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515:. Such was the view of Canadian history by the Board in the first half of the 20th century. The HSMBC at the time has been described by historian Yves Yvon Pelletier as a "Victorian gentlemen's club", made up of self-taught historical scholars, whose decisions were made without public consultation and without the benefit of a secretariat to further investigate the recommendations of Board members.
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916:, urged his fellow Board members to consider a broader range of designations, and to correct the geographic and thematic imbalance in the designations. In particular, Howay encouraged the HSMBC to pay more attention to economic, social and cultural history, and he urged a moratorium on additional designations related to the War of 1812. In 1951, the
377:, so the Dominion Parks Branch (the predecessor to Parks Canada) looked to historic features to act as focal points for new national parks. In 1914, the Parks Branch undertook a survey of historic sites in Canada, with the objective of creating new recreational areas rather than preserving historic places.
478:
In the early years of the program, National
Historic Sites were chosen to commemorate battles, important men, the fur trade and political events; the focus was on the "great men and events" credited with establishing the nation. Of the 285 National Historic Sites designated by 1943, 105 represented
908:
to create opportunities for significant heritage preservation projects at the federal level. Although the HSMBC took little interest in these efforts, limiting itself to a commemorative role, the Parks Branch made wide use of government relief funds to hire workers to assist with the restoration of
483:, 52 represented the fur trade and exploration, and 43 represented famous individuals (almost entirely men). There was also a strong bias in favour of commemorating sites in Ontario over other parts of the country. At one point, some members of the HSMBC concluded that there were no sites at all in
418:
of
Dominion Parks, to develop a departmental heritage policy. Harkin believed that the Parks Branch did not have the necessary expertise to manage historic resources; he was troubled by the relatively weak historic value of Fort Howe, the country's first historic park, and feared that the Branch's
924:
was amended to allow the designation of buildings due to their age or design, resulting in a new focus on the designation of Canada's built heritage. The 1950s also marked the beginning of the "big project" era, which reached its apogee in the 1960s, in which the federal government invested
1015:
National
Historic Sites are organized according to five broad themes: Peopling the Land, Governing Canada, Developing Economies, Building Social and Community Life, and Expressing Intellectual and Cultural Life. To be commemorated, a site must meet at least one of the following criteria:
944:
The 1970s marked the start of a new shift in the nature of the designations. Of the 473 National
Historic Sites designated between 1971 and 1993, the formerly dominant category of political-military events represented only 12 percent of the new designations, with the "Battle of..."-type
167:
agency, manages the
National Historic Sites program. As of November 2023, there were 1,005 National Historic Sites, 171 of which are administered by Parks Canada; the remainder are administered or owned by other levels of government or private entities. The sites are located across all
1033:
Designation as a
National Historic Site provides no legal protection for the historic elements of a site. However, historic sites may be designated at more than one level (national, provincial and municipal), and designations at other levels may carry with them some legal protections.
887:
As time passed and the system grew, the scope of the program and the nature of the designations evolved. By the 1930s, the focus of the heritage movement in Canada had shifted from commemoration to preservation and development. The change was most marked in
Ontario, where the
439:
On Harkin's recommendation, the government created the
Advisory Board for Historic Site Preservation (later called the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada) in 1919 in order to advise the Minister on a new program of National Historic Sites. Brigadier General
965:
in the
Northwest Territories was designated in 1997, becoming the first National Historic Site both designated and acquired on the basis of consultation with Aboriginal peoples, and the largest National Historic Site in land area (approximately the size of
945:
commemorations being overtaken by sites associated with federal politics. The largest group of designations (43 percent) pertained to historic buildings. By the 1990s, three groups were identified as being underrepresented among
National Historic Sites:
475:, demonstrating his preference for the installation of a plaque over restoration: "All that can be done in our days is to clear away the heap of stones, in order to reach the foundation walls and plant a sign in the centre of the square thus uncovered."
970:). It was at this time that the use of the term "National Historic Park", then still used for the class of larger National Historic Sites operated by Parks Canada and deemed to be of "extraordinary value to Canadian history", was phased out.
1045:, and in later years have been attached to buildings or free-standing posts. These maroon and gold markers are typically in English and French, though some are trilingual where another language is relevant to the subject being commemorated.
385:
was designated a national historic park in 1914, named the "Fort Howe National Park". The fort was not a site of significant national historic importance, but its designation provided a rationale for the acquisition of land for a park.
