388:
Polish communist period. In contrast, the 'pink camp' was considered a left-wing deviation, criticizing the blue party's line as being elitist and too clerical. The pink faction sought to focus on socio-economic issues and advocated state-owned economy, together with an expansive welfare state. In
February, Bogusław Rybicki, the leader of the pink faction, was expelled from the National Party, after being accused of being a communist civil servant. Several other activists of the party left the party in solidarity with Rybacki, and on 28 March 1992, they found National Party "Fatherland", which was to be a left-wing equivalent of the National Party.
645:, who stated that the burden of the transformation has been placed on the poor. Pensioners grew poorer, and the value of pensions has fallen sharply. The party also mentioned the farmers, who were pushed to the margins of society, arguing that the country has been "completely devastated by less than 5 years of transition". The party noted that all ordinary Poles had suffered from the capitalist transition, as they "have nowhere to live and no money to buy the most necessary products". The National Party "Fatherland" claimed that this was the intentional outcome of the plan, as "It is easy to govern a nation that is starving".
630:
with monopolization of privatized industries, resulting in 'chronic cost inflation'. In regards to tariff liberalisation, the party decried the subsequent "collapse of Polish entrepreneurship and agriculture, unemployment, a budget meltdown and an outflow of foreign currency". According to its program, Balcerowicz Plan sold Polish industries to the wealthy few and large international companies, resulting in a "loss of economic sovereignty". The party also accused left-wing parties of failing to challenge the capitalist transition, writing that "The
50:
501:
was not an attractive partner for Lepper, especially as
Samoobrona steadily moved towards a direction of becoming a 'stabilized' left-wing party. Samoobrona eschwed its vague position in favour of developing a clearly defined far-left ideology - Lepper called for a "worker-peasant alliance" and increasingly marginalized and dismissed the nationalist wing of the party. By the late 1990s, Lepper also called for return to socialism arguing that it had "not yet reached full maturity".
618:, although the party did not reject socialism outright. The party argued that economic actions must be assessed from the point of view of Catholic morality, as well as their on "the interests of the nation". The party spoke of "four dimensions" of economy - 'purely economic', social, national-political and 'religious-behavioural'. The party was very close to left-wing parties in its view that economic impacts must be analyzed from the perspective of social consequences.
661:, who was invited to write articles on behalf of the party for its weekly "Ojczyzna". The party also rejected the idea of "people's capitalism" which it defined as capitalism that aims to be based on social justice, such as social-democratic models. According to the party, any improvement coming from such models would be "microscopic" and temporary, and would in the long run fail to prevent consolidation of power by wealthy groups, along with 'social divisions'.
508:(the grouping representing the 'right' wing in the national camp). As agreed in November 1996, "Fatherland" was to enter the SND. This meant de facto capitulation for Rybicki, as he had to accept not only the statute, but also his partner's alien program line; the only success was the agreement that the leaders of Ojczyzna would be co-opted into the authorities of the united party. The congress of SN Ojczyzna on 15 December 1996 decided to self-dissolve.
665:
party, wrote: "The main beneficiary of privatization will be foreign corporations, especially German ones. This will be the final blow to Polish industry in line with the will of the global financial oligarchy." The leader of the party, Rybicki, likewise wrote: "Privatisation is to make Poland a defenceless economic desert on which
Western capital will expand." The party argued that capitalism "aims, step by step, to deprive Poles of their own economy".
