816:
It would centralize the power with the prime minister and sideline the cabinet and parliament. A cabinet secretariat was created in the Office of the Prime
Minister, with the reduction of Vorster's twenty cabinet advisory committees to four under PW Botha as decision making bodies not advisory, not accountable to the cabinet. These would be the committees of National Security, Constitutional, Economic and Social Affairs, each under a minister appointed by the Prime Minister. The National Security committee would manage the SSC and the National Security Management System, with its decisions not having to be ratified by the Cabinet and only informed of them if required by the Prime Minister. The SSC's strategy was managed by thirteen to fifteen Interdepartmental Committees and implemented through fifteen internal and external Joint Management Centre's. On 16 August 1979, the National Security Management System (NSMS) was established which would integrate the efforts of the entire government and its assets towards protecting the state with the SADF, Police and Intelligence services as the core of the system and managed by the Security Council.
1204:(TEC) was formed by an act of parliament in September 1993 and was made up of members of the political parties who had negotiated the transition to free and fair elections that would take place in April 1994. The TEC would essentially run the country until the election and was made up of seven sub-committees, composed of members of the negotiating political parties, with one of those committees responsible for intelligence. This committee was called the Sub-Council on Intelligence and was established in November 1993. The committees role was to find a solution to the structure of South Africa's future intelligence service which would be acceptable to all six intelligence services of the various political parties in country. These six intelligence organisations consisted of the NIS,
1013:
anti-apartheid organisations, neutralise anti-apartheid propaganda against the South
African government and promote a positive image of the anti-communist organisations operating in Southern Africa. This was done by way of two means, one using the Bureau of Information to overtly sell the message of the South African government departments and secondly, covertly sell the South African governments message to the country or world through organisations not officially aligned to it. A second aim would be to develop strategies such as assassination, attacks, economic sabotage, character assassination and front companies against anti-apartheid organisations. By 1984, it was said that this branch consisted of around 2650 people of which 1930 were members of the SADF.
1090:(UDF) but essentially any organisation the SSC thought acted against the interests of the state. Its secondary role, that was neglected due to the overriding interests of the security and intelligence brief, was the implementation of the executive strategy and policy to improve the socio-economic and political affairs in the regions controlled by the JMC which were the three of the four pillars of the governments Total Strategy. These roles could be defined as through military control, bring stability to the townships, restoring the role of the state in those communities which would legitimise the states role and finally in the long term anticipating and controlling future resistance through the implementation of political, social and economic reform.
1110:), Northern Command (Frontline States) and Angola. The internal JMC'c were broken down into further three levels. There were sixty Sub-JMC's under the control of a SAP district commander and roughly covered the country's police districts. Mini-JMC's with 450 in total which covered the South African magisterial districts and represented by a local SAP commander. Last level of control of South African society was through Local Management Centres (LMC) which would be based in city and towns. Information would move back and forth from the lowest levels to the JMC, then SSC, its working committee and finally the cabinets and prime minister or state president.
756:
direction of security policy for the country. In 1977, a
Defence White Paper was published and outlined the Total Strategy Plan that would later be implemented and dominate the PW Botha years. This plan envisioned the mobilization of South Africa's military, economic, political and social resources so as to defend and advance the country's interests at home and abroad and also called for an increase in the military budget so as to balance the playing fields relative to the southern African states.
4148:
630:
1165:
and investigations begun into the SAP and DMI as well as the use of third forces and death squads which resulted in the suspension of the CCB in
February 1990 and its dismantling in July of the same year. The military and police intelligence services were reduced to purely internal matters while the power of the NIS rose becoming responsible for external intelligence and as an advisor to the State President.
1161:
government's civilian decision making processes. With the SSC reduced to an advisory body, the JMC's were reduced to civilian run regional and co-ordinating centres no longer under SAP and DMI control. De Klerk formed a
Cabinet Committee for Security, with the State President and his ministers as members with decision making and co-ordination for national security now under civilian control.
685:. During those years he would implement a Total National Strategy, Total Counter-revolutionary Strategy and finally in the mid-eighties, established the National Security Management System (NSMS). After FW de Klerk's rise to the role of State President, the Cabinet would eventually regain control of the management of the country. After the 1994 elections a committee called
48:
788:
called
National Security managed by Prime Minister who also held the Minister of Defence portfolio. With the rise of PW Botha to prime minister, so the SADF's power increase in cabinet and with that the Directorate Military Intelligence (DMI), who would strive to dominate security issues in the new government and decide its policy and implementation.
1075:
decisions on security action to be taken. Such action included assassination of people opposed to the apartheid government's policies, and the widespread use of abduction, arson, sabotage and torture. The SSC put pressure on the security forces to "engage robustly" against persons and organisations opposed to the government.
1052:, its role was to co-ordinate activities and intelligence between all intelligence agencies and the non-security agencies. It had a number of sub-committees: Covert Collection (later called TREWITS), Open Information Gathering, Technical, Evaluation (later became NIIB), Counter Espionage and Security Intelligence.
1235:
The second role of the Sub-Council on
Intelligence of the TEC, was the daily operation of the country's intelligence and security services. This would be done by means of a Joint Coordinating Intelligence Committee (JCIC) but as the NIS opposed ANC control over the services, the JCIC role changed to
1176:
Personally, my relationship with P.W. Botha was often strained. I did not like his overbearing leadership style and was opposed to the intrusion of the State
Security Council system into virtually every facet of government. After I became leader of the National Party in February 1989 I did my best to
1128:
Joint
Intelligence Committee (JICOM/GIKOM) – main aim was to provide daily intelligence to the other committees. The operational role was under the command of an Army Intelligence commander through a Joint Intelligence Centre. Members of this committee included the Directorate Military Intelligence
815:
as not appropriate for the country and that in order to implement the Total
Strategy, it was necessary to integrate the states resources and overhaul the states political and administrative structures. This rationalization process begun in March 1979 to restructure the states decision making process.