991:, texts introduced in the 1950s avoided the previous triumphalist version of events, but also avoided any analysis of the causes or consequences of the events. Commencing in the 1970s, a changing approach to heritage conservation at
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has gone through at least three phases to date. In the 1920s, plaques erected at these sites trumpeted the expansion of Canada and western civilization across North America. Due to local pressures, changes at the HSMBC and evolving
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Changes were not limited to new designations, as the interpretation of many existing National Historic Sites did not remain static and evolved over time. For example, the commemoration of National Historic Sites on the
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in the late 19th century and early 20th century led to an increased interest in preserving Canada's historic sites. There were galvanizing precedents in other countries. With the support of notables such as
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posts in Western Canada, and he was also being lobbied by historical associations across Canada for federal funds to assist with the preservation and commemoration of local landmarks. At the same time, the
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284:
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1328:
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43:
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85:
499:", and in Niagara, promoting a loyalist doctrine of imperial unity with Britain, while commemorating resistance to "Americanism". Proposals to designate sites related to the immigration of
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57:
199:. Sites, Events and Persons are each typically marked by a federal plaque of the same style, but the markers do not indicate which designation a subject has been given. For example, the
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99:
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Due to a lack of resources, the HSMBC limited itself to recommending sites for designation, and the focus of the program was on commemoration rather than on preservation.
324:
304:
113:
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189:
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highlighted the imbalances of the National Historic Sites program, urging a more ambitious program with more attention paid to architectural preservation. In 1955, the
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3409:
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from 1872 to 1878, initiated some of the earliest, high-profile efforts to preserve Canada's historic sites. He was instrumental in stopping the demolition of the
999:
movement, led to the next generation of interpretative documents, one that included a focus on the societies which Canada's 19th-century expansion had displaced.
452:, was chosen as the Board's first chairman, a post he held for twenty years. The first place designated and plaqued under the new program was the "Cliff Site" in
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2994:
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was designated in 2011 in recognition of the efforts of local citizens who had worked for decades to protect the district's historic built environment.
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195:
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illustrate an exceptional creative achievement in concept and design, technology or planning, or a significant stage in the development of Canada;
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1867:
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1736:
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efforts to designate and preserve historic sites across Canada. At the same time, the federal government was looking for ways to extend the
3460:
3424:
3304:
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2336:"The Politics of Selection: The Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada and the Imperial Commemoration of Canadian History, 1919–1950"
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1716:
958:
177:
156:
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169:
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1921:
1894:"National Historic Sites of Canada System Plan – Persons of National Historic Significance, Events of National Historic Significance"
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2044:, U.S. National Park Service, 2005, p. 41. Battlefields would not be administered by the National Park Service, however, until 1933.
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316:
1845:
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illustrate or symbolize, in whole or in part, a cultural tradition, a way of life or ideas important to the development of Canada;
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864:
320:
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1607:
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be explicitly and meaningfully associated or identified with persons who are deemed to be of national historic significance; or
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Plaques affixed to cairns were initially used to mark National Historic Sites, such as this one at Glengarry Landing in Ontario
300:
181:
1756:
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1515:
1128:
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be explicitly and meaningfully associated or identified with events that are deemed to be of national historic significance.
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1992:
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308:
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The initial focus of the program was strictly on commemoration rather than preservation or restoration. The ruins of the
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946:
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has been attributed to the influence of Cruikshank, resulting in a "veritable palisade of historical markers along the
159:
on the advice of the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada (HSMBC), as being of national historic significance.
3487:
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3279:
1091:
543:
441:
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Signing of Memorandum of Understanding for Permanent Protection of Sahoyúé §ehdacho National Historic Site of Canada
1603:
1007:
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3244:
3217:
3173:
2057:
Todhunter, Rodger (August 1985). "Preservation, parks and the vice-royalty Lord Dufferin and Lord Grey in Canada".
1721:
1227:
926:
905:
480:
335:
2023:
Au service d'une politique nationale du patrimoine : le rôle incontournable du Centre des monuments nationaux
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382:
860:
232:
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889:
402:
362:
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261:
2523:
Osborne, Brian S. (2001). "Landscapes, memory, monuments, and commemoration: putting identity in its place".
2366:
1818:
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2186:
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significant funds in the restoration and reconstruction of high-profile National Historic Sites such as the
472:
339:
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1190:
930:
913:
580:
492:
432:
228:'s tricentennial in 1908 acted as a catalyst for federal efforts to designate and preserve historic sites.
