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objective you were kind enough to send us on the 15th of the current. Encouraged by best wishes, and with a view to making the appointment required by the aforementioned agreement, we have met several times, and after a long and careful examination, we have the honour to inform you that, in our opinion, the anthem that begins with the words
302:
and carries at the bottom the lyrics of "Anonymous" in parentheses is the one that best responds to the conditions of the call and deserves, therefore, the prize offered. Thus we have the honour of issuing the report that the secretariat of your worthy position requested of us, writing to us with all
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In compliance with the honourable commission with which you favoured us, taking charge of the qualification of the "national anthems" presented to this secretariat, by virtue of the competition opened by the agreement of the 24th of last July, we have examined the twelve compositions that with such
286:
The victory granted again to the teacher Álvarez Ovalle cost him the most bitter moments of his existence, as there was discontent among those who did not win, who even sent their complaint to the president. Reina
Barrios, in the presence of the members of his cabinet, other figures and teachers of
282:
called for a new competition, "considering that
Guatemala lacks a National Anthem, since the one known to this day by that name not only suffers from notable defects, but also has not been officially declared as such; and that it is convenient to provide the country with an anthem that, through its
340:
The author of the lyrics of the
National Anthem of Guatemala remained a deep mystery until 1910, when it was discovered that its author was Cuban poet José Joaquín Palma, since he revealed on his deathbed that he was the author of the lyrics of the anthem. The government of
454:
The original lyrics of the
Guatemalan anthem written by José Joaquín Palma were warlike, since Palma was inspired more by the political situation his native Cuba was going through than that Guatemala experienced during its independence: while Central America separated from
283:
lyrics and music, responds to the lofty purposes for which all educated people lend this kind of composition." In this new competition, Rafael Álvarez Ovalle's work was chosen again, this time musicalising a poem written under the pseudonym "Anonymous".
117:
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than the situation by which
Guatemala became independent from Spain. Palma lived in Guatemala after being exiled from Cuba for his participation in the independence movement, taking advantage of the fact that the government of
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The
National Anthem of Guatemala has been considered by Carlos Labin, a member of the Americanist Society of Paris and the Musicology Society of France, as the "most original" of all the anthems of the American continent.
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Palma's lyrics were officially adopted on 28 October 1896, while Álvarez Ovalle's music was officially adopted on 19 February 1897. The premiere of the
National Anthem took place in the literary lyrical act held at the
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President Manuel
Lisandro Barillas had previously selected a different anthem a decade earlier but it was considered defective by President Reyna and replaced.
210:, where the original author of the lyrics appeared as "Anonymous". It was not until 1910, shortly before his death, that Palma confessed being the author.
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had recognised the independent government in exile in Cuba. Along with Palma, several distinguished Cubans settled in
Guatemala, among them
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Text of the report submitted by the qualifying jury of the literary competition, made up of F. Castañeda, J. Joaquín Palma and José Leonard.
242:" written by poet Ramón P. Molina. Distinguished composers took part in this competition, and the triumph was awarded to music presented by
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Facsimile of the original lyrics by J.J. Palma with verses from the
National Anthem, written in 1897. National History Museum of Guatemala.
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musical art, listened again to all the compositions that competed in the competition, and Álvarez Ovalle's was unanimously selected again.
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1549:(in Spanish). Universidad Francisco Marroquín Biblioteca Ludwig von Mises. Tipografía Nacional. 1908. pp. 518–520.
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1497:"Unos versos dignos de un pueblo culto. (Segunda Parte) - Departamento de Educación Departamento de Educación"
1433:"Unos versos dignos de un pueblo culto. (Primera Parte) - Departamento de Educación Departamento de Educación"
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on the night of Sunday, 14 March 1897, as one of the main points of the programme of celebrations of the
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For not reflecting Guatemalan reality, Palma's lyrics were modified by Guatemalan poet and pedagogue
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after its remodelling in 1892. The National Anthem of Guatemala was premiered here on 14 March 1897.
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In 1879, the El Porvenir Literary Society unsuccessfully attempted to create a national anthem for
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in 1934, according to the Government Decree of 26 July 1934 by the government of General
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1683:"El Día del Himno Nacional de Guatemala se conmemora en honor al autor de su música"
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consideration and appreciation, the minister, very attentive and reliable servants.
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This stanza was modified to imply that the national flag was white, blue and white.
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1315:(in Spanish). Guatemala: Comité Nacional Procentenario "Rafael Alvarez Ovalle,".
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This stanza is direct in its criticism of the Spanish administration in America.
