50:
78:
33:
535:
85:
57:
650:
Aside from a brief period between 1950 and 1955, these women were not allowed to reapply for citizenship for almost 45 years, when the deportation was reevaluated by
Stortinget in 1989. In 2003, the Norwegian government finally apologized for the mistreatment of these women after the war. Though the
489:
Adolf Hals. There were a total of 1,100 women detained at the Hovedøya camp, most of them Oslo residents in their 20s, along with at least 16 children, who were cared for by their mothers as no other family members would take care of them. The women were interned for as long as was deemed necessary
655:
for
Norwegians who had suffered through a harsh German occupation. Terje A. Pedersen, a historian who focuses on the treatment of tyskertøser, wrote in his thesis: "Admitting that these relationships could be merely love affairs between normal people would disrupt the black and white image of the
602:
concentration camps for his role in the
Norwegian resistance movement. When he saw the treatment of women in the camp, the resemblance to the German camps was too strong, and he ordered it to be immediately shut down. The barracks were completely cleaned out and the women sent back to Oslo by the
308:
with 100 beds. By the end of the war, the camp was abandoned until its use as an internment camp for women a few months later. After the internment camp closed, the barracks were used as housing for 150 families up until the late 1950s. Today, the only part of the camp that remains is a single
615:
in Oslo, they were forced to sign statements that they would not be seen in public with uniformed men or foreigners. But this was not the end of the punishment for some of these women, as about 3,500 Norwegian women who had married German soldiers were later deported to
Germany. The
639:
Most of these married women in their dealings with the occupying forces' soldiers and officers have behaved in a most undignified manner. Since they married
Germans, their political ties to Norway should be broken. And it is highly desirable that they leave our country as soon as
416:
and prevent sexually transmitted diseases from spreading to
Norwegian men, but the camp was also used to detain women who had lived "scandalous lives" or "went against the general consensus" about the German occupiers, as authorities explained in a 1945 interview with
490:
by the police or health authority who sent them there—though the average sentence was two months, the women could be held there from anywhere between a few days to over six months. Some women who were considered particularly treasonous were transferred to
465:
in the camp, the camp management cited a law created under the
Nasjonal Samling government that allowed putting "immoral" women to work, despite the fact that all laws enacted during wartime were immediately repealed after the occupation ended.
389:
It was decided that these women should be separated from the rest of the population. A few official reasons were given, including to protect the women from being assaulted and to both give them treatment for and protect
Norwegian men from any
288:. The Kongens Garde held training exercises on the island for six weeks every summer, from 1 April to 15 October, every year until 1939. However, most of the buildings were built by the Germans when they took over the island in 1940 to house
497:
Since the women were never formally detained, their doors were left unlocked and their windows unbarred. However, many aspects of the facility's design indicated its true purpose as a prison camp. The camp was surrounded by tall
461:. The main provisional law used to justify the camp was a law created in June 1945 authorizing preventative measures against STDs and one from 1943 that gave the police authority to detain people without trial. To justify
542:
The camp at Hovedøya was the largest of its kind with inmates from all over the country. However, there were many similar camps across Norway. The other main tyskertøs camp for the Oslo area was Hovelåsen outside
429:
took over the list and expanded it, adding any woman who had been accused of being a tyskertøs or detained at Hovedøya. So while official figures stated that 75% of the camp's prisoners were infected with
342:
warned, "The women who don't reject the
Germans will pay a terrible price the rest of their lives." However, even after the war the attitudes towards these women, commonly referred to as
700:
469:
The camp at Hovedøya was for the most part unchallenged by the media. Aftenposten described the detainees as "the greatest danger to society," and Hovedøya was known colloquially as
364:
in June 1945 read, "To cut off the hair of a German whore is too mild a punishment. They should be hated and tormented in every way, both male and female traitors." The newspaper
112:
620:
of 1924 allowed
Norwegians to be married to foreigners and retain their citizenship, as long as they were living in Norway. However, a provisional law that was passed by
404:
on June 14, 1945. However, the camp was very small, holding only 250 prisoners, and was deemed unfit for winter use, so it was decided that a new camp should be set up.