1489:
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park improvements were incompatible with the heritage attributes of Fort Anne, the second historic park.
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31:
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was anxious to transfer old forts, and the associated expenses, to the Parks Branch. Roche asked
296:
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was created in 1894 to protect that country's historic and natural heritage. While there was no
2803:
17:
2034:
1393:
353:, and the establishment that same year of the National Battlefields Commission to preserve the
342:, and he was the first public official to call for the creation of a park on the lands next to
220:
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1194:
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954:
686:
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The following have served as members of the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada:
504:
427:
411:
148:
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1999:. Ministère de la Culture, des Communications et de la Condition féminine. Archived from
435:
were designated in 1920, but efforts to restore the fortress did not commence until 1961.
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3007:
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1419:
1319:
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988:
468:
374:
366:
280:
244:
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3019:
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2466:
Allan, McCullough (2002). "Parks Canada and the 1885 Rebellion/Uprising/Resistance".
2070:
1640:
819:
343:
292:
204:
1256:
961:. Efforts were subsequently made to further diversify the designations accordingly.
471:, a member of the HSMBC, wrote to Harkin in 1919 about the significant ruins at the
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2413:
2392:
1945:
1760:
1293:
992:
415:
200:
160:
2657:
2607:
2000:
1673:
938:
599:
488:
445:
350:
257:
225:
1967:"About the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada – History of the Board"
3100:
2233:
Recognizing Canadian History: The Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada
2152:
Negotiating the Past: The Making of Canada's National Historic Parks and Sites
487:
worthy of designation. The then prominence of sites in Ontario related to the
370:
369:. The more populated east did not have the same large expanses of undeveloped
3148:
1423:
457:
387:
378:
2658:"Protected Landscapes in Canada: Current Practice and Future Significance"
918:
Royal Commission on National Development in the Arts, Letters and Sciences
1260:
511:
to Canada were rejected, as were attempts to recognize patriots of the
449:
139:
Click on a province/territory for a list of its National Historic Sites
2699:"National Historic Sites of Canada System Plan – Enhancing the System"
2406:"National Historic Designations, Historic Communities (Backgrounder)"
2273:"National Historic Sites of Canada System Plan – Enhancing the System"
2352:
2335:
867:, a location of significant cultural and religious importance to the
272:
173:
3042:
1037:
Most National Historic Sites are marked by a federal plaque bearing
401:, the Minister of the Interior, was concerned over the fate of old
2791:
1842:"National Historic Sites of Canada – administered by Parks Canada"
1810:
1042:
1006:
874:
859:
426:
231:
219:
1757:"About the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada – Duties"
2797:
2154:. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. 28-9.
1041:. In earlier years, these plaques were erected on purpose-built
285:
National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty
3046:
2807:
1784:"Criteria, General Guidelines and Specific Guidelines – PLACES"
1055:
1868:"National Historic Sites of Canada System Plan – Introduction"
2756:
Nature, Place, and Story: Rethinking Historic Sites in Canada
2579:. Ottawa: Indian and Northern Affairs – Parks Canada. 1972.
133:
1997:
Patrimoine: Historique de la Loi sur les biens culturels
995:, coupled with growing regionalism and a more assertive
2187:
Fortress of Louisbourg National Historic Site of Canada
155:) are places that have been designated by the federal
3470:
3350:
3263:
3139:
3080:
2968:
2942:
2842:
1064:
2604:"National Historic Sites of Canada – Introduction"
2631:"National Historic Sites of Canada – System Plan"
2208:The Place of History: Commemorating Canada's Past
456:, where two priests claimed sovereignty over the
2726:"National Commemorative Plaques – Plaque Models"
2724:Historic Sites & Monuments Board of Canada.
1965:Historic Sites & Monuments Board of Canada.
1782:Historic Sites & Monuments Board of Canada.
1755:Historic Sites & Monuments Board of Canada.
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
2340:Journal of the Canadian Historical Association
2266:
2264:
3058:
2819:
2495:
2493:
2461:
2459:
1056:Lists of National Historic Sites by location
243:was one of the first two sites designated in
8:
2052:
2050:
1049:Lists of National Historic Sites by location
912:In 1943, the interim chairman of the HSMBC,
423:Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada
2367:Áísínai'pi National Historic Site of Canada
187:There are related federal designations for
30:"NHSC" redirects here. For other uses, see
3065:
3051:
3043:
2826:
2812:
2804:
2389:Directory of Federal Heritage Designations
1942:Directory of Federal Heritage Designations
1052:
349:The 1908 tricentennial of the founding of
279:, containing 934 entries, in 1840. In the
2351:
2759:. McGill-Queen's University Press, 2017.
