532:
the auto industry. It accused automakers of failing to make cars as safe as possible. Less than a year after the book was published, a balky
Congress created the federal safety agency that became the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration — an agency whose stated mission is to save lives, prevent injuries and reduce crashes...By the spring of 1966, "Unsafe at Any Speed" was a best seller for nonfiction...In September 1966 — about 10 months after the book was published — President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act, requiring the adoption of new or upgraded vehicle safety standards, and creating an agency to enforce them and supervise safety recalls.
29:
461:
children aged less than 5 years had decreased 30% to 3.1 per 100,000 population, but rates for age groups 5–15 years had declined by only 11%-13%. Child seats were misused by as many as 80% of users In addition, parents failed to recognize the need for booster seats for children who were too large for child seats but not large enough to be safely restrained in an adult lap-shoulder belt.
323:
curves (edge and center line stripes and reflectors), use of breakaway sign and utility poles, improved illumination, addition of barriers separating oncoming traffic lanes, and guardrails. The results were rapid. By 1970, motor-vehicle-related death rates were decreasing by both the public health measure (deaths per 100,000 population) and the traffic safety indicator (deaths per VMT).
454:. Primary laws (which allow police to stop vehicles simply because occupants are not wearing safety belts) are more effective than secondary laws (which require that a vehicle be stopped for some other traffic violation). The prevalence of safety belt use after enactment of primary laws increased 1.5-4.3 times, and motor-vehicle-related fatality rates decreased 13%-46%.
287:(NHTSA). The systematic approach to motor-vehicle-related injury prevention began with NHSB's first director, William Haddon. Haddon, a public health physician, recognized that standard public health methods and epidemiology could be applied to preventing motor-vehicle-related and other injuries. He defined interactions between host (
258:). The Act was one of a number of initiatives by the government in response to increasing number of cars and associated fatalities and injuries on the road following a period when the number of people killed on the road had increased 6-fold and the number of vehicles was up 11-fold since 1925. The reduction of the rate of
418:
than adult drivers to speed, run red lights, make illegal turns, ride with an intoxicated driver, and drive after drinking alcohol or using drugs. Strategies that had contributed to improved motor-vehicle safety among young drivers included laws restricting purchase of alcohol among underaged youths and some aspects of
350:
have provided national leadership for traffic and highway safety efforts since the 1960s. The
National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, established at CDC in 1992, has contributed public health direction. State and local governments have enacted and enforced laws that affect motor-vehicle and highway safety,
432:
fatality rates decreased 41%, from 4 per 100,000 population in 1975 to 2.3 in 1997 but still account for 13% of motor-vehicle-related deaths. Factors that may have reduced pedestrian fatalities included more and better sidewalks, pedestrian paths, playgrounds away from streets, one-way traffic flow,
589:
Unsafe at Any Speed, investigative report on U.S. automobile safety published in 1965 by consumer advocate Ralph Nader, who was then a 31-year-old attorney. Unsafe at Any Speed: The
Designed-in Dangers of the American Automobile excoriated the American automotive industry, based in Detroit, for its
370:
has been essential to vehicle design and highway safety features). Citizen and community-based advocacy groups have played important prevention roles in areas such as drinking and driving and child-occupant protection. Consistent with the public/ private partnerships that characterize motor-vehicle
531:
Few drivers could imagine owning a car these days that did not come with airbags, antilock brakes and seatbelts. But 50 years ago motorists went without such basic safety features. That was before a young lawyer named Ralph Nader came along with a book, "Unsafe at Any Speed," that was could change
310:
weekend, 614 Americans died in automobile accidents. In 1966, passage of the
Highway Safety Act and the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act authorized the federal government to set and regulate standards for motor vehicles and highways, a mechanism necessary for effective prevention The
417:
From 1975 to 1997, motor-vehicle-related fatality rates had decreased 27% for young motor-vehicle occupants (ages 16–20 years). However, in 1997 the death rate was 28.3 per 100,000 population—more than twice that of the U.S. population (13.3 per 100,000 population). Some teenagers are more likely
349:
Government and community recognition of the need for motor-vehicle safety prompted initiation of programs by federal and state governments, academic institutions, community-based organizations, and industry. NHTSA and the
Federal Highway Administration within the U.S. Department of Transportation
322:
Many changes in both vehicle and highway design followed this mandate. Vehicles (agent of injury) were built with new safety features, including head rests, energy-absorbing steering wheels, shatter-resistant windshields, and safety belts Roads (environment) were improved by better delineation of
445:
In response to legislation, highly visible law enforcement, and public education, rates of safety belt use nationwide had increased from approximately 11% in 1981 to 68% in 1997 (8). Safety belt use began to increase following enactment of the first state mandatory-use laws in 1984. In 1997, all
394:
decreased by 39% to approximately 16,000; these deaths accounted for 38.6% of all traffic deaths. Factors that may have contributed to this decline included increased public awareness of the dangers of drinking and driving; new and tougher state laws; stricter law enforcement; an increase in the
278:
Systematic motor-vehicle safety efforts began during the 1960s. In 1960, unintentional injuries caused 93,803 deaths; 41% were associated with motor-vehicle crashes. In 1966, after
Congress and the general public had become thoroughly horrified by five years of skyrocketing motor-vehicle-related
460:
All states had passed child passenger protection laws, but these varied widely in age and size requirements and the penalties imposed for noncompliance. Child-restraint used in 1996 was 85% for children aged less than 1 year and 60% for children aged 1–4 years. From 1975 to 1997, deaths among
590:
prioritization of style and design over consumer safety. Nader's book eventually became a best seller and helped spur the passage of the
National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act in 1966, the country's first significant automobile safety legislation.