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José Joaquín Palma had actively participated in the Cuban independence effort.
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The lyrics and score were printed for the first time in the culture magazine
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Anotaciones críticodidácticas sobre el poema del himno nacional de Guatemala
1523:"Historia de Guatemala: Se estrena el Himno Nacional en 1897 – Prensa Libre"
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Anotaciones críticodidácticas sobre el poema del himno nacional de Guatemala
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awarded both him and Rafael Álvarez Ovalle with gold laurel wreaths at the
294:"Guatemala, 27 October 1896. Mr. Minister of Public Instruction. Present.
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With respect to the lyrics, the qualifying jury determined the following:
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1722:- Audio of the national anthem of Guatemala, with information and lyrics
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1643:(in Spanish). Editorial Piedra Santa. 1991. pp. 59–60.
1381:"Himno Nacional de Guatemala: letra, historia y significado"
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Apparently, this stanza is based on the death of Cuban hero
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The anthem was particularly warmongering and reflected the
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and its original lyrics written by Cuban poet and diplomat
1360:. Vol. 1, no. 17. Guatemala. 1897. p. 249
1627:(in Spanish). Guatemala: Tipografía Sánchez y de Guise.
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Recopilación de las Leyes de la República de Guatemala
178:, in the context of the cultural and industrial event
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Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes (24 October 2016).
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1285:Another reference to the situation in Cuba in 1897
463:against Spain at the time Palma wrote the anthem.
446:, composer of the music of the anthem. Photo from
197:some changes to the lyrics were made by pedagogue
159:) was an initiative of the government of General
1587:. Archived from the original on 22 November 2020
292:
227:. In 1887, the president of Guatemala, General
16:National anthem of the Central American country
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749:And the altar of the fatherland, their altar.
479:
427:, author of the original lyrics of the anthem
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8:
1670:(in Spanish). Unión tipográfica. p. 12.
1109:And the altar of the motherland their altar.
193:. Due to this, by a 1934 order of President
65:, 1896 (modified in July 1934 by the latter)
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1335:(in Spanish). Guatemala: Typographic Union.
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1714:- Orchestra, choir, and lyrics in YouTube.
790:More than the condor and the golden eagle,
779:More than the condor and the golden eagle!
707:May from fatherland to the energetic focus
36:
31:English: National anthem of Guatemala
2606:Baja California & Baja California Sur
1105:If they defend their land and their home,
1094:If they defend their land and their home.
1081:In which a cloud enlightens its alabaster
391:Band and male vocal performance from 1900
306:José Leonard, J. J. Palma, F. Castañeda."
1312:Historia del Himno nacional de Guatemala
1083:And... woe to him who with blind madness
1070:Which from motherland in energetic focus
825:
465:
430:
418:
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1194:The anthem is often erroneously titled
1187:
747:Which is only the honour of their medal
1598:
1552:
1088:Because your brave and proud children,
646:There are no cowards who lick the yoke
409:
257:Competition organised by Reina Barrios
20:
1585:Congreso de la República de Guatemala
1572:
1570:
1491:
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1483:
1481:
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1160:than the condor and the golden eagle,
1026:Free to the wind, your beautiful flag
1003:Nor there be slaves who lick the yoke
984:y en sus alas levante hasta el cielo,
947:que es tan sólo el honor su alma idea
666:Stained in blood, your beautiful flag
655:Stained in blood, your beautiful flag
624:Y en sus alas levante hasta el cielo,
320:was a member of the qualifying jury.
7:
1459:Diario Oficial de la América Central
1346:
1344:
1342:
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1162:And on its wings lift up to the sky,
1090:Who venerate peace as a prized gift,
1043:The plough that fertilises the soil,
999:Merry Guatemala...! That your altars
923:y ¡ay! de aquel que con ciega locura
792:And on its wings lift up to the sky,
745:From the steel to the vibrant clash,
734:From the steel to the vibrant clash.
723:And woe to he who perjures with hand
683:The plough that fertilises the soil,
668:Will serve as a shroud for the bold,
657:Will serve as a shroud for the bold.
552:Muere el crimen y se hunde el error.
3022:Federal Republic of Central America
1792:Federal Republic of Central America
1232:The stanza corresponds more to the
1118:From two seas to the sonorous noise
1030:That your people with fierce spirit
1001:Never be profaned by the tormentor,
982:más que el cóndor y el águila real!
971:más que el cóndor y el águila real!
928:Pues tus hijos valientes y altivos,
823:. These are the lyrics sung today.