2656:Swinnerton, Guy S. & Buggey, Susan.
520:
2678:from the original on September 28, 2010
1747:
203:is a National Historic Site, while the
2035:The National Parks: Shaping the System
1737:List of World Heritage Sites in Canada
2235:. Ottawa: Parks Canada. 1979. p. 49.
2211:. Ottawa: Canadian Heritage. p. 333.
1919:Welland Canal National Historic Event
153:Lieux historiques nationaux du Canada
7:
3410:Northwest Territories capital cities
2372:Canadian Register of Historic Places
2192:Canadian Register of Historic Places
1896:. Parks Canada. 2000. Archived from
1870:. Parks Canada. 2000. Archived from
1717:Canadian Register of Historic Places
178:Beaumont-Hamel Newfoundland Memorial
3026:
299:were designated and managed by the
170:ten provinces and three territories
2131:from the original on June 20, 2015
1516:Notre-Dame Roman Catholic Basilica
1065:Example site and designation date
25:
3548:National Historic Sites of Canada
2835:National Historic Sites of Canada
2792:National Historic Sites of Canada
2205:Symons, Thomas H.B., ed. (1997).
408:Department of Militia and Defence
145:National Historic Sites of Canada
3519:
3507:
3506:
3025:
3013:
3001:
2990:
2989:
2779:
2769:
2334:Pelletier, Yves Yvon J. (2006).
2025:, Françoise Férat, 15 April 2012
1993:"De Victor Hugo à lord Dufferin"
1821:from the original on 5 July 2023
1688:
1668:
1655:
1635:
1622:
1602:
1589:
1569:
1556:
1536:
1510:
1484:
1471:
1451:
1438:
1418:
1392:
1366:
1340:
1314:
1288:
1275:
1255:
1242:
1222:
1209:
1189:
1176:
1156:
1143:
1123:
1110:
1090:
1077:
922:Historic Sites and Monuments Act
295:until 1916, battlefields of the
132:
18:National Historic Site of Canada
3189:Former colonies and territories
2553:. 11 March 2007. Archived from
2410:News Releases and Backgrounders
2087:. Niagara Parks. Archived from
1608:Church of Our Lady of Good Hope
1204:Newfoundland and Labrador sites
871:people, was designated in 2006.
182:Canadian National Vimy Memorial
2800:– Administered by Parks Canada
2577:National Historic Sites Policy
2499:
2324:: pp. 45, 48–9, 60, 75 and 130
277:first list of designated sites
253:Canadian nationalist sentiment
207:is a National Historic Event.
1:
2510:
2450:
2438:
2321:
2297:
2255:
2174:
2117:M. Fafard & C.J. Taylor.
2021:Rapport d'information n°599,
1948:. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
935:fortifications of Quebec City
394:was also designated in 1917.
373:that had become parks in the
340:fortifications of Quebec City
3553:Heritage registers in Canada
3164:Crown and Indigenous peoples
2753:Campbell, Claire Elizabeth.
2589:
2500:Recognizing Canadian History
2484:
2395:. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
2309:
2071:10.1016/0304-3924(85)90057-7
392:Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia
172:, with two sites located in
27:Heritage registers in Canada
1584:Northwest Territories sites
1457:L.M. Montgomery's Cavendish
444:, a noted authority on the
442:Ernest Alexander Cruikshank
305:Chickamauga and Chattanooga
157:Minister of the Environment
3569:
1722:National symbols of Canada
1433:Prince Edward Island sites
357:, acted as a catalyst for
275:in 1837; it published its
29:
3501:
3300:Newfoundland and Labrador
2984:
2870:Newfoundland and Labrador
1811:"National historic sites"
1727:Royal monuments in Canada
1674:Dawson Historical Complex
1575:Canadian Bank of Commerce
1522:
1496:
1404:
1378:
1352:
1326:
1300:
1061:
1058:
937:and the historic core of
879:The historic district of
766:Board Chairman 1981–1985
613:Board Chairman 1950–1958
594:Board Chairman 1943–1944
557:Board Chairman 1919–1939
383:Saint John, New Brunswick
196:National Historic Persons
890:Niagara Parks Commission
856:Evolution of the program
190:National Historic Events
3153:Persons of significance
2665:The George Wright Forum
2525:Canadian Ethnic Studies
1732:Seven Wonders of Canada
1490:Île d'Orléans Seigneury
1195:Hartland Covered Bridge
493:United Empire Loyalists
473:Forges du Saint-Maurice
3184:Events of significance
1105:British Columbia sites
1062:First site designated
1012:
931:Fortress of Louisbourg
914:Frederic William Howay
898:Department of Highways
884:
872:
436:
433:Fortress of Louisbourg
248:
229:
152:
3305:Northwest Territories
3250:Territorial evolution
2950:Northwest Territories
2441:: pp. 101–3, 105, 109
2150:Taylor, C.J. (1990).