1207:
434:, gained widespread attention through controversial statements such as "We are a radical party, open to all disadvantaged people who are starving at home." and "If someone has a billion or two or ten, they really couldn't have made it through legal work" became widely reported and known." It had an unclear ideological profile - Polish political scientist
669:
the party, Rybicki, wrote that the party's vision includes "granting the
Catholic Church, as an absolute majority, special rights and privileges". Commenting on the party's program, Tomasiewicz wrote that "the National Party "Fatherland", combining Catholic nationalism with a 'socialist' economic programme, appears to be a continuation of the
668:
Despite avoiding cultural issues, the party spoke on religion, arguing that "the Polish state must also be
Catholic". In its program, the party wrote: "The Church should have its rightful place in public life. The state should not be indifferent or even less unfriendly towards the Church". Leader of
489:
After its disappointing performance in the 1993 election, the party started rapidly declining. The party leadership attempted to revive the party by presenting itself as "revisionist-nationalist" party, hoping to recruit new members and develop an attractive ideological life. The
Unification Congress
387:
Amongst the growing sectionalism, two 'tendencies' were particularly notable - the "blue" faction and the "pink" faction. The blue camp represented the traditional right and aspired to closely mimic the pre-war
National Party, including supporting fully capitalist liberalism economy and rejecting the
629:
that dismantled the socialist economy in Poland in favour of a capitalist free-market economy, with harsh deregulation, privatization and austerity measures. National Party "Fatherland" decried the plan as "economic genocide", pointing out that the plan resulted in full price liberalization together
604:
What effect can be produced by constantly talking and writing about the Jews? These are magic incantations. On the other hand, such rhetoric frightens away millions of ordinary people whose main problem is how to make ends meet. The national programme must therefore be first and foremost a programme
595:
The party also greatly deviated from other "national-democratic" groupings through its focus. In case of SN„O”, nationalist rhetoric was very sparsely used and was mostly limited to the party's slogan "Be proud to be Polish". The party did not speak on cultural issues, and instead greatly focused on
500:
There was also a clear decline in activity. There were only sporadic pickets; the most important manifestation of the party's activity was the lectures delivered in the field by
Rybicki. National Party "Fatherland" was still looking for support in Andrzej Lepper and his Samoobrona, but Rybicki party
391:
The party held its national convention in Warsaw, where Bogusław
Rybicki and Bogusław Jeznach were elected as the leaders of the party. By 1993, the party's organisational network already covered 42 provinces. The number of Ojczyzna members was around 2100 at the time. The circulation of the party's
335:
SN "Ojczyzna" represented the left wing of the national camp (known as "pink endecja"), proclaiming a populist socio-economic programme. It distanced itself from the right and ignored cultural issues, going as far as mocking the Polish right for being out of touch with the problems of common people,
664:
The consequences of capitalism were also criticized from the point of foreign takeover. Party activists argued that the transition was carried out to benefit foreign capital, concluding that
Balcerowicz Plan was "economic aggression" against Poland. Marxist economist JĂłzef Balcerek, writing for the
441:
Idiosyncratic views of Samoobrona, combined with their populism, left-wing nationalism and radicalism, were appealing to the National Party "Fatherland", which represented a left-wing splinter from a right-wing, radically nationalist party. Despite Rybicki's efforts, Samoobrona rejected the idea of
449:
After the unsuccessful attempt to form a coalition with Samoobrona, the party decided to run in the election on its own, but open itself to cooperation with independent candidates and minor organizations through creating Fatherland - Polish List. This also allowed the party to distance itself from
481:
However, unlike the Catholic Electoral Action, which was staunchly right-wing and National-Catholic, the Catholic Electoral Committee "Fatherland" sought to present itself as a moderate party and build a broad coalition of both churchgoing and moderate Catholics. The committee sought an official
485:
The Catholic Electoral Committee "Fatherland" not only had an almost identical name to Fatherland - Polish List. National Party "Fatherland" and its allies strongly protested the "theft" of its committee and filed a lawsuit against the Catholic committee, but they were unable to hamper the KKW.
979:[The only grouping of the extreme left that is not a neo-communist formation is the Polish Samoobrona. At many points, its economic programme, which mainly emphasises the need to stop privatisation and to protect national interests, coincides with the demands of neo-communist parties.]
587:
on one hand, and advocating anti-capitalism and left-wing, inclusive nationalism on the other hand. In its program however, the party made it clear that it strongly deviated from Dmowski's definition of 'National Democracy', which National Party "Fatherland" defined as the primacy of national
336:
stating that Polish right-wing parties prefer "magic incantations about Jews" and "haunted conspiracy theories" to addressing the poverty and suffering of ordinary people. The party was anti-capitalist and strongly attacked liberalization and privatization measures, especially the neoliberal
482:
endorsement from the Polish Catholic Church, but the Church strongly emphasized its neutrality, a decision influenced by the controversy caused by the clergy's alleged support for the Catholic Electoral Action in 1991. In light of this, the KKW organized through parish councils instead.
450:
the 'main' National Party, which the party members considered too radical, especially in the wake of its 1991 electoral performance. Fatherland - Polist List was formally registered on 30 June 1993. It was located in Warsaw. However, the electoral bloc was undermined by the creation of
490:
of National Organisations was held in April 1994, where a couple of tiny political groupings joined the National Party "Fatherland". However, despite the merger, the paty kept declining - members withdrew from party activity or deserted to other groupings, including Samoobrona.