787:
Vorster was appointed as State President on 10 October but would resign in May 1979 when the results of the Erasmus Commission of Inquiry into the Information Scandal were released in that year. On 20 November 1978, the Bureau of State Security was brought under tighter control as a cabinet portfolio
755:
The years between 1974 and 1978 were dominated by infighting as various areas of the government for control of the countries foreign and security policy. Foreign Affairs and the Department of Information argued over foreign policy in South Africa and abroad while BOSS and the military argued over the
1164:
The dismantling of military and security power continued under de Klerk with the permission for marches and rallies, the reduction of national military service to one year and the return of foreign diplomacy as opposed to regional destabilisation in southern Africa. Judicial commissions of inquiries
680:
in 1972 to advise the government on the country's national policy and strategy concerning security, its implementation and determining security priorities. Its role changed through the prime ministerships of John Vorster and PW Botha (later State President), being little used during the former's and
824:
to finalise the functions of each department. This resulted in the Simonstown Accords with the NIS responsible for political and economic intelligence, counter-intelligence and evaluation. DMI would be responsible for military intelligence and contra-mobilisation within South Africa and externally.
1074:
The core of the implementation of the NSMS was the Joint Management Centre. This was a network of regional, district and local committees or Joint Management Centres (JMCs) which reported on the activities and location of political activists so as to form an overall security profile, thus enabling
1065:
Formed during 1985, its role was to identify targets for action and or elimination as well as gather intelligence for such operations, with the specific aim of improving the co-ordination of the various security forces. It was under the command of the Security Branch and a sub-committee of KIK; it
832:
and its new constitution was a failure as it left out black representation and was responsible for the loss of control of the large townships in the Vaal Triangle and the Eastern Cape to the ANC and its revolutionary struggle. On 21 July 1985, PW Bothas declared a State of Emergency to counter the
722:
on 24 May 1972. Part of this act established the formation of the State Security Council under the control of the cabinet and established it as the government's national centre for operational security. Due to the domination of BOSS, the State Security Council under Vorster would meet infrequently
1012:
The Strategic Communication branch developed strategies and policies for combating the “Total Onslaught” by organisations opposed to South African government and were developed in conjunction with the Strategy and the National Intelligence Interpretation Branches. One of its aims was to discredit
1021:
The purpose of this branch was to coordinate the gathering of intelligence by the different South African intelligence and security organisations such as National Intelligence Service (NIS), Directorate Military Intelligence (DMI), Security Branch and Foreign Affairs intelligence committee. Its
1124:
Security Committee (SECCOM/VEIKOM) – main aim was to plan, monitor and co-ordinate the security forces. The operational role was under the command of a SAP commander through a Joint Operations Centre. Members of this committee included the SAP, SADF, NIS, Security Police, Railway Police, Civil
852:
In April 1986, the SSC developed guidelines to adopt a counter-revolutionary war by using anti-revolutionary groups within South Africa to counter the arming of black communities by ANC by arming and training anti-ANC groups. On 9 May 1986, the SSC received a document concerning a new force to
795:
was appointed by Prime Minister PW Botha to lead a commission of inquiry into intelligence gathering in South Africa and in particular who would be the lead agency. It was believed that it was predetermined that the DMI would be the lead intelligence agency. PW Botha had decided to split the
1160:
was first appointed to the role of acting South African President and then on 20 September as State President. During November 1989, de Klerk began to abolish the National Security Management System which would begin to reign in the power the military and security establishment had over the
1022:
second purpose was to interpret all national security and intelligence gathered by the above bodies and provide a national intelligence brief to the South African government. The NIIB would come into existence on 1 January 1982 and the NIS would provide most of the analysts for this branch.
1003:
The Strategy Planning Branch developed the national government's strategy. This was undertaken through a Total Planning Cell made up of thirteen interdepartmental committees that developed Total Strategies; security, economic, social and constitutional to counter the Total Onslaught.
876:. On 12 June 1986, the governments State of Emergency, cancelled on 7 March 1986, was re-extended to the whole country. Its purpose was to restore law and order, normalise life in the townships so as to create a circumstance for constitutional, economic and social development.
1192:' basis". The same newspaper report alleged that, in his last months as president in 1994, de Klerk ordered the wholesale shredding and incineration of tons of documents, microfilm and computer tapes that dealt with matters such as the chain of command in covert operations.
731:
In October 1974, Vorster initiated a foreign policy of "DĂ©tente" seeking support for a constellation of Southern African states who would be a united front against a common enemy, communism. The use of white buffers states began to fail in 1974 with a coup in
947:. Its function was to advise the government on formulating and executing national security policy. Botha himself chaired the SSC, which was served by a secretariat of 100 full-time staff seconded from other government departments. The SSC had four divisions:
4231:
819:
In November 1980, PW Botha ordered a Rationalisation Committee be formed to rationalise the intelligence services so as to improve the co-ordination of intelligence in the State Security Council. This committee met between 14 and 19 January 1981 in
717:
was a close ally of the Prime Minister, it was seen by Military Intelligence as a foregone conclusion that BOSS would achieve favour. The Potgieter Commission reported back on 2 February 1972 and the results were subsequently used to enact the
1236:
one of coordination and investigation of the intelligence services as well as the supply of intelligence to the TEC and the other sub-councils. The JCIC would eventually evolve into the Heads of Combined Services (HOCS) and in 1995 become the
799:
On 12 February 1979, the State Security Council issued guidelines for who could authorize five types of external operations by South African forces. A regional strategy for destabilization was also established to prevent the establishment of
1256:
By virtue of his position as head of state and chairperson of the State Security Council (SSC), Botha contributed to and facilitated a climate in which ... gross violations of human rights did occur, and as such is accountable for such
4184:
1261:
The TRC also found that the SSC had contributed to the prevailing culture of impunity by failing to recommend that action be taken against those members of the security forces who were involved in gross human rights violations.
1187:
quoted de Klerk as replying that although he was a member of the cabinet it was not briefed "on clandestine operations involving murders, assassinations or the like – all of which were evidently carried out strictly on a
1066:
had members from the NIS, Security Branch, DMI and Special Forces. TREWITS would interact with the Joint Management Centres through the VEIKOM committees. This committee closed in early 1992 and its documents were destroyed.
796:
intelligence gathering ability of South Africa amongst four agencies, the DMI, BOSS/DONS, Security Branch and Foreign Affairs, hoping to reduce the political dominance by one over the others, but the rivalry would continue.
748:. BOSS was instrumental in organizing the search for influential allies in the region and arranging the meetings. This policy was soon destroyed by the South African invasion of Angola in 1975 and in June 1976 with the
1252:(TRC) castigated South Africa's last hard-line apartheid president P.W. Botha and held him responsible for gross human rights violations, including all violence sanctioned by the State Security Council. The report said:
1113:
The following seven components made up each Joint Management Centres and were replicated to a large extent in the lower levels of the Sub and Mini JMC's and was itself similar to the State Security Council's structure:
1143:
Constitutional, Economic and Welfare Committee – main aim was to implement the National Welfare Management strategy of the government. Members included civil servants from housing, finance, constitutional affairs and
808:(SADF) and DMI. In Mozambique, it meant the building up RENAMO, created by the Rhodesians in opposition to the Mozambican government, and under SADF control by 1980, managed by the DMI's Directorate of Special Tasks.
