checker Motors Corporation
2254:SAE Technical Paper Series
2221:SAE Technical Paper Series
827:New Car Assessment Program
820:New Car Assessment Program
584:
570:
556:
542:
489:by vehicle manufacturers.
5810:Road safety organizations
5766:
5623:Oil Pollution Act of 1973
5242:Fair Credit Reporting Act
5039:Revised Philadelphia Plan
4998:Threshold Test Ban Treaty
4551:
4474:
4441:Interstate Highway System
4194:Volkswagen (Westmoreland)
3530:Carbon Motors Corporation
3169:Global Electric Motorcars
3103:Millennium Luxury Coaches
2810:
2687:
2595:
175:
37:
5773:← Johnson administration
5406:Agricultural Act of 1970
4949:1973 Chilean coup d'état
4658:templates for discussion
4158:Volkswagen (Chattanooga)
3525:Boulder Electric Vehicle
2925:Chenowth Racing Products
672:, with three companies (
278:greenhouse gas emissions
5671:Saturday Night Massacre
5413:Farm Credit Act of 1971
5383:Alternative minimum tax
4143:Mercedes-Benz (Alabama)
4030:Alpha Motor Corporation
3802:International Harvester
2667:Maritime Administration
2531:Washington Post article
2526:National Archives entry
2421:Evans, Leonard (2004).
2149:10.1111/0272-4332.00070
1530:Evans, Leonard (2004).
232:U.S. federal government
5725:United States v. Nixon
5376:Tax Reform Act of 1969
5053:Native American policy
5032:Family Assistance Plan
3113:Motor Coach Industries
2549:public domain material
2377:on September 25, 2007.
2248:Dorleans, Guy (1997),
813:
791:
770:NHTSA administers the
518:Government data (from
506:
503:vehicle miles traveled
493:Regulatory performance
106:"People saving people"
57:; 53 years ago
55:December 31, 1970
5782:Ford administration →
5284:Smithsonian Agreement
4807:Judicial appointments
4384:Calty Design Research
4184:General Motors (list)
4123:General Motors (list)
3909:Oliver Farm Equipment
3019:Chevrolet Performance
2880:Amp Electric Vehicles
2108:on September 28, 2011
2062:on September 19, 2022
2031:. Driving Vision News
2008:. Driving Vision News
1932:. Driving Vision News
1753:The Los Angeles Times
1452:. Driving Vision News
1212:on September 23, 2015
807:
789:
741:cost–benefit analysis
735:Cost and cost-benefit
724:Vehicle manufacturers
707:that were not of the
500:
259:vehicle manufacturers
125:1.6 billion (FY 2024)
5687:White House Plumbers
4399:Wheego Electric Cars
2758:Build America Bureau
2470:. November 16, 2007.
2317:Allen, Kirk (2009).
1301:on February 21, 2015
1072:Raymond A. Peck Jr.
886:improve this section
810:2006 Honda Ridgeline
464:Audi 5000/60 Minutes
5741:impeachment process
5657:Operation Sandwedge
5392:Revenue Act of 1971
5192:1970 VRA Amendments
4940:Shanghai Communiqué
4933:1972 visit to China
4885:Paris Peace Accords
4857:International trips
4737:Second inauguration
2815:Automotive industry
2440:The Century Council
2188:www.regulations.gov
2141:2002RiskA..22..803T
1832:on February 3, 2015
1419:Injury Epidemiology
1186:on October 18, 2015
936:Past administrators
627:vehicle regulations
315:Unsafe at Any Speed
87:U.S. motor vehicles
34:
5664:Operation Gemstone
4963:1972 Moscow Summit
4719:First inauguration
4582:(India and Africa)
4338:Remy International
3164:Polaris Industries
2863:Challenger Tractor
1858:. January 10, 2014
1699:. December 7, 2016
1600:on August 23, 2007
1346:"NHTSA Leadership"
1050:Jerry Ralph Curry
814:
792:
694:trade restrictions
638:U.S. regulations.