976:
Jedyne ugrupowanie ekstremalnej lewicy, które nie jest formacją neokomunistyczną, to polska Samoobrona. W wielu momentach jej program gospodarczy, akcentujący głównie konieczność powstrzymania prywatyzacji oraz ochronę narodowych interesów, jest zbieżny z postulatami partii
596:
economic matters, which the "senioral party" was neglectful on. Here, the National Party "Fatherland" was consistently left-populist and attacked right-wing parties for promoting rhetoric that is completely detached from the life of an average Pole. In its program for
613:
National Party "Fatherland" promoted the view of the superiority of labour over capital and adopted left-wing slogans, such as supporting workers' strikes and trade unions. At the same time, the party argued that their views are rooted less in socialism and more in
316:(so-called "senior party"). The party leaders were Bogusław Rybicki and Bogusław Jeznach. The newspaper of the party was the weekly magazine "Ojczyzna". National Party "Fatherland" pursued a coalition with left-wing populist and nationalist parties such as the
592:, and egalitarianism. In a complete opposite to ethnic nationalism of Dmowski, the party envisioned minority protection and special provisions that would reserve Sejm seats for ethnic and religious minorities proportional to their share of the population.
656:
notes Marxist undertones in the party's program, as the party reiterated Marxist thesis that the state is an instrument of the ruling class. National Party "Fatherland" in fact had contacts with Marxist economists such as
840:[This was polemicised with the leftist-neoendecja "Fatherland", which wrote: "It was on the fields of Grunwald that the great clash between Polish nationalism and the feral Christianity of Europe took place ". ]
392:
newspaper, the weekly Ojczyzna - rose from 3,500 to 6,000 copies within a year. The party started holding events, consisting mainly of anniversary celebrations, but also street protests and paramilitary training.
415:) in hopes of organizing an electoral coalition. Samoobrona was a far-left party; it became popular through its radical and aggressive agrarian protests, forming a paramilitary group "Peasant Battalions" (
2161:
328:. However, it failed to win any seats, earning 15.958 votes, which amounted to 0,12% of the popular vote. The party rapidly declined after 1993, and in 1996 it dissolved to join a right-wing
2183:
2141:
641:
According to the party, the capitalist transition had not only had negative effects at the macroeconomic level, but has also affected ordinary people. Here the party cited Archbishop
384:, National Party won 74.082 votes equating to 0.66% of the popular vote. Shortly after the 1991 election, the party grew divided as notable factions and tendencies formed within it.
1833:
838:
Polemizowano tu z lewicowo-endecką „Ojczyzną", która napisała: „To na polach Grunwaldu doszło do wielkiego starcia polskiego nacjonalizmu ze zdziczałym chrześcijaństwem Europy ".
2176:
1192:
1170:
2710:
2146:
2315:
2171:
1752:
505:
329:
108:
2287:
451:
2455:
2715:
943:
2298:
2705:
1762:
2522:
2358:
2151:
2659:
2330:
1787:
2273:
2690:
1911:
1807:
486:
Ultimately, Fatherland - Polish List performed terribly in the 1993 election, receiving only 15.958 votes, which equated 0.12% of the popular vote.
2475:
2221:
2347:
2695:
2685:
2512:
1878:
1708:
1610:
1603:
1367:
1185:
400:
317:
2445:
2022:
1767:
1119:
1002:
899:
803:
727:
2408:
504:
Isolated, Rybicki decided that the National Party "Fatherland" is no longer able to function on its own and pursued rapprochement with the
2364:
2304:
442:
cooperating with his National Party. Samoobrona would later drift further left and cooperate with more clearly left-wing parties through
2720:
2700:
2423:
2342:
2208:
2002:
1942:
1201:
305:
268:
1960:
609:
extends its right-wing hatred and dogma of anti-communism to the entire economic matter, i.e. walls, machines, and God-fearing workers.
2017:
693:
544:
475:
396:
381:
321:
2166:
344:
models of capitalism as insufficient, arguing that they would nevertheless lead to the situation where "the rich control the state".
2567:
2352:
2203:
2119:
2053:
1858:
1622:
1386:
1247:
1178:
969:
927:
831:
631:
497:, running on a protectionism, isolationist and anti-privatization platform. However, he withdrew his candidacy before the election.
494:
2237:
2107:
736:[The circulation of the party's newspaper, the weekly Ojczyzna - was to increase from 3,500 to 6,000 copies within a year.]
