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advancing knowledge and reducing the burden of neurological disease". They are: Repair and
Plasticity; Systems and Cognitive Neuroscience; Channels, Synapses, and Circuits; Neurogenetics; Neural Environment; and Neurodegeneration. Other working groups include: the Clinical Trials group, the Office of Minority Health and Research, the Technology Development group; and the Office of International Activities, and the Office of Training and Career Development. Within these areas, the Division tracks research and development and determines the necessity and areas for further research, analyzing and reporting on its findings to the NIH and the nation. It pursues research with other NIH institutes. Finally, it consults with and outside scientists, health organizations, and medical associational to help identify research needs and develops necessary programs to meet them.
521:, who established the President's Commission on Heart Disease, Cancer and Stroke in 1964 with DeBakey at its head. The commission produced a report that resulted in a bill being passed in 1965 that established centers for the diseases across the country. In his history of the NINDS, Rowland explains that "authorities later doubted that they had much lasting impact on stroke theory or therapy." This example, he notes, "illustrates the tension between advocates of basic research and those who wanted immediate application". Johnson and Lasker wanted to see people benefit right away while the director of the NIH, Shannon, and other scientists were more cautious about using knowledge they did not fully understand and skeptical of the "disease-of-the-month approach". They had a "bedrock belief in the importance of basic science".
549:'s administration directed the institutes to work more aggressively on applied research and projects that would directly affect patients. Natalie Spingarn argues in her book about the politics of health research that the Nixon administration resisted scientists who did were not politically sympathetic to the president. Shannon has described the years between 1967 and 1970 as a time of "progressive constraints": the budgetary process was "chaotic", with "Presidential vetoes, overrides by Congress, proposed recission of funds allocated, acceptance or rejection of these recissions by Congress, impoundment of appropriations, and their later release by court action". In general, increases in the NIH budget during the 1970s and 1980s often did not exceed inflation.
396:. They formulated the path taken by the institute and granted its funds. The NINDB's first annual budget was US$ 1.23 million. This came from the existing NIH budget, as Congress had not appropriated any new funds for the institute when it was created. Although the NINDB's budget was increased to $ 1.99 million in 1952, there was still no money for new research programs. Moreover, the institute had neither a clinic nor a lab. As Ingrid Farreras writes in her history, "The research conducted by the institute was still supported by the NIMH and the institute's survival was unclear."
403:. He appointed a representative from the AAN to meet with citizens' groups and they met together to generate a unified set of demands. As a result, the National Committee for Research in Neurological Disorders (NCRND) was formed. The NCRND presented a coherent research proposal to Congress and in 1953 the NINDB received a separate line item budget of $ 4.5 million. The institute was now able to fund its research. However, until 1961, the NINDB and NIMH shared research facilities and scientists, often collaborating on projects.
106:
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268:. Many service people had returned with serious brain injuries, nerve damage, and psychological trauma. According to one estimate, "neurologically disabled veterans in the postwar years accounted for about 25 percent of the patients in general hospitals and 10 percent of those in psychiatric hospitals". In addition, 1.7 million American men had been rejected for military service due to a neuropsychiatric condition or learning disorder.
956:
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471:, a politically astute man who also had an ability to pick talented scientists, helped solidify what became "the golden years of science at NIH". With Shannon, Fogarty, Hill, and Lasker working together, the NIH's budget as a whole increased more than tenfold between 1955 and 1965. This directly benefited NINDB, as its budget rose and fell along with general budget.
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studying mechanisms of excitoxicity and neuroprotection. Before joining NINDS, Koroshetz served as Vice Chair of the neurology service and
Director of stroke and neurointensive care services at MGH. He was a professor of neurology at Harvard and led neurology resident training at MGH between 1990 and 2007.