507:
375:Highway Safety Act
310:the safety of cars
5815:Automotive safety
5792:
5791:
5717:White House tapes
5708:list of opponents
5549:Noise Control Act
5148:Shafer Commission
5014:Space exploration
4984:Washington Summit
4878:Cambodian bombing
4786:1974 SOTU Address
4779:1973 SOTU Address
4772:1972 SOTU Address
4765:1971 SOTU Address
4758:1970 SOTU Address
4727:Bring Us Together
4643:
4642:
4511:
4510:
4466:SAE International
4436:Chicago Auto Show
4326:Phoenix Motorcars
4202:
4201:
4133:Hyundai (Alabama)
4016:
4015:
3968:Twentieth Century
3662:Fisker Coachbuild
3657:Fisker Automotive
3446:American LaFrance
3441:American Electric
3228:SSC North America
3009:Cadillac V series
2955:ElDorado National
2770:
2769:
2616:Polly Trottenberg
2432:978-0-9754871-0-5
2184:"Regulations.gov"
1985:. CBS Interactive
1805:Los Angeles Times
1778:Los Angeles Times
1728:. August 30, 2013
1676:10.1002/pam.20028
1541:978-0-9754871-0-5
1434:978-0-19-506956-3
1130:
1129:
1026:Ricardo Martinez
1004:Jeffrey W. Runge
980:David Strickland
922:
921:
914:
805:
598:
597:
473:problem, and the
420:December 31, 1970
253:, as part of the
180:
179:
147:Parent department
130:Agency executives
16:(Redirected from
5842:
5785:
5776:
5759:
5752:
5743:
5736:
5729:
5719:
5710:
5703:
5696:
5689:
5682:
5673:
5666:
5659:
5652:
5632:
5625:
5618:
5611:
5604:
5597:
5590:
5581:
5574:
5567:
5558:
5551:
5544:
5537:
5530:
5523:
5516:
5509:
5502:
5493:
5486:
5479:
5457:
5450:
5443:
5436:
5429:
5422:
5415:
5408:
5401:
5394:
5385:
5378:
5369:
5362:
5355:
5346:
5339:
5332:
5325:
5316:
5309:
5302:
5295:
5286:
5279:
5272:
5265:
5258:
5251:
5244:
5237:
5235:Bank Secrecy Act
5215:
5208:
5201:
5194:
5187:
5180:
5171:
5164:
5157:
5150:
5143:
5136:
5129:
5122:
5115:
5108:
5101:
5094:
5085:
5078:
5071:
5062:
5055:
5048:
5041:
5034:
5016:
5009:
5000:
4993:
4986:
4979:
4972:
4965:
4958:
4951:
4942:
4935:
4928:
4919:
4912:
4903:
4896:
4893:Peace with Honor
4887:
4880:
4873:
4866:
4859:
4839:
4832:
4830:Executive Orders
4823:
4816:
4809:
4802:
4795:
4788:
4781:
4774:
4767:
4760:
4753:
4746:
4739:
4730:
4721:
4714:
4687:
4680:
4673:
4664:
4570:(Southeast Asia)
4538:
4531:
4524:
4515:
4501:
4491:
4490:
4148:Subaru (Indiana)
4098:
4070:Lordstown Motors
4040:Bollinger Motors
3929:Sebring Vanguard
3667:Force Protection
3652:Fitch Four Drive
3285:Zero Motorcycles
3083:Lenco Industries
3073:Karma Automotive
2935:Equus Automotive
2842:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2774:
2693:
2692:
2582:
2575:
2568:
2559:
2546:
2545:
2501:Federal Register
2491:49 CFR Chapter V
2487:
2486:
2484:Official website
2471:
2436:
2397:
2396:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2373:. Archived from
2368:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2343:
2335:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2293:
2287:. Archived from
2286:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2212:
2206:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2180:
2169:
2168:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2094:
2088:
2081:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2058:. Archived from
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1959:on March 4, 2009
1955:. Archived from
1948:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1856:Curbside Classic
1848:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1828:. Archived from
1822:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1780:. April 26, 1986
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1718:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1689:
1680:
1679:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1568:
1561:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1527:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1501:
1495:
1490:
1484:
1479:
1473:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1422:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1325:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1300:
1293:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1268:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1244:on March 5, 2016
1243:
1236:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1176:
1120:Douglas W. Toms
940:
917:
910:
906:
903:
897:
866:
858:
848:Monroney sticker
806:
766:CAFE regulations
746:lighting-related
729:U.N. Regulations
663:Show and Display
535:2002 fatalities
532:1979 fatalities
526:
454:
453:October 20, 1972
438:
434:
421:
405:
401:
385:
381:
368:
364:
347:
343:
295:
222:
217:
216:
213:
212:
209:
206:
203:
200:
197:
166:
163:
96:Washington, D.C.