340:
that introduced capitalist free-market economy to Poland. The party called neoliberalism "economic genocide". It also criticized
2547:
2232:
1916:
648:
The party also held staunchly anti-capitalist views, arguing that capitalism as a system inevitably results in development of
1906:
1720:
1690:
1932:
2725:
2460:
2085:
1863:
357:
313:
98:
579:
The National Party "Fatherland" had a seemingly conflicting ideology, stating commitment to the (principally right-wing)
228:
2572:
2527:
2388:
2310:
2080:
1900:
1812:
1777:
353:
146:
2730:
2583:
2470:
2435:
2382:
2267:
2047:
1730:
1700:
1492:
580:
151:
1838:
1828:
658:
2336:
2129:
2102:
2097:
2036:
1888:
1873:
1818:
1374:
670:
2497:
2450:
2369:
2280:
2090:
2012:
1980:
1802:
1747:
471:
2599:
2589:
2486:
2320:
1737:
1556:
1442:
1278:
1265:
615:
606:
597:
589:
565:
467:
443:
325:
189:
2227:
1638:
1480:
1349:
635:
1091:
2604:
2577:
2562:
2418:
2325:
2214:
2068:
1894:
377:
438:
described it as a "radical-populist" party combined agrarianism, nationalism and "Soviet-style" communism.
49:
2542:
2507:
2492:
2480:
2398:
2156:
2124:
2063:
1772:
1523:
734:
Nakład organu Stronnictwa - tygodnika "Ojczyzna" - w ciągu roku miał wzrosnąć z 3500 do 6000 egzemplarzy.
2557:
2552:
2413:
2403:
2075:
2041:
1922:
1797:
1792:
1581:
1529:
1417:
1228:
858:[Protection of national culture in concepts of the contemporary National Right Wing in Poland].
470:
and was a coalition of Christian-democratic and political-Catholic parties. It was largely based on the
373:
159:
155:
2636:
1054:
1018:
819:
653:
435:
2641:
2610:
2375:
2113:
2058:
1883:
1782:
995:
Magia politycznych wizerunków w mediach: Aleksander Kwaśniewski i Andrzej Lepper: studium przypadków
605:
for normal Poles, not for the haunted trackers of various conspiracies. (...) The leadership of the
2262:
1927:
1868:
1853:
1823:
1547:
1290:
273:
2664:
2594:
2517:
2429:
1695:
1631:
1467:
937:
626:
424:
263:
174:
163:
1107:
957:
652:
and 'stratification of society' where "the rich control the state". Polish political scientist
1975:
1660:
1653:
1616:
1569:
1511:
1504:
1486:
1380:
1355:
1321:
1314:
1284:
1115:
998:
965:
923:
895:
827:
799:
723:
70:
964:(in Polish). Poznań-Wrocław: Wyższa Szkoła Zarządzania i Bankowości w Poznaniu. p. 180.
2532:
2293:
1725:
1714:
1684:
1594:
1430:
1408:
1342:
1241:
1070:
1034:
867:
642:
622:
380:. The party was then formally registered in 1990 and restarted political activities. In the
341:
337:
2654:
2647:
2440:
1970:
1588:
1455:
1424:
1302:
1235:
1156:
455:
416:
404:
361:
289:
248:
167:
37:
1937:
2393:
2257:
1563:
1449:
1272:
1253:
431:
118:
1059:"Populiści w poszukiwaniu tożsamości – ideologiczne inspiracje Samoobrony (1991–2007)"
1023:"Populiści w poszukiwaniu tożsamości – ideologiczne inspiracje Samoobrony (1991–2007)"
2679:
2616:
2135:
1843:
1757:
1742:
1517:
1327:
584:
356:
and end of the communist period in Poland, Polish nationalist circled united to form
222:
206:
1096:(in Polish). Poznań: Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu. pp. 161–164.
894:. Warsaw: Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania PAN. pp. 55–64.
2537:
2030:
649:
214:
65:
856:"Ochrona kultury narodowej w koncepcjach współczesnej prawicy narodowej w Polsce"
1848:
1644:
1474:
1394:
1335:
1136:
1138:
An Ethos Theory of Party Positions on European Integration: Poland and Beyond
2007:
179:
1075:
1058:
1039:
1022:
796:
Narodowa Demokracja XIX-XXI wiek : (koncepcje - ludzie - działalność)
720:
Narodowa Demokracja XIX-XXI wiek : (koncepcje - ludzie - działalność)
1296:
872:
855:
2502:
997:(in Polish). Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego. p. 159.
1206:
309:
427:, which protected farmers against bailiffs, evictions and police.
320:, but was unsuccessful in doing so. The party participated in the
1219:
1174:
826:(in Polish). Toruń: Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek. p. 198.