758:From two seas to the sonorous noise
622:Más que el cóndor y el águila real,
611:Más que el cóndor y el águila real!
563:Y ¡ay de aquel que con mano perjura
336:Palma confesses to being the author
278:In 1896, the government of General
1664:Ruano, José María Bonilla (1935).
1411:Municipalidad de San Juan Comalapa
1329:Bonilla Ruano, Jose Maria (1935).
1120:Under the wing of scarlet and gold
1072:Gave life to the redemptive ideal.
1066:And managed without a bloody clash
1005:Nor tyrants who spit on your face.
965:Ave indiana que vive en tu escudo,
945:si defienden su tierra y su hogar,
934:si defienden su tierra y su hogar.
869:Libre al viento tu hermosa bandera
858:libre al viento tu hermosa bandera
849:ni haya esclavos que laman el yugo
760:Under the wing of scarlet and gold
743:The torrent of blood that emanates
732:The torrent of blood that emanates
703:They tore you from the bloody rack
692:They tore you from the bloody rack
670:May your people with fierce spirit
648:Nor tyrants who spit on your face.
605:Ave indiana que vive en tu escudo,
589:Y el altar de la patria, su altar.
587:Que es tan sólo el honor su presea
546:Te arrancaron del potro sangriento
535:Te arrancaron del potro sangriento
509:Tinta en sangre tu hermosa bandera
498:Tinta en sangre tu hermosa bandera
14:
1122:You are dazzled by the beautiful
1068:To place you on a throne of love,
1057:To place you on a throne of love.
1028:To victory or death it will call;
1017:To victory or death it will call.
1010:Is threatened by foreign invasion
949:y el altar de la patria su altar.
921:en que prende una nube su albura,
845:¡Guatemala feliz...! que tus aras
775:Palladium that protects your soil
762:You fall asleep to the beautiful
728:May your brave and proud children
721:Between clouds of clear whiteness
568:Que tus hijos valientes y altivos
489:No hay cobardes que laman el yugo
110:
2386:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1836:
1830:
1309:Bran Azmitia, Rigoberto (1972).
1107:That honour is their guiding cry
1079:A piece of heaven your ensign is
1045:And the sword that saves honour.
910:que de patria en enérgico acento
906:Y lograron sin choque sangriento
895:y lograron sin choque sangriento
893:encendidos en patrio ardimiento,
705:And lifted you a throne of love.
694:And lifted you a throne of love.
685:And the sword that saves honour.
565:Sus colores se atreva a manchar!
550:Que de patria al enérgico acento
533:Encendidos en patrio ardimiento,
485:¡Guatemala feliz...! ya tus aras
410:Problems playing this file? See
395:
229:Manuel Lisandro Barillas Bercián
1802:Ten Years of Spring (1944–1954)
1640:Cartilla cívica Libre al viento
1164:Guatemala, your immortal name!
962:te adormeces del bello Quetzal.
930:que veneran la paz cual presea,
891:Nuestros padres lucharon un día
888:y la espada que salva el honor.
856:lo amenaza invasión extranjera,
794:Guatemala, your immortal name!
730:See with joy in the rough fight
653:Is profaned by foreign invasion
639:Happy Guatemala...! Your altars
602:Te adormeces del bello quetzal.
583:El torrente de sangre que humea
572:El torrente de sangre que humea
531:Nuestros padres lucharon un día
528:Y la espada que salva el honor.
487:No sangrienta feroz el verdugo,
191:independence of Central America
1054:managed without a bloody clash
1050:Burning with patriotic fervor,
1032:Rather dead than slave become.
1008:If tomorrow your sacred ground
986:Guatemala, tu nombre inmortal.
967:paladión que protege tu suelo;
956:Recostada en el ande soberbio,
912:dieron vida al ideal redentor.
908:colocarte en un trono de amor,
897:colocarte en un trono de amor.
884:tú forjaste con mano iracunda,
875:antes muerto que esclavo será.
851:ni tiranos que escupan tu faz.
681:You smelted with an angry hand
651:If tomorrow your sacred ground
626:Guatemala, tu nombre inmortal!
548:Y te alzaron un trono de amor.
537:Y te alzaron un trono de amor.
526:El arado que el suelo fecunda,
515:Antes muerto que esclavo será.
496:Lo profana invasión extranjera
491:Ni tiranos que escupan tu faz.
1:
3154:National symbols of Guatemala
1085:Its colours intends to stain!