70:Preceding agency
65:
63:
58:
42:
35:
21:
5850:
5849:
5845:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5840:
5839:
5795:
5794:
5793:
5788:
5779:
5770:
5762:
5755:
5748:
5739:
5732:
5722:
5715:
5706:
5699:
5694:Watergate Seven
5692:
5685:
5678:
5669:
5662:
5655:
5648:
5635:
5628:
5621:
5614:
5607:
5600:
5593:
5586:
5577:
5570:
5563:
5554:
5547:
5540:
5533:
5526:
5519:
5514:Clean Water Act
5512:
5505:
5498:
5489:
5482:
5475:
5467:
5460:
5453:
5446:
5439:
5432:
5425:
5418:
5411:
5404:
5397:
5390:
5381:
5374:
5365:
5358:
5351:
5342:
5335:
5328:
5321:
5312:
5305:
5298:
5291:
5282:
5275:
5268:
5261:
5254:
5247:
5240:
5233:
5226:Economic policy
5220:
5211:
5204:
5197:
5190:
5183:
5176:
5169:Cannabis policy
5167:
5160:
5153:
5146:
5139:
5132:
5125:
5118:
5111:
5104:
5097:
5090:
5081:
5074:
5067:
5058:
5051:
5044:
5037:
5030:
5024:Domestic policy
5019:
5012:
5007:Operation CHAOS
5005:
4996:
4989:
4982:
4975:
4968:
4961:
4954:
4947:
4938:
4931:
4926:Tar Baby option
4924:
4915:
4910:Cold War period
4908:
4899:
4890:
4883:
4876:
4869:
4862:
4855:
4842:
4835:
4828:
4819:
4812:
4805:
4798:
4791:
4784:
4777:
4770:
4763:
4756:
4749:
4744:Silent majority
4742:
4735:
4724:
4717:
4710:
4697:
4691:
4661:
4644:
4639:
4630:(Latin America)
4612:(United States)
4606:(United States)
4547:
4542:
4512:
4507:
4484:
4470:
4419:
4403:
4372:
4348:Shelby American
4214:
4212:performance car
4210:
4208:
4207:Auto component
4198:
4174:Chrysler (list)
4162:
4113:Chrysler (list)
4108:BMW Spartanburg
4089:
4085:Trion Supercars
4022:
4012:
3696:General Motors
3451:American Motors
3436:American Austin
3423:
3417:
3295:
3289:
3196:Holiday Rambler
3088:Lockheed Martin
3041:Harley-Davidson
2895:ATK motorcycles
2868:Massey Ferguson
2846:
2837:
2835:
2829:
2806:
2801:
2771:
2766:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2624:
2603:
2591:
2586:
2543:
2520:Wayback Machine
2510:Wayback Machine
2482:
2481:
2478:
2462:
2433:
2420:
2406:
2404:Further reading
2401:
2400:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2336:
2329:
2321:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2297:
2295:
2294:on May 11, 2009
2291:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2266:
2264:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2233:
2231:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2199:
2195:
2182:
2181:
2172:
2126:
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1232:"THIS IS NHTSA"
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1061:Diane K. Steed
938:
930:vehicle safety,
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883:
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619:
538:Percent change
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487:crashworthiness
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419:
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383:
366:
345:
306:
288:
267:anthropomorphic
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47:Agency overview
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4864:Nixon Doctrine
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4424:Related topics
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4306:Ingersoll Rand
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4269:Detroit Diesel
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3280:VLF Automotive
3277:
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3213:Rezvani Motors
3210:
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3046:Ingersoll Rand
3043:
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2994:General Motors
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2607:Pete Buttigieg
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2476:External links
2474:
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2460:
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2437:
2431:
2423:Traffic Safety
2418:
2415:978-1933264165
2405:
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2398:
2380:
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2327:
2309:
2273:
2262:10.4271/970913
2240:
2229:10.4271/770812
2207:
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2170:
2135:(4): 803–811.
2119:
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2019:
1996:
1970:
1943:
1920:
1908:10.4271/982266
1890:
1869:
1843:
1817:
1791:
1765:
1739:
1726:Digital Trends
1710:
1681:
1670:(3): 575–593.