2162:
Polish Socialist Party – Freedom, Equality, Independence
493:
In 1995, Bogusław Rybicki launched his campaign for the
2632:
italic font – electoral alliances and/or popular fronts
2184:
Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania
312:
was formed in March 1992 as a result of a split in the
1202:
Political parties and political associations in Poland
2250:
2196:
1993:
1959:
1952:
1672:
1544:
1404:
1215:
890:Parade, Marcin. M. Kowalski; P. Śleszyński (eds.).
372:) in 1989, which was a reactivation of an interwar
239:
196:
185:
173:
145:
134:
124:
114:
104:
94:
86:
78:
64:
56:
23:
1112:The Populist Radical Right in Poland: The Patriots
1834:Organisation of the Polish Nation – Polish League
892:Wybory Parlamentarne 1993, Atlas Wyborczy Polski
2316:Christian Democracy of the Third Polish Republic
2172:Polish Socialist Party of the Prussian Partition
1753:Christian Democracy of the Third Polish Republic
798:(in Polish). Szczecin: Zapol. pp. 150–172.
588:interest, guidance of moral principles based on
466:) in July. The KKW was led by National-Catholic
962:Partie polityczne Europy Ĺšrodkowej i Wschodniej
602:
2177:Polish Socialist Party – Revolutionary Faction
824:Ugrupowania neoendeckie w III Rzeczypospolitej
1186:
673:rather than the classic National Democracy."
8:
29:
1788:Jurassic-Silesian Association European Home
988:
986:
860:Sprawy Narodowościowe/Nationalities Affairs
722:(in Polish). Szczecin: Zapol. p. 150.
2651:****: not currently registered as a party
2456:Movement for the Republic – Patriotic Camp
2247:
2193:
1990:
1956:
1193:
1179:
1171:
1110:(2010). "Self-Defence: Radical Populism".
942:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
849:
847:
638:coalition has run amok on privatisation".
621:The program of the party heavily spoke of
423:), referring to a Polish agrarian WW2-era
48:
20:
2299:Centre Agreement – Integrative Initiative
2288:Catholic Electoral Committee "Fatherland"
1912:Social Movement of the Republic of Poland
1808:National Party of Retirees and Pensioners
1763:Edward Gierek's Economic Revival Movement
1074:
1038:
920:Ruch narodowy w Polsce w latach 1989-1997
871:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
769:
767:
765:
763:
452:Catholic Electoral Committee "Fatherland"
2711:Political parties disestablished in 1992
2331:Citizens' Movement for Democratic Action
885:
883:
761:
759:
757:
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
520:
2523:Polish Confederation – Dignity and Work
2476:Nonpartisan Bloc for Support of Reforms
2359:Democratic Left Alliance – Labour Union
2222:Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth
2147:Polish People's Party "Nowe Wyzwolenie"
913:
911:
688:
686:
682:
1879:Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland
1135:Madalena Pontes Meyer Resende (2004).
935:
922:(in Polish). Wrocław. pp. 15–16.
794:Sikorski, Tomasz; WÄ…tor, Adam (2008).
718:Sikorski, Tomasz; WÄ…tor, Adam (2008).
401:Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland
318:Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland
2716:Political parties established in 1996
2446:Movement for Reconstruction of Poland
2274:Agreement for the Future – CenterLeft
2023:Communist Party of Western Belorussia
1768:Farmers from the Baltic to the Tatras
460:Katolicki Komitet Wyborczy "Ojczyzna"
253:BÄ…dĹş dumny z tego, ĹĽe jesteĹ› Polakiem
7:
425:resistance movement of the same name
2706:Defunct political parties in Poland
2424:League of the Right of the Republic
2343:Confederation of Independent Poland
2209:Confederation of Independent Poland
1155:Gabriele Lesser (3 February 1999).
625:, a neoliberal plan carried out by
430:Samoobrona and its radical leader,
409:Samoobrona Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej
2152:Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie"
2018:Communist Party of Western Ukraine
1093:Ruch Konserwatywno–Ludowy w III RP
993:Czechowska-Derkacz, Beata (2012).
478:with similar program and purpose.
476:1991 Polish parliamentary election
397:1993 Polish parliamentary election
382:1991 Polish parliamentary election
324:, creating an electoral committee
322:1993 Polish parliamentary election
14:
2568:Self-Defence of the Polish Nation
2389:Feminist Initiative/Women's Party
2204:Communist Party of Poland (Mijal)
2120:Polish Christian Democratic Party
2054:Christian Union of National Unity
1859:Polish Party of Animal Protection
1623:Confederation of the Polish Crown
1387:Confederation of the Polish Crown
495:1995 Polish presidential election
2691:1996 disestablishments in Poland
1205:
1090:Stodolny, Marek (24 June 2015).
