Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005

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The law lists permissible works: water conservation and water harvesting; drought proofing including afforestation; irrigation works; restoration of traditional water bodies; land development; flood control; rural connectivity; and works notified by the government. The Act sets a minimum limit to the wage-material ratio as 60:40. The provision of accredited engineers, worksite facilities and a weekly report on worksites is also mandated by the Act. The Act sets a minimum limit to the wages, to be paid with gender equality, either on a time-rate basis or on a piece-rate basis. The states are required to evolve a set of norms for the measurement of works and schedule of rates. Unemployment allowance must be paid if the work is not provided within the statutory limit of 15 days. The law stipulates Gram Panchayats to have a single bank account for NREGA works which shall be subjected to public scrutiny. To promote transparency and accountability, the act mandates 'monthly squaring of accounts'. To ensure public accountability through public vigilance, the NREGA designates ‘social audits’ as key to its implementation.

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Another aim of MGNREGA is to create durable assets (such as roads, canals, ponds and wells). Employment is to be provided within 5 km of an applicant's residence, and minimum legal wage under the law is to be paid. If work is not provided within 15 days of applying, applicants are entitled to an unemployment allowance. That is, if the government fails to provide employment, it has to provide certain unemployment allowances to those people. Thus, employment under MGNREGA is a legal entitlement. Apart from providing economic security and creating rural assets, other things said to promote NREGA are that it can help in

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with SGRY. On 25 September 2001 to converge employment generation, infrastructure development and food security in rural areas, the government integrated EAS and JGSY into a new scheme SGRY. The role of PRIs was retained with the 'Village Panchayats' as the sole implementing authority. Due to implementation issues, it was merged with NREGA in 2006. In January 2001, the government introduced a FWP similar to the one that was initiated in 1977. Once NREGA was enacted, the two were merged in 2006. The total government allocation to these precursors of NREGA had been about three-quarters of

1502:, most of the people who had worked under the MGNREGA did not get paid, while some either got paid less than stipulated or were given 5 kg of rice by private contractors instead. Following allegations of corruption in the scheme, the NDA government ordered a re-evaluation of MNREGA in 2015. Between 2017 and 2021 about 1000 crore of funds were stolen in the form of bribes, ghost accounts and fake material rates. However there are proponents that claim NREGA is relatively successful in reducing corruption. 1361: 1293:

assets include village tanks and ponds, check dams, water harvesting tanks, bunding, irrigation channels, renovation of existing water assets. Infrastructure construction also includes sanitation works and grain storage facilities. The act also provides for maintenance of created assets. Asset creation varies widely between states with five states accounting for a majority of the assets. The focus of MNREGA has also shifted to quality of assets and skilling workers to map assets.

720:, enacted in 2005, are used to fight this secrecy. Official records obtained using RTI are read out at the public hearing to identify and rectify irregularities. "This process of reviewing official records and determining whether state reported expenditures reflect the actual monies spent on the ground is referred to as a social audit." Participation of informed citizens promotes collective responsibility and awareness about entitlements. 474:

principle. Also the process of decentralization initiated by 73rd Amendment to the Constitution of India that granted a constitutional status to the Panchayats is further reinforced by the Mahatma Gandhi NREGA that endowed these rural self-government institutions with authority to implement the law. Additionally, the Act also empowers women by mandating at least one-third participation of women in the implementation of works under NREGA.

295:. Based on this pilot experience, NREGA was scoped up to cover all the districts of India from 1 April 2008. The statute was praised by the government as "the largest and most ambitious social security and public works program in the world". In 2009 the World Bank had chided the act along with others for hurting development through policy restrictions on internal movement. However in its World Development Report 2014, the 42: 1301: 724:

allocation; implementation and supervision; payment of wages; payment of unemployment allowance; evaluation of outcomes; and mandatory social audit in the Gram Sabha or Social Audit Forum. The Gram Panchayat Secretary is designated as the authority responsible for carrying out the social audit at all stages. For some stages, the programme officer and the junior engineer is also responsible along with Sarpanch.

364:, is when the problems of poverty and a lack of employment possibilities in rural areas first surfaced. The lopsided economic development pattern was caused by the colonial government's emphasis on growing the urban economy at the expense of the rural economy, which remained even after India attained independence. Additionally, the colonial authority established land revenue procedures that led to a 422:

related to employment, job cards, assets, muster rolls and complaints, by the implementing agencies at the village, block and state level. The legislation specifies the role of the state in ensuring transparency and accountability through upholding the right to information and disclosing information proactively, preparation of annual reports by the Central Employment Guarantee Council for the

376:, with rural areas and people being the most negatively impacted. The colonial era is still evident in the underfunding of rural infrastructure, the lack of systemic social assistance programs, and the scarcity of job prospects. To address these difficulties, a determined effort must be made to reverse the historical neglect of rural areas and give them development priority. 324: 580:

60:40 in the NREGA works. Moreover, for effective financial management, the CAG recommends proper maintenance of accounts, in a uniform format, on a monthly basis and also enforcing the statutory guidelines to ensure transparency in the disposal of funds. For capacity building, the CAG recommends an increase in staff hiring to fill the large number of vacancies.

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through local village governments or Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and hence a decreasing role of bureaucracy. In October 1993, the Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) was initiated to provide employment to agricultural hands during the lean agricultural season. The role of PRIs was reinforced with the local self-government at the district level called the '

320:’ (FWP) of holistic development and better coordination with the states, the ‘National Rural Employment Programme’ (NREP) of community development, and the ‘Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme’ (RLEGP) of focus on landless households. The Planning Commission later approved the scheme and it was adopted on national scale. 556:

public awareness partly due to poor information, education and communication IEC) by the state governments, shortage of staff (e.g., Gram Rozgar Sewaks had not been appointed in some states) and so on. Not withstanding the statutory requirement of notification, yet five states had not even notified the eight-years-old scheme.

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audit to about 99 per cent after the social audit. Further, the efficacy of NREGA implementation increased from an average of about 60 per cent to about 97 per cent. In 2014 a large number of localities did not conduct NREGA social audits. Social audits have been found lacking in terms of quality and retrievability.

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Another criticism of NREGA is that it is making agriculture less profitable. Landholders often oppose it on these grounds. The big farmer's point of view can be summed up as follows: landless labourers are lazy and they don't want to work on farms as they can get money without doing anything at NREGA

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The Government of India (GoI) has created a new Ministry of Jal Shakti to allow faster decision making on all subjects related to water. On 1 July 2019 the GoI has launched the ambitious Jal Shakti Abhiyan (JSA) across 256 districts covering 1593 water stress blocks with a focus on water conservation

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A continuous process of social audit on NREGA works involves public vigilance and verification at the stipulated 11 stages of implementation: registration of families; distribution of job cards; receipt of work applications; selection of suitable public works; preparation of technical estimates; work

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Even though the mass social audits have a statutory mandate of Section 17 (As outlined in Chapter 11 of the NREGA Operational Guidelines), only seven states have the institutional capacity to facilitate the social audits as per prescribed norms. Although the Central Council is mandated to establish a

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It aims to enhance livelihood security in rural areas by providing at least 100 days of wage employment in a financial year to at least one member of every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. Women are guaranteed one third of the jobs made available under the MGNREGA.

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level. The direct public debate involving the beneficiaries, political representatives, civil servants and, above all, the government officers responsible for implementing the NREGA works highlights corruption like the practice of rigging muster rolls (attendance registers) and also generates public

727:

The statute designates the Gram Sabha meetings held to conduct social audit as the 'Social Audit Forums' and spells out three steps to make them effective: publicity and preparation of documents; organizational and procedural aspects; and the mandatory agenda involving questions verifying compliance

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enshrined in Article 16 of the Constitution of India guarantees equality of opportunity in matters of public employment and prevents the State from discriminating against anyone in matters of employment on the grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, place of residence or

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level. Further the Central Council is recommended to establish a central evaluation and monitoring system for "a national level, comprehensive and independent evaluation of the scheme". The CAG also recommends a timely payment of unemployment allowance to the rural poor and a wage material ratio of

506:

A few studies focusing on the potential for asset creation under NREGA suggest that (a) the potential is substantial; (b) in some places, it is being realized, and (c) lack of staff, especially technical staff, rather than lack of material are to blame for poor realization of this potential. Others

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The registration process involves an application to the Gram Panchayat and issue of job cards. The wage employment must be provided within 15 days of the date of application. The work entitlement of 100 days per household per year may be shared between different adult members of the same household.

395:

The MGNREGA was created with the idea of giving rural households a safety net in the form of guaranteed work possibilities. Every rural household in the nation was to receive 100 days of guaranteed employment each year as part of the program, guaranteeing that each household had access to a minimum

331:

In April 1989, to converge employment generation, infrastructure development and food security in rural areas, the government integrated NREP and RLEGP into a new scheme Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY). The most significant change was the decentralization of implementation by involving the local people

315:

Since 1960, 30 years were expended in struggling to find suitable employment schemes in India's vast rural hinterland. The experiences of these decades provided important lessons to the government. These included the 'Rural Manpower Programme' which exposed the tribulations of financial management,

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proposed to limit MGNREGA programmes within tribal and poor areas. He also proposed to change the labour: material ratio from 60:40 to 51:49. As per the new proposal, the programme will be implemented in 2,500 backward blocks. Both proposals came in for sharp criticism. A number of economists with

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Over the last decade, it has been observed that more than half the NREGA funds have been spent on water related projects. This was very much needed because water bodies have been shrinking, especially in rural India. India became a water deficient nation 5 years ago, and every year since then, the

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The main problems identified in the audit included: a fall in the level of employment, low rates of completion of works (only 30.3 per cent of planned works had been completed), poor planning (in one-third of Gram Panchayats, the planning process mandated by the act had not been followed), lack of

756:

study investigated the effect of the social audit on the level of public awareness about NREGA, its effect on the NREGA implementation, and its efficacy as a grievance redressal mechanism. The study found that the public awareness about the NREGA increased from about 30 per cent before the social

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These social audits on NREGA works in Rajasthan highlight: a significant demand for the scheme, less than 2 per cent corruption in the form of fudging of muster rolls, building the water harvesting infrastructure as the first priority in the drought-prone district, reduction of out-migration, and

498:

Agricultural wages have increased, especially for women, since the inception of the scheme. This indicates that overall wage levels have increased due to the act, however, further research highlights that the key benefit of the scheme lies in the reduction of wage volatility. This highlights that

473:

Article 40 mandates the State to organise village panchayats and endow them with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to function as units of self-government. Conferring the primary responsibility of implementation on Gram Panchayats, the Act adheres to this constitutional

421:

The most detailed part of the Act (chapter 10 and 11) deals with transparency and accountability that lays out role of the state, the public vigilance and, above all, the social audits. For evaluation of outcomes, the law also requires management of data and maintenance of records, like registers

343:

On 1 April 1999, the JRY was revamped and renamed to Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana (JGSY) with a similar objective. The role of PRIs was further reinforced with the local self-government at the village level called the ‘Village Panchayats’ as the sole implementing authority. In 2001, it was merged

1403:

replaced Nitin Gadkari as rural development minister. Among the first statements made by the new minister was an assurance that NREGA would continue in all districts. Around the same time, however, NREGA budget saw a sharp cut, and in the name of 'focusing' on a few blocks the programme has been

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In 2013-14, the ratio of young workers among total MGNREGA workers was 13.64 per cent which came down to 7.73 percent in 2017-18 before rising to 9.1 percent in 2018-19 and 10.06 percent in 2019-20.The trend shows that a steady decline in the proportion of young workers, those between 18 and 30,

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Assets created include rural connectivity assets such as pucca roads and brick soling, land development assets which improve productivity of land such as the creation of new plantations, unskilled construction such as poultry shelters, cattle shelters and fish drying yard platform. Water-related

527:

A few papers also study the link between electoral gains and implementation of NREGA. One studies the effect in Andhra Pradesh - the authors find that "while politics may influence programme expenditure in some places and to a small extent, this is not universally true and does not undermine the

502:

Studies have suggested that women's participation has remained high, though there are inter-state variations. One study in border villages of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat studied the effect on short term migration and child welfare and found that among children who do not migrate, grade

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An early overall assessment in 2008 in six north Indian states suggested that NREGA was "making a difference to the lives of the rural poor, slowly but surely." The composition of NREGA workers included the poorest and socially and economically deprived. A majority of them live in kaccha houses,