49:
510:. The camp was also patrolled by armed guards who were authorized to open fire if necessary, but no such events occurred. Incoming mail to the inmates was often
394:
that they might have. The first camp used to hold these women in the Oslo area was a disused German labor camp for political prisoners on Ljanskollen, west of
77:
1003:
968:
330:, the illegal press was very critical of women involved with German soldiers, since it was seen as fraternization with the enemy and a threat to the
588:
998:
983:
963:
884:
426:
327:
1013:
993:
973:
836:
656:
Germans and the war. It would have normalized the relationship to Germany in a way that was completely unacceptable after the war."
441:
Most of the women detained in Hovedøya had not broken Norwegian law, since sexual relations with German soldiers was not considered
599:
514:
or withheld entirely. During the day, the women were also put to work around the camp, given menial tasks such as raking leaves,
421:. During the war, the Germans had kept a register of women with STDs, including information on which of these women had had
730:
331:
187:
391:
105:
978:
412:
The official stance of the Norwegian government was that the internment camps were intended to protect the women from
285:
173:
629:
617:
591:
449:. However, to legally justify keeping them detained, laws were cited that were either created during the war by
1008:
651:
camp at Hovedøya represented a dark chapter of Norway's history, at the time its prisoners provided a useful
1018:
37:
Aerial photo of Hovedøya today. The camp was located in the clearing at the narrowest part of the island.
760:
632:
625:
621:
595:
547:, which held 450 detainees. There were also small camps near most major Norwegian cities, such as in
786:
988:
422:
237:
339:
548:
376:. Out on the streets gangs of men, many of whom were former resistance fighters, would assault
880:
832:
572:
310:
816:(in Norwegian). Oslo: Selskabet for Oslo Byes Vel & Kunnskapsforlaget. 2010. p. 339.
564:
491:
458:
450:
301:
281:
197:
454:
280:
The oldest buildings that were used as part of the camp on Hovedøya were built in 1914 as
345:
216:
624:
in 1946 that made an exception for women married to German soldiers. In a statement for
901:
305:
261:
931:
957:
32:
486:
418:
269:
265:
177:
534:
485:
On 1 October 1945, the Hovedøya facility began operation under the leadership of
863:
Provisorisk anordning av 26. februar 1943, om polititjenesten i Norge under krig
612:
568:
544:
523:
503:
499:
360:
253:
155:
511:
462:
249:
24:
127:
114:
665:
652:
576:
560:
515:
435:
382:, shaving their heads or tearing their clothes off and painting them with a
289:
879:(in Norwegian). Scandinavian Academic Press/Spartacus Forlag. p. 89.
431:
413:
383:
297:
538:
Government minister Sven Oftedal was responsible for the camp's closure.
370:
suggested that the women be made to wear armbands marked with a "T" for
852:
Provisorisk anordning av 12. juni 1945 om åtgjerder mot kjønnssykdommer
442:
395:
366:
84:
56:
552:
519:
507:
335:
245:
163:
556:
446:
355:
257:
159:
260:. It was used to detain women who had been accused of having
526:. Any proceeds from their labor went directly to the camp.
737:(in Norwegian). Norsk Institutt for Kulturminneforskning
708:(in Norwegian). Oslo kommune Friluftsetaten. p. 12
92:
National Internment Camp for Women in Hovedøya (Norway)
594:. During the war Oftedal had been imprisoned in the
222:
212:
204:
193:
183:
169:
151:
143:
104:
18:
763:. Information Centre for Gender Research in Norway
300:with room for over 1,000 soldiers, a stockpile of
932:"6.oktober...Krigsbrudenes historie i Brennpunkt"
637:
399:
377:
371:
343:
438:, the actual figures were between 20 and 30%.
242:Statens interneringsleir for kvinner, Hovedøya
234:National Internment Camp for Women in Hovedøya
147:Statens interneringsleir for kvinner, Hovedøya
19:National Internment Camp for Women in Hovedøya
457:intended to be used against Nazi soldiers or
425:with German soldiers. When the war ended the
8:
15:
925:
923:
533:
680:
587:In April 1946, the camp was visited by
754:
752:
725:
723:
506:at night to enforce the strict 9:00pm
334:. In one of his radio broadcasts from
900:Vitanza, Marco Demian (11 Jul 2008).
780:
778:
694:
692:
690:
688:
686:
684:
7:
731:"Fra Gardeleir til tysk militærleir"
702:Turguide til øyene i indre Oslofjord
427:Ministry of Health and Care Services
354:), were overwhelmingly negative. An
309:barracks building near the ruins of
252:for women, located on the island of
200:camp for Hans Majestet Kongens Garde
759:Førde, Kristin Engh (24 Sep 2007).