2548:Polish Labour Party - August 80
2365:Democratic Party – demokraci.pl
2305:Centre Agreement – Polish Union
2013:Communist Party of Poland (KPP)
1157:"Polens radikaler BauernfĂĽhrer"
395:The party sought to run in the
294:Stronnictwo Narodowe „Ojczyzna”
31:Stronnictwo Narodowe „Ojczyzna”
2108:Polish-Catholic People's Party
1:
2696:Nationalist parties in Poland
2686:1992 establishments in Poland
2167:Polish Socialist Party – Left
2157:Polish Socialist Party (1892)
2142:Polish People's Party "Piast"
2086:National Radical Camp Falanga
707:(1091): 4. 14 September 1993.
18:Political party in Poland
2573:Self-Defence Social Movement
2233:Polish United Workers' Party
2081:National Radical Camp (1934)
1901:Silesian Separatist Movement
1813:National Radical Camp (1993)
1778:First Self-Governance League
399:. The party hold talks with
354:Polish Round Table Agreement
2584:Solidarity Electoral Action
2471:National Self-Defence Front
2466:National Party "Fatherland"
2436:Liberal Democratic Congress
2348:Conservative People's Party
2268:Alternative Social Movement
1731:Union of Christian Families
1701:Agreement (political party)
1493:Union of European Democrats
854:Radomski, Grzegorz (2015).
286:National Party "Fatherland"
26:National Party "Fatherland"
2747:
2721:Catholic political parties
2701:Polish nationalist parties
2513:People's National Movement
2337:Coalition for the Republic
1889:Silesian Autonomy Movement
1874:Right Wing of the Republic
1819:National Revival of Poland
411:, commonly referred to as
2660:List of political parties
2629:
2528:Polish Beer-Lovers' Party
2451:Movement for the Republic
2281:Catholic Electoral Action
2091:National Radical Camp ABC
1803:League of Polish Families
1114:. Routledge. p. 85.
918:Tokarz, Grzegorz (2002).
563:
543:
506:National Democratic Party
472:Catholic Electoral Action
376:party of the same name -
330:National Democratic Party
259:
109:National Democratic Party
47:
2353:Democratic Left Alliance
2321:Christian National Union
1829:Bezpartyjni SamorzÄ…dowcy
1738:United Beyond Boundaries
1163:(in German). p. 13.
616:Catholic social teaching
598:Fatherland - Polish List
590:Catholic social teaching
566:Fatherland - Polish List
468:Christian National Union
326:Fatherland - Polish List
229:Fatherland – Polish List
190:Fatherland - Polish List
2605:Third Republic Movement
2578:Social Justice Movement
2419:League and Self-Defense
2326:Christian-Peasant Party
2215:Front of National Unity
2103:National Workers' Party
2098:National People's Union
2003:Catholic People's Party
1895:Silesian Regional Party
671:National Workers' Party
654:pl:Jarosław Tomasiewicz
474:, a coalition from the
175:Political position
2543:Polish Reason of State
2493:Patriotic Self-Defence
2064:Popular National Union
1864:Polish Communist Party
1673:Other existing parties
1524:Polish Socialist Party
611:
459:
420:
408:
365:
293:
252:
30:
2553:Polish National Party
2461:National Party (1989)
2414:Labour Party (Poland)
2404:Initiative for Poland
2238:United People's Party
2228:Polish Workers' Party
2076:National Radical Camp
2042:Labour Faction (1937)
1907:Socialist Alternative
1793:Kashubian Association
1691:Alliance of Democrats
1639:Polish People's Party
1481:Polish People's Party
1350:Polish People's Party
1161:Die Tageszeitung: Taz
1076:10.19195/prt.2023.2.2
1055:Tomasiewicz, Jarosław
1040:10.19195/prt.2023.2.2
1019:Tomasiewicz, Jarosław
820:Tomasiewicz, Jarosław
374:national conservative
314:National Party (1989)
244:Be proud to be Polish
160:Left-wing nationalism
99:National Party (1989)
2726:Catholic nationalism
2114:Polish Catholic Bloc
2059:Camp of Great Poland
1884:Self-Defence Rebirth
1783:Freedom and Equality
1063:Praktyka Teoretyczna
1027:Praktyka Teoretyczna
873:10.11649/sn.2015.061
436:Jarosław Tomasiewicz
366:Stronnictwo Narodowe
186:National affiliation
156:National Catholicism
2508:Peasants' Agreement
2311:Christian Democracy
2263:Alliance for Poland
1928:There is One Poland
1869:Real Politics Union
1854:Polish Pirate Party
1824:New Democracy - Yes
1677:political movements
1548:European Parliament
1308:Independents (15)**
977:neokomunistycznych.