454:. The law by providing a 'right to work' is consistent with Article 41 that directs the State to secure to all citizens the right to work. The statute also seeks to protect the environment through rural works which is consistent with Article 48A that directs the State to protect the environment. 316:

the 'Crash Scheme for Rural Employment' on planning for outcomes, a 'Pilot Intensive Rural Employment Programme' of labour-intensive works, the 'Drought Prone Area Programme' of integrated rural development, 'Marginal Farmers and Agricultural Labourers Scheme' of rural economic development, the ‘

437:

The Act recommends establishment of 'Technical Resource Support Groups' at district, state and central level and active use of information technology, like creation of a 'Monitoring and Information System (MIS)' and a NREGA website, to assure quality in implementation of NREGA through technical

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In addition to expanding the transparency of the scheme via digitization, Strong increases in the minimum wage improved the plan. As was previously mentioned in section II, the previous salaries had resulted in a lack of desire among employees and harmed the caliber of work completed under the

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in the hands of a select few, which in turn marginalized the rural poor. Additionally, the British promoted the growth of cash crops above food crops, which reduced agricultural productivity and brought about famine in some regions of the nation. Despite independence, the legacy of colonialism

69:

An Act to provide for the enhancement of livelihood security of the households in rural areas of the country by providing at least one hundred days of guaranteed wage employment in every financial year to every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work and for matters

523:

Improvements in reducing corruption are attributable to the move to pay NREGA wages through bank and post office accounts. Some of the success in battling corruption can also be attributed to the strong provisions for community monitoring. Others find that "the overall social audit effects on

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Wage payments face delays, in some cases up to 200 days. Center-state disunity, compliance, and "infrastructural bottlenecks" are some of the causes of delay. By 2021, 99.7% of payments under the Act were through electronic transfer. These are also affected by "last mile" issues. Ideal

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was converged in 2012. Trekking trails have been planned in Himachal Pradesh. Convergence calls for greater inter-department cooperation. While convergence has been seen as a way to save resources, at the same time it weakens income means for those availing the scheme.

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social welfare program in 2005 to address the problem of unemployment and poverty in rural areas. Recognizing the high rates of unemployment and poverty in rural India, especially among the underprivileged groups of the population, led to the need for such a program.

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1,10,000 crore (about USD$ 25 billion) has gone directly as wage payment to rural households and 1200 crore (12 billion) person-days of employment has been generated. On an average, 5 crore (50 million) households have been provided employment every year since

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to access relevant official documents is the first step of the social audit. Then the management personnel of the social audit verify these official records by conducting field visits. Finally, the 'Jansunwai' or public hearing is organised at two levels: the

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My political instincts tell me that MNREGA should not be discontinued... This is a living monument of your failure to tackle poverty in 60 years. After so many years in power, all you were able to deliver is for a poor man to dig ditches a few days a month.

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central evaluation and monitoring system as per the NREGA Operational Guidelines, even after six years it is yet to fulfill the NREGA directive. Further, the CAG audit reports discrepancies in the maintenance of prescribed basic records in up to half of the

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program. As a result, the minimum wage was raised by 10% to Rs. 169 per day as part of the 2014 programs. Even though the rise was not significant, it greatly increased the motivation of low-income rural workers, encouraging them to enter the labor field.

559:

The comprehensive assessment of the performance of the law by the constitutional auditor revealed serious lapses arising mainly due to lack of public awareness, mismanagement and institutional incapacity. The CAG also suggested some corrective measures.

686:

Government which introduced the scheme, claims that the scheme has multifarious benefits including "reduction in poverty, reduction in migration, women empowerment, improvement of productivity of agricultural land and regeneration of water resources".

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have pointed out that water harvesting and soil conservation works promoted through NREGA "could have high positive results on environment security and biodiversity and environment conservation". A study conducted by researchers at the

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above all the women participation of more than 80 per cent in the employment guarantee scheme. The need for effective management of tasks, timely payment of wages and provision of support facilities at work sites is also emphasised.

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system. The Consumer Price Index-Agriculture Labour (CPI-AL) now provides a guide to fixing MGNREGA wages. The scheme has resulted in an increase in the growth rate of wages when the initial pre and post NREGA years are considered.

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water level has shrunk further. Though over Rs 20,000 crores under MGNREGA has been spent each year during the last decade on developing rural water bodies, wells, aquifers, catchment areas, etc, these were not permanent assets.

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any of them. NREGA also follows Article 46 that requires the State to promote the interests of and work for the economic uplift of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and protect them from discrimination and exploitation.

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effective targeting and good work of the scheme at large." The two other studies focus on these links in Rajasthan and West Bengal. Several local case studies are also being conducted to identify the regional impacts of NREGA.

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Wage transfer processes in relation to NREGA have undergone significant changes since its initial implementation. In 2011/2016, the wage payment method was shifted to the National electronic Fund Management System (Ne-FMS), a

511:

and other collaborators found that activities related to natural resource management under the MGNREGA can capture 249 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent by 2030. India has placed emphasis on MGNREGA as a contributor to

1497:

A major criticism of the MGNREGA is that a lot of money disbursed by the government gets siphoned off by middlemen, thus leaving a number of MGNREGA workers either with unpaid wages or less than standard wages. In Mahuadand,

303:(GPs). The law stated it provides many safeguards to promote its effective management and implementation. The act explicitly mentions the principles and agencies for implementation, list of allowed works, financing pattern, 7029: 466: 447: 5462: 1722: 3433: 7893: 1521:

have described NREGA as "an inefficient instrument of shifting income to the poor" – the general notion being that it takes five rupees to transfer one rupee to NREGA workers. Economists including

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support. The law allows convergence of NREGA with other programmes. As NREGA intends to create ‘additional’ employment, the convergence should not affect employment provided by other programmes.

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have termed it as unsuccessful suggesting that schemes such as the NREGA need to be junked, saying that any scheme with 85 percent leakages can't be proclaimed to be "working successfully".

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Academic research has focused on many dimensions of the NREGA: economic security, self-targeting, women's empowerment, asset creation, corruption, how the scheme impacts agricultural wages.

3303: 3194: 1264:

As of 2019, the wages are less than the minimum wages in a majority of states and union territories. Since 2009 wages stipulated under MGNREGA are disconnected from wages determined by the

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Novotny, J.; Kubelkova, J.; Joseph, V. (2013). "A multi-dimensional analysis of the impacts of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme: a tale from Tamil Nadu".

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collectively organise social audits to prevent corruption under the NREGA. As the corruption is attributed to the secrecy in governance, the 'Jansunwai' or public hearing and the

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amount of income. The program was intended to be labor-intensive, with the main sources of employment being initiatives like road building, water conservation, and afforestation.

517: 1938: 5466: 4653: 4376: 3591: 4601: 4194: 3638: 1858: 1318: 583:

For the first time, the CAG also included a survey of more than 38,000 NREGA beneficiaries. An earlier evaluation of the NREGA by the CAG was criticized for its methodology.

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The Prime Minister said, "The Mahatma Gandhi NREGA story in numbers is a story worth telling... (but) statistics do not tell the whole truth": Minister of Rural Development

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Government of India should increase the Central allocation for the scheme so that number of workdays can be increased to 200 and per day wage can be increased to Rs. 300.

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that guarantees the right to life with dignity to every citizen of India, this act imparts dignity to the rural people through an assurance of livelihood security. The

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The average wage per person-day has gone up by 81 per cent since the Scheme’s inception, with state-level variations. The notified wage today varies from a minimum of

3929: 3793:"99% of wage payments electronically credited into workers account through Direct Benefit Transfer system to bring more transparency and minimize leakages in MGNREGS" 607:

said that "the MGNREGA Sameeksha is a significant innovation to evaluate policy and delivery". The anthology draws on independent assessments of MGNREGA conducted by

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Eighty per cent of households are being paid directly through bank/post office accounts, and 10 crore (100 million) new bank/post office accounts have been opened.

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NREGA may be an effective insurance scheme. A particular focus has been to understand whether the scheme has reduced migration into urban centres for casual work.

8081: 7502: 5990: 5781: 4431: 3819: 4484: 3441: 1268:. There has been some debate with regard to comparison between the two wages. One day is considered as 9 hours of work with one hour of rest. Payment is on a 6785: 669:(MIS), available for public scrutiny. Since 2010–11, all details with regard to the expenditure of the MGNREGA are available on the MIS in the public domain. 7283: 6908: 5287: 4705: 3729: 1429: 2105: 8053: 7605: 6040: 4724: 1892: 659:

have accounted for 51 per cent of the total person-days generated and women for 47 per cent, well above the mandatory 33 per cent as required by the Act.

5893: 5720: 5517: 3792: 5072: 4507: 7658: 7475: 7359: 7139: 6831: 5393: 3755: 8129: 8096: 537: 4881: 8117: 6093: 2520: 7379: 6486: 6263: 5935: 3092: 1400: 351:(US$ 12 billion). Employment generation programmes created after 2005 include the Prime Minister Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP). 7273: 6975: 6815: 6800: 6594: 6524: 5846: 5701: 5664: 5530: 5506: 5485: 5451: 5119: 5058:

Goetz, A.M. & Jenkins, J. (1999). "Accounts and Accountability: Theoretical Implications of the Right to Information Movement in India".

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Narayanamoorthya, A.; Bhattaraib, Madhusudan (2013). "Rural Employment Scheme and Agricultural Wage Rate Nexus: An Analysis across States".

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12 crore (120 million) Job Cards (JCs) have been given and these along with the 9 crore (90 million) muster rolls have been uploaded on the

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One day is considered as 9 hours of work with one hour of rest. Difference between states due to difference in state-wise inflation rates.

616: 6402: 5582:"Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India on Performance Audit of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme" 2047: 379:

In response to the cries for help, the Indian government put together a nationwide welfare scheme aimed at targeting this very issue: The

5338: 8513: 7149: 6980: 5616: 1332: 683: 4931: 4150: 3693:. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme, Department of Panchayat and Rural Development, Government of Chhattisgarh. 3468: 3388: 7404: 7399: 7258: 6376: 6336: 5256: 1815: 662:

146 lakh (14.6 million) works have been taken up since the beginning of the programme, of which about 60 per cent have been completed.

4072: 495:, are illiterate and do not have electricity at home. Self-targeting evidence suggests that there is a lot of unmet demand for work. 8254: 7374: 7164: 7091: 6777: 6715: 6351: 4678: 3599: 1562: 1317:. Assets created under the act have been converged with aligning assets from other schemes such as housing and sanitation schemes. 5519:

MGNREGA Sameeksha, An Anthology of Research Studies on the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005, 2006–2012

5000: 2191: 2012: 430:, undertaking mandatory financial audits by each district along with physical audit, taking action on audit reports, developing a 403:, a section of the Government of India’s economic bureau, was in charge of overseeing the implementation and rollout of the plan. 7979: 7974: 7967: 7590: 7560: 6665: 6630: 6407: 3069: 1557: 1408:

and rain water harvesting. The effort will be to make water conservation a “mass movement” like Swachhata Abhiyan in the country

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of research studies on the MGNREGA called "MGNREGA Sameeksha" in New Delhi on 14 July 2012, about a year before the CAG report.

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Writings on Human Rights, Law, and Society in India: A Combat Law Anthology : Selections from Combat Law, 2002–2010

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Job card to be issued for everyone who demands job, failing which, after 15 days employment benefits should be given.

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In September 2014 'Save MGNREGA' is a set of demands proposed during the joint meeting of the national leadership of

572:(MIS), due to significant disparity between the data in the MIS and the actual official documents, is also reported. 3329: 8523: 8477: 8413: 7950: 7918: 7839: 7318: 7179: 7101: 6970: 6955: 6918: 6805: 6700: 6660: 6417: 6386: 6295: 5973: 5928: 4026: 2459: 1591:

The Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP) of August 1983 to focus specially on landless households.

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from April 2007 to March 2012. This comprehensive survey by the CAG documents lapses in implementation of the act.

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completed is higher. The study found that demand for NREGA work is higher, even though migrant wages are higher.

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Analysis of Payment Delays and Delay Compensation in NREGA Findings across Ten States for Financial Year 2017-18

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Labor market impacts of a large-scale public works program: evidence from the Indian Employment Guarantee Scheme

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Genesis of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) and its constitutional basis

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Gram Sabhas should be strengthened to monitor proper implementation of the scheme and also to check corruption.