553:, who was director of NINDS between 1968 and 1973 described his tenure as the end of a "long period of NIH prosperity". Rowland writes that "these years of financial insecurity may have been the most difficult time in the history of NINDS". However, he notes the achievements they made as well. For example,
835:
The
Division of Intramural Research is "one of the largest neuroscience research centers in the world". Scientists here do research in the "basic, translational, and clinical neurosciences", covering a wide range of topics, including "molecular biophysics, synapses and circuits, neuronal development,
524:
The political alliance that between
Shannon, Lasker, Fogarty, and Hill began to splinter at the end of the 1960s. In 1967 when he wrote a 20-year history of the NIH, Shannon did not mention Lasker's contributions. By 1968, Fogarty had died and Hill and Johnson had declined to run for reelection. With
195:
disorders and has a budget of just over US$ 2.03 billion. The mission of NINDS is "to reduce the burden of neurological disease—a burden borne by every age group, every segment of society, and people all over the world". NINDS has established two major branches for research: an extramural branch that
275:
and its focus on "emotional tensions due to interpersonal, social, and cultural maladjustments" held sway in US medicine, while neurology, with its focus on the inner workings of the brain, had fallen out of favor. During WWII, all of the administrative positions of the
American Board of Psychiatry
814:
Koroshetz received his undergraduate degree from
Georgetown University and his medical degree from the University of Chicago. He trained in neurology at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), after which he did post-doctoral studies in cellular neurophysiology at MGH and at Harvard Medical School,
388:
of the most common neurological diseases was poorly understood, NINDB undertook both clinical and basic research on the disorders themselves and on treatments; intramural research on the structure of the brain and the nervous system itself; and, finally, extramural research on the entire field of
826:
The
Division of Extramural Research funds programs outside of the NIH which "support research, research training, and career development". The Division itself is broken down into "program clusters" that are "organized around critical, cross-cutting scientific topics that hold great promise for
621:
The mission of the NINDS, as stated on their website, is "to reduce the burden of neurological disease—a burden borne by every age group, every segment of society, and people all over the world". The NINDS notes that there are over 600 such disorders, with some of the common being
383:
NINDB was "responsible for conducting and supporting research and training in the 200 neurological and sensory disorders that affected 20 million individuals in the United States and were 'the first cause of permanent crippling and the third cause of death.'" Because the
196:
funds studies outside the NIH, and an intramural branch that funds research inside the NIH. Most of NINDS' budget goes to fund extramural research. NINDS' basic science research focuses on studies of the fundamental biology of the brain and nervous system,
330:(NIMH), which had been founded in 1949, contend that they also helped provide an impetus for the new institute, as when reviewing grant applications they saw a significant number of neurological projects and proposed a separate institute for them.
462:
ensured continued financial support for NINDB. Together, the two
Congressmen held hearings to establish the NIH budget and lobbied hard for more funds. They were assisted by Lasker, who had extensive Washington connections and was aided by
412:
1057:
745:. The Institute's interests, however, are not limited to NINDS programs. The Institute collaborates with other NIH components, as well as with other federal agencies, and with voluntary, professional and commercial organizations."
612:
The NINDS budget passed $ 1 billion for the first time in fiscal 2000; the bulk of the budget is dedicated to extramural research and investigator-initiated grants (intramural research accounts for about 10 percent of the total).
532:
In general, according to
Rowland, "there was a feeling that vision research was not being adequately at NINDB". In 1967, a bill to create a separate eye institute was drafted, and in August 1968, federal legislation created the
1802:
1752:
303:(ANA) members testified before Congress, arguing that there needed to be such an institute. They articulated the arguments which had already been made on a smaller scale by citizens' groups for diseases such as
741:. NINDS intramural scientists, working in the Institute's laboratories, branches, and clinics, also conduct research in most of the major areas of neuroscience and on many of the most important and challenging
1827:
1817:
585:
505:
was added to the institute's mandate in the 1960s and in
October 1968 the institute became the "National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke". Lasker was prompted to address the disease when
805:
Walter J. Koroshetz, M.D. was selected director of NINDS on June 11, 2015. He began working at NINDS in 2007 as deputy director, and he served as acting director from October 2014 through June 2015.
671:
and behavior, neurodegeneration, brain plasticity and repair, neural signaling, learning and memory, motor control and integration, sensory function, and neural channels, synapses, and circuits."
1852:
299:(AAN) to give young neurologists a national organization to join. However, sustained research in neurology was not possible without a national institute. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, vocal
451:, that the institute was "planning to launch an all-out attack against the dread spectre of cerebral palsy". By 1959, a study to look at how gestation affected cerebral palsy had been started.