958:Andrzej Antoszewski
694:"Tygodnik Wyborczy"
600:, the party noted:
421:Bataliony Chłopskie
2731:National Democracy
2665:Politics of Poland
2595:The Poor of Poland
2518:Poland Comes First
2430:Left and Democrats
2383:European Coalition
2048:National Democracy
1933:Workers' Democracy
1696:Silesians Together
1545:Represented in the
1468:Third Way (Poland)
1361:Independent (1)***
627:Leszek Balcerowicz
581:National Democracy
539:overall seats won
264:Politics of Poland
164:Left-wing populism
152:National Democracy
2673:
2672:
2625:
2624:
2246:
2245:
2192:
2191:
1989:
1988:
1961:Polish–Lithuanian
1570:Polish Initiative
1487:Centre for Poland
1375:National Movement
1356:Centre for Poland
1285:Polish Initiative
1121:978-0-203-85656-7
1004:978-83-7326-881-4
901:978-83-61590-56-9
805:978-83-7518-109-8
729:978-83-7518-109-8
583:as envisioned by
572:
571:
512:Electoral results
342:social-democratic
282:
281:
269:Political parties
2738:
2637:Zbigniew Ajchler
2533:Poland Fair Play
2498:Party of Regions
2370:Democratic Union
2294:Centre Agreement
2248:
2194:
2037:Labor Party (PP)
1991:
1957:
1748:Civic Initiative
1726:Party of Drivers
1715:All-Polish Youth
1685:Polish Coalition
1575:Independents (3)
1537:Independents (4)
1461:Independents (4)
1436:Independents (4)
1431:Sovereign Poland
1343:Polish Coalition
1259:Independent (2)*
1242:Sovereign Poland
1210:
1209:
1195:
1188:
1181:
1172:
1165:
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1152:
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1108:Pankowski, Rafał
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791:
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715:
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698:
690:
643:Ignacy Tokarczuk
623:Balcerowicz Plan
558:
521:
338:Balcerowicz Plan
232:
221:
213:
205:
138:
105:Merged into
90:15 December 1996
74:Bogusław Jeznach
71:Bogusław Rybicki
52:
41:
33:
21:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2655:Portal:Politics
2650:
2648:Marek Biernacki
2645:
2642:Piotr Adamowicz
2639:
2634:
2621:
2600:The Republicans
2487:Social Alliance
2441:Libertas Poland
2242:
2188:
1995:
1985:
1971:Patriotic Party
1962:
1953:Defunct parties
1948:
1943:German Minority
1839:Peasants' Party
1721:National League
1676:
1674:
1668:
1589:Law and Justice
1557:Civic Coalition
1546:
1540:
1498:Independent (1)
1456:Yes! For Poland
1443:Civic Coalition
1425:Law and Justice
1406:
1400:
1303:Yes! For Poland
1266:Civic Coalition
1236:Law and Justice
1217:
1211:
1204:
1199:
1169:
1168:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1144:. ProQuest LLC.
1141:
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701:Tygodnik PĹ‚ocki
696:
692:
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684:
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577:
559:
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528:
519:
514:
444:Social Alliance
350:
306:political party
278:
246:
235:
226:
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168:Anti-capitalism
166:
162:
158:
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136:
95:Split from
73:
43:
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35:
27:
19:
12:
11:
5:
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2563:Right Alliance
2560:
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2500:
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2416:
2411:
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2401:
2396:
2394:Forward Poland
2391:
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2362:
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2258:Ancestral Home
2254:
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2240:
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2181:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2132:
2130:People's Party
2127:
2122:
2117:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2069:National Party
2066:
2061:
2056:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2010:
2005:
1999:
1997:
1996:inter-war eras
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1976:Hetmans' Party
1973:
1967:
1965:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
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1567:
1564:Civic Platform
1552:
1550:
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1459:
1453:
1450:Civic Platform
1439:
1438:
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1434:
1428:
1413:
1411:
1405:Represented in
1402:
1401:
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1311:
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1306:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1273:Civic Platform
1262:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1254:Polish Affairs
1251:
1245:
1239:
1224:
1222:
1216:Represented in
1213:
1212:
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659:JĂłzef Balcerek
576:
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541:
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535:
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524:Election year
518:
515:
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510:
432:Andrzej Lepper
378:National Party
358:National Party
349:
346:
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119:Warsaw, Poland
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2617:Your Movement