2124:Canadian Encyclopedia
1928:, Parks Canada, 2012.
1039:Canada's Coat of Arms
1010:
878:
863:
833:Board Chairman 1986–
430:
289:National Park Service
262:Eugène Viollet-le-Duc
235:
223:
32:NHSC (disambiguation)
3325:Prince Edward Island
2912:Prince Edward Island
2610:on February 18, 2011
2590:The Place of History
2511:Negotiating the Past
2485:The Place of History
2451:Negotiating the Past
2439:Negotiating the Past
2322:Negotiating the Past
2310:The Place of History
2298:Negotiating the Past
2256:Negotiating the Past
2175:Negotiating the Past
1938:Prince of Wales Fort
1398:Parliament Buildings
1355:Niagara Region sites
984:North-West Rebellion
968:Prince Edward Island
485:Prince Edward Island
268:monuments historique
237:Prince of Wales Fort
224:The celebrations of
3240:Population history
3211:Chinese immigration
1973:on February 7, 2013
1372:Niagara-on-the-Lake
1171:New Brunswick sites
980:Red River Rebellion
522:
462:Louis XIV of France
454:Port Dover, Ontario
448:and the history of
399:William James Roche
241:Churchill, Manitoba
3008:History portal
2786:History portal
2732:on October 6, 2012
2705:on October 6, 2012
2637:on October 6, 2012
2557:on 12 October 2013
2420:on 17 October 2013
2385:Westmount District
2279:on October 6, 2012
2059:Landscape Planning
2040:2015-03-23 at the
1924:2017-11-13 at the
1874:on October 6, 2012
1790:on October 6, 2012
1763:on October 6, 2012
1551:Saskatchewan sites
1346:Kingston City Hall
1013:
947:Aboriginal peoples
885:
873:
787:Charles Humphries
771:B. Napier Simpson
521:
513:Rebellions of 1837
437:
249:
230:
216:Early developments
3535:
3534:
3526:Canada portal
3096:18000 BCE–1500 CE
3074:History of Canada
3040:
3039:
3020:Canada portal
2776:Canada portal
1708:
1707:
1542:Château Frontenac
1525:Quebec City sites
1237:Nova Scotia sites
1162:Exchange District
997:Aboriginal rights
881:Westmount, Quebec
853:
852:
820:Thomas H.B Symons
790:British Columbia
739:British Columbia
723:British Columbia
691:British Columbia
621:British Columbia
585:British Columbia
355:Plains of Abraham
16:(Redirected from
3560:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3510:
3509:
3461:Name etymologies
3341:Name etymologies
3280:British Columbia
3195:Heritage Minutes
3067:
3060:
3053:
3044:
3029:
3028:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3006:
3005:
3004:
2993:
2992:
2855:British Columbia
2828:
2821:
2814:
2805:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2728:. Archived from
2721:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2701:. Archived from
2694:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2677:
2662:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2633:. Archived from
2626:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2606:. Archived from
2599:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2520:
2514:
2508:
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2476:
2475:
2463:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2416:. Archived from
2402:
2396:
2382:
2376:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:10.7202/016105ar
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2275:. Archived from
2268:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2202:
2196:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2114:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2054:
2045:
2032:
2026:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1969:. Archived from
1962:
1949:
1935:
1929:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1844:. Archived from
1837:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1786:. Archived from
1779:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1759:. Archived from
1752:
1692:
1672:
1659:
1639:
1626:
1606:
1593:
1573:
1560:
1540:
1514:
1488:
1475:
1455:
1442:
1422:
1396:
1370:
1344:
1318:
1292:
1279:
1259:
1246:
1226:
1213:
1193:
1180:
1160:
1147:
1127:
1114:
1094:
1081:
1059:Number of sites
1053:
906:Great Depression
704:James J. Talman
651:Donald Creighton
523:
481:military history
336:Governor General
307:(created 1890),
136:
135:
21:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3520:
3518:
3497:
3466:
3346:
3267:and territories
3266:
3259:
3135:
3084:
3076:
3071:
3041:
3036:
3014:
3012:
3002:
3000:
2980:
2969:Other countries
2964:
2938:
2838:
2832:
2798:Historic places
2780:
2778:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2750:
2748:Further reading
2745:
2735:
2733:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2708:
2706:
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2695:
2691:
2681:
2679:
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2660:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2640:
2638:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2613:
2611:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2588:
2584:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2560:
2558:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2509:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2483:
2479:
2465:
2464:
2457:
2449:
2445:
2437:
2433:
2423:
2421:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2383:
2379:
2365:
2361:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2320:
2316:
2308:
2304:
2296:
2292:
2282:
2280:
2270:
2269:
2262:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2185:
2181:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2134:
2132:
2119:"Historic site"
2116:
2115:
2104:
2094:
2092:
2091:on 3 April 2012
2083:
2082:
2078:
2056:
2055:
2048:
2042:Wayback Machine
2033:
2029:
2020:
2016:
2006:
2004:
2003:on 3 March 2012
1991:
1990:
1986:
1976:
1974:
1964:
1963:
1952:
1936:
1932:
1926:Wayback Machine
1917:
1913:
1903:
1901:
1900:on June 5, 2011
1892:
1891:
1887:
1877:
1875:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1851:
1849:
1848:on May 29, 2015
1839:
1838:
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1824:
1822:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1793:
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1780:
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1766:
1764:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1713:
1527:
1501:
1409:
1383:
1357:
1331:
1305:
1051:
1005:
978:related to the
953:other than the
927:Halifax Citadel
858:
736:Margaret Prang
687:Margaret Ormsby
425:
412:James B. Harkin
271:was created in
266:Commission des
218:
213:
142:
141:
140:
137:
131:
124:
117:
110:
103:
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89:
82:
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68:
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28:
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15:
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5:
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3499:
3498:
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3490:
3485:
3483:Historiography
3480:
3474:
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3465:
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3258:
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3247:
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3203:
3201:Historic Sites
3198:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3159:Constitutional
3156:
3145:
3143:
3137:
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3128:
3123:
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2846:
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2840:
2839:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2795:
2794:– Parks Canada
2765:
2764:External links
2762:
2761:
2760:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2716:
2697:Parks Canada.
2689:
2648:
2629:Parks Canada.
2621:
2602:Parks Canada.
2594:
2582:
2568:
2543:"Backgrounder"
2534:
2515:
2503:
2489:
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2455:
2443:
2431:
2397:
2377:
2359:
2346:(1): 125–150.
2326:
2314:
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2290:
2271:Parks Canada.
2260:
2258:: pp. 33–5, 51
2248:
2241:
2224:
2217:
2197:
2179:
2167:
2160:
2142:
2102:
2076:
2065:(2): 141–160.
2046:
2027:
2014:
1984:
1950:
1930:
1911:
1885:
1859:
1840:Parks Canada.
1832:
1809:Parks Canada.
1801:
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1499:Montreal sites
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1353:
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1349:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:Kingston sites
1327:
1324:
1323:
1320:Dundurn Castle
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:Hamilton sites
1301:
1298:
1297:
1286:
1283:
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1148:
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1138:Manitoba sites
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1118:
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1108:
1100:
1099:
1088:
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1024:
1021:
1004:
1001:
989:historiography
963:Saoyú-ʔehdacho
904:. It took the
900:was restoring
892:was restoring
857:
854:
851:
850:
848:
845:
842:
839:
838:John H. White
835:
834:
831:
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813:
810:
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803:Edward Storey
800:
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753:J.M.S Careless
749:
748:
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737:
733:
732:
730:
727:
724:
721:
720:James Nesbitt
717:
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619:
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589:
586:
583:
581:Frederic Howay
577:
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571:
568:
565:
559:
558:
555:
552:
549:
546:
544:E.A Cruikshank
540:
539:
536:
533:
530:
527:
469:Benjamin Sulte
424:
421:
367:Eastern Canada
330:Domestically,
301:War Department
281:United Kingdom
245:Western Canada
217:
214:
212:
209:
138:
125:
118:
111:
104:
97:
90:
83:
76:
69:
62:
55:
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26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
3565:
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3494:
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3458:
3456:
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3451:
3448:
3446:
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3435:Richmond Hill
3433:
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3428:
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3408:
3406:
3403:
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3365:Charlottetown
3363:
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3358:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3342:
3338:
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3333:
3331:
3328:
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3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3295:New Brunswick
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
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3272:
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3262:
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3209:
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3199:
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3196:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
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3180:
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3167:
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3162:
3160:
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3154:
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3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3088:
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3068:
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3056:
3054:
3049:
3048:
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3033:
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3023:
3021:
3011:
3009:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2987:
2986:
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2977:
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2973:
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2961:
2958:
2956:
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2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2865:New Brunswick
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2829:
2824:
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2817:
2815:
2810:
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2806:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2777:
2763:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2731:
2727:
2720:
2717:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2690:
2674:
2670:
2669:George Wright
2666:
2659:
2652:
2649:
2636:
2632:
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2622:
2609:
2605:
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2591:
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2569:
2556:
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2526:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2504:
2501:
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2494:
2490:
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2481:
2478:
2474:(2): 161–198.