666:Filmavisen news clip about the camp
14:
645:Jens Christian Hauge, Ot.prp. 136
1004:1946 disestablishments in Norway
969:Buildings and structures in Oslo
875:Pedersen, Terje Andreas (2012).
445:, and as such they had not seen
292:soldiers. The facility, renamed
83:
76:
64:Location of Hovedøya within Oslo
55:
48:
31:
398:, that was repurposed to hold
322:Attitude towards "tyskertøser"
1:
999:1945 establishments in Norway
984:Norwegian resistance movement
964:World War II internment camps
930:Svaar, Torill (10 Dec 2000).
785:Aarnes, Helle (16 Mar 2008).
392:sexually transmitted diseases
332:Norwegian resistance movement
827:Drolshagen, Ebba D (2009).
735:Natur og kultur på Hovedøya
328:German occupation of Norway
286:Hans Majestet Kongens Garde
262:romantic or sexual liaisons
208:1 Oct 1945 – May 1946
1035:
1014:History of women in Norway
589:Minister of Social Affairs
994:Aftermath of World War II
974:Defunct prisons in Norway
699:Eriksen, Frøydis (2010).
618:Norwegian nationality law
611:When the women landed at
474:
351:
42:
30:
23:
877:Vi kalte dem tyskertøser
831:. Oktober. p. 163.
475:the doomed girls' island
128:59.8947639°N 10.729194°E
471:"de fortapte pikers øy"
408:Purpose and legal basis
648:
539:
400:
378:
372:
344:
241:
628:proposition no. 136,
537:
296:, was expanded by 11
133:59.8947639; 10.729194
633:Jens Christian Hauge
188:Government of Norway
902:"Idyllisert fortid"
787:"De brøt ingen lov"
635:said of the women:
630:government minister
463:forced unpaid labor
124: /
540:
494:in northern Oslo.
95:Show map of Norway
886:978-82-304-0086-9
603:following month.
230:
229:
223:Number of inmates
1026:
948:
947:
945:
943:
927:
918:
917:
915:
913:
897:
891:
890:
872:
866:
860:
854:
849:
843:
842:
829:De gikk ikke fri
824:
818:
817:
809:
803:
802:
800:
798:
782:
773:
772:
770:
768:
761:"Simply in Love"
756:
747:
746:
744:
742:
727:
718:
717:
715:
713:
707:
696:
670:
646:
492:Bredtveit Prison
476:
455:provisional laws
451:Nasjonal Samling
403:
381:
375:
353:
349:
282:recruit training
268:soldiers during
198:Recruit training
139:
138:
136:
135:
134:
129:
125:
122:
121:
120:
117:
96:
87:
86:
80:
68:
67:Show map of Oslo
59:
58:
52:
35:
16:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1009:Women in Norway
979:Women's prisons
954:
953:
952:
951:
941:
939:
929:
928:
921:
911:
909:
899:
898:
894:
887:
874:
873:
869:
861:
857:
850:
846:
839:
826:
825:
821:
814:Oslo byleksikon
812:"Ljanskollen".
