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Higher education accreditation in the United States

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649:, typically offered specific vocational, career, or technical programs. Regionally accredited institutions employed large numbers of full-time faculty, and the faculty set the academic policies. Regionally-accredited schools were required to have adequate library facilities. Except for some specific subject areas such as nursing, nationally accredited schools did not hire many full-time faculty, usually hiring faculty by the course, without benefits and with no influence on the school's academic policies, which were determined by non-academic administrators, and ultimately investors. Their library facilities, if they existed at all, were far inferior to those of regionally-accredited schools. While there were some legitimate and well-intentioned nationally accredited schools, similar to for-profit institutions with regional accreditation, some institutions existed with little educational rigor. Some critics considered national accreditation to be not as reputable as regional accreditation. Schools accredited by the Accrediting Commission of Career Schools and Colleges, a national accreditor, were occasionally sued for leading prospective students to believe, incorrectly, that they would have no problem transferring their credits to a regionally accredited school. 630:
students by colleges and universities. These seven agencies were membership organizations of educational institutions within their geographic regions. Initially, the main focus of the organizations was to accredit secondary schools and to establish uniform college entrance requirements. Accreditation of colleges and universities followed later, with each of the accrediting agencies splitting into separate organizations with one or more of those organizations focused exclusively on accrediting colleges and universities. The higher education institutions holding regional accreditation were primarily
555:. The original GI Bill legislation had stimulated establishment of new colleges and universities to accommodate the influx of new students, but some of these new institutions were of dubious quality. The 1952 legislation designated the existing peer review process as the basis for measuring institutional quality; GI Bill eligibility was limited to students enrolled at accredited institutions included on a list of federally recognized accredited institutions published by the 485: 474: 615:. Regional bodies historically accredited institutions in a particular region of the country. National bodies were established to accredit institutions across the country, and sometimes beyond it. Within American higher education, regional bodies were considered more prestigious. (The regional bodies were older, and included the most well established institutions.) 619:
student experiences, uphold quality standards, and reduce the cost of higher education by encouraging transparent transfer of credits and mutual recognition of degrees between schools with common standards. It also claimed that the change was intended to allow students to be able to access the best school for their needs no matter what region they reside in.
2393:, reject these claims, arguing that they are "picking around the edges" of a proven and necessary system for upholding standards. Thomas C. Reeves notes that some schools unable or unwilling to meet the standards of traditional, regional accrediting bodies are closely involved in creating national accrediting agencies with significantly lower standards. 2389:(ACTA) argued that the system does not ensure or protect educational quality, while still imposing significant costs. In a 2006 "issue paper", Robert C. Dickeson wrote that a lack of transparency, low and lax standards, and outdated regionalization were among the problems with regional accreditation. Others, such as Edward M. Elmendorf of the 2414:
An article published by "University World News" on 2 February 2018 stated that the higher education accreditation community, which confers the quality-assurance seal of approval that allows United States colleges and universities access to billions of dollars of federal student aid, must do a better
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Historically, educational accreditation activities in the United States were overseen by seven regional accrediting agencies established in the late 19th and early 20th century to foster articulation between secondary schools and higher education institutions, particularly evaluation of prospective
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These accreditors typically cover a specific program of professional education or training, but in some cases they cover the whole institution. Best practices are shared and developed through affiliation with the Association of Professional and Specialized Accreditors. Both the US Department of
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In February 2020, the Department of Education eliminated the distinction between regional and national accrediting agencies, creating one unified set of institutional accreditors. The department claimed that the change was intended to encourage cooperation between accredited schools to improve
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proposed changes in the accreditation system to hold "colleges accountable for cost, value, and quality". He requested Congress change the Higher Education Act so that affordability and value are considered in determining which institutions are accredited and allow students access to federal
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is required by law to publish a list of nationally recognized accrediting agencies that the secretary has determined to be reliable authorities on the quality of education or training provided by the institutions of higher education and the higher education programs they accredit.