2473:
2469:
2468:Prairie Forum
2462:
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2444:
2440:
2435:
2432:
2419:
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2261:
2257:
2252:
2249:
2244:
2242:0-662-50533-6
2238:
2234:
2228:
2225:
2220:
2218:0-920064-58-2
2214:
2210:
2209:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2168:
2163:
2161:0-7735-0713-2
2157:
2153:
2146:
2143:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2103:
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2047:
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2039:
2036:
2031:
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2024:
2018:
2015:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1915:
1912:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1860:
1852:September 22,
1847:
1843:
1836:
1833:
1820:
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1802:
1789:
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1778:
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1671:
1667:
1664:
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1658:
1654:
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1651:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1641:Inuksuk Point
1638:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1617:Nunavut sites
1614:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1586:
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1580:
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3330:Saskatchewan
3228:Peacekeeping
3200:
3193:
3131:1982–present
3024:
2988:
2934:Saskatchewan
2834:
2767:
2754:
2734:. Retrieved
2730:the original
2719:
2707:. Retrieved
2703:the original
2692:
2680:. Retrieved
2664:
2651:
2639:. Retrieved
2635:the original
2624:
2612:. Retrieved
2608:the original
2597:
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2571:
2559:. Retrieved
2555:the original
2551:Parks Canada
2546:
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2528:
2524:
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2418:the original
2414:Parks Canada
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2393:Parks Canada
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2277:the original
2251:
2232:
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2207:
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2190:
2182:
2177:: pp. 30, 45
2170:
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2145:
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2122:
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2089:the original
2079:
2062:
2058:
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2001:the original
1996:
1987:
1975:. Retrieved
1971:the original
1946:Parks Canada
1941:
1933:
1914:
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1898:the original
1888:
1876:. Retrieved
1872:the original
1862:
1850:. Retrieved
1846:the original
1835:
1823:. Retrieved
1814:
1804:
1792:. Retrieved
1788:the original
1777:
1765:. Retrieved
1761:the original
1750:
1681:
1648:
1615:
1582:
1549:
1466:Quebec sites
1464:
1431:
1381:Ottawa sites
1294:McCrae House
1268:
1235:
1202:
1169:
1136:
1103:
1070:
1036:
1032:
1014:
1003:Designations
993:Parks Canada
972:
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886:
669:A.R.M. Lower
532:Year joined
517:
497:St. Lawrence
477:
466:
438:
416:Commissioner
414:, the first
396:
348:
329:
323:(1899), and
265:
250:
201:Rideau Canal
194:
188:
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161:Parks Canada
144:
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3420:Quebec City
3375:Fredericton
3310:Nova Scotia
3235:Monarchical
3206:Immigration
3031:WikiProject
2943:Territories
2927:Quebec City
2875:Nova Scotia
2837:by location
2531:(3): 39–77.
2487:: pp. 333–4
1650:Yukon sites
1228:Signal Hill
1129:Rogers Pass
939:Dawson City
909:old forts.