1654:
1627:(2): 182–189.
1611:
1580:
1569:on May 3, 2013
1547:
1540:
1532:Traffic Safety
1519:
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1433:
1407:
1381:
1376:New York Times
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1109:James Gregory
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1084:Joan Claybrook
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854:Administration
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5466:Environmental
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4977:SALT I Treaty
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4814:Supreme Court
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2371:www.nhtsa.gov
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2129:Risk Analysis
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2102:Riskworld.com
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2083:Viscusi, Kip
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2035:September 19,
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2012:September 19,
2007:
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1456:September 19,
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1394:www.nhtsa.gov
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1364:
1352:. August 2021
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968:Mark Rosekind
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948:
946:Term started
945:
942:
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931:
927:
926:driver safety
916:
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871:This section
869:
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664:
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651:congressional
648:
647:Mercedes-Benz
644:
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632:
628:
624:
616:
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612:
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603:
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468:Ford Explorer
465:
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450:
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442:
435:
429:
425:
422:, at 84
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238:, focused on
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174:
169:
165:
159:
155:
152:
149:
145:
138:
135:
134:
132:
128:
124:
121:
119:Annual budget
117:
114:626 (FY 2017)
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
94:
90:
86:
82:
75:
74:
72:
68:
54:
50:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
5780:
5771:
5723:
5701:Enemies List
5248:
5155:War on drugs
4651:
4609:
4450:
4316:Lingenfelter
4284:General Tire
4153:Tesla (list)
4128:Honda (list)
4075:Myers Motors
4021:Concept and
3924:Pierce-Arrow
3879:Monaco Coach
3777:Goshen Coach
3770:Yellow Coach
3580:Diamond-Star
3550:Commonwealth
3296:subsidiaries
3108:Morgan Olson
3093:Lucid Motors
2945:Champion Bus
2940:Forest River
2890:Armour Group
2671:
2541:
2467:
2449:
2422:
2392:
2383:
2375:the original
2370:
2358:
2348:November 24,
2346:. Retrieved
2312:
2296:. Retrieved
2289:the original
2276:
2265:, retrieved
2253:
2243:
2232:, retrieved
2220:
2210:
2201:
2196:
2187:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2112:November 13,
2110:. Retrieved
2106:the original
2101:
2092:
2079:
2064:. Retrieved
2060:the original
2055:
2045:
2033:. Retrieved
2022:
2010:. Retrieved
1999:
1987:. Retrieved
1982:
1973:
1963:December 21,
1961:. Retrieved
1957:the original
1946:
1934:. Retrieved
1923:
1913:December 21,
1911:. Retrieved
1893:
1881:. Retrieved
1878:"Carpe Diem"
1872:
1860:. Retrieved
1855:
1846:
1834:. Retrieved
1830:the original
1820:
1810:December 21,
1808:. Retrieved
1804:
1794:
1784:December 21,
1782:. Retrieved
1777:
1768:
1758:December 21,
1756:. Retrieved
1752:
1742:
1730:. Retrieved
1725:
1703:December 21,
1701:. Retrieved
1696:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1604:December 21,
1602:. Retrieved
1598:the original
1593:
1583:
1573:December 21,
1571:. Retrieved
1564:the original
1550:
1531:
1510:. Retrieved
1499:
1488:
1477:
1466:
1454:. Retrieved
1443:
1418:
1410:
1398:. Retrieved
1393:
1384:
1375:
1366:
1354:. Retrieved
1349:
1340:
1328:. Retrieved
1315:
1303:. Retrieved
1296:the original
1283:
1273:September 9,
1271:. Retrieved
1258:
1246:. Retrieved
1239:the original
1226:
1214:. Retrieved
1210:the original
1200:
1188:. Retrieved
1184:the original
1174:
1155: (NTSB)
1143: (IIHS)
1131:
1097:John W. Snow
992:Nicole Nason
955:Steven Cliff
929:
925:
923:
908:
899:
884:Please help
872:
841:
834:
831:
824:
819:
817:
769:
761:Fuel economy
750:turn signals
738:
722:
698:
667:
665:" purposes.