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Dilip Abreu; Pranab Bardhan; Maitreesh Ghatak; Ashok Kotwal; Dilip Mookherjee; Debraj Ray (22 November 2014).

3119:"Local funds and political competition: Evidence from the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme in India" 5536: 1600:

This number has been increased on paper. In practice the number varies to less than half the stipulated days.

8450: 8043: 8031: 8001: 7663: 7610: 7384: 7154: 7106: 6997: 6960: 6950: 6945: 6690: 6615: 6539: 6258: 6015: 5081: 1257: 261: 184: 5074:

Report Of The Working Group On Rural Poverty Alleviation Progammes For The Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-2007)

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Employment Guarantee Programme and Dynamics of Rural Transformation in India: Challenges and Opportunities

5400: 4627: 1265: 1250: 1396:

diverse views opposed the idea of restricting or "focusing" implementation in a few districts or blocks.

8359: 8232: 8217: 8086: 8063: 7781: 7631: 7555: 7507: 7497: 7086: 7034: 7019: 6460: 6381: 6310: 6305: 6098: 6063: 6005: 5921: 5903: 4432:"MGNREGA and DAYNRLM convergence, best method to address state's dev progs: Tashi | The Arunachal Times" 1433: 462: 451: 277: 17: 4974: 4025:. Data research: Dimple Kukreja. Visualisation: Sanjit Oberai & Chaitanya Mallapur. Archived from 1440:

was to discuss the dilution of MGNREGA scheme by the new government. Following demands were proposed:

8144: 7879: 7817: 7786: 7776: 7736: 7731: 7470: 7409: 7263: 7056: 7039: 6516: 5908: 513: 431: 2139:"Forget 150 days employment under MGNREGA! Numbers on ground not even half of existing 100 workdays" 409:- governing heads in rural villages, were the envoy for implementing the scheme at the local level. 8435: 8428: 8423: 8222: 8159: 8149: 7945: 7913: 7884: 7278: 7233: 7197: 7116: 6923: 6900: 6673: 6268: 6177: 5368: 5296: 5192: 5157: 5102: 2980:"India - Third Biennial Update Report to The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change" 1339:. This has been projected by a section of analysts as a reflection of rural distress intensifying. 1281: 675: 423: 170: 49: 5129: 1284:

in still lacking. While the scheme stipulates 100 days, in practice the average is around 45 days.

8379: 8364: 8331: 8281: 8244: 8021: 7984: 7854: 7761: 7716: 7711: 7550: 7535: 7514: 7444: 7419: 7364: 7253: 7248: 7243: 6940: 6440: 6315: 6285: 6238: 6205: 6020: 5823: 5611: 5424: 3910: 3050: 2935: 2896: 2755: 2716: 2601: 2560: 2492: 1547: 434:, establishing vigilance and monitoring committees, and developing a grievance redressal system. 288: 5868: 5040:"'Inordinate delay' in release of funds for MGNREGA workers discouraging — Parliamentary panel" 2055: 8418: 8408: 8403: 8306: 8291: 8026: 7908: 7903: 7766: 7746: 7741: 7653: 7648: 7465: 7414: 7225: 7024: 6888: 6589: 6243: 5883: 5842: 5815: 5697: 5660: 5526: 5502: 5481: 5475: 5447: 5342: 5232: 4575: 4541: 4358: 4340: 3963: 3955: 3902: 3396: 3359: 3351: 3042: 2927: 2888: 2812: 2794: 2747: 2708: 2552: 2113: 2093:

Chapter 1, Employment Guarantee Programme and Dynamics of Rural Transformation in India (2018)

1811: 1774: 1528:

Issues related to delayed/inadequate wage payments persist in the programme’s implementation.

1518: 1507: 1304:

MGNREGA Workers removing mud from a dry pond at village Asir, District Sirsa of Haryana, India

832: 98: 5876: 5496: 5441: 4793: 4294: 8346: 8301: 8296: 8196: 8169: 8016: 7827: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7641: 7530: 7485: 7306: 7215: 6987: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6845: 6574: 6534: 6496: 6465: 6167: 5995: 5985: 5955: 5805: 5772:

The "Discouraged Worker Effect" in public works programs: Evidence from the MGNREGA in India

5689: 5681: 5641: 4348: 4332: 3472: 2802: 2786: 2593: 2398: 2350: 2164: 1542: 1514: 1437: 1042: 5267: 3730:"Jean Dreze: Last-mile hurdles in NREGA payments puncture India's techno-utopian delusions" 3091:

Barrett, Christopher B.; Liu, Yanyan; Narayanan, Sudha; Sheahan, Megan (19 November 2014).

299:

called it a "stellar example of rural development". MGNREGA is to be implemented mainly by

8445: 8369: 8276: 7957: 7935: 7859: 7636: 6760: 6755: 6745: 6738: 6506: 6361: 6346: 6172: 6055: 5257:"The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) Opportunities and Challenges (DRAFT)" 2675:

Short-term Migration Rural Workfare Programs and Urban Labor Markets - Evidence from India

1453:

Minimum wage act should be strictly implemented. Delay in wage payment should be resolved.

752:

To assess the effectiveness of the mass social audits on NREGA works in Andhra Pradesh, a

549: 5675: 1651: 1631: 83: 4219: 1374:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

252:'. This act was passed on 23 August 2005 and was implemented in February 2006 under the 8472: 8440: 8386: 8336: 8326: 8227: 8048: 7930: 7706: 6841: 6569: 6559: 6371: 6233: 6228: 6200: 6157: 6152: 6088: 4353: 4320: 3666:"NREGA implementation: 'Unsatisfactory' social audit across States, Govt of India told" 2807: 2774: 2020: 1908:

An uneven path to accountability: A comparative study of MGNREGA in two states of India

1907: 1300: 1162: 802: 737: 713: 592: 576: 575:

To improve management of outcomes, it recommended proper maintenance of records at the

565: 541: 405: 360: 300: 273: 257: 245: 3077: 1347:

By 2015, over a thousand advisories and circulars related to the act had been issued.

1251:

Minimum Wages Act 1948 § Conflict of MGNREGA wage rates and the Minimum Wages Act

8502: 8374: 8237: 7962: 7480: 7439: 6767: 6723: 6620: 6195: 6134: 6103: 6083: 6078: 5827: 5751: 5740: 2581:"Labor Market Effects of Social Programs: Evidence from India's Employment Guarantee" 2488: 1567: 1522: 1392: 1146: 966: 623: 281: 249: 5564: 3118: 2521:"Heterogeneous Pro-Poor Targeting in the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme" 8311: 7490: 7460: 7007: 6470: 6187: 6073: 5909:

Women in NREGA: Issues of Child Care. Case Studies from Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh

5495:

Devonshire-Ellis, Chris; et al. (Dezan Shira & Associates) (31 May 2012).

4839:"Budget 2017: Highest Ever Allocation For MGNREGA At Rs 48,000 Crore, Says Jaitley" 1469: 1236: 1227: 922: 696: 568:

which inhibits the critical evaluation of the NREGA outcomes. The unreliability of

427: 3990:"Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act: Review of implementation" 1506:

worksites; farmers may have to sell their land, thereby laying foundation for the

260:

following tabling of the bill in parliament by the Minister for Rural Development

5836: 5770: 5654: 3070:"Has community monitoring helped reduce corruption in public programme delivery?" 2790: 2165:"Centre issues directive for 150 days work under MGNREGA for STs in Forest Areas" 1768: 8391: 7595: 7210: 7205: 6933: 6750: 6733: 6625: 6253: 6220: 6162: 6144: 6108: 3820:"NREGS wages revised, less than 5 per cent hike in 21 states, Union Territories" 2656: 1206: 1192: 1176: 126: 5653:

Dutta, Puja; Murgai, Rinku; Ravallion, Martin; Walle, Dominique van de (2014).

5443:

Role of ICT in Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)

5373: 5219:. InfoChange News & Features. Archived from the original on 26 October 2013 4336: 4273:"Assessment of the Convergence Activities under Mahatma Gandhi NREGA in Odisha" 2985:. Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India. 2021 2539:

Walle, Dominique van de; Ravallion, Martin; Dutta, Puja; Murgai, Rinku (2012).

7434: 7326: 6728: 6412: 6210: 5810: 5793: 5780:

Narayanan, Rajendran; Dhorajiwala, Sakina; Buddha, Chakradhar (January 2021).

5685: 4948:"Nearly Rs 1,000 Crore Misappropriated In Last Four Years Under NREGA Schemes" 4169:"MGNREGS: More than half the assets created are concentrated in just 5 States" 3639:"No MGNREGA social audit done in close to 50% gram panchayats in 2014-15: CAG" 3300:

Performance Audit of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme

3191:

Performance Audit of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme

3150:"MGNREGA as an Environmental Policy: A Case Study of Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand" 3137:

http://www.themenplattform-ez.de/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/SSRN-id2262533.pdf

2736:"Women Workers and Perceptions of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act" 1841: 1839: 1269: 1056: 753: 604: 296: 60: 41: 5819: 5250:. Center for Civil Society, London School of Economics and Political Science. 5189:

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (Mahatma Gandhi NREGA)

4579: 4545: 4344: 3967: 3906: 3400: 3363: 3046: 2931: 2892: 2798: 2751: 2712: 2556: 2117: 6928: 5124: 4909:"Communalism Has Been Injected Even in Bread and Butter Issues of Jharkhand" 4319:

Vasudevan, Gayathri; Singh, Shanu; Gupta, Gaurav; Jalajakshi, C. K. (2020).

1499: 1102: 1086: 1072: 996: 846: 709: 600: 596: 323: 291:. It was finally accepted in the parliament and commenced implementation in 163: 108: 5394:"Transparency and Accountability in NREGA – A Case Study of Andhra Pradesh" 5161: 4362: 4321:"MGNREGA in the Times of COVID-19 and Beyond: Can India do More with Less?" 3690: 2816: 5863: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 1632:"Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) on MGNREGA Operational Guidelines 2013" 7331: 6366: 6280: 5769:

Sudha, Narayanan; Upasak, Das; Yanyan, Liu; Barrett, Christopher (2017).

4856:"Modi says MNREGA will continue as a living monument to Congress failure" 3278: 3266: 3242: 3230: 3170: 2684:(Report). Vol. 1116. Department of Economics, University of Warwick. 2657:

Can Workfare Programs Moderate Violence? Evidence from India. mimeo, 1–42

2597: 1939:"President Mukherje pays tribute to former Maharashtra CM Vasantrao Naik" 1751: 1313:

There has been increasing rationale for convergence of MNREGA with other

906: 4126:"Forget 100 days! Not even 50 days of employment provided under MGNREGS" 3914: 3890: 3031:"Improving the Effectiveness of National Rural Employment Guarantee Act" 2939: 2915: 2900: 2876: 2759: 2735: 2720: 2696: 2605: 2580: 2564: 2540: 5693: 5645: 5321: 5093: 4821:"Arun Jaitley gives highest ever allocation for MGNREGS in Budget 2017" 3930:"MGNREGA wages up about 11%; yet at least 40% lower than minimum wages" 3054: 3030: 1472:

announced Rs. 48,000 crore to be allocated to the MGNREGA as a part of

1116: 1012: 982: 876: 816: 5656:

Right to Work?: Assessing India's Employment Guarantee Scheme in Bihar

4156:. Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India, New Delhi. 2015. 2697:"Women Participation and Rationing in the Employment Guarantee Scheme" 2637:

Berg, E.; Bhattacharyya, S.; Durgam, R. & Ramachandra, M. (2012).

2334: 2332: 5794:"Has India's Employment Guarantee Program Achieved Intended Targets?" 5677:

Right to Work? Assessing India's Employment Guarantee Scheme in Bihar

4073:"9.7 per cent payment of MGNREGA wages being made through e-transfer" 2639:

Can Rural Public Works Affect Agricultural Wages? Evidence from India

2192:"No state provided 100 days of work under MGNREGA in FY22: Govt data" 2171:. Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India. 19 January 2014 1132: 1026: 936: 741: 4404:"Chamba to develop trekking trails under MGNREGA convergence scheme" 3756:"Underfunding, misleading claims: The story of MGNREGA in New India" 674:

Proponents of the scheme enumerate number of benefits. For example,

5904:

National Rural Employment Guarantee Act Watershed Works Manual 2006

4882:"Now Modi govt praises MGNREGA, 'living monument of UPA's failure'" 4485:"Distress signal: Share of youngest workers in NREG begins to rise" 4079:. Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India. 6 August 2021 3382: 3380: 2399:

Doungel, Genesis of the MGNREGS and its constitutional basis (2019)

2351:

Doungel, Genesis of the MGNREGS and its constitutional basis (2019)

1723:"Nationwide review of rural job scheme NREGS ordered by government" 1412:

is a key partner in the JSA and is committed to make it a success.