251:, NINDS grew along with the NIH. During the 1950s and 1960s, NINDS and the NIH had strong Congressional support and received significant appropriations. However, this funding declined in 1968.
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1807:
376:
NINDB was not conceived of entirely coherently at the beginning. For example, blindness was added because some concerned citizens raised the issue with Lasker who, in turn asked Congressman
2080:
345:
helped Sen. Claude Pepper present the case to the government for a national institute for cancer, for heart disease, and for neurological disorders. She collected data and found experts.
1898:
1812:
1738:
703:
349:
The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Blindness (NINDB), the original name for the NINDS, was officially established on November 22, 1950, three months after President
1822:
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1903:
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Koroshetz has been granted many honors in his distinguished career and is an elected fellow of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Neurological Association.
499:
The NINDB also set up clinical research centers at several universities as well as targeted research programs, such as the head injury program and the epilepsy initiative.
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were responsible for pushing a large increase in the NIH budget as a whole. They doubled it in five years and subsequent years saw annual increases of 15 percent.
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1954:
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766:, "a strong advocate for support of research in a wide variety of disorders of the brain and nervous system" who had amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
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In March 1975 the institute was again renamed, becoming the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke (NINCDS).
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The NINDB's first director, Pearce Bailey, was appointed on October 3, 1951, and came with experience from the Neuropsychiatry Division at
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509:, father of then-President John F. Kennedy had one. She convinced him that a stroke commission would be a good idea and they agreed that
17:
2100:
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1939:
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327:
155:
1683:
NINDS at 50: an incomplete history celebrating the fiftieth anniversary of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
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Starting in the late 1960s, the budget of the NIH as a whole was reduced, which affected NINDS. Training programs were cut. President
420:
1883:
1675:
1373:"Remarks of Senator John F. Kennedy at the 6th Annual Convention of United Cerebral Palsy, Boston, Massachusetts, November 11, 1955"
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nervous system, fosters the training of investigators in the basic and clinical neurosciences, and seeks better understanding,
638:. In an effort to achieve their goal, the NINDS "supports and conducts research, both basic and clinical, on the normal and
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In the beginning, the NINDB had an Advisory Council made of six medical professional and lay people, all appointed by the
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184:
145:
1668:
Mind, Brain, Body, and Behavior: Foundations of Neuroscience and Behavioral Research at the National Institutes of Health
1888:
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Throughout the 1960s, under the directorship of Richard L. Masland, the NINDB sponsored the ground-breaking research of
1787:
277:
361:, who was responsible for helping the majority of the NIH institutes get their start, wealthy New York entrepreneur
711:
380:
to do so in Congress. He simply added it to the bill, being sympathetic with the cause since his mother was blind.
354:
1972:
1767:
400:
2085:
2007:
729:"Most NINDS-funded research is conducted by extramural scientists in public and private institutions, such as
479:
464:
204:. NINDS also funds clinical research related to diseases and disorders of the brain and nervous system, e.g.
1997:
1908:
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292:
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NINDS was also created as part of an effort to "revive the almost extinct neurological field". At the time,
1992:
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237:
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and Neurology held by the US armed services were filled by psychiatrists. After the war, a survey by the
2012:
1934:
588:, and NINCDS was renamed the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, its current name.
448:
1548:
1666:
Farreras, Ingrid G. "Establishment of the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness."
807:
357:(Public Law 81-692) on August 15, 1950. The legislation had been passed with the efforts of Senator
2017:
772:
was an early awardee among the over 600 of these up-to-seven-year awards granted from 1984 to date
385:
37:
1670:. Eds. Ingrid G. Farreras, Caroline Hannaway, and Victoria A. Harden. Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2004.
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as the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness to help handle the casualties of
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537:, to build an enlarged program based on the blindness research that had been conducted by NINDB.
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The NINDS was created in 1950 to study and treat the neurological and psychiatric casualties of
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1962:
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674:"Some key areas of NINDS clinical research include: neurological consequences of
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455:
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1987:
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83:"NINDS conducts and supports research on brain and nervous system disorders."
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In November 1988, some of NINCDS's research was moved to the newly created
467:, a journalist and promoter of mental health. The new director of the NIH,
200:, neurodegeneration, learning and memory, motor control, brain repair, and
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of the cells of the nervous system, brain and nervous system development,
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213:
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18:
National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke
1056:
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427:
Bailey established the extramural grants and field investigations into
1453:"NIH Almanac: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke"
1803:
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
836:
integrative neuroscience, brain imaging and neurological disorders".