4177:
3957:
4170:
2105:
2735:
1205:
3524:
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and the reduction of international loans, caused the SSC to realize that the Total Onslaught was not just by communist forces but also had a component of Western hostility.
4193:
2982:
2686:
1249:
4127:
4061:
4536:
4134:
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formed a commission led by Justice H.J. Potgieter to establish the guidelines and mission for intelligence gathering by the Military Intelligence (later DMI) and the
158:
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1237:
686:
125:
3461:
3377:
2832:
2811:
2067:
940:
910:
713:
would investigate the clashes between the two organisations over who had primary responsibility for intelligence gathering in South Africa. As the BOSS head
804:
bases in those countries. In Angola, the South African strategy was to divide the country, supporting secession in the south of the country, managed by the
3915:
2742:
2950:
4152:
3594:
2091:
2571:
1078:
The Joint Management Centres had two main roles. One, to obtain intelligence in the areas of the country they operated especially the activities of the
3978:
3839:
3762:
3052:
60:
4252:
4120:
3908:
3643:
2975:
215:
2453:
2391:
4531:
3901:
3706:
3454:
3335:
2918:
768:
714:
600:
3748:
3999:
3964:
3482:
2679:
2400:
2061:
1279:
1087:
764:
516:
265:
250:
2534:
3873:
3440:
2026:
1636:
1447:
1514:
Davies, Robert; O'Meara, Daniel (April 1985). "Total Strategy in Southern Africa: An Analysis of South African Regional Policy Since 1978".
4089:
3880:
3790:
3412:
70:
290:
4268:
4026:
3971:
3887:
3734:
3398:
2961:
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659:
170:
75:
2511:
3985:
3950:
3894:
3419:
3384:
3073:
2522:
2045:
1558:
633:
200:
2788:
2781:
1098:
There were twelve JMC's based in each province and capital city which replicated the SADF command regions and under the command of a
4371:
3769:
3636:
3615:
3573:
3115:
1712:
1663:
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ensure that P.W. Botha would be able to end his term as president with full dignity and decorum. Unfortunately, this was not to be.
3699:
3538:
2707:
2621:
2564:
1320:"Prime Minister John Vorster appoints a Commission of Inquiry under Justice H.J. Potgieter, of The Appellate Division of the Sup"
853:
counter revolutionary forces and consensus was reached in the council to create the force. This resulted in the formation of the
590:
220:
1464:"An abridged version of the security report by Justice H.J. Potgieter's Commission of Inquiry on State Security is submitted to"
3929:
3692:
3608:
3489:
3475:
3447:
2714:
2658:
1971:
1744:
1736:
845:, rather continuing the current policy. The negative speech had serious financial implications with a drop in the value of the
580:
205:
100:
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3587:
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3101:
1201:
270:
1773:
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565:
180:
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1181:
In August 2007, de Klerk was challenged to say what he knew about the atrocities carried out at the behest of the SSC.
4356:
4033:
3936:
3811:
3720:
3566:
2925:
805:
438:
280:
225:
135:
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1106:(SAP) Divisional Commander. There were also five external JMC's, Walvis Bay, Namibia Command, Southern Command (five
4336:
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4295:
4247:
3503:
3024:
2932:
2888:
2665:
2543:
2442:
468:
140:
1213:
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3468:
3182:
3129:
3017:
2968:
2749:
2407:
2078:
1652:
Isaacs, Henry E. (1990). "The Dynamics of Conflict in South Africa: Routes to Peace". In Glickman, Harvey (ed.).
1209:
1079:
981:
388:
235:
230:
210:
185:
165:
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3859:
3122:
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2073:
1169:
854:
702:
575:
195:
2414:
398:
1118:
Executive Committee – this was made up by the head of the individual JMC and the committee heads listed below
689:
was formed to advise the South African president on security and intelligence as well as its implementation.
4457:
3496:
3391:
3258:
3108:
2989:
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2504:
1803:
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605:
373:
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3321:
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865:
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570:
560:
255:
175:
120:
1030:
As its name implies, this branch supplied the administrative staff required to assist the secretariat.
868:
paramilitary forces to counter ANC forces in the townships and this strategy would be attempted in the
857:(CCB) with the front company was launched by the South African Special Forces that May. In June 1986,
4477:
4366:
4361:
4346:
3349:
3235:
3003:
2939:
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2435:
2428:
2380:
2163:
1894:
1103:
1083:
737:
682:
537:
338:
295:
145:
85:
1156:
PW Botha suffered a stroke in January 1989 and by 14 August 1989 he had resigned due to ill health.
1140:
in their area of JMC. Members of this committee consisted of the SAP, SADF and Bureau of Information
825:
The Security Branch would be responsible for counter-subversion within South Africa and externally.
4405:
4381:
4341:
4311:
3804:
3776:
3650:
3168:
3161:
3094:
3059:
3010:
2490:
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1286:
South Africa's State Security Council (SSC) minutes from January 1984 indicate that the Mozambican
615:
17:
2497:
1944:"The National Intelligence Service and the transition to the post-1994 intelligence dispensation"
1861:
1853:
1531:
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was killed. The investigation was unable to prove an allegation that South Africa was behind the
974:
846:
812:
645:
80:
31:
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violence in magisterial districts representing one-third of the country. PW Botha delivered his
323:
1995:
4290:
4082:
4068:
3405:
3221:
3045:
2635:
2225:
2155:
2041:
2022:
1708:
1659:
1632:
1554:
1443:
526:
240:
1270:
In 1996, the TRC conducted a special investigation into the 1986 aircrash in which president
681:
during the latter's, controlling all aspects of South African public's lives by becoming the
4487:
4436:
4326:
4006:
3370:
3080:
2860:
2550:
2305:
2273:
2209:
1943:
1845:
1523:
1291:
858:
478:
428:
358:
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3136:
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2249:
2241:
2217:
749:
595:
585:
95:
821:
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Brigadier, except the Western Cape and Witwatersrand, which were under the command of a
4075:
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3314:
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2911:
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2839:
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2289:
1229:
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834:
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448:
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403:
383:
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368:
343:
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The Act called for the following persons to be members of the State Security Council:
4520:
3992:
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2767:
2760:
2469:
1865:
1287:
1271:
1248:
In a 1998 report on the former South African government and its security forces, the
792:
610:
483:
433:
105:
90:
2083:
1978:
969:
Established in 1979, these are the three secretaries of the State Security Council:
4218:
4210:
3657:
3266:
3087:
3038:
2201:
2115:
1748:
1189:
1183:
1168:
In a statement on the death of former president P.W. Botha in 2006, his successor,
1049:
944:
772:
760:
698:
677:
511:
473:
463:
453:
353:
1836:
Baynham, Simon (September 1990). "Security Strategies for a Future South Africa".