1041:You forged with an angry hand
1039:From your old and hard chains
960:bajo el ala de grana y de oro
958:de dos mares al ruido sonoro,
925:sus colores pretenda manchar.
886:el arado que el suelo fecunda
882:De tus viejas y duras cadenas
873:que tu pueblo con ánima fiera
803:Current lyrics (1934–present)
690:Burning with national ardour,
679:From your old and hard chains
607:Paladión que protege tu suelo
600:Bajo el ala de grana y de oro
596:Recostada en el ande soberbio
585:Del acero al vibrante chocar,
574:Del acero al vibrante chocar.
570:Ven con gozo en la ruda pelea
524:Tu fundiste con mano iracunda
522:De tus viejas y duras cadenas
513:Que tu pueblo con ánima fiera
1797:1902 eruption of Santa María
1712:National anthem of Guatemala
980:¡Ojalá que remonte su vuelo,
969:¡ojalá que remonte su vuelo,
943:Nunca esquivan la ruda pelea
932:nunca esquivan la ruda pelea
919:Es tu enseña pedazo de cielo
847:no profane jamás el verdugo;
672:Be rather dead than a slave.
598:De dos mares al ruido sonoro
561:Entre nubes de nítida albura
559:Es tu enseña pedazo de cielo
511:De mortaja al audaz servirá,
500:De mortaja al audaz servirá.
163:. Its music was composed by
149:national anthem of Guatemala
2977:Take Me Home, Country Roads
2125:Water supply and sanitation
1719:Himno Nacional de Guatemala
1621:Hernández de León, Federico
1357:La Ilustración Guatemalteca
1103:Never dodge the rough fight
1092:Never dodge the rough fight
871:a vencer o a morir llamará;
860:a vencer o a morir llamará.
725:Dares to stain its colours!
620:¡Ojalá que remonte su vuelo
609:¡Ojalá que remonte su vuelo
448:La Ilustración Guatemalteca
365:Original lyrics (1897–1934)
316:As can be seen, Cuban poet
207:La Ilustración Guatemalteca
157:Himno Nacional de Guatemala
24:Himno Nacional de Guatemala
3180:
1625:El Libro de las Efemérides
1439:(in Spanish). 4 March 2014
1129:Indian bird that lives in
1048:Our fathers fought one day
854:Si mañana tu suelo sagrado
769:Indian bird that lives on
688:Our fathers fought one day
494:Si mañana tu suelo sagrado
330:Exposición Centroamericana
263:Exposición Centroamericana
260:
180:Exposición Centroamericana
91:19 February 1897
2902:South Carolina on My Mind
2687:Where the Columbines Grow
2565:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
2469:Newfoundland and Labrador
2190:
2068:
2017:
1951:
1855:
1828:
1605:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1525:(in Spanish). 15 May 2021
1501:Departamento de Educación
1461:(in Spanish). Guatemala:
1437:Departamento de Educación
1234:Cuban War of Independence
840:
756:Lying on the superb Andes
709:Crime die and error sink.
480:
187:Cuban War of Independence
141:
111:
102:
44:
35:
23:
2849:Northern Mariana Islands
2446:Turks and Caicos Islands
1956:Administrative divisions
1116:Leaning on the proud alp
817:José María Bonilla Ruano
280:José María Reina Barrios
199:José María Bonilla Ruano
161:José María Reina Barrios
63:José María Bonilla Ruano
2982:The West Virginia Hills
2522:Sint Eustatius (Statia)
1407:"Rafael Alvarez Ovalle"
1138:that protects your land
3144:North American anthems
2917:My Homeland, Tennessee
2431:British Virgin Islands
1578:"Decreto Numero 43-97"
1559:: CS1 maint: others (
1202:
1196:
1155:May it take its flight
1140:May it take its flight
812:
788:May it take its flight
777:May it take its flight
642:The fierce executioner
451:
428:
384:
374:
343:Manuel Estrada Cabrera
314:
275:
156:
121:
2376:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1817:Civil War (1960–1996)
1146:and the golden eagle!