659:
640:
620:
610:
599:
517:
508:
466:affair, the
461:
396:
334:
327:
313:
307:
286:
251:fuel economy
244:
187:
183:
181:
92:Headquarters
84:Jurisdiction
29:
5750:Resignation
5270:Nixon shock
4871:Vietnam War
4800:Wilson desk
4696:(1969–1974)
4646:‹ The
4580:Global NCAP
4574:Bharat NCAP
4389:Designworks
4252:Caterpillar
4209:makers and
4179:Ford (list)
4118:Ford (list)
4055:Elio Motors
3675:Continental
3570:Cycle-Scoot
3359:Seres Group
3098:Mack Trucks
2915:Caterpillar
2298:October 17,
2066:December 4,
1305:November 1,
1248:November 1,
1216:November 1,
1190:November 1,
1149: (ITS)
1015:Sue Bailey
949:Term ended
739:NHTSA uses
709:sealed beam
643:grey market
320:Ralph Nader
290:49 CFR
5799:Categories
4712:Transition
4628:Latin NCAP
4598:Green NCAP
4568:ASEAN NCAP
4363:Torrington
4242:BorgWarner
4237:BFGoodrich
4065:Fisker Inc
3939:Studebaker
3899:New United
3740:Oldsmobile
3730:McLaughlin
3600:Locomobile
3585:Duesenberg
3565:CNH Global
3466:Terraplane
3413:Volkswagen
3371:Stellantis
3342:Mitsubishi
3275:VIA Motors
3270:Ultimaster
3265:Trans Tech
3248:Arctic Cat
3068:John Deere
3058:HDT Global
2960:Glaval Bus
2875:AM General
2838:and brands
1508:. Jalopnic
1356:August 31,
1166:References
701:Citroën SM
690:free trade
585:Australia
483:moose test
451:, enacted
443:, 86
418:, enacted
410:, 84
337:seat belts
176:Leadership
62:1970-12-31
5641:Watergate
4592:Euro NCAP
4301:Hennessey
4279:Firestone
4094:Factories
3983:Visionary
3889:MotoCzysz
3857:Roosevelt
3787:GreenTech
3725:Marquette
3710:GM Diesel
3700:Cartercar
3627:Excalibur
3622:Eagle Bus
3422:Defunct /
3191:Fleetwood
3186:REV Group
3152:Peterbilt
3014:Chevrolet
2905:Blue Bird
2393:nhtsa.gov
2267:March 31,
2234:March 31,
902:July 2023
873:does not
705:headlamps
670:oligopoly
635:emissions
326:entitled
274:insurance
171:Footnotes
111:Employees
5650:Timeline
5083:Title IX
4703:Timeline
4648:template
4636:(TAIWAN)
4600:(Europe)
4594:(Europe)
4564:(Russia)
4493:Category
4408:By state
4289:Goodyear
3998:Wildfire
3934:Sterling
3919:Peerless
3847:Marathon
3817:Allstate
3760:Sheridan
3647:Fiberfab
3640:Plymouth
3575:DeLorean
3505:Autoette
3376:Chrysler
3352:Infiniti
3294:Foreign
3147:Kenworth
3118:Navistar
3051:Club Car
3004:Cadillac
2885:Arcimoto
2845:Current
2165:27273577
2157:12224752
1649:19954345
1641:16961196
1330:April 4,
1135:See also
776:road tax
682:Chrysler
654:lobbying
529:Country
471:rollover
226:) is an
4956:Détente
4650:below (
4618:(Japan)
4588:(China)
4576:(India)
4368:Visteon
4321:Nexteer
4257:Cummins
4222:Allison
4215:modders
4189:Packard
4167:Defunct
3944:Erskine
3914:Packard
3827:Henry J
3807:Jeffery
3792:Grumman
3745:Pontiac
3735:Oakland
3720:LaSalle
3685:Mercury
3631:FCA US
3490:Armored
3478:Rambler
3424:former
3325:Hyundai
3258:Cushman
3243:Textron
3179:Victory
3130:Oshkosh
3078:Laffite
2977:Lincoln
2950:Collins
2920:Czinger
2900:Autocar
2834:Vehicle
2518:at the
2508:at the
2499:in the
2468:Reuters
2458:1830396
2137:Bibcode
2073:Alt URL
1989:May 30,
1883:May 30,
1862:May 30,
1836:May 30,
1732:May 30,
1425:186–194
1400:July 8,
1396:. NHTSA
894:removed
879:sources
686:tariffs
594:−51.1%
580:−49.9%
571:Canada
566:−46.0%
552:−16.2%
549:42,815
546:51,093
433:Pub. L.