635:
623:
502:
233:
976:
937:
791:
410:
337:
188:
1828:
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
1818:
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders
707:
675:
586:
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders
205:
1720:
1618:
1853:
National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities
284:
found that 48 were neurologists and 456 were psychiatrists.
166:
1808:
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering
1702:
415:
Pearce Bailey, the first director of NINDB, was the son of
1549:"The NIH Almanac - Historical Data; Chronology of Events"
1899:
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health
1813:
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
796:
Walter J. Koroshetz, M.D., the current director of NINDS
762:(R37) was established in October 1983 to honor the late
646:, treatment, and prevention of neurological disorders."
1858:
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
1623:
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
1196:
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
1139:
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
784:
is named after former NINDS Director Dr. Story Landis.
659:"Some important areas of NINDS basic research include:
407:
1951–1968: Strong political alliances and adding stroke
177:
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
31:
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
2081:
National Institutes of Health Director's Pioneer Award
1823:
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research
1798:
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
1904:
National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
27:
Department of the U.S. National Institutes of Health
2051:
1953:
1922:
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1838:
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
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161:
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139:
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117:
97:
87:
79:
71:
63:
55:
47:
2142:Neuroscience research centers in the United States
1793:National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
1375:. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
326:Members of the research grants committee of the
1326:
1324:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1280:
1278:
1168:"NINDS 2020 Congressional Budget Justification"
1129:
1127:
1125:
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1843:National Institute of General Medical Sciences
1579:"Javits Neuroscience Investigator Award (R37)"
1529:
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1914:National Institutes of Health Clinical Center
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8:
1930:Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health
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30:
291:, chair of neurology and psychiatry at the
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1717:
282:American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology
29:
1778:National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
1602:"Landis Award for Outstanding Mentorship"
1186:
1184:
187:(NIH). It conducts and funds research on
1783:National Human Genome Research Institute
846:
529:, the tone of research funding changed.
2147:Government agencies established in 1950
2132:Medical research institutes in Maryland
1117:
782:Landis Award for Outstanding Mentorship
776:Landis Award for Outstanding Mentorship
454:During the 1950s, Mary Lasker, Senator
2091:National Center for Research Resources
1863:National Institute of Nursing Research
760:Javits Neuroscience Investigator Award
754:Javits Neuroscience Investigator Award
1685:. New York: Demos Medical Pub, 2003.
7:
2096:National Institutes of Health Police
2076:National Institutes of Health campus
1894:John E. Fogarty International Center
2101:Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare
2066:United States Public Health Service
1940:National Diabetes Education Program
1848:National Institute of Mental Health
844:Past directors from 1951 - present
328:National Institute of Mental Health
156:United States Public Health Service
1145:. February 3, 2009. Archived from
25:
1884:Center for Information Technology
301:American Neurological Association
1833:National Institute on Drug Abuse
1093:
1075:
1055:
1034:
1014:
993:
975:
954:
936:
918:
900:
882:
864:
513:would be a good director. After
373:, who had retinitis pigmentosa.
104:
36:
2071:Division of Intramural Research
831:Division of Intramural Research
822:Division of Extramural Research
447:announced, to the organization
421:New York Neurological Institute
710:, Parkinson disease and other
569:was shown to prevent periodic
1:
2137:National Institutes of Health
2114:indicate acting officeholders
1749:National Institutes of Health
1627:National Institutes of Health
1461:National Institutes of Health
1200:National Institutes of Health
1143:National Institutes of Health
1082:Walter J. Koroshetz (acting)
764:U. S. Senator Jacob K. Javits
557:and his team discovered that
443:. In 1955, then U.S. Senator
431:, geographic distribution of
419:, one of the founders of the
297:American Academy of Neurology
185:National Institutes of Health
146:National Institutes of Health
1889:Center for Scientific Review
1868:National Library of Medicine
482:. Gajdusek eventually won a
355:Omnibus Medical Research Act
1788:National Institute on Aging
712:neurodegenerative disorders
596:During the 1990s, Senators
517:, she approached President
401:Philadelphia Naval Hospital
243:Established in 1950 by the
2168:
435:, and projects related to
2109:
1768:National Cancer Institute
907:Edward F. MacNichol, Jr.