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job of explaining itself to the public if it wants to reverse waning public confidence in higher education. That was one of the tamer recommendations voiced at a conference for accreditors, who are feeling the brunt of growing scepticism about the value of a US college degree.
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classes and institutions. A frequent point of discussion and criticism is that the traditional system is limited to measuring "input" factors, such as adequate facilities and properly credentialed faculty, rather than the quality of a school's educational output.
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has been restricted to accredited institutions, but non-qualifying institutions can still use .edu domain names obtained before the current rules came into force. A prominent example of such a domain name registered before the current rules came into force is
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and provide guidelines as well as resources and relevant data regarding these accreditors. Neither the U.S. Department of Education nor CHEA accredit individual institutions. With the creation of the U.S. Department of Education and under the terms of the
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recognizes that there are criticisms, but has opposed these calls for reform, with President Judith S. Eaton arguing that the system is successful and needs to remain flexible to accommodate differences between schools and disciplines. In 2013, President
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At various times the U.S. government has investigated changes to the accreditation system. In 2002 the House of Representatives Subcommittee on 21st Century Competitiveness criticized the system. Accreditation was a major topic of the
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and graduate schools of theology, as well as broader-scope universities that teach from a religious viewpoint and may require students and/or faculty to subscribe to a statement of faith. Additionally, as of 2009, 20 U.S. states and
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Although many schools related to religious organizations hold regional accreditation or secular national accreditation, there are four different agencies that specialize in accreditation of religious schools:
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Fred F. Harcleroad and Judith S. Eaton (2005), "The Hidden Hand: External Constituencies and their Impact," Chapter 9 in Philip G. Altbach, Robert Oliver Berdahl, and Patricia J. Gumport, editors,
837: 462: 66: 3506: 2045: 877: 671: 2381:, Christopher J. Lucas criticized the accreditation system as too expensive, onerously complicated, incestuous in its organization, and not properly tied to quality. Similarly, a 2002 report by 3666: 2318: 832: 537:. It is coordinated by accreditation commissions made up of member institutions. It was first undertaken in the late 19th century by cooperating educational institutions, on a regional basis. 371: 3353:
U.S. accreditation, then, is a robust, complex and unwieldy and sometimes controversial enterprise. These are the first things that we see when we 'take a look at ourselves, accreditation...'
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became the first accreditor to formally change its membership rules and requirements to allow institutions outside its historical geographic region to apply for membership and accreditation.
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Various commenters have written about the role and effectiveness of the American accreditation system. It has drawn particular interest since the rise of
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Regionally accredited schools were usually academically oriented and most were non-profit. Nationally accredited schools, a large number of which are
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had some form of exemption provision under which religious institutions can grant religious degrees without accreditation or government oversight.
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Several organizations exist that accredit institutions and which are not recognized by the U.S. Department of Education or CHEA. These include:
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which provides background on the process, accords, agreements, and accrediting bodies related to engineering and computing degrees.
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Prior to 2020, there were regional and national accrediting agencies, both of which were accountable to the
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For broad resources on how programmatic accreditation is managed in the United States (and globally) see
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Professional schools, which are often graduate schools, have separate organizations for accreditation.
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The U.S. Department of Education recognizes the following organizations as institutional accreditors:
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Accreditation, along with federal and state regulation, can impede creative new approaches as well.
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Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Accreditation Council for Education in Nutrition and Dietetics
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Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Accreditation Council for Education in Nutrition and Dietetics
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American higher education in the twenty-first century: social, political, and economic challenges
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process by which the validity of degrees and credits awarded by higher education institutions is
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institutions, with significant exceptions, as the largest US for-profit universities (e.g.,
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Commission on Accreditation for Health Informatics and Information Management Education
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Institutional accreditation applies to the entire institution, specific programs, and
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These groups specialize in accrediting theological and religious schools including
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Accreditation: Postsecondary Education Institutions – U.S. Department of Education
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Regional accreditation is considered more prestigious than national accreditation.