56:
An Act to provide for a coordinated national safety program and establishment of safety standards for motor vehicles in interstate commerce to reduce accidents involving motor vehicles and to reduce the deaths and injuries occurring in such accidents.
1350:
299:) factors before, during, and after crashes resulting in injuries. Tackling problems identified with each factor during each phase of the crash, NHSB initiated a campaign to prevent motor-vehicle-related injuries.
841:. Third National Injury Control Conference: Setting the national agenda for injury control in the 1990s. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, CDC.
1328:
629:
focused on the appalling accident record of
Chevrolet's Corvair and was largely responsible for the congressional passage, in 1966, of the nation's first reasonably stringent auto safety law.
545:
761:
Transportation
Research Board (1990). Safety research for a changing highway environment (Report). Washington, D.C.: National Research Council, Transportation Research Board.
1356:
1188:
Taft CH; Mickalide AD; Taft AR (1999). Child passengers at risk in
America: a national study of car seat misuse (Report). Washington, D.C.: National Safe Kids Campaign.
1333:
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Changes in driver and passenger (host) behavior also have reduced motor-vehicle crashes and injuries. Enactment and enforcement of traffic safety laws, reinforced by
1339:
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Signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson on 9 September 1966, this act created the first mandatory federal safety standards for motor vehicles.
371:
safety efforts, NHTSA sponsors "Buckle Up America" week, which focuses on the need to secure children in child-safety seats properly at all times.
983:
Traffic safety facts 1997: A compilation of motor vehicle crash data from the fatality analysis reporting system and the general estimates system
811:(Report). San Francisco, California: University of California, Institute of Health and Aging; Johns Hopkins University, Injury Prevention Center
1368:
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Rice DP; MacKenzie EJ; Jones AS; Kaufman SR; deLissovoy GV; Max W; McLoughlin E; Miller TR; Robertson LS; Salkever DS; Smith GS (1989).
254:. The Act was the first mandatory federal safety standards for motor vehicles. The Act created the National Highway Safety Bureau (now
236:
Reduce deaths and injuries resulting from traffic accidents by establishing motor vehicle safety standards and safety research programs
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709:
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was enacted in the United States in 1966 to empower the federal government to set and administer new safety standards for motor
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908:"An overview of the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"
625:
Nader, another poor boy, rose to national hero status on the critic's side of America's car wars. His 1965 best-seller
1416:
1095:
Rivara FP; Thompson DC; Cummings P (January 1999). "Effectiveness of primary and secondary enforced seat belt laws".
1057:
Foss RD; Evenson KR (January 1999). "Effectiveness of graduated driver licensing in reducing motor vehicle crashes".
366:. Preventing motor-vehicle-related injuries has required collaboration among many professional disciplines (such as
644:
National Safety Council (1998). Accident facts (Report) (1998 ed.). Itasca, Illinois: National Safety Council.
664:
610:
576:
553:
419:
203:
69:
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330:, have led to safer behavior choices. Examples include enforcement of laws against driving while intoxicated (
1149:(Report). Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
1134:(Report). Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
469:
Reported by: Div of Unintentional Injury Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, CDC.
1262:
36:
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985:(Report). Washington, D.C.: Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
738:"Remarks at the Signing of the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act and the Highway Safety Act"
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315:, while the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act led to the national adoption of the
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Research note: National occupant protection use survey, 1996--controlled intersection study
411:, responsible alcohol-serving practices and a decrease in per capita alcohol consumption.
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Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users
673:
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78:
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NHTSA traffic tech note no. 133, observed patterns of misuse of child safety seats
957:
Prevention of motor vehicle-related injuries: a compendium of articles from the
390:
From 1982 to 1997, the annual motor-vehicle crash-related fatalities involving
998:"Alcohol involvement in fatal motor-vehicle crashes--United States, 1996-1997"
963:(Report). Atlanta, Georgia: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC.