372:

Particularly, colonialism had a lasting effect on the economic and

307:, and detailed measures to ensure transparency and accountability. 6501: 5728:

Narayanan, Rajendran; Dhorajiwala, Sakina; Golani, Rajesh (2019),

4377:"Govt converges MPLAD & MGNREGA to create more durable assets" 2080: 1299: 892: 862: 355: 322: 5792:

Reddy, A. Amarender; Singha Roy, Namrata; Pradeep, Divya (2021).

4226:. Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India. 2 July 2019 2620: 728:

with norms specified at each of the 11 stages of implementation.

708:(NGOs), political representatives, civil servants and workers of 336:' as the main implementing authority. Later, EAS was merged with 8091: 4654:"NREGA is in need of reform: Jean Dreze, economist-cum-activist" 2541:"Does India's Employment Guarantee Scheme Guarantee Employment?" 8190: 7304: 6886: 6438: 5953: 5917: 5913: 5339:"Social Audits: from ignorance to awareness. The AP experience" 5001:"11 Years of NREGA: Surjit Bhalla on the Failure of the Scheme" 3352:"Manmohan directs Planning Commission to address gaps in NREGA" 2832:"Costs and Benefits of Seasonal Migration: Evidence from India" 1885:"World Bank calls NREGA a stellar example of rural development" 5894:

MGNREGA Sameeksha, An Anthology of Research Studies on MGNREGA

5322:"Right To Information Act and NREGA: Reflections on Rajasthan" 2775:"Children's welfare and short term migration from rural India" 2048:"CAG report reveals irregularities in Sampoorna Rozgar Yojana" 1767:

Chandra, Bipan; Mukherjee, Aditya; Mukherjee, Mridula (2008).

1450:

Minimum 150 days of work should be ensured to all card holders

1354: 1331:

under the Act has halted and has begun to rise in the wake of

952: 4679:"Full Text of Leading Economists' Letter to PM Modi on NREGA" 4282:. National Institute of Rural Development and Panchayati Raj. 3553: 3541: 3454: 3420: 3254: 2446: 2362: 2323: 2311: 2299: 2287: 2275: 2263: 2251: 2239: 2227: 2215: 2033: 1845: 1830: 1793: 1705: 1314: 5787:. Centre for Sustainable Employment, Azim Premji University. 1859:"World Bank sees NREGA as a barrier to economic development" 35:

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005

4776:"Call for joint movement to Protect and strengthen MGNREGA" 4246:"Convergence of MNREGA with other welfare schemes on anvil" 1679:"National Rural Employment Guarantee (Amendment) Act, 2009" 230:

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005

4271:

Nayak, Narayan Chandra; Jenamani, Mamata; Sahoo, Bimal K.

4059: 4047: 3779: 287:

The act was first proposed in 1991 by then Prime Minister

5557:"Chapter V. The Comptroller and Auditor General of India" 5217:"The big hope: Transparency marks the NREGA in Dungarpur" 3710: 3434:"PM directs Planning Commission to address gaps in NREGA" 3117:

Gupta, Bhanu; Mukhopadhyay, Abhiroop (20 November 2014).

2518:

Barrett, Christopher B & Liu, Yanyan (9 March 2013).

524:

reducing easy-to-detect malpractices was mostly absent".

205:

National Rural Employment Guarantee (Amendment) Act, 2009

5154:

The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 (NREGA)

4794:"NREGA Job Card 2021 : MGNREGA Job card list check" 1409: 5248:

Engaging with Civil Society: The democratic Perspective

4151:"Towards Creation of Sustainable Assets under MGNREGA…" 3093:"Politics and MNREGA: A limited Link in Andhra Pradesh" 2875:

Aggarwal, Ankita; Gupta, Aashish; Kumar, Ankit (2012).

5835:

Madhusudan B, PK V, Rudra NM, Cynthia B, eds. (2018).

3864:"MNREGA wage hike less than minimum wage in 33 states" 3004:

Adhikari, Anindita; Bhatia, Kartika (2 January 2020).

381:

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act

7140:

Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)

5288:"Chapter 4: Employment Perspective and Labour Policy" 4568:"With Gadkari away, MNREGS changes yet to take shape" 2434: 2422: 2410: 2386: 2374: 2338: 518:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

516:

in its Third Biennial Update Report submitted to the

4933:

No proof required: Move from NREGA to cash transfers

4750:"NREGA will cover all 600 districts: Birender Singh" 2839:

The Warwick Economics Research Paper Series (TWERPS)

2682:

The Warwick Economics Research Paper Series (TWERPS)

2106:"Guaranteed man-days under MGNREGA increased to 150" 1808:

Half - Lion: How P.V Narasimha Rao Transformed India

8345: 8210: 8105: 8074: 7810: 7679: 7619: 7571: 7523: 7453: 7340: 7317: 7224: 7196: 7130: 7079: 7070: 7006: 6899: 6824: 6776: 6714: 6603: 6515: 6479: 6451: 6395: 6324: 6219: 6186: 6143: 6122: 6054: 5966: 5440:Pasha, Dr. Bino Paul GD and S M Fahimuddin (2011). 5094:"Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY) Guidelines" 2068: 1998: 1986: 1974: 1962: 1924: 209: 199: 191: 180: 169: 161: 156: 148: 140: 132: 122: 114: 104: 94: 78: 48: 34: 6988:Governors, Lieutenant Governors and Administrators 5884:Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India 5580:Comptroller and Auditor General of India (2013b). 5561:The Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) 5555:Comptroller and Auditor General of India (2013a). 3797:Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India 3637: 3592:"More women opt for rural job scheme in Rajasthan" 3068:Afridi, Farzana; Iversen, Vegard (12 March 2014). 3005: 2955:"Rural job scheme guarantees carbon sequestration" 2579: 2519: 1319:Member of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme 176:The National Rural Employment Guarantee Bill, 2005 5889:Report of the CAG on Performance Audit of MGNREGA 5120:"Employment Guarantee as a Social Responsibility" 4019:"The Whys and Whats of India's Rural Jobs Scheme" 3152:. Journal of Innovation for Inclusive Development 3123:Effective States and Inclusive Development (ESID) 2845:. Department of Economics, University of Warwick. 2662:(Report). London School of Economics and STICERD. 2460:"The Whys and Whats of India's Rural Jobs Scheme" 657:Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) 3293:"Chapter 13: Findings of the Beneficiary Survey" 3218: 3007:"NREGA Wage Payments: Can We Bank on the Banks?" 2578:Imbert, Clément & Papp, John (April 2015). 1652:"National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005" 1492:Prime Minister Narendra Modi, February 2015 1484: 628: 5026:"Delays in processing of MGNREGA wage payment" 4725:"Union Government Limits MGNREGA to 69 Taluks" 4602:"Wrong numbers: Attack on NREGA is misleading" 4280:Telangana State Institute of Rural Development 4195:"MGNREGA focus on asset quality, skilling now" 3290:Chapter 13 of the CAG report available online 3279:Comptroller and Auditor General of India 2013b 3267:Comptroller and Auditor General of India 2013b 3243:Comptroller and Auditor General of India 2013b 3231:Comptroller and Auditor General of India 2013b 3171:Comptroller and Auditor General of India 2013a 1752:Comptroller and Auditor General of India 2013b 538:Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India 5929: 5753:NREGA Job Card New List- State Wise List Here 5480:. Socio Legal Information Cent. p. 420. 4706:"Sharpest-ever fund cut for rural job scheme" 2592:(2). American Economic Association: 233–263. 8: 3505: 2586:American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 426:and State Employment Guarantee Councils for 327:MGNREGA workers removing mud from a dry pond 5255:Centre for Science and Environment (2007). 4508:"Save MGNREGA, don't drown it in paperwork" 2626:(Report). IZA Institute of Labor Economics. 630:MGNREGA’s other quantitative achievements: 617:United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 70:connected therewith or incidental thereto. 8207: 8187: 7314: 7301: 7076: 7012: 6896: 6883: 6448: 6435: 5963: 5950: 5936: 5922: 5914: 3956:"Minimum wages likely for MGNREGA workers" 3612: 3387:Roy, Aruna; Dey, Nikhil (30 August 2012). 1810:(1st ed.). New Delhi: Penguin Books. 1456:MGNREGA should be extended to urban areas. 764: 7150:Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) 7030:Fundamental rights, principles and duties 5809: 5465:. Oxford University Press. Archived from 4819:Chitravanshi, Ruchika (2 February 2017), 4352: 3799:. Press Information Bureau. 2 August 2018 3328:Vanaik, Anish; Siddhartha (5 June 2015). 2914:Sebastian, Mathew K.; Azeez, P A (2014). 2830:Imbert, Clément & Papp, John (2018). 2806: 2673:Imbert, Clément & Papp, John (2016). 387:. The Government of India introduced the 7092:Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) 4060:Narayanan, Dhorajiwala & Golani 2019 4048:Narayanan, Dhorajiwala & Golani 2019 3780:Narayanan, Dhorajiwala & Golani 2019 3529: 3469:"MGNREGA: Safety net for the rural poor" 3148:Saha, Anindita R; Bhatt, Pankaj (2016). 2877:"Evaluation of NREGA Wells in Jharkhand" 1721:Chitravanshi, Ruchika (8 October 2015). 1430:All India Democratic Women's Association 1399:In the November 2014 cabinet expansion, 532:Assessment by the constitutional auditor 6094:Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley 5899:MGNREGA Master Circular Guide FY2018-19 5634:Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 5180:Ministry of Rural Development (2005a). 4930:Bhalla, Surjeet S. (12 December 2014), 4534:"Changes to MGNREGS may cut into wages" 4295:"Should PM-KISAN and MGNREGS Co-Exist?" 4167:Jadhav, Radheshyam (7 September 2019). 3577: 3330:"CAG Report on NREGA: Fact and Fiction" 2916:"MGNREGA and Biodiversity Conservation" 2734:Khera, Reetika; Nayak, Nandini (2009). 2081:Centre for Science and Environment 2007 1618: 1584: 649:122 (USD$ 1.76) in Bihar, Jharkhand to 238:National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 66: 18:National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 7380:Securities and Exchange Board of India 6487:National Geological Monuments of India 5516:Ministry of Rural Development (2012). 5230: 5145:Ministry of Rural Development (2005). 5092:Ministry of Rural Development (2002). 4483:Sharma, Harikishan (22 October 2019). 4426: 4424: 4325:The Indian Journal of Labour Economics 4012: 4010: 3846:Agricultural Economics Research Review 3723: 3721: 3719: 3685: 3683: 3493: 3029:Aiyar, Yamini; Samji, Salimah (2006). 2695:Narayanan, Sudha; Das, Upasak (2014). 1626: 1624: 1622: 613:Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) 609:Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs) 31: 7180:Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) 7145:Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) 5607:"CAG finds holes in enforcing MNREGA" 5463:"The Battle for Employment Guarantee" 5080:, Planning Commission, archived from 4907:Narayanan, Rajendran (27 June 2017). 4626:Ravallion, Martin (24 October 2014). 4457:Nandy, Debmalya (28 September 2021). 3624: 3565: 3517: 3471:. The Financial World. Archived from 2493:"The battle for employment guarantee" 2483: 2481: 2190:Purkayastha, Samir K (7 April 2022). 1673: 1671: 1646: 1644: 493:Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes 442:The law and the Constitution of India 7: 5446:. S M Fahimuddin Pasha. p. 59. 5358:Ministry of Law and Justice (2007). 4999:Kumar, Akanksha (11 February 2016). 4973:Mahapatra, Richard (15 March 2013). 4704:Acharya, Namrata (8 November 2014). 4532:Yadav, Anumeha (21 September 2014). 4402:Thakur, Naresh K (9 February 2020). 4100:"MGNREGA is failing: 10 reasons why" 3818:Sharma, Harikishan (30 March 2022). 2856:Narayanan, Sudha (20 October 2014). 2491:; Khera, Reetika (16 January 2009). 1806:Seetapati, Vinay (1 February 2015). 1773:. Penguin Books India. p. 374. 1762: 1760: 1716: 1714: 1573:Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana 1426:All India Agricultural Workers Union 634:Since its inception in 2006, around 536:The second performance audit by the 448:Directive Principles of State Policy 248:measure that aims to guarantee the ' 7175:National Investigation Agency (NIA) 7097:Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) 6786:Autonomous administrative divisions 5713:"Rain-hit areas to get NREGS boost" 4124:Kapoor, Mudit (18 September 2018). 4098:Nandy, Debmalya (5 November 2018). 3891:"NREGA Wages: Ensuring Decent Work" 3440:. PTI. 14 July 2012. Archived from 2013:"PR Dept. loses Central assistance" 2011:Ranganna, T.S. (16 November 2001). 7165:Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) 5101:" Ministry of Rural Development", 4837:Chitnis, Purva (1 February 2017), 4566:Yadav, Anumeha (5 November 2014). 4220:"Water Conservation under MGNREGS" 4017:Khera, Reetika (4 November 2014). 3590:Ghildiyal, Subodh (11 June 2006). 3554:Ministry of Rural Development 2005 3542:Ministry of Rural Development 2005 3455:Ministry of Rural Development 2012 3421:Ministry of Rural Development 2012 3389:"Much more than a survival scheme" 3255:Ministry of Rural Development 2005 2779:The Journal of Development Studies 2447:Ministry of Rural Development 2005 2363:Ministry of Rural Development 2005 2324:Ministry of Rural Development 2005 2312:Ministry of Rural Development 2005 2300:Ministry of Rural Development 2005 2288:Ministry of Rural Development 2005 2276:Ministry of Rural Development 2005 2264:Ministry of Rural Development 2005 2252:Ministry of Rural Development 2005 2240:Ministry of Rural Development 2005 2228:Ministry of Rural Development 2005 2216:Ministry of Rural Development 2005 2034:Ministry of Rural Development 2002 1846:Ministry of Rural Development 2012 1831:Ministry of Rural Development 2005 1794:Ministry of Rural Development 2005 1706:Ministry of Rural Development 2005 25: 7360:Ministry of Commerce and Industry 7102:Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) 6387:Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) 5421:"NREGA: Effects and Implications" 5191:. Ministry of Rural Development, 5156:. Ministry of Rural Development, 4723:Venkatesh, M (17 November 2014). 4652:Ray, Atmadip (12 November 2014). 4506:Tewari, Ruhi (13 November 2015). 1891:. 10 October 2013. Archived from 1563:Attacks on RTI activists in India 1391:Union Rural Development Minister 682:- the largest constituent of the 626:says in the 'MGNREGA Sameeksha': 615:and others in collaboration with 5862: 5782:"Can a Machine Learn Democracy?" 5320:Menon, Sudha (10 January 2008). 3954:Balchand, K. (16 October 2011). 3754:Nandy, Debmalya (15 July 2019). 3728:Drèze, Jean (19 November 2020). 1558:National Food Security Act, 2013 1359: 40: 6403:History of India (1947–present) 5525:. New Delhi: Orient BlackSwan. 5367:"Ministry of Law and Justice", 5324:. Munich Personal RePEc Archive 3467:Laskar, R. K. (14 March 2013). 2046:Dorairaj, S. (15 August 2006). 1464:New amendments proposed in 2017 1351:New amendments proposed in 2014 366:concentration of land ownership 187:, Minister of Rural Development 7170:Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) 7122:Special Protection Group (SPG) 7112:Railway Protection Force (RPF) 5215:Malekar, Anosh (21 May 2006). 5182:"6. Division-wise Information" 4193:Sharma, Nidhi (2 March 2020). 2953:Moudgil, Manu (18 June 2021). 1326:Composition of youth workforce 338:Sampoorna Gramin Rojgar Yojana 1: 8265:Engineering colleges in India 7894:Electronics and semiconductor 7107:National Security Guard (NSG) 6851:World Heritage Sites in India 5739:Doungel, Jangkhongam (2019), 4293:Aiyar, Yamini (4 July 2019). 3928:Ediwn, Tina (29 March 2020). 3895:Economic and Political Weekly 3668:. Counterview. 4 October 2021 3334:Economic and Political Weekly 3035:Economic and Political Weekly 3012:Economic and Political Weekly 2920:Economic and Political Weekly 2881:Economic and Political Weekly 2858:"Saving people's livelihoods" 2740:Economic and Political Weekly 2701:Economic and Political Weekly 2644:(Report). CSAE Working Paper. 2545:Economic and Political Weekly 2526:Economic and Political Weekly 1538:Economic development in India 1422:Centre of Indian Trade Unions 706:nongovernmental organisations 667:Management Information System 619:published from 2008 to 2012. 570:Management Information System 483:Independent academic research 450:enunciated in Part IV of the 400:Ministry of Rural Development 7155:Enforcement Directorate (ED) 6976:State legislative assemblies 6816:States and union territories 6525:Biogeographic classification 5775:. Intl Food Policy Res Inst. 5734:, Inclusive Media for Change 5711:Mehra, Puja (4 April 2015). 5286:Planning Commission (2007). 5071:Planning Commission (2001), 3988:Joyita (23 September 2013). 2791:10.1080/00220388.2013.794934 2435:Constitution of India (2007) 2423:Constitution of India (2007) 2411:Constitution of India (2007) 2387:Constitution of India (2007) 2375:Constitution of India (2007) 2339:Constitution of India (2007) 1912:Research Papers in Economics 745:awareness about the scheme. 591:The Prime Minister of India 587:Evaluation by the government 8322:Water supply and sanitation 7087:Border Security Force (BSF) 6832:National monuments of India 5659:. World Bank Publications. 5605:The Times of India (2013). 4459:"A shift in focus in NREGA" 702:Civil society organisations 653:191 (USD$ 2.76) in Haryana. 509:Indian Institute of Science 446:The Act aims to follow the 374:social advancement of India 8550: 8514:Rural development in India 7375:Central Statistical Office 6981:State legislative councils 6956:Union Council of Ministers 4337:10.1007/s41027-020-00247-0 4299:Centre for Policy Research 1553:Public Distribution System 1474:2017 Union budget of India 1248: 718:right to information (RTI) 694: 270:protecting the environment 8255:Medical colleges in India 8206: 8186: 7405:Foreign exchange reserves 7400:Foreign direct investment 7370:Economic Advisory Council 7313: 7300: 7117:Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) 7015: 6895: 6882: 6497:Sacred mountains of India 6447: 6434: 6069:Indus Valley Civilisation 5962: 5949: 5811:10.1177/21582440211052281 5686:10.1596/978-1-4648-0130-3 5237:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3889:Sankaran, Kamala (2011). 1436:(AIKS) in New Delhi. The 1404:limited to those blocks. 