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Communication Committee (COMCOM/KOMKOM) – main aim was to compile and disseminate
2013:
1702:
1653:
4351:
3250:
2193:
1157:
936:
935:(SSC) presided over the National Security Management System (NSMS) of President
862:
413:
408:
393:
328:
2015:
The South African Intelligence Services: From Apartheid to Democracy, 1948-2005
1440:
The South African Intelligence Services: From Apartheid to Democracy, 1948-2005
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2476:
2421:
2281:
2265:
1849:
1527:
1275:
1137:
745:
521:
488:
363:
348:
333:
190:
1688:
Reform and Counter-Revolution: South African State Strategy during the 1980's
4283:
3284:
3275:
3206:
2612:
2589:
2578:
1107:
842:
740:, and by 1975 African nationalist groups were in control of its colonies of
542:
506:
443:
47:
39:
1972:"TRC report on the former South African government and its security forces"
995:
Deputy secretary for most of the 1980s was Major-General J.F van Rensburg.
1761:
Paper presented at the Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation
1048:
Formed on 30 January 1981, also known as the “K” Committee and chaired by
4054:
3552:
3197:
2321:
2178:
1704:
State Security in South Africa: Civil-military Relations Under P.W. Botha
1225:
873:
776:
733:
707:
Commission to Inquire into Certain Intelligence Aspects of State Security
2038:
Apartheid's Friends. The Rise and Fall of South Africa's Secret Services
1880:"Statement by F.W. de Klerk on the death of former president P.W. Botha"
1551:
Apartheid's Friends. The Rise and Fall of South Africa's Secret Services
2462:
1535:
1299:
1895:"Apartheid-era murder of sleeping teenagers returns to haunt De Klerk"
1879:
1857:
837:
to the world on 15 August 1985 that failed to announce the release of
3189:
2345:
2124:
1996:"Special TRC investigation into the death of President Samora Machel"
1882:. Cape Town: Issued by the F.W. de Klerk Foundation. 1 November 2006.
1295:
869:
741:
532:
1751:, South Africa: Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation
1133:, private security firms and provincial, regional and local affairs
2337:
1221:
1099:
4166:
2087:
720:
Security Intelligence and State Security Council Act 64 of 1972
861:
was approved by the SSC with the DMI responsible for training
801:
828:
By 1985, the South African government realized that its 1983
909:
Director-General of Bureau for State Security (BOSS) (later
771:, resigned in June 1978. By 2 October 1978, Prime Minister
791:
In October 1978, Deputy Defence and Intelligence Minister
779:
was appointed as the new Prime Minister of South Africa.
1658:. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers. pp. 33–52.
1147:
Liaison Committee – communication with the public sector
957:
National Intelligence Interpretation Branch, (NIIB) and
1125:
defence, Commandos and state and provincial officials
923:
and anyone one else required to aid the discussions.
775:
had resigned and on 9 October, the Defence Minister
4449:
4428:
4397:
4390:
4304:
4261:
4240:
4200:
4110:
4016:
3849:
3304:
3295:
3153:
2949:
2588:
2533:
2452:
2390:
2363:
2356:
2122:
1196:
New security structure and post 1994 investigations
1017:National Intelligence Interpretation Branch (NIIB)
2903:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre
1780:. British Broadcasting Company. 29 October 1998
1690:. Washington, DC: Defense Intelligence College.
1629:External Mission. The ANC in Exile. 1960 - 1990
1174:
1062:– Counter-revolutionary Intelligence Task Team
767:(BOSS) had become mired, the head of the BOSS,
1797:
1795:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1129:(DMI), NIS, Security Police, Prisons Service,
4178:
2099:
2021:. Studies in Intelligence Series. Routledge.
1655:Towards Peace and Security in Southern Africa
1442:. Studies in Intelligence Series. Routledge.
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1238:National Intelligence Co-ordinating Committee
687:National Intelligence Co-ordinating Committee
653:
8:
2068:National Intelligence Service (South Africa)
1804:"Transition to Democracy Timeline 1984-1994"
4547:Defunct South African intelligence agencies
4542:Defunct organisations based in South Africa
4394:
4185:
4171:
4163:
3301:
2360:
2106:
2092:
2084:
2040:. Great Britain: John Murray(Publishers).
1938:
1936:
1910:
1908:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1553:. Great Britain: John Murray(Publishers).
1290:, including General Jac Buchner and Major
1220:), and the three intelligence services of
951:Strategy Planning Branch (Strategy Branch)
660:
646:
26:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1086:(PAC) and later in the mid-eighties, the
4253:Institute for Justice and Reconciliation
2976:Reconstruction and Development Programme
1622:
1620:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
4537:Organisations associated with apartheid
2572:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike
1737:"State violence: a study in repression"
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1311:
1206:Department of Intelligence and Security
1121:Secretariat – administration of the JMC
1045:– Co-ordinating Intelligence Committee
601:Music in the movement against apartheid
38:
3053:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike
2062:South African Bureau of State Security
1916:"Transitional Executive Council (TEC)"
1774:"TRC findings: P.W. Botha and the SSC"
1280:Mozambican Tupolev Tu-134 air disaster
1838:The Journal of Modern African Studies
1806:. South African History Online (SAHO)
1466:. South African History Online (SAHO)
1322:. South African History Online (SAHO)
1060:Teen Rewolusionere Inligting Taakspan
7:
1282:, but the TRC stated in its report:
697:On 5 September 1969, Prime Minister
4194:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
2983:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
2629:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis
1516:Journal of Southern African Studies
1250:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
954:Strategic Communications (Stratkom)
76:Coloured vote constitutional crisis
18:National Security Management System
1686:Frankel, Phillip (February 1988).