400:Pub. L.
380:Pub. L.
363:Pub. L.
342:Pub. L.
304:History
270:dummies
230:of the
157:Website
60: (
5757:Pardon
5728:(1974)
5468:policy
4586:C-NCAP
4503:Portal
4358:Timken
4343:Saleen
4311:Legacy
4262:Brammo
4101:Active
4080:Nikola
4008:Zimmer
3949:Rockne
3884:Mosler
3874:Mercer
3869:Matbro
3864:Marvel
3852:Marmon
3835:Willys
3831:Kaiser
3822:Frazer
3797:Henney
3765:Viking
3750:Saturn
3705:Elmore
3590:Durant
3510:Avanti
3500:Aurica
3495:Auburn
3456:Hudson
3403:Toyota
3398:Subaru
3347:Nissan
3253:E-Z-Go
3218:Rivian
3201:Laymor
3174:Indian
3142:Paccar
3135:Pierce
3123:IC Bus
3031:Gillig
2533:(2002)
2456:
2429:
2413:
2304:
2163:
2155:
1647:
1639:
1538:
1431:
717:bumper
680:, and
611:per se
591:1,715
588:3,508
577:2,936
574:5,863
563:3,431
560:6,352
457:40,000
447:
441:92–513
439:
426:
414:
408:91–605
406:
388:89–564
386:
373:) and
371:89–563
369:
350:89–670
348:
228:agency
98:, U.S.
52:Formed
4634:TNCAP
4622:KNCAP
4616:JNCAP
4610:NHTSA
4562:ARCAP
4556:ANCAP
4274:Eaton
4232:Aptiv
4045:Canoo
3993:White
3961:Scion
3956:Stutz
3894:Muntz
3842:Local
3782:Green
3680:Edsel
3671:Ford
3635:Eagle
3610:Rugby
3605:Mason
3595:Flint
3515:Avery
3485:Armor
3461:Essex
3381:Dodge
3364:Seres
3318:Acura
3313:Honda
3238:Tesla
3159:Panoz
2999:Buick
2454:JSTOR
2367:(PDF)
2342:(PDF)
2322:(PDF)
2292:(PDF)
2285:(PDF)
2161:S2CID
1645:S2CID
1567:(PDF)
1560:(PDF)
1350:NHTSA
1324:(PDF)
1299:(PDF)
1292:(PDF)
1267:(PDF)
1242:(PDF)
1235:(PDF)
1126:1973
1123:1970
1115:1976
1112:1973
1104:1977
1101:1976
1091:1981
1088:1977
1078:1981
1075:1981
1067:1989
1064:1983
1056:1992
1053:1989
1045:1993
1042:1992
1032:1999
1029:1994
1021:2001
1018:2000
1010:2005
1007:2001
999:2008
996:2006
986:2014
983:2010
975:2017
972:2014
962:2022
959:2022
445:Stat.
424:Stat.
412:Stat.
318:, by
188:NHTSA
162:nhtsa
103:Motto
4604:IIHS
3615:Star
3560:Case
3555:Cord
3545:Coda
3473:Nash
3386:Jeep
2972:Ford
2858:AGCO
2849:list
2427:ISBN
2411:ISBN
2350:2008
2300:2011
2269:2022
2236:2022
2153:PMID
2114:2011
2068:2018
2037:2022
2014:2022
1991:2015
1983:CNET
1965:2020
1938:2022
1915:2020
1885:2015
1864:2015
1838:2015
1812:2020
1786:2020
1760:2020
1734:2015
1705:2020
1637:PMID
1606:2020
1575:2020
1536:ISBN
1514:2022
1458:2022
1429:ISBN
1402:2023
1358:2021
1332:2024
1307:2015
1275:2021
1250:2015
1218:2015
1192:2015
877:any
875:cite
782:NCAP
755:NCAP
678:Ford
520:FARS
428:1739
416:1713
221:NITS
182:The
164:.gov
5680:CRP
4431:AAA
4353:SRT
4003:ZAP
3978:VPG
3715:Geo
3692:FMC
3520:BMC
3391:Ram
3330:Kia
3303:BMW
3063:HME
3024:GMC
2982:SVT
2442:'s
2258:doi
2225:doi
2145:doi
1904:doi
1672:doi
1629:doi
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