1368:This section needs to be 1242:(US$ 2.40) per day wages 1221: 776: 773: 770: 767: 740:or village level and the 731:An application under the 305:monitoring and evaluation 219: 214: 204: 55: 39: 7541:Multi Commodity Exchange 7160:Intelligence Bureau (IB) 5745:– via ResearchGate 5147:"Operational Guidelines" 4224:Press Information Bureau 4077:Press Information Bureau 3994:PRS Legislative Research 3506:Goetz & Jenkins 1999 2169:Press Information Bureau 2069:Planning Commission 2001 1999:Planning Commission 2001 1987:Planning Commission 2001 1975:Planning Commission 2001 1963:Planning Commission 2001 1925:Planning Commission 2001 1770:India Since Independence 7385:Enforcement Directorate 6846:Indian-origin religions 6837:National parks of India 6646:Highest point by states 6408:Economic liberalisation 5750:Nikhil, Nikhil (2022), 5498:Doing Business in India 5461:Khera, Reetika (2011). 5360:"Constitution of India" 5295:"Planning Commission", 4975:"Victim of its success" 4710:Business Standard India 2619:Zimmermann, L. (2012). 1943:Business Standard India 1343:Subsequent developments 1258:Direct Benefit Transfer 777:Per day wages (In Rs.) 771:Per day wages (In Rs.) 550:union territories (UTs) 457:In accordance with the 354:The colonial era, when 318:Food for Work Programme 262:Raghuvansh Prasad Singh 236:, earlier known as the 185:Raghuvansh Prasad Singh 8355:Arts and entertainment 7990:Science and technology 7926:Information technology 7606:Government initiatives 6502:Sacred rivers of India 6492:Sacred groves of India 6046:Science and technology 5804:(4): 215824402110522. 5474:Dobhal, Harsh (2011). 5392:Aiyar, Yamini (2009). 4888:. PTI. 2 February 2016 4729:The New Indian Express 4383:. PTI. 23 January 2012 4173:The Hindu BusinessLine 3934:The Hindu BusinessLine 3644:The Hindu BusinessLine 2773:Coffey, Diane (2013). 1489: 1305: 678:, an ideologue of the 672: 328: 293:625 districts of India 274:empowering rural women 215:MGNREGA, NREGA, MNREGA 8312:Socio-economic issues 8260:Law colleges in India 8250:Universities in India 7498:Reserve Bank of India 6301:Independence movement 6099:Indo-Parthian Kingdom 5060:Third World Quarterly 3358:. PTI. 14 July 2012. 3219:Devonshire-Ellis 2012 1977:, pp. 16, 24–27. 1906:Dutta, Sujoy (2015). 1434:All India Kisan Sabha 1303: 566:gram panchayats (GPs) 542:gram panchayats (GPs) 463:Constitution of India 452:Constitution of India 326: 278:rural-urban migration 8534:Work relief programs 7586:Economic development 7430:Voluntary guidelines 7425:Industrial licensing 6555:Environmental issues 6337:Non-Aligned Movement 6114:Seleucid–Mauryan war 5871:at Wikimedia Commons 5674:Dutta, Puja (2014). 5567:on 11 September 2012 5542:on 21 September 2013 5469:on 29 November 2014. 5118:Dreze, Jean (2004). 4936:, The Indian Express 4782:. 14 September 2014. 4487:. The Indian Express 3444:on 12 December 2013. 3080:on 6 September 2017. 2598:10.1257/app.20130401 2112:. 21 November 2021. 1865:. PTI. 15 March 2009 514:carbon sequestration 358:was governed by the 8509:Employment in India 7348:Ministry of Finance 6352:Indo-Pakistani wars 6296:Partition of Bengal 5379:on 9 September 2014 5369:Government of India 5337:World Bank (2008). 5307:on 22 December 2019 5297:Government of India 5193:Government of India 5158:Government of India 5132:on 23 December 2004 5103:Government of India 4628:"MGNREGA is unwell" 4436:The Arunachal Times 4252:. 13 September 2013 4029:on 7 September 2018 3602:on 29 October 2013. 3475:on 10 February 2018 3184:"Executive Summary" 2655:Fetzer, T. (2014). 2023:on 5 November 2013. 1937:ANI (1 July 2013). 1895:on 13 October 2013. 1335:and the rollout of 1282:financial inclusion 1233:(US$ 4.00) Lowest- 676:Rejaul Karim Laskar 577:gram panchayat (GP) 157:Legislative history 50:Parliament of India 8317:Standard of living 8007:Telecommunications 7524:Financial services 7445:Atmanirbhar Bharat 7365:Finance Commission 6530:Biosphere reserves 6286:Bengal Renaissance 6274:Commander-in-Chief 6239:East India Company 5756:, Bharat Pm Yojana 5646:10.1111/sjtg.12037 5612:The Times of India 5406:on 29 October 2013 5345:on 29 October 2013 5273:on 4 November 2013 4862:. 27 February 2015 4825:The Economic Times 4756:. 12 November 2014 4754:The Economic Times 4658:The Economic Times 4632:The Indian Express 4606:The Times of India 4381:The Economic Times 4250:The Economic Times 4199:The Economic Times 3824:The Indian Express 3596:The Times of India 3438:The Times of India 3309:on 30 October 2013 3245:, pp. vii–ix. 3200:on 30 October 2013 2058:on 27 August 2006. 1889:The Economic Times 1863:The Economic Times 1727:The Economic Times 1548:Midday Meal Scheme 1315:government schemes 1306: 428:state legislatures 329: 289:P.V. Narasimha Rao 256:of Prime Minister 95:Territorial extent 8524:Indian labour law 8496: 8495: 8492: 8491: 8488: 8487: 8182: 8181: 8178: 8177: 7727:Jammu and Kashmir 7353:Finance ministers 7296: 7295: 7292: 7291: 7284:Women in politics 7259:Political parties 7192: 7191: 7188: 7187: 6998:Chief Secretaries 6971:State governments 6966:Cabinet Secretary 6919:Foreign relations 6878: 6877: 6874: 6873: 6430: 6429: 6426: 6425: 6418:COVID-19 pandemic 6291:Political reforms 5867:Media related to 5848:978-981-10-6262-9 5723:on 27 April 2020. 5703:978-1-4648-0130-3 5666:978-1-4648-0130-3 5592:on 16 August 2013 5532:978-81-250-4725-4 5508:978-3-642-27617-0 5487:978-81-89479-78-7 5453:978-81-921475-0-5 5419:NewsYaps (2009). 5246:Chandoke (2007). 5087:on 19 August 2019 4780:Peoples Democracy 4685:. 14 October 2014 3711:Dutta et al. 2014 3568:, pp. 12–16. 3556:, pp. 55–61. 3544:, pp. 46–54. 3457:, pp. ix–xi. 2466:. 4 November 2014 2326:, pp. 65–66. 2314:, pp. 62–64. 2302:, pp. 41–45. 2290:, pp. 38–40. 2278:, pp. 41–62. 2266:, pp. 46–61. 2254:, pp. 30–34. 2242:, pp. 26–29. 2230:, pp. 21–25. 2218:, pp. 14–20. 2001:, pp. 21–23. 1989:, pp. 17–19. 1927:, pp. 12–20. 1780:978-0-14-310409-4 1686:loksabhaph.nic.in 1519:Arvind Panagariya 1508:corporate farming 1468:Finance Minister 1389: 1388: 1266:Minimum Wages Act 1247: 1246: 833:Arunachal Pradesh 478:The law in action 467:Fundamental Right 432:Citizen's Charter 284:, among others." 227: 226: 99:Republic of India 27:Indian worker law 16:(Redirected from 8541: 8519:Welfare in India 8451:Physical culture 8272:Ethnic relations 8208: 8188: 8170:Mumbai Consensus 7722:Himachal Pradesh 7611:Numbering system 7601:Green revolution 7476:Historical Forex 7315: 7302: 7274:Scheduled groups 7077: 7013: 6897: 6884: 6866:Tourism in India 6861:History of India 6856:Culture of India 6466:Geology of India 6449: 6436: 6367:Naxal Insurgency 6362:White Revolution 6357:Green Revolution 5964: 5951: 5938: 5931: 5924: 5915: 5880: 5879: 5877:Official website 5866: 5852: 5831: 5813: 5788: 5786: 5776: 5757: 5746: 5735: 5724: 5719:. 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Archived from 1718: 1709: 1703: 1697: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1683: 1675: 1666: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1656: 1648: 1639: 1638: 1636: 1628: 1601: 1598: 1592: 1589: 1543:Poverty in India 1515:Jagdish Bhagwati 1513:Economists like 1493: 1384: 1381: 1375: 1363: 1362: 1355: 1241: 1239: 1232: 1230: 1043:Himachal Pradesh 765: 652: 648: 637: 350: 348: 340:(SGRY) in 2001. 144:5 September 2005 141:Assented to 90: 88: 44: 32: 21: 8549: 8548: 8544: 8543: 8542: 8540: 8539: 8538: 8499: 8498: 8497: 8484: 8456:Public holidays 8341: 8287:Life expectancy 8202: 8201: 8174: 8101: 8070: 7975:Pharmaceuticals 7806: 7675: 7615: 7581:COVID-19 impact 7567: 7519: 7449: 7336: 7309: 7288: 7220: 7184: 7126: 7066: 7062:District Courts 7002: 6993:Chief Ministers 6891: 6870: 6820: 6772: 6710: 6684:Western coastal 6679:Eastern coastal 6666:Mountain passes 6599: 6585:Protected areas 6511: 6507:Stones of India 6475: 6443: 6422: 6391: 6377:Space programme 6347:Sino-Indian War 6342:Five-Year Plans 6320: 6215: 6182: 6173:Delhi Sultanate 6139: 6130:Middle kingdoms 6123:Middle Kingdoms 6118: 6050: 5958: 5945: 5942: 5875: 5874: 5859: 5849: 5834: 5791: 5784: 5779: 5768: 5765: 5763:Further reading 5760: 5749: 5738: 5727: 5710: 5704: 5673: 5667: 5652: 5631: 5622: 5620: 5604: 5595: 5593: 5586:saiindia.gov.in 5579: 5570: 5568: 5554: 5545: 5543: 5539: 5533: 5522: 5515: 5509: 5494: 5488: 5473: 5460: 5454: 5439: 5430: 5428: 5418: 5409: 5407: 5403: 5396: 5391: 5382: 5380: 5376: 5362: 5357: 5348: 5346: 5336: 5327: 5325: 5319: 5310: 5308: 5304: 5290: 5285: 5276: 5274: 5270: 5259: 5254: 5245: 5229: 5222: 5220: 5214: 5205: 5203: 5199: 5184: 5179: 5170: 5168: 5164: 5149: 5144: 5135: 5133: 5117: 5108: 5106: 5096: 5091: 5084: 5077: 5070: 5057: 5053: 5048: 5047: 5038: 5037: 5033: 5024: 5023: 5019: 5009: 5007: 4998: 4997: 4993: 4983: 4981: 4972: 4971: 4967: 4957: 4955: 4946: 4945: 4941: 4929: 4928: 4924: 4914: 4912: 4906: 4905: 4901: 4891: 4889: 4880: 4879: 4875: 4865: 4863: 4854: 4853: 4849: 4843:Bloomberg Quint 4836: 4835: 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3922: 3888: 3887: 3883: 3873: 3871: 3862: 3861: 3857: 3843: 3842: 3838: 3828: 3826: 3817: 3816: 3812: 3802: 3800: 3791: 3790: 3786: 3778: 3774: 3764: 3762: 3753: 3752: 3748: 3738: 3736: 3727: 3726: 3717: 3709: 3698: 3689: 3688: 3681: 3671: 3669: 3664: 3663: 3659: 3649: 3647: 3646:. 29 April 2016 3636: 3635: 3631: 3623: 3619: 3613:World Bank 2008 3611: 3607: 3589: 3588: 3584: 3576: 3572: 3564: 3560: 3552: 3548: 3540: 3536: 3528: 3524: 3520:, pp. 8–9. 3516: 3512: 3504: 3500: 3492: 3488: 3478: 3476: 3466: 3465: 3461: 3453: 3449: 3432: 3431: 3427: 3419: 3415: 3405: 3403: 3386: 3385: 3378: 3368: 3366: 3350: 3349: 3345: 3327: 3326: 3322: 3312: 3310: 3306: 3295: 3291: 3289: 3285: 3277: 3273: 3265: 3261: 3253: 3249: 3241: 3237: 3229: 3225: 3217: 3213: 3203: 3201: 3197: 3186: 3182: 3181: 3177: 3169: 3165: 3155: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3134: 3130: 3116: 3115: 3111: 3101: 3099: 3097:Ideas For India 3090: 3089: 3085: 3074:Ideas for India 3067: 3066: 3062: 3028: 3027: 3023: 3003: 3002: 2998: 2988: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2977: 2973: 2963: 2961: 2952: 2951: 2947: 2913: 2912: 2908: 2874: 2873: 2869: 2855: 2854: 2850: 2834: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2772: 2771: 2767: 2733: 2732: 2728: 2694: 2693: 2689: 2677: 2672: 2671: 2667: 2659: 2654: 2653: 2649: 2641: 2636: 2635: 2631: 2623: 2618: 2617: 2613: 2577: 2576: 2572: 2538: 2537: 2533: 2517: 2516: 2512: 2502: 2500: 2487: 2486: 2479: 2469: 2467: 2458: 2457: 2453: 2445: 2441: 2433: 2429: 2421: 2417: 2409: 2405: 2397: 2393: 2385: 2381: 2373: 2369: 2361: 2357: 2349: 2345: 2337: 2330: 2322: 2318: 2310: 2306: 2298: 2294: 2286: 2282: 2274: 2270: 2262: 2258: 2250: 2246: 2238: 2234: 2226: 2222: 2214: 2210: 2200: 2198: 2189: 2188: 2184: 2174: 2172: 2163: 2162: 2158: 2148: 2146: 2137: 2136: 2132: 2122: 2120: 2104: 2103: 2099: 2091: 2087: 2079: 2075: 2067: 2063: 2045: 2044: 2040: 2036:, pp. 1–3. 2032: 2028: 2010: 2009: 2005: 1997: 1993: 1985: 1981: 1973: 1969: 1961: 1957: 1947: 1945: 1936: 1935: 1931: 1923: 1919: 1905: 1904: 1900: 1883: 1882: 1878: 1868: 1866: 1857: 1856: 1852: 1844: 1837: 1829: 1825: 1818: 1805: 1804: 1800: 1796:, pp. 1–2. 1792: 1788: 1781: 1766: 1765: 1758: 1750: 1746: 1736: 1734: 1733:on 6 April 2016 1720: 1719: 1712: 1704: 1700: 1690: 1688: 1681: 1677: 1676: 1669: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1650: 1649: 1642: 1634: 1630: 1629: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1604: 1599: 1595: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1534: 1495: 1491: 1482: 1466: 1418: 1385: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1364: 1360: 1353: 1345: 1328: 1311: 1290: 1253: 1235: 1234: 1226: 1225: 1224:2022: Highest- 763: 699: 693: 650: 646: 635: 589: 534: 485: 480: 444: 415: 406:Gram Panchayats 346: 345: 313: 301:gram panchayats 244:, is an Indian 162:First chamber: 152:2 February 2006 86: 82: 74: 71: 65: 64: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8547: 8545: 8537: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8501: 8500: 8494: 8493: 8490: 8489: 8486: 8485: 8483: 8482: 8481: 8480: 8470: 8469: 8468: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8432: 8431: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8395: 8394: 8384: 8383: 8382: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8351: 8349: 8343: 8342: 8340: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8268: 8267: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8242: 8241: 8240: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8214: 8212: 8204: 8203: 8200: 8199: 8192: 8191: 8184: 8183: 8180: 8179: 8176: 8175: 8173: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8145:Income Tax Act 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8121: 8120: 8109: 8107: 8103: 8102: 8100: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8078: 8076: 8072: 8071: 8069: 8068: 8067: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8035: 8034: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7998: 7997: 7987: 7982: 7980:Pulp and paper 7977: 7972: 7971: 7970: 7968:Iron and Steel 7965: 7955: 7954: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7928: 7923: 7922: 7921: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7890: 7889: 7888: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7831: 7830: 7825: 7814: 7812: 7808: 7807: 7805: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7752:Madhya Pradesh 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7687:Andhra Pradesh 7683: 7681: 7677: 7676: 7674: 7673: 7672: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7651: 7646: 7645: 7644: 7634: 7629: 7623: 7621: 7617: 7616: 7614: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7591:Liberalisation 7588: 7583: 7577: 7575: 7569: 7568: 7566: 7565: 7564: 7563: 7558: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7527: 