894:Fort George
600:Fred Landon
563:James Coyne
538:Additional
489:War of 1812
460:region for
446:War of 1812
351:Quebec City
258:Victor Hugo
226:Quebec City
3542:Categories
3488:Historians
3425:Saint John
3390:Lethbridge
3223:Operations
2736:August 23,
2709:August 23,
2682:August 23,
2641:August 23,
2614:August 23,
2561:11 October
2424:5 February
2283:August 23,
2135:August 23,
1977:August 23,
1904:August 23,
1878:August 23,
1794:August 23,
1767:August 23,
1743:References
1702:Vimy Ridge
902:Fort Henry
865:Áísínai’pi
618:W.N. Sage
535:Year left
509:Ukrainians
371:Crown land
365:system to
317:Gettysburg
3450:Vancouver
3440:Saskatoon
3265:Provinces
3179:Etymology
3149:Canadians
3126:1960–1981
3121:1945–1960
3116:1914–1945
3111:1867–1914
3106:1763–1867
3101:1534–1763
3082:Year list
2843:Provinces
2671:Society.
2085:"History"
1815:Canada.ca
1424:Fort York
1096:Frog Lake
869:Blackfoot
529:Province
464:in 1670.
458:Lake Erie
403:fur trade
397:In 1919,
388:Fort Anne
379:Fort Howe
325:Chalmette
321:Vicksburg
297:Civil War
251:Emerging
3512:Category
3471:Research
3455:Winnipeg
3405:Montreal
3385:Hamilton
3370:Edmonton
3360:Brampton
3285:Manitoba
3218:Military
3174:Economic
3169:Cultural
3087:Timeline
2995:Category
2922:Montreal
2890:Kingston
2885:Hamilton
2860:Manitoba
2673:Archived
2592:: p. 334
2513:: p. 170
2453:: p. 130
2129:Archived
2095:15 April
2038:Archived
2007:15 April
1922:Archived
1819:Archived
1711:See also
982:and the
976:Prairies
957:and the
896:and the
841:Ontario
824:Ontario
806:Ontario
774:Ontario
757:Ontario
707:Ontario
673:Ontario
655:Ontario
637:Ontario
604:Ontario
567:Ontario
548:Ontario
491:and the
327:(1907).
319:(1895),
315:(1894),
311:(1890),
309:Antietam
3493:Surveys
3445:Toronto
3400:Moncton
3395:Markham
3380:Halifax
3315:Nunavut
3290:Ontario
3275:Alberta
2955:Nunavut
2905:Toronto
2895:Niagara
2880:Ontario
2850:Alberta
2312:: p. 57
1704:(1996)
1676:(1959)
1643:(1969)
1610:(1977)
1577:(1976)
1544:(1981)
1518:(1989)
1492:(1990)
1459:(2004)
1426:(1923)
1400:(1976)
1374:(2003)
1348:(1961)
1322:(1997)
1296:(1966)
1263:(1997)
1261:Pier 21
1230:(1951)
1197:(1980)
1164:(1996)
1131:(1971)
1098:(1923)
959:English
450:Ontario
359:federal
291:in the
211:History
165:federal
3430:Regina
3415:Ottawa
3352:Cities
3320:Quebec
3245:Sports
3141:Topics
2976:France
2917:Quebec
2900:Ottawa
2300:: p. 6
2239:
2215:
2158:
1825:5 July
1683:France
1043:cairns
955:French
933:, the
929:, the
505:Blacks
334:, the
313:Shiloh
283:, the
273:France
264:, the
174:France
149:French
3335:Yukon
3255:Women
2960:Yukon
2676:(PDF)
2661:(PDF)
1698:1996
1665:1959
1632:1964
1599:1930
1566:1923
1533:1923
1507:1920
1481:1919
1448:1933
1415:1923
1389:1925
1363:1921
1337:1923
1311:1929
1285:1919
1252:1920
1219:1951
1186:1920
1153:1920
1120:1923
1087:1923
844:1988
827:1986
812:1987
809:1981
793:1979
780:1978
777:1973
763:1985
760:1972
745:1979
742:1971
729:1971
726:1967
713:1973
710:1961
697:1967
694:1960
679:1961
676:1959
661:1972
658:1958
643:1959
640:1955
627:1959
624:1944
610:1958
607:1932
591:1944
588:1923
573:1932
570:1919
554:1939
551:1919
526:Name
176:(the
2738:2010
2711:2010
2684:2010
2643:2010
2616:2010
2563:2013
2426:2012
2285:2010
2237:ISBN
2213:ISBN
2156:ISBN
2137:2010
2097:2012
2009:2012
1979:2010
1906:2010
1880:2010
1854:2016
1827:2023
1796:2010
1769:2010
1478:198
1282:275
1117:100
507:and
501:Jews
375:west
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180:and
163:, a
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65:MB
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