811:
810:
806:
796:
794:
791:Bergens Tidende
784:
783:
776:
766:
764:
758:
757:
750:
740:
738:
729:
728:
721:
711:
709:
705:
698:
697:
682:
677:
668:
662:
647:
644:
609:
585:
532:
483:
410:
340:Toralv Øksnevad
324:
319:
278:
250:internment camp
132:
130:
126:
123:
118:
115:
113:
111:
110:
100:
99:
98:
97:
94:
93:
90:
89:
88:
71:
70:
69:
66:
65:
62:
61:
60:
38:
25:Internment camp
12:
11:
5:
1032:
1030:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
956:
955:
950:
949:
938:(in Norwegian)
919:
908:(in Norwegian)
892:
885:
867:
855:
844:
837:
819:
804:
793:(in Norwegian)
774:
748:
719:
679:
678:
676:
673:
672:
671:
669:(in Norwegian)
661:
660:External links
658:
642:
608:
605:
584:
581:
531:
528:
482:
479:
409:
406:
323:
320:
318:
315:
311:Hovedøya Abbey
306:field hospital
294:Lager Hovedöen
277:
274:
228:
227:
224:
220:
219:
214:
210:
209:
206:
202:
201:
195:
191:
190:
185:
181:
180:
171:
167:
166:
153:
149:
148:
145:
141:
140:
108:
102:
101:
91:
82:
81:
75:
74:
73:
72:
63:
54:
53:
47:
46:
45:
44:
43:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
21:
20:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1031:
1020:
1019:Women in Oslo
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
961:
959:
937:
933:
926:
924:
920:
907:
903:
896:
893:
888:
882:
878:
871:
868:
864:
859:
856:
853:
848:
845:
840:
838:9788249505920
834:
830:
823:
820:
815:
808:
805:
792:
788:
781:
779:
775:
762:
755:
753:
749:
736:
732:
726:
724:
720:
704:
703:
695:
693:
691:
689:
687:
685:
681:
674:
667:
664:
663:
659:
657:
654:
641:
636:
634:
631:
627:
623:
619:
614:
606:
604:
601:
600:Sachsenhausen
597:
593:
590:
582:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
536:
530:Similar camps
529:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
495:
493:
488:
480:
478:
472:
467:
464:
460:
459:collaborators
456:
452:
448:
444:
439:
437:
433:
428:
424:
420:
415:
407:
405:
402:
397:
393:
387:
385:
380:
374:
369:
368:
363:
362:
357:
348:
347:
341:
337:
333:
329:
321:
316:
314:
312:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
275:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
225:
221:
218:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
196:
192:
189:
186:
182:
179:
175:
174:Kongens Garde
172:
168:
165:
161:
157:
154:
150:
146:
142:
137:
116:59°53′41.15″N
109:
107:
103:
79:
51:
41:
34:
29:
26:
22:
17:
940:. Retrieved
935:
910:. Retrieved
906:Morgenbladet
905:
895:
876:
870:
862:
858:
851:
847:
828:
822:
813:
807:
795:. Retrieved
790:
765:. Retrieved
739:. Retrieved
734:
710:. Retrieved
701:
649:
638:
610:
592:Sven Oftedal
586:
541:
522:, or laying
504:searchlights
496:
487:psychologist
484:
470:
468:
440:
411:
388:
365:
359:
352:German sluts
325:
293:
284:grounds for
279:
276:Construction
270:World War II
233:
231:
194:Original use
178:Nazi Germany
119:10°43′45.1″E
613:Vippetangen
545:Kongsvinger
502:fences and
500:barbed wire
423:intercourse
401:tyskertøser
379:tyskertøser
361:Aftenposten
346:tyskertøser
326:During the
248:'s largest
217:Tyskertøser
205:Operational
184:Operated by
144:Other names
131: /
106:Coordinates
958:Categories
675:References
622:Stortinget
524:rat poison
473:(English:
350:(English:
317:Background
302:explosives
989:Wehrmacht
653:scapegoat
640:possible.
626:Odelsting
607:Aftermath
577:Stavanger
561:Trondheim
549:Tennebekk
516:gardening
481:Operation
436:gonorrhea
414:lynchings
373:tyskertøs
290:Wehrmacht
238:Norwegian
643:—
573:Skadberg
569:Hønefoss
512:censored
432:syphilis
384:swastika
304:, and a
298:barracks
254:Hovedøya
170:Built by
156:Hovedøya
152:Location
583:Closure
565:Klekken
443:treason
396:Holmlia
367:Nordlys
213:Inmates
883:
835:
797:28 Jan
767:28 Jan
741:28 Jan
712:26 Jan
571:, and
553:Bergen
520:sewing
508:curfew
336:London
266:German
246:Norway
244:) was
164:Norway
942:5 Feb
912:5 Feb
865:, § 6
706:(PDF)
596:Grini
575:near
567:near
559:near
557:Selbu
551:near
447:trial
358:from
356:op-ed
264:with
226:1,100
944:2013
914:2013
881:ISBN
833:ISBN
799:2013
769:2013
743:2013
714:2013
598:and
258:Oslo
232:The
160:Oslo
936:NRK
477:).
453:or
434:or
256:in
158:in
960::
934:.
922:^
904:.
789:.
777:^
751:^
733:.
722:^
683:^
579:.
563:,
555:,
518:,
419:VG
386:.
338:,
313:.
272:.
240::
176:,
162:,
946:.
916:.
889:.
841:.
801:.
771:.
745:.
716:.
236:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