7525: 7521: 7520: 7518: 7517: 7512: 7511: 7510: 7505: 7495: 7494: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7457: 7455: 7451: 7450: 7448: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7356: 7355: 7344: 7342: 7338: 7337: 7335: 7334: 7329: 7323: 7321: 7311: 7310: 7305: 7298: 7297: 7294: 7293: 7290: 7289: 7287: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7230: 7228: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7202: 7200: 7194: 7193: 7190: 7189: 7186: 7185: 7183: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7136: 7134: 7128: 7127: 7125: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7083: 7081: 7074: 7068: 7067: 7065: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7043: 7042: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7016: 7010: 7004: 7003: 7001: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6984: 6983: 6978: 6968: 6963: 6961:Civil Services 6958: 6953: 6951:Prime Minister 6948: 6946:Vice President 6943: 6938: 6937: 6936: 6931: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6905: 6903: 6893: 6892: 6887: 6880: 6879: 6876: 6875: 6872: 6871: 6869: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6842:Nature worship 6839: 6834: 6828: 6826: 6822: 6821: 6819: 6818: 6813: 6811:Municipalities 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6782: 6780: 6774: 6773: 6771: 6770: 6765: 6764: 6763: 6758: 6748: 6743: 6742: 6741: 6731: 6726: 6720: 6718: 6712: 6711: 6709: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6687: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6636:Extreme points 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6607: 6605: 6601: 6600: 6598: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6580:National parks 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6540:Climate change 6537: 6532: 6527: 6521: 6519: 6513: 6512: 6510: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6483: 6481: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6457: 6455: 6445: 6444: 6439: 6432: 6431: 6428: 6427: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6399: 6397: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6372:Smiling Buddha 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6328: 6326: 6322: 6321: 6319: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6277: 6276: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6249:1857 rebellion 6246: 6241: 6236: 6234:Princely state 6231: 6225: 6223: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6213: 6208: 6206:European trade 6203: 6198: 6192: 6190: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6153:Medieval India 6149: 6147: 6141: 6140: 6138: 6137: 6132: 6126: 6124: 6120: 6119: 6117: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6089:Yavana Kingdom 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6060: 6058: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6036:Paper currency 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5982: 5981: 5976: 5970: 5968: 5960: 5959: 5954: 5947: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5940: 5933: 5926: 5918: 5912: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5872: 5858: 5857:External links 5855: 5854: 5853: 5847: 5832: 5789: 5777: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5758: 5747: 5736: 5725: 5708: 5702: 5680:. World Bank. 5671: 5665: 5650: 5640:(3): 322–341. 5629: 5602: 5577: 5552: 5531: 5513: 5507: 5492: 5486: 5471: 5458: 5452: 5437: 5416: 5389: 5355: 5334: 5317: 5283: 5252: 5243: 5212: 5177: 5142: 5115: 5089: 5068: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5046: 5045: 5031: 5017: 4991: 4965: 4939: 4922: 4899: 4873: 4847: 4829: 4811: 4785: 4767: 4741: 4715: 4696: 4670: 4644: 4618: 4592: 4558: 4524: 4498: 4475: 4449: 4420: 4394: 4368: 4331:(3): 799–814. 4311: 4285: 4263: 4237: 4211: 4185: 4159: 4142: 4130:Business Today 4116: 4090: 4064: 4052: 4050:, p. 1-3. 4040: 4006: 3980: 3946: 3920: 3881: 3870:. 2 April 2019 3855: 3836: 3810: 3784: 3772: 3746: 3715: 3696: 3679: 3657: 3629: 3617: 3605: 3582: 3570: 3558: 3546: 3534: 3522: 3510: 3498: 3496:, p. 420. 3486: 3459: 3447: 3425: 3413: 3376: 3343: 3320: 3283: 3271: 3259: 3247: 3235: 3233:, p. vii. 3223: 3211: 3175: 3163: 3140: 3128: 3109: 3083: 3060: 3041:(4): 320–326. 3021: 2996: 2971: 2959:Mongabay-India 2945: 2906: 2867: 2848: 2822: 2765: 2726: 2687: 2665: 2647: 2629: 2611: 2570: 2531: 2510: 2477: 2451: 2439: 2437:, p. 129. 2427: 2415: 2403: 2391: 2379: 2367: 2355: 2353:, p. 3-4. 2343: 2328: 2316: 2304: 2292: 2280: 2268: 2256: 2244: 2232: 2220: 2208: 2182: 2156: 2145:. 3 April 2019 2143:Business Today 2130: 2097: 2085: 2073: 2061: 2038: 2026: 2003: 1991: 1979: 1967: 1955: 1929: 1917: 1898: 1876: 1850: 1835: 1823: 1817:978-0670088225 1816: 1798: 1786: 1779: 1756: 1744: 1710: 1698: 1667: 1640: 1617: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1593: 1583: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1576: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1533: 1530: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1417: 1414: 1401:Birender Singh 1387: 1386: 1367: 1365: 1358: 1352: 1349: 1344: 1341: 1333:demonetisation 1327: 1324: 1310: 1307: 1289: 1288:Asset creation 1286: 1245: 1244: 1219: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1189: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1163:Madhya Pradesh 1159: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1129: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1099: 1098: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1069: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1009: 1008: 1005: 1002: 999: 994: 991: 988: 985: 979: 978: 975: 972: 969: 964: 961: 958: 955: 949: 948: 945: 942: 939: 934: 931: 928: 925: 919: 918: 915: 912: 909: 904: 901: 898: 895: 889: 888: 885: 882: 879: 874: 871: 868: 865: 859: 858: 855: 852: 849: 844: 841: 838: 835: 829: 828: 825: 822: 819: 814: 811: 808: 805: 803:Andhra Pradesh 799: 798: 795: 792: 789: 786: 783: 779: 778: 775: 772: 769: 762: 759: 714:Andhra Pradesh 692: 689: 680:Congress party 671: 670: 663: 660: 654: 643: 640: 593:Manmohan Singh 588: 585: 540:covered 3,848 533: 530: 484: 481: 479: 476: 443: 440: 414: 411: 334:Zilla Parishad 312: 309: 280:and fostering 258:Manmohan Singh 254:UPA government 246:social welfare 225: 224: 217: 216: 212: 211: 207: 206: 202: 201: 197: 196: 193: 189: 188: 182: 178: 177: 174: 167: 166: 159: 158: 154: 153: 150: 146: 145: 142: 138: 137: 136:24 August 2005 134: 130: 129: 124: 123:Passed by 120: 119: 118:23 August 2005 116: 112: 111: 106: 105:Passed by 102: 101: 96: 92: 91: 80: 76: 75: 73: 72: 68: 58: 57: 56: 53: 52: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8546: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8529:Right to work 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8506: 8504: 8479: 8476: 8475: 8474: 8471: 8467: 8464: 8463: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8430: 8427: 8426: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8393: 8390: 8389: 8388: 8385: 8381: 8378: 8377: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8352: 8350: 8348: 8344: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8247: 8246: 8243: 8239: 8236: 8235: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8215: 8213: 8209: 8205: 8198: 8194: 8193: 8189: 8185: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8160:Insurance Act 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8150:Companies Act 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8119: 8116: 8115: 8114: 8111: 8110: 8108: 8104: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8079: 8077: 8073: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8033: 8030: 8029: 8028: 8025: 8024: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7996: 7995:Biotechnology 7993: 7992: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7960: 7959: 7956: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7933: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7920: 7917: 7916: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7899:Entertainment 7897: 7895: 7892: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7867: 7866: 7863: 7862: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7820: 7819: 7816: 7815: 7813: 7809: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7797:Uttar Pradesh 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7684: 7682: 7678: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7656: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7643: 7640: 7639: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7624: 7622: 7618: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7578: 7576: 7574: 7570: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7553: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7528: 7526: 7522: 7516: 7513: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7500: 7499: 7496: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7481:Digital rupee 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7463: 7462: 7459: 7458: 7456: 7452: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7440:Make in India 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7395:Foreign trade 7393: 7391: 7390:External debt 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7354: 7351: 7350: 7349: 7346: 7345: 7343: 7339: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7324: 7322: 7320: 7316: 7312: 7308: 7303: 7299: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7231: 7229: 7227: 7223: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7203: 7201: 7199: 7195: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7137: 7135: 7133: 7129: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7084: 7082: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7069: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7052:Chief Justice 7050: 7048: 7047:Supreme Court 7045: 7041: 7038: 7037: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7017: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7005: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6973: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6926: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6914:Energy policy 6912: 6910: 6907: 6906: 6904: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6885: 6881: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6823: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6783: 6781: 6779: 6775: 6769: 6766: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6753: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6740: 6737: 6736: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6721: 6719: 6717: 6713: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6674:Indo-Gangetic 6672: 6671: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6608: 6606: 6602: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6518: 6514: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6484: 6482: 6478: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6437: 6433: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6394: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6382:The Emergency 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6323: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6275: 6272: 6271: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6226: 6224: 6222: 6218: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6185: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6142: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6127: 6125: 6121: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6104:Kushan Empire 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6079:Mahajanapadas 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6061: 6059: 6057: 6053: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5983: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5952: 5948: 5939: 5934: 5932: 5927: 5925: 5920: 5919: 5916: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5878: 5873: 5870: 5865: 5861: 5860: 5856: 5850: 5844: 5840: 5839: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5790: 5783: 5778: 5774: 5773: 5767: 5766: 5762: 5755: 5754: 5748: 5744: 5743: 5737: 5733: 5732: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5709: 5705: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5678: 5672: 5668: 5662: 5658: 5657: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5630: 5618: 5614: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5578: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5553: 5538: 5534: 5528: 5521: 5520: 5514: 5510: 5504: 5500: 5499: 5493: 5489: 5483: 5479: 5478: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5459: 5455: 5449: 5445: 5444: 5438: 5426: 5422: 5417: 5402: 5395: 5390: 5375: 5371: 5370: 5361: 5356: 5344: 5340: 5335: 5323: 5318: 5303: 5299: 5298: 5289: 5284: 5269: 5265: 5258: 5253: 5249: 5244: 5240: 5234: 5218: 5213: 5202:on 4 May 2012 5198: 5194: 5190: 5183: 5178: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5148: 5143: 5131: 5127: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5105: 5104: 5095: 5090: 5083: 5076: 5075: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5056: 5055: 5050: 5041: 5035: 5032: 5027: 5021: 5018: 5006: 5002: 4995: 4992: 4980: 4979:Down to Earth 4976: 4969: 4966: 4953: 4949: 4943: 4940: 4935: 4934: 4926: 4923: 4910: 4903: 4900: 4887: 4883: 4877: 4874: 4861: 4857: 4851: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4833: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4815: 4812: 4800:. 