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Judith Eaton, CHEA President Expresses Pros and Cons for Regionals going National
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Council on Accreditation of Parks, Recreation, Tourism and Related Professions
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Exemptions from the higher education licensing process for religious colleges
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2020 February USDoEd Final Accreditation and State Authorization Regulations
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Joint Review Committee on Educational Programs in Nuclear Medicine Technology
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Education and CHEA maintain lists of recognized US programmatic accreditors:
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Reeves, Thomas C. (2003). "Storm Clouds on the Digital Education Horizon".
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Reeves, Thomas C. (2003). "Storm Clouds on the Digital Education Horizon".
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Reeves, Thomas C. (2003). "Storm Clouds on the Digital Education Horizon".
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Reeves, Thomas C. (2003). "Storm Clouds on the Digital Education Horizon".
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The Committee of Bar Examiners, State Bar of California (August 28, 2009).
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Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs
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Accreditation Review Commission on Education for the Physician Assistant
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financial aid; his criticism was directed at for-profit institutions.
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Accrediting Council on Education in Journalism and Mass Communications
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Oregon Student Assistance Commission Office of Degree Authorization
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International Fire Service Accreditation Congress - Degree Assembly
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A Test of Leadership: Charting the Future of U.S. Higher Education
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Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada
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Council on Accreditation of Nurse Anesthesia Educational Programs
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List of unrecognized higher education accreditation organizations
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Council on Accreditation of Nurse Anesthesia Educational Programs
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Commission on Accreditation of Medical Physics Education Programs
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Council on Accreditation of Nurse Anesthesia Educational Programs
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Network of Schools of Public Policy, Affairs, and Administration
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List of recognized higher education accreditation organizations
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Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs
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https://www.chea.org/will-regional-accreditation-go-national-0
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Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Management Education
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Association of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering
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Accreditation Council for Education in Nutrition and Dietetics
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WASC Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges
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Crisis in the Academy: Rethinking Higher Education in America
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Forensic Science Education Programs Accreditation Commission
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WASC Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges
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Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology
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Accreditation Commission for Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine
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National Accrediting Agency for Clinical Laboratory Sciences
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Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology
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Accreditation Commission for Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine
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Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology
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Accreditation Commission for Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine
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Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools
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National Accrediting Commission of Career Arts and Sciences
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Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools
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Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools
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National Accrediting Commission of Career Arts and Sciences
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University accreditation in the U.S., a peer-review process
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Masters in Psychology and Counseling Accreditation Council
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International Accreditation Council for Business Education
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Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education
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Accrediting Council for Continuing Education and Training
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Association for Advancing Quality in Educator Preparation
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Accrediting Council for Continuing Education and Training
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Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools
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National Association for the Education of Young Children
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Association of Advanced Rabbinical and Talmudic Schools
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American Association of State Colleges and Universities
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Association of Advanced Rabbinical and Talmudic Schools
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National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education
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Accreditation Council for Business Schools and Programs
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Association of Advanced Rabbinical and Talmudic Schools
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The federal government began to play a limited role in
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Montessori Accreditation Council for Teacher Education
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Montessori Accreditation Council for Teacher Education
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Montessori Accreditation Council for Teacher Education
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Accrediting Commission of Career Schools and Colleges
3395:"Obama wants cost to feature in accreditation scheme" 2361:, a for-profit social networking site for academics. 1717:
Council for the Accreditation of Educator Preparation
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Accrediting Commission of Career Schools and Colleges
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Commission on English Language Program Accreditation
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Commission on English Language Program Accreditation
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American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy
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American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences
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Commission on English Language Program Accreditation
3124:"Can college accreditation live up to its promise?" 2213:
Psychological Clinical Science Accreditation System
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Higher education accreditation in the United States
3423:"HE accreditation sector faces pressure to reform" 3094: 2666:Accreditation and Recognition in the United States 1218:, Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation 3657:Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities 3632:National Association of Schools of Art and Design 3512:Accreditation Commission for Education in Nursing 2737:Heffter, Emily; Perry, Nick (February 24, 2006). 2710:The Changing Landscape of the Academic Profession 2082:National Association of Schools of Art and Design 1158:American Culinary Federation Education Foundation 914:Accreditation Commission for Education in Nursing 823:Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities 792:National Association of Schools of Art and Design 677:Accreditation Commission for Education in Nursing 2788:"A Battle Over Standards At For-Profit Colleges" 1699:Council for Standards in Human Service Education 1462:Commission on Accreditation for Respiratory Care 932:Accreditation Commission for Midwifery Education 896:Accreditation Commission for Audiology Education 2994:Diploma Mills and Accreditation – Diploma Mills 1332:Association for Behavior Analysis International 3502:Accrediting Bureau of Health Education Schools 2542:"Battle rages on accreditation, college money" 2503:Complete List of National Accrediting Agencies 2178:, Commission on Peer Review and Accreditation 1047:Accrediting Bureau of Health Education Schools 667:Accrediting Bureau of Health Education Schools 3677:WASC Senior College and University Commission 3612:Middle States Commission on Secondary Schools 3557:Association of Institutions of Jewish Studies 3466: 1010:Accreditation Council on Optometric Education 843:WASC Senior College and University Commission 772:Middle States Commission on Secondary Schools 722:Association of Institutions of Jewish Studies 624:WASC Senior College and University Commission 507: 8: 3662:Southern Association of Colleges and Schools 3607:Middle States Commission on Higher Education 2649: 2647: 2645: 1753:American Speech-Language-Hearing Association 1645:Commission on Sport Management Accreditation 991:Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education 828:Southern Association of Colleges and Schools 767:Middle States Commission on Higher Education 622:Four months after this change was made, the 3572:Commission on Massage Therapy Accreditation 3532:American Board of Funeral Service Education 3331:"Taking a look at ourselves, accreditation" 3122:Leef, George C.; Burris, Roxana D. (2002). 