25:
4135:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
3770:South African Party (Cape Colony)
906:Chief of the South African Police
4269:Azanian People's Liberation Army
4147:
4146:
1893:McGreal, Chris (6 August 2007).
629:
628:
591:Internal resistance to apartheid
46:
3784:South African Party (1977–1980)
3777:South African Party (1911–1934)
3693:Progressive Party (Cape Colony)
3490:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners
1745:University of the Witwatersrand
1735:Coleman, Max (26 August 1990).
1701:Roherty, James Michael (1992).
1631:. London: Hurst & Company.
101:Church Street, Pretoria bombing
4532:Anti-communism in South Africa
3102:2019 service delivery protests
3088:#FeesMustFall student protests
2833:1983 constitutional referendum
1707:. New York: M.E. Sharpe, Inc.
1244:TRC Investigation into the SSC
1202:Transitional Executive Council
723:and would be purely advisory.
1:
4416:A Human Being Died That Night
3560:Johannesburg Reform Committee
2789:Israel–South Africa Agreement
2182:
2167:
2144:
2137:
1152:FW De Klerk years and the SSC
911:National Intelligence Service
727:B.J Vorster years and the SSC
3215:Black Consciousness Movement
2969:Government of National Unity
1214:Pan African Security Service
1043:Koordineer Inligting Komitee
991:(1988 – 1990)
984:(1985 – 1988)
977:(1979 – 1985)
916:Secretary of Foreign Affairs
566:Apartheid in popular culture
4357:Saint James Church massacre
4224:National Research Director:
2926:Saint James Church massacre
2812:Weapons of mass destruction
894:Minister of Foreign Affairs
806:South African Defence Force
136:Saint James Church massacre
131:Assassination of Chris Hani
4563:
4337:Heidelberg Tavern massacre
4332:Durban beach-front bombing
4248:Amy Biehl Foundation Trust
2666:1957 Alexandra bus boycott
2544:South West Africa campaign
2443:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
2408:French Huguenot settlement
2012:O'Brien, Kevin A. (2011).
1438:O'Brien, Kevin A. (2011).
903:Chief of the Defence Force
783:PW Botha years and the SSC
141:1994 Bophuthatswana crisis
4144:
4121:African National Congress
3581:Liberal Party (1953–1968)
2919:1992 apartheid referendum
2079:State-sponsored terrorism
1850:10.1017/s0022278x00054628
1528:10.1080/03057078508708096
1302:government of Mozambique.
1080:African National Congress
982:Pieter van der Westhuizen
941:National Party Government
703:Bureau for State Security
389:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela
4274:Civil Cooperation Bureau
3574:Labour Party (1969–1994)
3567:Labour Party (1910–1958)
3123:2020 Phala Phala Robbery
3081:#RhodesMustFall protests
2680:1960 republic referendum
2074:Civil Cooperation Bureau
1294:, discussed how to help
1070:Joint Management Centres
927:Organisational structure
855:Civil Cooperation Bureau
765:Bureau of State Security
576:Cape Qualified Franchise
4372:Bombing of Khotso House
4019:terrorist organisations
3109:2019 Johannesburg riots
2722:Constructive engagement
2687:International isolation
2505:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
2036:Sanders, James (2006).
1627:Ellis, Stephen (2012).
1549:Sanders, James (2006).
1088:United Democratic Front
811:PW Botha described the
606:Nostalgia for apartheid
4279:State Security Council
4227:Charles Villa-Vicencio
3032:Attack on Kennedy Road
2643:Congress of the People
2234:South African Republic
1920:O'Malley Heart of Hope
1304:
1259:
1179:
933:State Security Council
709:, known better as the
674:State Security Council
581:Disinvestment campaign
306:State Security Council
4377:Trojan Horse Incident
4322:Church Street bombing
4317:Battle of Ventersdorp
3602:Natal Indian Congress
3322:Afrikaner Broederbond
3176:Afrikaner nationalism
2962:1994 general election
2933:Bophuthatswana crisis
2826:Church Street bombing
2606:Apartheid legislation
2599:1948 general election
2519:South Africa Act 1909
2314:Union of South Africa
2134:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
2114:Political history of
1584:The O'Malley Archives
1284:
1266:SSC and Samora Machel
1254:
1026:Administration Branch
960:Administration Branch
830:Tricameral Parliament
715:Hendrik van den Bergh
571:Apartheid legislation
561:Afrikaner nationalism
121:Cape Town peace march
111:Trojan Horse Incident
71:1948 general election
4527:Apartheid government
4367:Shell House massacre
4362:Sharpeville massacre
3236:Greater South Africa
3074:2014 platinum strike
2940:Shell House massacre
2868:Transkei coup d'Ă©tat
2673:Sharpeville massacre
2436:Battle of Blaauwberg
2429:Battle of Muizenberg
2381:Battle of Salt River
2164:Mthethwa Paramountcy
1104:South African Police
1084:Pan-African Congress
1034:Other SSC committees
919:Secretary of Justice
769:Hendrik van den Berg
738:Carnation Revolution
711:Potgieter Commission
676:(SSC) was formed in
469:Eugène Terre'Blanche
339:Mangosuthu Buthelezi
146:Shell House massacre
116:Khotso House bombing
86:Sharpeville massacre
4406:Country of My Skull
4382:Queenstown Massacre
4342:The Gugulethu Seven
4312:Amanzimtoti bombing
4128:Democratic Alliance
3305:Civic and political
3169:Afrikaner Calvinism
3162:African nationalism
3011:African Renaissance
2701:UNSC Resolution 591
2622:Internal resistance
2523:National Convention
2491:Transvaal Civil War
2415:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars
2298:Orange River Colony
897:Minister of Justice
891:Minister of Defence
759:In the wake of the
616:Sullivan Principles
2875:Ciskei coup d'Ă©tat
2694:UN Resolution 1761
2659:Women's March 1956
2512:South African Wars
2498:Mineral Revolution
1951:Scientia Militaria
900:Minister of Police
880:Council membership
813:Westminster system
201:Conservative Party
81:1956 Treason Trial
4514:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4503:
4493:
4483:
4473:
4463:
4442:
4421:
4411:
4398:Non-fiction books
4291:Umkhonto we Sizwe
4160:
4159:
4113:political parties
4106:
4105:
4083:Orde van die Dood
3700:Progressive Party
3406:Congress Alliance
3222:Cape Independence
3154:Political culture
3149:
3148:
3116:COVID-19 pandemic
3046:Marikana massacre
2882:Venda coup d'Ă©tat
2636:Defiance Campaign
2226:Orange Free State
2156:Dutch Cape Colony
2028:978-0-203-84061-0
1802:Savage, Michael.