6 June 2021 4799: 4798:Bharat yojana 4795: 4789: 4786: 4781: 4777: 4771: 4768: 4755: 4751: 4745: 4742: 4730: 4726: 4719: 4716: 4711: 4707: 4700: 4697: 4684: 4680: 4674: 4671: 4659: 4655: 4648: 4645: 4633: 4629: 4622: 4619: 4607: 4603: 4596: 4593: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4562: 4559: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4528: 4525: 4513: 4509: 4502: 4499: 4486: 4479: 4476: 4464: 4460: 4453: 4450: 4437: 4433: 4427: 4425: 4421: 4409: 4405: 4398: 4395: 4382: 4378: 4372: 4369: 4364: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4315: 4312: 4300: 4296: 4289: 4286: 4281: 4274: 4267: 4264: 4251: 4247: 4241: 4238: 4225: 4221: 4215: 4212: 4200: 4196: 4189: 4186: 4174: 4170: 4163: 4160: 4152: 4146: 4143: 4131: 4127: 4120: 4117: 4105: 4104:Down to Earth 4101: 4094: 4091: 4078: 4074: 4068: 4065: 4061: 4056: 4053: 4049: 4044: 4041: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4013: 4011: 4007: 3995: 3991: 3984: 3981: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3950: 3947: 3935: 3931: 3924: 3921: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3885: 3882: 3869: 3868:Down to Earth 3865: 3859: 3856: 3851: 3847: 3840: 3837: 3825: 3821: 3814: 3811: 3798: 3794: 3788: 3785: 3781: 3776: 3773: 3761: 3760:Down to Earth 3757: 3750: 3747: 3735: 3731: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3686: 3684: 3680: 3667: 3661: 3658: 3645: 3640: 3633: 3630: 3626: 3621: 3618: 3614: 3609: 3606: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3586: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3559: 3555: 3550: 3547: 3543: 3538: 3535: 3531: 3530:Chandoke 2007 3526: 3523: 3519: 3514: 3511: 3507: 3502: 3499: 3495: 3490: 3487: 3474: 3470: 3463: 3460: 3456: 3451: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3429: 3426: 3423:, p. 79. 3422: 3417: 3414: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3383: 3381: 3377: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3347: 3344: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3324: 3321: 3305: 3301: 3294: 3287: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3272: 3269:, p. ix. 3268: 3263: 3260: 3257:, p. 46. 3256: 3251: 3248: 3244: 3239: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3212: 3196: 3192: 3185: 3179: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3164: 3151: 3144: 3141: 3138: 3132: 3129: 3124: 3120: 3113: 3110: 3098: 3094: 3087: 3084: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3064: 3061: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3025: 3022: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3000: 2997: 2981: 2975: 2972: 2960: 2956: 2949: 2946: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2926:(10): 16–19. 2925: 2921: 2917: 2910: 2907: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2887:(35): 24–27. 2886: 2882: 2878: 2871: 2868: 2863: 2859: 2852: 2849: 2844: 2840: 2833: 2826: 2823: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2769: 2766: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2746:(43): 49–57. 2745: 2741: 2737: 2730: 2727: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2707:(46): 46–53. 2706: 2702: 2698: 2691: 2688: 2683: 2676: 2669: 2666: 2658: 2651: 2648: 2640: 2633: 2630: 2622: 2615: 2612: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2582: 2574: 2571: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2551:(16): 55–64. 2550: 2546: 2542: 2535: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2514: 2511: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2484: 2482: 2478: 2465: 2461: 2455: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2440: 2436: 2431: 2428: 2425:, p. 23. 2424: 2419: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2404: 2400: 2395: 2392: 2389:, p. 10. 2388: 2383: 2380: 2377:, p. 24. 2376: 2371: 2368: 2365:, p. 22. 2364: 2359: 2356: 2352: 2347: 2344: 2341:, p. 22. 2340: 2335: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2320: 2317: 2313: 2308: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2269: 2265: 2260: 2257: 2253: 2248: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2221: 2217: 2212: 2209: 2197: 2193: 2186: 2183: 2170: 2166: 2160: 2157: 2144: 2140: 2134: 2131: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2101: 2098: 2094: 2089: 2086: 2082: 2077: 2074: 2071:, p. 20. 2070: 2065: 2062: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2042: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2027: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2007: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1980: 1976: 1971: 1968: 1965:, p. 15. 1964: 1959: 1956: 1944: 1940: 1933: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1918: 1913: 1909: 1902: 1899: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1880: 1877: 1864: 1860: 1854: 1851: 1848:, p. ix. 1847: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1833:, p. 10. 1832: 1827: 1824: 1819: 1813: 1809: 1802: 1799: 1795: 1790: 1787: 1782: 1776: 1772: 1771: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1748: 1745: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1699: 1687: 1680: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1653: 1647: 1645: 1641: 1633: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1612: 1607: 1597: 1594: 1588: 1585: 1578: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1568:Job guarantee 1566: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1523:Surjit Bhalla 1520: 1516: 1511: 1509: 1503: 1501: 1494: 1488: 1479: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1463: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1442: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1415: 1413: 1411: 1405: 1402: 1397: 1394: 1393:Nitin Gadkari 1383: 1371: 1366: 1357: 1356: 1350: 1348: 1342: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1316: 1308: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1287: 1285: 1283: 1277: 1273: 1271: 1267: 1262: 1259: 1252: 1243: 1238: 1229: 1220: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1160: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1147:Uttar Pradesh 1145: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1126: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1070: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1010: 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306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 285: 283: 282:social equity 279: 275: 271: 265: 263: 259: 255: 251: 250:right to work 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 222: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 195:22 March 2005 194: 190: 186: 183: 181:Introduced by 179: 175: 172: 168: 165: 160: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 128: 125: 121: 117: 113: 110: 107: 103: 100: 97: 93: 85: 81: 77: 67: 63: 62: 54: 51: 47: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 8436:Martial arts 8360:Architecture 8233:Demographics 8218:Caste system 8195:Society and 7845:Construction 7627:By net worth 7461:Indian rupee 7264:Reservations 7132:Intelligence 7035:Human rights 7020:Constitution 6778:Subdivisions 6471:Indian Plate 6461:Fossil Parks 6396:Contemporary 6311:World War II 6188:Early Modern 6178:Vijayanagara 6074:Vedic period 5944:India topics 5841:. Springer. 5837: 5801: 5797: 5771: 5752: 5741: 5730: 5721:the original 5716: 5676: 5655: 5637: 5633: 5621:. Retrieved 5617:the original 5610: 5594:. Retrieved 5590:the original 5585: 5569:. Retrieved 5565:the original 5560: 5544:. Retrieved 5537:the original 5518: 5501:. Springer. 5497: 5476: 5467:the original 5442: 5429:. Retrieved 5425:the original 5408:. Retrieved 5401:the original 5381:. Retrieved 5374:the original 5366: 5347:. Retrieved 5343:the original 5326:. Retrieved 5309:. Retrieved 5302:the original 5294: 5275:. Retrieved 5268:the original 5264:cseindia.org 5263: 5247: 5221:. Retrieved 5204:. Retrieved 5197:the original 5188: 5169:. Retrieved 5162:the original 5153: 5134:. Retrieved 5130:the original 5123: 5107:. Retrieved 5100: 5082:the original 5073: 5063: 5059: 5034: 5020: 5008:. Retrieved 5004: 4994: 4982:. Retrieved 4978: 4968: 4956:. Retrieved 4951: 4942: 4932: 4925: 4913:. Retrieved 4902: 4890:. Retrieved 4885: 4876: 4864:. 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Retrieved 3867: 3858: 3849: 3845: 3839: 3827:. Retrieved 3823: 3813: 3801:. Retrieved 3796: 3787: 3782:, p. 3. 3775: 3763:. Retrieved 3759: 3749: 3737:. Retrieved 3733: 3713:, p. 3. 3691:"Wage Rates" 3670:. Retrieved 3660: 3648:. Retrieved 3643: 3632: 3620: 3608: 3600:the original 3595: 3585: 3578:Malekar 2006 3573: 3561: 3549: 3537: 3525: 3513: 3501: 3489: 3477:. Retrieved 3473:the original 3462: 3450: 3442:the original 3437: 3428: 3416: 3404:. Retrieved 3392: 3367:. Retrieved 3355: 3346: 3337: 3333: 3323: 3311:. Retrieved 3304:the original 3299: 3286: 3274: 3262: 3250: 3238: 3226: 3214: 3202:. Retrieved 3195:the original 3190: 3178: 3166: 3156:18 September 3154:. Retrieved 3143: 3131: 3122: 3112: 3100:. Retrieved 3096: 3086: 3078:the original 3073: 3063: 3038: 3034: 3024: 3015: 3011: 2999: 2987:. Retrieved 2974: 2962:. Retrieved 2958: 2948: 2923: 2919: 2909: 2884: 2880: 2870: 2861: 2851: 2842: 2838: 2825: 2782: 2778: 2768: 2743: 2739: 2729: 2704: 2700: 2690: 2681: 2668: 2650: 2632: 2614: 2589: 2585: 2573: 2548: 2544: 2534: 2525: 2513: 2501:. Retrieved 2496: 2468:. Retrieved 2463: 2454: 2449:, p. 3. 2442: 2430: 2418: 2413:, p. 7. 2406: 2401:, p. 5. 2394: 2382: 2370: 2358: 2346: 2319: 2307: 2295: 2283: 2271: 2259: 2247: 2235: 2223: 2211: 2199:. Retrieved 2195: 2185: 2173:. Retrieved 2168: 2159: 2147:. Retrieved 2142: 2133: 2121:. Retrieved 2109: 2100: 2095:, p. 5. 2088: 2083:, p. 7. 2076: 2064: 2056:the original 2051: 2041: 2029: 2021:the original 2016: 2006: 1994: 1982: 1970: 1958: 1946:. Retrieved 1942: 1932: 1920: 1901: 1893:the original 1888: 1879: 1867:. Retrieved 1862: 1853: 1826: 1807: 1801: 1789: 1769: 1754:, p. i. 1747: 1735:. Retrieved 1731:the original 1726: 1708:, p. 1. 1701: 1691:14 September 1689:. Retrieved 1685: 1660:14 September 1658:. Retrieved 1637:. June 2014. 1596: 1587: 1527: 1512: 1504: 1496: 1490: 1485: 1470:Arun Jaitley 1467: 1432:(AIDWA) and 1419: 1416:Save MGNREGA 1406: 1398: 1390: 1380:October 2015 1377: 1369: 1346: 1329: 1312: 1295: 1291: 1278: 1274: 1263: 1254: 1223: 923:Chhattisgarh 751: 747: 730: 726: 722: 700: 697:Social audit 691:Social audit 673: 629: 621: 595:released an 590: 582: 574: 562: 558: 554: 535: 526: 522: 505: 501: 497: 489: 486: 472: 456: 445: 436: 420: 416: 404: 397: 394: 388: 384: 380: 378: 373: 371: 359: 353: 342: 330: 314: 286: 266: 241: 237: 233: 229: 228: 220: 59: 29: 8478:Traditional 8155:Banking Act 8140:SARFESI Act 8054:Electricity 7875:Oil and gas 7865:Electricity 7818:Agriculture 7802:West Bengal 7792:Uttarakhand 7757:Maharashtra 7596:Licence Raj 7551:Black money 7410:Remittances 7254:Nationalism 7239:Citizenship 7072:Enforcement 7057:High Courts 6934:Rajya Sabha 6595:sanctuaries 6545:Earthquakes 6517:Environment 6332:Integration 6306:1943 famine 6254:British Raj 6221:Late modern 6145:Middle Ages 6109:Alchon Huns 6021:Mathematics 6011:Linguistics 5694:10986/17195 5623:23 November 5546:21 November 5136:17 November 3494:Dobhal 2011 3313:17 November 3204:17 November 3135:Das (2014) 2499:. The Hindu 2489:Dreze, Jean 2196:The Federal 1309:Convergence 1207:West Bengal 1193:Maharashtra 1177:Uttarakhand 276:, reducing 127:Rajya Sabha 8503:Categories 8429:television 8419:Literature 8223:Corruption 7946:Television 7914:Healthcare 7835:Automotive 7782:Tamil Nadu 7649:Labour law 7632:Demography 7435:NITI Aayog 7341:Governance 7327:BSE SENSEX 7279:Secularism 7234:Censorship 7025:Penal Code 6924:Parliament 6901:Government 6706:Waterfalls 6550:Ecoregions 6413:Pokhran-II 6211:Bengal War 6026:Metallurgy 5596:5 November 5571:29 October 5410:29 October 5383:5 November 5349:5 November 5328:25 October 5311:29 October 5277:29 October 5223:25 October 5206:5 November 5171:5 November 5109:29 October 4911:. The Wire 4611:18 January 4023:IndiaSpend 3852:: 149–163. 3625:Aiyar 2009 3566:Aiyar 2009 3518:Aiyar 2009 3479:30 January 3340:(25): 7–8. 2464:IndiaSpend 1910:(Report). 1608:References 1270:piece work 1249:See also: 1057:Tamil Nadu 754:World Bank 695:See also: 605:Nikhil Dey 491:belong to 459:Article 21 424:Parliament 413:Provisions 349:1 trillion 297:World Bank 200:Amended by 192:Introduced 61:Long title 8461:Sculpture 8414:Festivals 8380:Webcomics 8332:Sexuality 8282:Languages 8245:Education 8075:Regulator 8022:Transport 7919:Hospitals 7855:Education 7823:Livestock 7787:Telangana 7777:Rajasthan 7737:Karnataka 7732:Jharkhand 7536:Insurance 7515:Inflation 7420:Subsidies 7319:Companies 7249:Democracy 7244:Elections 7216:Air Force 6941:President 6929:Lok Sabha 6806:Districts 6761:Southeast 6756:Southwest 6746:Northeast 6739:Northwest 6701:Volcanoes 6661:Mountains 6604:Landforms 6441:Geography 6316:Partition 6281:Zamindari 6064:Stone Age 6001:Economics 5986:Astronomy 5967:Overviews 5828:239609046 5820:2158-2440 5798:SAGE Open 5717:The Hindu 5125:The Hindu 4886:Firstpost 4860:Scroll.in 4580:0971-751X 4572:The Hindu 4546:0971-751X 4538:The Hindu 4345:0971-7927 3968:0971-751X 3960:The Hindu 3907:0012-9976 3734:Scroll.in 3401:0971-751X 3393:The Hindu 3364:0971-751X 3356:The Hindu 3047:0012-9976 3018:(1): 7–8. 2932:0012-9976 2893:0012-9976 2799:0022-0388 2752:0012-9976 2713:0012-9976 2557:0012-9976 2497:Frontline 2118:0971-751X 2110:The Hindu 2052:The Hindu 2017:The Hindu 1613:Citations 1500:Jharkhand 1480:Criticism 1428:(AIAWU), 1103:Karnataka 1087:Telangana 1073:Jharkhand 997:Rajasthan 847:Meghalaya 738:Panchayat 710:Rajasthan 601:Aruna Roy 597:anthology 520:in 2021. 369:remains. 164:Lok Sabha 149:Commenced 109:Lok Sabha 8446:Painting 8409:Folklore 8365:Blogging 8307:Religion 8292:Literacy 8027:Aviation 8012:Textiles 7951:Printing 7941:FM Radio 7909:Gambling 7904:Forestry 7840:Chemical 7654:Pensions 7561:National 7503:Governor 7454:Currency 7415:Taxation 7332:NIFTY 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