429:
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47:
1200:
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997:
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Committee on Injury Prevention and Control, Institute of Medicine (1999).
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created the National Highway Safety Bureau (NHSB), which later became the
1032:
Promoting the health of adolescents: new directions for the 21st century
399:; prevention programs that offer alternatives such as safe rides (e.g.,
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220:
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advance of the 20th century—the motorization of the United States.
701:
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1145:
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (September 1996).
1036:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 305–319.
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Reducing the burden of injury: advancing prevention and treatment
302:
When he signed the bill into law on September 9, 1966, President
981:
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (November 1998).
1227:
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noted that while 29 American soldiers had died over the recent
1130:
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (August 1997).
806:
The cost of injury in the United States: a report to Congress
1201:"National Child Passenger Safety Week--February 14–20, 1999"
835:
CDC/National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (1992).
311:
Highway Safety Act resulted in the national adoption of the
266:
represents the successful public health response to a great
372:
514:"50 Years Ago, 'Unsafe at Any Speed' Shook the Auto World"
1028:. In Millstein SG; Petersen AC; Nightingale EO (eds.).
867:"Injuries from traffic crashes: meeting the challenge"
1162:"Improper use of child safety seats--Kentucky, 1996"
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422:(e.g., restrictions related to nighttime driving).
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1357:Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act
1334:Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act
1255:United States federal transportation legislation
1340:National Highway System Designation Act of 1995
546:"National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act"
1345:Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century
285:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
256:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
1432:National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act
1239:
955:Bolen JR; Sleet DA; Johnson VR, eds. (1997).
262:attributable to motor-vehicle crashes in the
244:National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act
22:National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act
8:
696:. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
334:) and underage drinking, and enforcement of
1363:Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act
1437:United States Department of Transportation
1246:
1232:
1224:
27:
931:
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512:Jensen, Christopher (November 26, 2015).
313:Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices
1097:American Journal of Preventive Medicine
1059:American Journal of Preventive Medicine
504:
53:
1369:Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act
1090:
1088:
674:89–564: Highway Safety Act of 1966
317:Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards
180:United States House of Representatives
125:United States House of Representatives
18:
1209:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
1170:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
1006:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
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959:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
906:Sleet DA; Bonzo S; Branche C (1998).
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279:fatality rates, the enactment of the
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572:"Unsafe at Any Speed, Work by Nader"
884:10.1146/annurev.pu.14.050193.002503
173:S. 3005 (89 th Cong.)
1026:"Promoting safety in adolescents."
670:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
209:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
75:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
14:
544:Hendrickson, Kimberly A. (2003).
433:and restricted on-street parking.
548:. In Kutler, Stanley I. (ed.).
458:Child-safety and booster seats:
377:Specific public health concerns
1024:Hingson R; Howland J. (1993).
871:Annual Review of Public Health
552:. Vol. 5 (3rd ed.).
550:Dictionary of American History
1:
1109:10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00113-5
1071:10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00112-3
415:Young drivers and passengers:
1417:Federal-aid highway program
438:Occupant-Protection Systems
420:graduated licensing systems
1475:
611:William Morrow and Company
1427:Interstate Highway System
996:CDC (December 11, 1998).
479:Traffic Injury Prevention
235:
198:
42:
26:
16:United States federal law
1263:Federal aid highway acts
1199:CDC (February 5, 1999).
215:, S. 3052, 80
577:Encyclopædia Britannica
554:Charles Scribner's Sons
1315:Surface transportation
789:special report no. 229
295:), and environmental (
37:United States Congress
1160:CDC (July 10, 1998).
736:(September 9, 1966).
405:public transportation
382:High-Risk Populations
1459:1966 in American law
556:. pp. 561–562.
164:United States Senate
105:United States Senate
1013:(48): 1055–6, 1063.
865:Graham, JD (1993).
627:Unsafe at Any Speed
607:The Unknown Iacocca
493:Road-traffic safety
428:From 1975 to 1997,
364:traffic regulations
360:vehicle inspections
252:road traffic safety
194:Related legislation
1422:Highway Trust Fund
1065:(1 suppl): 47–56.
924:10.1136/ip.4.4.308
519:The New York Times
409:designated drivers
281:Highway Safety Act
200:Highway Safety Act
93:Territorial extent
1446:
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1103:(1 suppl): 30–9.
912:Injury Prevention
570:Brumagen, Regan.
388:Alcohol-impaired:
344:motorcycle helmet
340:child safety seat
304:Lyndon B. Johnson
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225:September 9, 1966
156:September 9, 1966
146:Lyndon B. Johnson
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