1638:978-1-84904-262-8
1449:978-0-203-84061-0
975:A.J. van Deventer
670:
669:
527:South-West Africa
16:(Redirected from
4554:
4501:
4491:
4488:Zulu Love Letter
4481:
4471:
4461:
4440:
4419:
4409:
4395:
4327:The Cradock Four
4216:Deputy chairman:
4187:
4180:
4173:
4164:
4150:
4149:
4137:
4130:
4123:
4099:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4050:
4043:
4036:
4029:
4017:Paramilitary and
4009:
4007:Umkosi Wezintaba
4002:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3974:
3967:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3939:
3932:
3925:
3918:
3911:
3904:
3897:
3890:
3883:
3876:
3869:
3862:
3852:social movements
3850:Trade unions and
3842:
3835:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3737:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3709:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3625:
3618:
3611:
3604:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3527:
3520:
3513:
3506:
3499:
3492:
3485:
3478:
3471:
3464:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3429:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3401:
3394:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3371:Boerestaat Party
3366:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3317:
3302:
3288:
3279:
3270:
3261:
3254:
3245:
3238:
3231:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3201:
3192:
3185:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3142:
3132:
3125:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3020:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2921:
2914:
2905:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2861:Dakar Conference
2856:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2791:
2784:
2782:Israeli alliance
2777:
2770:
2763:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2736:Sporting boycott
2731:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2708:Academic boycott
2703:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2615:
2608:
2601:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2565:Great Depression
2560:
2553:
2551:Maritz rebellion
2546:
2526:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2401:Dutch settlement
2383:
2376:
2374:Bantu migrations
2361:
2349:
2341:
2333:
2325:
2317:
2309:
2306:Transvaal Colony
2301:
2293:
2285:
2277:
2274:Nieuwe Republiek
2269:
2261:
2253:
2245:
2237:
2229:
2221:
2213:
2210:Natalia Republic
2205:
2197:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2179:Ndwandwe Kingdom
2174:
2172:
2169:
2159:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2085:
2051:
2032:
2020:
2000:
1999:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1977:. Archived from
1976:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1948:
1940:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1912:
1903:
1902:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1833:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1799:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1624:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1576:
1565:
1564:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1511:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1435:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1316:
1292:Craig Williamson
859:Operation Marion
662:
655:
648:
632:
631:
429:Albertina Sisulu
424:Benjamin Moloise
359:Arthur Goldreich
50:
27:
21:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4506:
4445:
4424:
4386:
4300:
4257:
4236:
4196:
4191:
4161:
4156:
4140:
4133:
4126:
4119:
4112:
4102:
4095:
4088:
4081:
4074:
4067:
4060:
4053:
4046:
4039:
4032:
4025:
4018:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3977:
3970:
3963:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3935:
3928:
3921:
3914:
3907:
3900:
3893:
3886:
3879:
3872:
3865:
3858:
3851:
3845:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3796:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3719:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3677:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3635:
3628:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3572:
3565:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3523:
3518:HNP (Herstigte)
3516:
3511:HNP (Herenigde)
3509:
3502:
3495:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3329:Afrikaner Party
3327:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3297:
3291:
3282:
3273:
3264:
3257:
3248:
3243:Honorary whites
3241:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3204:
3195:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3167:
3160:
3145:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3004:Soweto bombings
3002:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2901:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2805:Soweto Uprising
2803:
2796:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2729:Tar Baby Option
2727:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2657:
2650:Freedom Charter
2648:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2529:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2468:
2461:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2399:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2352:
2344:
2336:
2328:
2320:
2312:
2304:
2296:
2288:
2280:
2272:
2264:
2256:
2250:Griqualand West
2248:
2242:Griqualand East
2240:
2232:
2224:
2216:
2208:
2200:
2192:
2185:
2177:
2170:
2162:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2132:
2118:
2112:
2058:
2048:
2035:
2029:
2018:
2011:
2008:
2006:Further reading
2003:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1981:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1953:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1934:
1924:
1922:
1914:
1913:
1906:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1835:
1834:
1819:
1809:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1793:
1783:
1781:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1754:
1752:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1626:
1625:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1578:
1577:
1568:
1561:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1513:
1512:
1479:
1469:
1467:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1450:
1437:
1436:
1335:
1325:
1323:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1268:
1246:
1198:
1154:
1108:Black Homelands
1096:
1072:
1036:
1028:
1019:
1010:
1001:
999:Strategy Branch
967:
929:
882:
841:and the end of
785:
736:, known as the
729:
695:
666:
621:
620:
596:Kairos Document
586:Freedom Charter
556:
548:
547:
531:
502:
494:
493:
324:Vernon Berrangé
319:
311:
310:
271:Security Branch
161:
151:
150:
96:Soweto uprising
66:
65:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4560:
4558:
4550:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4519:
4518:
4512:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4504:
4494:
4484:
4474:
4464:
4453:
4451:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4432:
4430:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4412:
4401:
4399:
4392:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4308:
4306:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4276:
4271:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4250:
4244:
4242:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4229:
4221:
4213:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4182:
4175:
4167:
4158:
4157:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4131:
4124:
4116:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4093:
4086:
4079:
4076:Ossewabrandwag
4072:
4065:
4058:
4051:
4044:
4037:
4030:
4022:
4020:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4003:
3996:
3989:
3982:
3975:
3968:
3961:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3905:
3898:
3891:
3884:
3877:
3870:
3863:
3855:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3836:
3829:
3822:
3819:Unionist Party
3815:
3808:
3801:
3798:Torch Commando
3794:
3787:
3780:
3773:
3766:
3759:
3752:
3745:
3738:
3731:
3724:
3717:
3710:
3703:
3696:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3672:Orde Boerevolk
3668:
3661:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3633:
3626:
3619:
3612:
3605:
3598:
3591:
3584:
3577:
3570:
3563:
3556:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3448:DP (1989–2000)
3444:
3441:DP (1973–1977)
3437:
3434:Dominion Party
3430:
3423:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3346:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3315:Afrikaner Bond
3310:
3308:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3280:
3271:
3262:
3255:
3246:
3239:
3232:
3229:Day of the Vow
3225:
3218:
3211:
3202:
3193:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3133:
3126:
3119:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3014:
3007:
3000:
2997:Floor crossing
2993:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2957:
2955:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2912:Bisho massacre
2908:
2907:
2906:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2864:
2857:
2854:Operation Vula
2850:
2847:Rubicon speech
2843:
2840:Langa massacre
2836:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2746:
2732:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2602:
2594:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2575:
2568:
2561:
2558:Rand Rebellion
2554:
2547:
2539:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2515:
2508:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2484:Boer Republics
2480:
2473:
2466:
2458:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2396:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2377:
2369:
2367:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2342:
2334:
2330:Bophuthatswana
2326:
2318:
2310:
2302:
2294:
2290:Klein Vrystaat
2286:
2278:
2270:
2262:
2254:
2246:
2238:
2230:
2222:
2214:
2206:
2198:
2190:
2175:
2160:
2152:
2129:
2127:
2120:
2119:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2070:(1980 to 1994)
2065:
2064:(1969 to 1980)
2057:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2047:978-0719566752
2046:
2033:
2027:
2007:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1987:
1984:on 2012-05-13.