3053: 3051: 1609:Commission on Massage Therapy Accreditation 1370:Association for Clinical Pastoral Education 1140:American Council for Construction Education 1121:American Board of Funeral Service Education 737:Commission on Massage Therapy Accreditation 697:American Board of Funeral Service Education 3652:New England Commission of Higher Education 3647:National Association of Schools of Theatre 3473: 3459: 3451: 3336:Council for Higher Education Accreditation 2924:Guidelines for Accredited Law School Rules 2900:Council for Higher Education Accreditation 2403:Council for Higher Education Accreditation 2139:National Association of Schools of Theatre 1552:Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education 1408:Aviation Accreditation Board International 856: 812:New England Commission of Higher Education 807:National Association of Schools of Theatre 568:Council for Higher Education Accreditation 514: 500: 31: 3617:Midwifery Education Accreditation Council 3592:Distance Education Accrediting Commission 3547:Association for Biblical Higher Education 3235: 3233: 3231: 2615: 2613: 2593:"Go East (or North), Regional Accreditor" 2313:Association for Biblical Higher Education 2010:Midwifery Education Accreditation Council 1845:Council on Naturopathic Medical Education 1681:Council for Interior Design Accreditation 1351:Association for Biblical Higher Education 1257:, Council on Podiatric Medical Education 1196:American Occupational Therapy Association 777:Midwifery Education Accreditation Council 752:Distance Education Accrediting Commission 712:Association for Biblical Higher Education 81:History of education in the United States 3642:National Association of Schools of Music 3637:National Association of Schools of Dance 3270:Journal of Computing in Higher Education 3174:Journal of Computing in Higher Education 3060:Journal of Computing in Higher Education 3022:Journal of Computing in Higher Education 2896:"Programmatic Accrediting Organizations" 2654:History of the North Central Association 2120:National Association of Schools of Music 2101:National Association of Schools of Dance 1955:American Society of Landscape Architects 802:National Association of Schools of Music 797:National Association of Schools of Dance 3482:Postsecondary institutional accreditors 3421:Mary Beth Marklein (February 2, 2018). 3131:American Council of Trustees and Alumni 2535: 2533: 2450: 2387:American Council of Trustees and Alumni 2231:Teacher Education Accreditation Council 1294:American Veterinary Medical Association 431: 205: 113: 58: 45: 3542:American Podiatric Medical Association 3154: 3143: 2763:Billman, Jeffrey C. (April 14, 2005). 2285:American Academy for Liberal Education 1973:Liaison Committee on Medical Education 1826:Council on Education for Public Health 1627:Commission on Opticianry Accreditation 1255:American Podiatric Medical Association 707:American Podiatric Medical Association 3703:Higher education in the United States 3329:Eaton, Judith S. (June 28–29, 2001). 2999:United States Department of Education 2338:Use of .edu top-level Internet domain 1235:American Physical Therapy Association 1083:American Academy of Forensic Sciences 106:History of education in New York City 96:History of education in Massachusetts 7: 3365:Eric Kelderman (February 13, 2013). 2818:"Institutional Accrediting Agencies" 2591:Lederman, Doug (February 27, 2020). 2464:. CHEA. January 1998. Archived from 653:Recognized institutional accreditors 544:in 1952 with reauthorization of the 3240:Richard Morgan (October 11, 2002). 2786:Hechinger, John (October 3, 2005). 2739:"Student Takes on College and Wins" 819:, and the Commissioner of Education 642:) achieved regional accreditation. 607:Regional and national accreditation 3562:Association of Theological Schools 3209:"Dropping a Bomb on Accreditation" 2526:Accreditation in the United States 2491:Accreditation in the United States 1986:Not eligible for Title IV funding 1858:Not eligible for Title IV funding 1839:Not eligible for Title IV funding 1766:Not eligible for Title IV funding 1603:Not eligible for Title IV funding 1584:Not eligible for Title IV funding 1565:Not eligible for Title IV funding 1384:Not eligible for Title IV funding 1308:Not eligible for Title IV funding 1288:Not eligible for Title IV funding 1274:American Psychological Association 1249:Not eligible for Title IV funding 1210:Not eligible for Title IV funding 1023:Not eligible for Title IV funding 1004:Not eligible for Title IV funding 973:Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 945:Not eligible for Title IV funding 727:Association of Theological Schools 25: 3587:Council on Occupational Education 3582:Council on Chiropractic Education 3372:The Chronicle of Higher Education 3247:The Chronicle of Higher Education 2540:Aasen, Adam (November 18, 2008). 1808:Council on Chiropractic Education 747:Council on Chiropractic Education 3537:American Osteopathic Association 3393:Chris Parr (February 21, 2013). 3207:Doug Lederman (March 31, 2006). 3101:. New York: St. Martin's Press. 