389:neurology and blindness.
135:Walter J. Koroshetz, M.D.
35:
2086:NIH Public Access Policy
561:could effectively treat
515:Kennedy was assassinated
278:Veteran's Administration
183:) is a part of the U.S.
1998:James Augustine Shannon
1909:Vaccine Research Center
688:developmental disorders
429:retrolental fibroplasia
293:University of Minnesota
1993:William H. Sebrell, Jr
1773:National Eye Institute
797:
743:neurological disorders
724:traumatic brain injury
704:neurogenetic disorders
535:National Eye Institute
424:
346:
280:of the members of the
238:traumatic brain injury
67:U.S. government agency
2013:Donald S. Fredrickson
1935:Visible Human Project
1619:"Intramural Division"
808:""Director's Corner""
795:
449:United Cerebral Palsy
414:
394:U. S. Surgeon General
341:
2152:Stroke organizations
1100:Walter J. Koroshetz
722:injury, stroke, and
696:muscular dystrophies
260:Impetus for creation
2018:James B. Wyngaarden
1070:September 30, 2014
889:Richard L. Masland
632:Parkinson's disease
551:Edward F. MacNichol
458:and Representative
226:Parkinson's disease
210:Alzheimer's disease
141:Parent organization
32:
2043:Monica Bertagnolli
1681:Rowland, Lewis P.
1202:. February 3, 2009
1067:September 1, 2003
988:December 31, 1997
985:September 1, 1994
946:December 23, 1982
910:September 1, 1968
871:Pearce Bailey Jr.
798:
700:multiple sclerosis
511:Michael E. DeBakey
437:mental retardation
433:multiple sclerosis
425:
371:Mildred Weisenfeld
347:
313:muscular dystrophy
305:multiple sclerosis
222:multiple sclerosis
218:muscular dystrophy
119:Official language
92:Bethesda, Maryland
2119:
2118:
2003:Robert Q. Marston
1983:Lewis R. Thompson
1968:Milton J. Rosenau
1963:Joseph J. Kinyoun
1691:978-1-888799-71-2
1647:"NINDS Directors"
1110:
1109:
1047:February 1, 2001
1029:January 31, 2001
962:Patricia A. Grady
943:Murray Goldstein
931:February 1, 1981
840:List of directors
770:Douglas G. Stuart
680:Alzheimer disease
563:myasthenia gravis
507:Joseph P. Kennedy
476:Carleton Gajdusek
173:
172:
42:Organization logo
16:(Redirected from
2159:
2028:Harold E. Varmus
1973:John F. Anderson
1945:BRAIN Initiative
1741:
1734:
1727:
1718:
1703:Official website
1655:
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1468:
1463:. March 16, 2009
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1390:
1384:
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1363:
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1349:
1346:
1340:
1339:Farreras, 24-25.
1337:
1331:
1328:
1319:
1316:
1303:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1285:
1282:
1273:
1270:
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1261:
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1254:Farreras, 20–21.
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1237:
1234:
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1211:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1188:
1179:
1178:
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1175:
1164:
1158:
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1155:
1154:
1149:on July 20, 2008
1135:"NINDS Overview"
1131:
1097:
1085:October 1, 2014
1079:
1059:
1050:August 31, 2003
1038:
1022:Gerald Fischbach
1018:
1006:January 1, 1998
997:
979:
970:August 31, 1994
958:
940:
925:Donald B. Tower
922:
904:
886:
868:
847:
811:
525:the election of
486:for his work on
378:Andrew Biemiller
169:
110:
108:
107:
40:
33:
21:
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2161:
2160:
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2105:
2047:
2038:Francis Collins
2023:Bernadine Healy
1978:George W. McCoy
1949:
1918:
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1745:
1712:USAspending.gov
1699:
1663:
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1501:Rowland, 39–40.