1963:
1932:
1904:
1885:
1871:
1844:(3): 401–430.
1817:
1791:
1765:
1727:
1713:
1693:
1678:
1664:
1644:
1637:
1596:
1566:
1560:978-0719566752
1559:
1541:
1522:(2): 183–211.
1477:
1455:
1448:
1333:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1298:overthrow the
1267:
1264:
1245:
1242:
1230:Bophuthatswana
1197:
1194:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1131:Kitskonstabels
1126:
1122:
1119:
1095:
1092:
1071:
1068:
1035:
1032:
1027:
1024:
1018:
1015:
1009:
1006:
1000:
997:
993:
992:
985:
978:
966:
963:
962:
961:
958:
955:
952:
928:
925:
921:
920:
917:
914:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
888:Prime Minister
881:
878:
839:Nelson Mandela
835:Rubicon speech
784:
781:
728:
725:
694:
691:
668:
667:
665:
664:
657:
650:
642:
639:
638:
637:
636:
623:
622:
619:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
557:
555:Related topics
554:
553:
550:
549:
546:
545:
540:
535:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
503:
500:
499:
496:
495:
492:
491:
486:
481:
479:H. F. Verwoerd
476:
471:
466:
461:
459:Adelaide Tambo
456:
451:
449:Robert Sobukwe
446:
441:
439:J. G. Strijdom
436:
431:
426:
421:
419:Raymond Mhlaba
416:
411:
406:
404:Nelson Mandela
401:
396:
391:
386:
384:Albert Luthuli
381:
379:Ahmed Kathrada
376:
371:
369:Bantu Holomisa
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
344:F. W. de Klerk
341:
336:
331:
326:
320:
317:
316:
313:
312:
309:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
261:National Party
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
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168:
162:
157:
156:
153:
152:
149:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
67:
64:
63:
57:
56:
55:
52:
51:
43:
42:
36:
35:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4559:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4500:
4499:
4495:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4480:
4479:
4475:
4470:
4469:
4468:In My Country
4465:
4460:
4459:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4439:
4438:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4427:
4418:
4417:
4413:
4408:
4407:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4396:
4393:
4389:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4241:Organisations
4239:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4188:
4183:
4181:
4176:
4174:
4169:
4168:
4165:
4155:
4154:
4143:
4136:
4132:
4129:
4125:
4122:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4109:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4087:
4084:
4080:
4077:
4073:
4070:
4066:
4063:
4059:
4056:
4052:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4038:
4035:
4031:
4028:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4015:
4008:
4004:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3993:Die Spoorbund
3990:
3987:
3983:
3980:
3976:
3973:
3969:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3955:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3913:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3899:
3896:
3892:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3878:
3875:
3871:
3868:
3864:
3861:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3848:
3841:
3837:
3834:
3833:Workers Party
3830:
3827:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3813:
3809:
3806:
3802:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3781:
3778:
3774:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3760:
3757:
3753:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3732:
3729:
3725:
3722:
3718:
3715:
3714:Radio Freedom
3711:
3708:
3704:
3701:
3697:
3694:
3690:
3687:
3683:
3680:
3676:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3665:Oranjewerkers
3662:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3634:
3631:
3627:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3578:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3543:
3540:
3536:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3480:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3466:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3307:organisations
3303:
3300:
3298:organisations
3294:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3141:
3139:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3095:Tshwane riots
3092:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2948:
2941:
2937:
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2927:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2819:Project Coast
2816:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2798:Mafeje affair
2795:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2768:Durban Moment
2765:
2762:
2761:Rivonia Trial
2758:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2715:Disinvestment
2712:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2470:1820 Settlers
2467:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2180:
2176:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2109:
2104:
2102:
2097:
2095:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2017:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1980:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1952:
1945:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1886:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
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1839:
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1828:
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1824:
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1805:
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1779:
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1769:
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1716:
1714:0-87332-877-9
1710:
1706:
1705:
1697:
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1679:
1667:
1665:2-88124-381-9
1661:
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1342:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1321:
1315:
1312:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1288:working group
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1272:Samora Machel
1265:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1186:
1185:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1170:F.W. de Klerk
1166:
1162:
1159:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1109:
1105:
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4498:The Forgiven
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4435:
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4404:
4347:Mthatha Raid
4278:
4223:
4219:Alex Boraine
4215:
4211:Desmond Tutu
4207:
4151:
4111:Histories of
3812:United Party
3721:Reform Party
3658:Orangia Unie
3283:
3274:
3267:Swart gevaar
3265:
3249:
3205:
3196:
3137:
3039:Blikkiesdorp
2365:Pre-colonial
2218:Natal Colony
2202:Zulu Kingdom
2116:South Africa
2037:
2014:
1990:
1979:the original
1966:
1954:. Retrieved
1950:
1923:. Retrieved
1919:
1899:The Guardian
1898:
1888:
1874:
1841:
1837:
1808:. Retrieved
1782:. Retrieved
1777:
1768:
1760:
1753:. Retrieved
1749:Johannesburg
1740:
1730:
1718:. Retrieved
1703:
1696:
1687:
1681:
1669:. Retrieved
1654:
1647:
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1583:
1550:
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1458:
1439:
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1314:
1285:
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1260:
1255:
1247:
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1199:
1190:need to know
1184:The Guardian
1182:
1180:
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1167:
1163:
1155:
1130:
1112:
1097:
1077:
1073:
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1059:
1055:
1054:
1050:Neil Barnard
1047:
1042:
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1037:
1029:
1020:
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994:
968:
945:South Africa
932:
930:
922:
883:
851:
827:
818:
810:
798:
790:
786:
773:B.J. Vorster
761:Info scandal
758:
754:
750:Soweto riots
730:
719:
710:
706:
705:(BOSS). The
699:John Vorster
696:
678:South Africa
673:
671:
512:District Six
474:Desmond Tutu
464:Oliver Tambo
454:Helen Suzman
354:Bram Fischer
305:
4458:Forgiveness
4352:Pebco Three
4296:Third Force
3251:Rooi gevaar
3130:2021 unrest
3060:Nkandlagate
2889:Third Force
2750:Rugby union
2348:(1981–1994)
2340:(1979–1994)
2332:(1977–1994)
2324:(1976–1994)
2316:(1910–1961)
2308:(1902–1910)
2300:(1902–1910)
2292:(1886–1891)
2284:(1885–1887)
2276:(1884–1888)
2268:(1882–1885)
2260:(1882–1883)
2252:(1870–1873)
2244:(1861–1879)
2236:(1856–1902)
2228:(1854–1902)
2220:(1843–1910)
2212:(1839–1843)
2204:(1816–1897)
2196:(1795–1910)
2194:Cape Colony
2186: 1780
2171: 1780
2158:(1652–1806)
2148: 1220
2141: 1075
1925:21 November
1810:27 November
1784:29 December
1755:29 December
1720:23 December
1671:23 December
1589:21 November
1470:29 December
1326:29 December
1257:violations.