2981:website, accessed March 21, 2018 2958:website, accessed March 21, 2011 1864:Council on Social Work Education 1216:American Osteopathic Association 702:American Osteopathic Association 483: 472: 101:History of education in Missouri 91:History of education in Kentucky 2806:– via Collegejournal.com. 2274:Formerly recognized accreditors 817:New York State Board of Regents 86:History of education in Chicago 3698:Higher education accreditation 3093:Lucas, Christopher J. (1996). 2489:U.S. Department of Education, 1866:, Commission on Accreditation 1276:, Commission on Accreditation 557:U.S. Commissioner of Education 542:higher education accreditation 421:Full-service community schools 1: 3333:. Letter from the President. 1179:, Committee on Accreditation 1123:, Committee on Accreditation 572:non-governmental organization 3486:U.S. Department of Education 2979:Connecticut General Assembly 2874:U.S. Department of Education 2822:U.S. Department of Education 2522:U.S. Department of Education 2385:and Roxana D. Burris of the 2257:Other recognized accreditors 2195:Planning Accreditation Board 2141:Commission on Accreditation 2122:Commission on Accreditation 2103:Commission on Accreditation 2084:Commission on Accreditation 1353:Commission on Accreditation 1177:American Library Association 1104:, Council for Accreditation 581:Higher Education Act of 1965 564:U.S. Department of Education 2991:".edu Internet Addresses". 2348:Since 2001, the use of the 1571:American Dental Association 1372:, Accreditation Commission 595:Institutional accreditation 585:U.S. Secretary of Education 399:For-profit higher education 3719: 3597:Higher Learning Commission 2365:Criticism of accreditation 2341: 2269:Committee of Bar Examiners 849:Programmatic accreditation 757:Higher Learning Commission 352:School corporal punishment 3492: 2752:– via nwsource.com. 2713:. Routledge. p. 48. 2707:Lechuga, Vicente (2005). 2350:top-level internet domain 1160:, Accrediting Commission 871: 868: 865: 862: 859: 387:School-to-work transition 3527:American Bar Association 2945:Religious Exempt Schools 2501:College Review Journal, 1735:American Bar Association 692:American Bar Association 490:United States portal 36:This article is part of 2623:. Page 263. JHU Press. 2547:The Florida Times-Union 2267:State Bar of California 1296:, Council on Education 640:Grand Canyon University 613:Department of Education 603:within an institution. 208:Education policy issues 177:Environmental education 3400:Times Higher Education 3153:Cite journal requires 345:Standards-based reform 320:Gender achievement gap 310:Racial achievement gap 243:Educational attainment 18:National accreditation 2379:Crisis in the Academy 2291:Religious accreditors 636:University of Phoenix 411:Research universities 278:Student financial aid 273:Graduate unemployment 248:Post-secondary issues 224:Primary and secondary 187:Mathematics education 3304:Spellings Commission 2399:Spellings Commission 1334:Accreditation Board 479:Education portal 315:Desegregation busing 268:Elite overproduction 197:Vocational education 3001:. December 23, 2009 2798:on December 4, 2008 2792:Wall Street Journal 2767:. Orlandoweekly.com 432:Levels of education 404:For-profit colleges 372:Foreign involvement 3484:recognized by the 3282:10.1007/BF02940850 3186:10.1007/BF02940850 3072:10.1007/BF02940850 3034:10.1007/BF02940850 2973:2018-03-21 at the 2950:2011-02-21 at the 2671:2012-03-07 at the 2508:2011-06-16 at the 2435:Accreditation mill 601:distance education 583:, as amended, the 394:Community colleges 340:School segregation 258:Cost and financing 182:Language education 3685: 3684: 3343:on March 22, 2013 2685:Geteducated.com. 2664:Judith S. Eaton, 2637:978-0-8018-8035-3 2377:In his 1996 book 2251:Accreditation.org 2247: 2246: 869:USDE Recognized? 866:CHEA Recognized? 524: 523: 377:Special education 367:Sexual harassment 160:Medical education 114:Curriculum topics 50: 16:(Redirected from 3710: 3475: 3468: 3461: 3452: 3434: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3350: 3348: 3339:. Archived from 3326: 3320: 3319: 3314: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3276:(1): 12, 14–15. 3265: 3259: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3237: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3214:Inside Higher Ed 3204: 3198: 3197: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3156: 3151: 3149: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3128: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3100: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3055: 3046: 3045: 3017: 3011: 3010: 3008: 3006: 2988: 2982: 2965: 2959: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2892: 2886: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2866: 2860: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2850:. March 31, 2003 2840: 2834: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2814: 2808: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2794:. 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Index

National accreditation
a series
Education in the
United States

By state
in insular areas
By subject area
History of education in the United States
History of education in Chicago
History of education in Kentucky
History of education in Massachusetts
History of education in Missouri
History of education in New York City
Literacy
Normal schools
Art education
Civic education
Music education
Legal education
Law school
Medical education
Medical school
Nursing degrees
Environmental education
Language education
Mathematics education
Sex education
Vocational education
Education policy issues
Accreditation
Primary and secondary

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