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2412:
2410:
2409:Initiative RP
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2399:Freedom Union
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2197:Communist era
2195:
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2159:
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2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2136:Polish Centre
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2125:Peasant Party
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2109:
2106:
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2101:
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2096:
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2028:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1992:
1982:
1981:Familia Party
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1951:
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1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
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1844:Piast Faction
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1758:Common Powiat
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1746:
1744:
1743:Better Poland
1741:
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1736:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
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1709:Confederation
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1611:Confederation
1609:
1608:
1606:
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1604:Confederation
1601:
1596:
1595:United Poland
1593:
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1554:
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1531:
1528:
1525:
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1518:Left Together
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1368:Confederation
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1340:
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1328:Left Together
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82:28 March 1992
81:
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2558:Reason Party
2538:Polish Union
2485:
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2303:
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2031:Front Morges
2029:
1963:Commonwealth
1923:Slavic Union
1798:Labour Party
1707:
1683:
1652:
1630:
1602:
1582:United Right
1580:
1555:
1530:Labour Union
1503:
1466:
1441:
1418:United Right
1416:
1366:
1341:
1313:
1264:
1229:United Right
1227:
1160:
1150:
1137:
1130:
1111:
1102:
1092:
1085:
1066:
1062:
1049:
1030:
1026:
1013:
994:
975:
961:
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891:
863:
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837:
823:
814:
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719:
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650:nomenklatura
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247:
243:
128:
115:Headquarters
57:Abbreviation
15:
2611:United Left
2376:Europa Plus
1994:Pre-war and
1849:Polish Left
1645:Poland 2050
1475:Poland 2050
1336:Poland 2050
552:0.12 (#32)
215:Orange gold
135:Membership
2680:Categories
2251:Modern era
1938:Freedomers
1917:Solidarity
1291:The Greens
677:References
413:Samoobrona
352:After the
223:Deep blush
2008:Centrolew
1632:Third Way
1297:AGROunion
1069:(2): 55.
1033:(2): 61.
938:cite book
866:(1): 22.
274:Elections
180:Left-wing
125:Newspaper
87:Dissolved
2644:et al.,
1661:New Left
1654:The Left
1617:New Hope
1512:New Left
1505:The Left
1395:Kukiz'15
1381:New Hope
1322:New Left
1315:The Left
1248:Renew RP
1057:(2023).
1021:(2023).
960:(2005).
822:(2003).
575:Ideology
304:) was a
147:Ideology
129:Ojczyzna
2503:Party X
1773:Falanga
557:0 / 100
549:15,958
348:History
207:Scarlet
79:Founded
2590:Spring
1409:Senate
1279:Modern
1269:(157)
1232:(191)
1118:
1001:
968:
926:
898:
830:
802:
726:
529:votes
517:Senate
456:Polish
417:Polish
405:Polish
362:Polish
310:Poland
290:Polish
249:Polish
240:Slogan
220:
212:
204:
197:Colors
192:(1993)
137:(1993)
66:Leader
38:Polish
34:
2646:***:
1585:(20)
1560:(21)
1471:(12)
1446:(41)
1421:(34)
1371:(18)
1346:(32)
1318:(26)
1275:(127)
1238:(165)
1142:(PDF)
697:(PDF)
534:vote
302:SN„O”
60:SN„O”
2640:**:
2481:Now!
1945:****
1657:(3)
1635:(3)
1607:(6)
1591:(18)
1566:(17)
1508:(9)
1452:(36)
1427:(29)
1407:the
1352:(28)
1338:(33)
1324:(19)
1244:(18)
1220:Sejm
1218:the
1116:ISBN
999:ISBN
966:ISBN
944:link
924:ISBN
896:ISBN
828:ISBN
800:ISBN
724:ISBN
607:ZChN
545:1993
537:# of
532:% of
527:# of
284:The
141:3100
2635:*:
1675:and
1663:(3)
1647:(1)
1641:(2)
1625:(1)
1619:(2)
1613:(3)
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1256:(1)
1250:(5)
1071:doi
1035:doi
868:doi
636:PSL
632:SLD
564:As
464:KKW
308:in
300:or
298:SNO
2682::
1159:.
1067:48
1061:.
1031:48
1025:.
985:^
974:.
940:}}
936:{{
910:^
882:^
864:47
846:^
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732:.
705:37
699:.
685:^
568:.
462:,
458::
446:.
419::
407::
370:SN
368:,
364::
332:.
296:,
292::
251::
1919:*
1903:*
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1717:*
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1187:t
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36:(
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