1158:FW de Klerk
965:Secretariat
414:Thabo Mbeki
409:Govan Mbeki
399:D. F. Malan
394:Mac Maharaj
329:P. W. Botha
256:Broederbond
4521:Categories
4062:Greyshirts
3826:Volksparty
3364:Black Sash
3025:Xenophobia
3018:Travelgate
2775:Border War
2579:Bantustans
2477:Great Trek
2422:Xhosa Wars
2282:Upingtonia
2266:Stellaland
1956:14 January
1307:References
1276:Mozambique
1138:propaganda
937:P.W. Botha
822:Simonstown
746:Mozambique
522:Sophiatown
489:Jacob Zuma
374:Joel Joffe
364:Chris Hani
349:Ruth First
334:Steve Biko
191:Black Sash
4284:Vlakplaas
4232:testimony
4208:Chairman:
3285:Volkstaat
3276:Uitlander
3207:Boerehaat
3183:Anarchism
2990:Arms Deal
2953:apartheid
2613:Pass laws
2590:Apartheid
2535:1910–1948
2454:1815–1910
2392:1652–1815
1866:154621222
1778:bbc.co.uk
1240:(NICOC).
1094:Structure
843:Apartheid
543:Vlakplaas
507:Bantustan
444:Joe Slovo
40:Apartheid
4478:Red Dust
4437:Red Dust
4305:Massacre
4153:Category
4055:Boeremag
3553:Jeugkrag
3504:Het Volk
3198:Baasskap
3140:incident
2743:Olympics
2322:Transkei
2125:polities
2123:Defunct
2056:See also
1226:Transkei
1172:, said:
1144:pensions
1008:Stratkom
874:Transkei
872:and the
777:PW Botha
734:Portugal
634:Category
538:Sun City
32:a series
30:Part of
3958:SAAPAWU
3296:Defunct
3259:Slavery
2463:Mfecane
2019:(eBook)
1536:2636524
1300:FRELIMO
1082:(ANC),
1056:TREWITS
987:Lt Gen
980:Lt Gen
973:Lt Gen
866:Inkatha
683:Cabinet
4502:(2017)
4492:(2004)
4482:(2004)
4472:(2004)
4462:(2004)
4441:(2000)
4429:Novels
4420:(2003)
4410:(1998)
4201:People
3909:FOSATU
3763:SAYRCO
3735:SADECO
3651:Occupy
3190:Azania
3138:Lady R
3067:Racism
2896:CODESA
2357:Events
2346:Ciskei
2258:Goshen
2188:–1819)
2173:–1817)
2044:
2025:
1864:
1858:161227
1856:
1711:
1662:
1635:
1580:"1978"
1557:
1534:
1446:
1296:RENAMO
913:(NIS))
870:Ciskei
742:Angola
533:Soweto
501:Places
318:People
266:COSATU
216:FOSATU
126:CODESA
61:Events
4450:Films
4391:Media
4090:PAGAD
3986:SATUC
3979:SARHU
3965:SACTU
3944:NURHS
3902:FNETU
3888:CTSWU
3881:CNETU
3874:BLATU
3756:SAYCO
3644:NUSAS
3525:IDASA
3336:AITUP
2951:Post-
2338:Venda
1982:(PDF)
1975:(PDF)
1947:(PDF)
1862:S2CID
1854:JSTOR
1532:JSTOR
1222:Venda
4262:Army
4097:SANF
4027:APLA
3972:SAIF
3951:PAWE
3937:NEUM
3930:MUSA
3895:FCWU
3840:WOSA
3791:TNIP
3749:SASO
3742:SAIC
3728:SABP
3679:PAVN
3413:COSG
3392:CTEG
3385:CNIP
2042:ISBN
2023:ISBN
1958:2014
1927:2014
1812:2014
1786:2014
1757:2014
1741:CSVR
1722:2014
1709:ISBN
1673:2014
1660:ISBN
1633:ISBN
1591:2014
1555:ISBN
1472:2014
1444:ISBN
1328:2014
1228:and
1100:SADF
931:The
863:Zulu
847:Rand
744:and
672:The
301:SACP
291:SAMA
286:SAIC
281:SADF
276:SACC
171:APLA
4048:BBB
4041:AWB
4034:ARM
4000:UDF
3923:IWW
3916:ICU
3867:BCM
3860:APF
3805:UFP
3707:PRP
3686:PFP
3637:NRP
3630:NPP
3616:NNP
3609:NLP
3595:NCP
3546:ISL
3497:GNP
3469:ECC
3462:DSM
3455:DPP
3427:DLF
3399:COD
3378:CDA
3357:BPC
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176:IFP
166:ANC
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