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1026:August 1, 1998
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806:
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735:medical schools
716:sleep disorders
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460:John E. Fogarty
445:John F. Kennedy
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367:Fight for Sight
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1697:External links
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441:cerebral palsy
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598:Arlen Specter
591:
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567:acetazolamide
564:
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547:Richard Nixon
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527:Richard Nixon
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417:Pearce Bailey
413:
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359:Claude Pepper
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46:
39:
34:
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2111:
2058:
2008:Robert Stone
1857:
1682:
1667:
1650:
1641:
1630:. Retrieved
1622:
1596:
1587:
1573:
1568:Rowland, 41.
1564:
1553:. Retrieved
1533:Rowland, 49.
1515:Rowland, 40.
1497:
1492:Rowland, 39.
1476:
1465:. Retrieved
1456:
1435:Rowland, 48.
1431:
1426:Rowland, 33.
1410:Rowland, 37.
1406:
1401:Rowland, 36.
1397:
1388:
1377:. Retrieved
1367:
1362:Rowland, 46.
1348:Rowland, 26.
1344:
1335:
1302:Rowland, 17.
1298:
1289:
1268:
1263:Rowland, 14.
1259:
1250:
1241:
1204:. Retrieved
1195:
1172:. Retrieved
1162:
1151:. Retrieved
1147:the original
1138:
1063:Story Landis
859:Left office
856:Took office
843:
834:
825:
817:
813:
804:
781:
779:
768:
759:
757:
731:universities
728:
692:motor neuron
690:, epilepsy,
684:brain tumors
673:
658:
620:
611:
595:
583:
575:
544:
531:
523:
501:
496:
487:
480:Joseph Gibbs
473:
453:
426:
398:
391:
382:
375:
351:Harry Truman
348:
325:
289:Abe B. Baker
286:
270:
266:World War II
263:
249:World War II
242:
180:
176:
174:
152:Affiliations
88:Headquarters
72:Legal status
48:Abbreviation
1710:account on
1651:www.nih.gov
1457:NIH Almanac
1293:Rowland, 8.
1222:Rowland, 6.
1170:. NIH-NINDS
720:spinal cord
484:Nobel Prize
465:Mike Gorman
456:Lister Hill
363:Mary Lasker
353:signed the
343:Mary Lasker
230:spinal cord
2126:Categories
2060:NIH Record
1988:Rolla Dyer
1761:Institutes
1661:References
1632:2009-06-17
1591:as of 2017
1555:2009-06-18
1467:2009-06-17
1379:2009-06-18
1206:2009-06-17
1174:2020-01-18
1153:2009-06-17
694:diseases,
602:Tom Harkin
559:prednisone
555:King Engel
494:New Guinea
273:psychiatry
1955:Directors
1192:"Mission"
1044:(acting)
1003:(acting)
964:(acting)
853:Director
850:Portrait
788:Structure
739:hospitals
669:cognition
644:diagnosis
571:paralysis
541:1968–1980
321:blindness
287:In 1948,
56:Formation
1923:Programs
1106:Present
801:Director
749:Specific
665:genetics
650:Research
640:diseased
628:epilepsy
386:etiology
369:founder
334:Creation
317:epilepsy
232:injury,
214:epilepsy
202:synapses
198:genetics
131:Director
2112:Italics
2052:Related
1877:Centers
661:biology
655:General
617:Mission
255:History
162:Website
124:English
80:Purpose
1689:
1674:
737:, and
636:autism
634:, and
624:stroke
503:Stroke
365:, and
319:, and
236:, and
234:stroke
109:
75:Active
1747:U.S.
1708:NINDS
1551:. NIH
1113:Notes
967:1993
949:1993
913:1973
895:1968
892:1959
877:1959
874:1951
608:2000s
592:1990s
580:1980s
189:brain
181:NINDS
51:NINDS
1753:list
1687:ISBN
1672:ISBN
780:The
758:The
708:pain
676:AIDS
600:and
565:and
489:kuru
478:and
439:and
206:AIDS
191:and
175:The
64:Type
59:1950
726:."
492:in
2128::
1649:.
1625:.
1621:.
1610:^
1538:^
1520:^
1506:^
1485:^
1459:.
1455:.
1440:^
1415:^
1353:^
1323:^
1307:^
1277:^
1227:^
1215:^
1198:.
1194:.
1183:^
1141:.
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1120:^
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1635:.
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1470:.
1382:.
1209:.
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1156:.
497:.
423:.
179:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