821:Jorge Ubico Castañeda
810:
459:peacefully, Cuba was
437:Rafael Álvarez Ovalle
434:
422:
383:
372:
270:
244:Rafael Álvarez Ovalle
165:Rafael Álvarez Ovalle
120:
74:Rafael Álvarez Ovalle
3071:Netherlands Antilles
2479:Prince Edward Island
1930:World Heritage Sites
1352:"Don Rafael Alvarez"
1239:Justo Rufino Barrios
832:English translation
811:Modern musical score
719:is a piece of heaven
472:English translation
435:Guatemalan composer
423:Cuban poet and hero
2949:U.S. Virgin Islands
2937:Smoky Mountain Rain
2757:You Are My Sunshine
2682:Rocky Mountain High
2413:British West Indies
2391:Trinidad and Tobago
2286:Antigua and Barbuda
1812:Guatemalan genocide
1014:your beautiful flag
644:no longer bloodies,
461:waging a fierce war
347:Fiestas Minervalias
46:National anthem of
27:
3149:Music of Guatemala
3038:Confederate States
3030:Confederate States
2575:Kingdom of Denmark
2537:French West Indies
2326:Dominican Republic
2037:Telecommunications
1865:Biosphere reserves
1012:Free to the wind,
813:
452:
429:
425:José Joaquín Palma
385:
375:
318:José Joaquín Palma
276:
176:José Joaquín Palma
122:
59:José Joaquín Palma
3131:
3130:
3002:
3001:
2752:Give Me Louisiana
2233:
2232:
2186:
2185:
2055:
2054:
2004:
2003:
1991:Political parties
1976:Foreign relations
1938:
1937:
1782:Captaincy General
1650:978-99922-58-06-4
1379:Quiñónez, Edgar.
1170:
1169:
829:Spanish original
800:
799:
771:your coat of arms
469:Spanish original
400:
145:
144:
118:
3171:
3164:National anthems
3159:Songs in Spanish
3124:
3121:(United States)
3115:
3107:
3099:
3091:
3083:
3075:
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3064:(United States)
3058:
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3018:
2555:Saint-Barthélemy
2409:
2279:Sovereign states
2273:of North America
2271:regional anthems
2260:
2253:
2246:
2237:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2066:
2015:
1949:
1853:
1840:
1834:
1807:1954 coup d'état
1777:Spanish conquest
1750:
1743:
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1199:
1197:Guatemala Feliz!
1192:
1153:
1142:Higher than the
1101:
1064:
1024:
988:
987:
978:
941:
904:
867:
826:
786:
741:
701:
664:
628:
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466:
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382:
355:
312:
252:
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119:
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40:
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3032:
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3016:
2998:
2922:Tennessee Waltz
2893:South Carolina
2640:
2587:
2569:
2531:
2494:Dutch Caribbean
2488:
2450:
2400:
2274:
2264:
2234:
2229:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2182:
2178:Public holidays
2173:National emblem
2129:
2120:Sex trafficking
2051:
2000:
1981:Law enforcement
1934:
1925:Water resources
1842:
1841:
1826:
1822:1976 earthquake
1763:
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1503:. 11 March 2014
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386:
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367:
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349:
338:
313:
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300:Guatemala feliz
265:
259:
246:
235:
233:National Anthem
221:
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167:
137:
123:
114:
94:
92:
76:
50:
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17:
12:
11:
5:
3177:
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2560:Saint Martin
2527:Sint Maarten
2340:
2211:Bibliography
2142:
2110:Prostitution
2103:Demographics
2022:Central bank
1966:Constitution
1910:Ramsar sites
1860:Biodiversity
1787:Mexican rule
1717:
1691:. Retrieved
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107:Audio sample
18:
3123:(1940-1997)
3114:(1831–1931)
3106:(1789–1931)
3098:(1893–1910)
3090:(1889–1893)
3082:(1876–1889)
3074:(2000–2010)
3066:(1937–2021)
3057:(1893–1903)
3049:(1967–1974)
3041:(1861–1865)
3033:(1861–1865)
3025:(1823–1839)
3017:(1833-1867)
2884:Puerto Rico
2813:New Mexico
2784:Mississippi
2694:Connecticut
2381:Saint Lucia
2331:El Salvador
2093:LGBT rights
1875:Earthquakes
1466: [
1131:your shield
1099:Chorus III:
739:Chorus III:
717:Your ensign
440: [
356:that year.
350: [
247: [
236: [
195:Jorge Ubico
168: [
77: [
3138:Categories
2969:Washington
2913:Tennessee
2748:Louisiana
2674:California
2550:Martinique
2545:Guadeloupe
2441:Montserrat
2311:Costa Rica
2158:Literature
1996:Presidents
1880:Ecoregions
1693:22 January
1687:Portal MCD
1591:22 January
1529:22 January
1507:22 January
1443:22 January
1417:22 January
1391:22 January
1364:22 January
1293:References
1256:José Martí
1243:José Martí
1151:Chorus IV:
1062:Chorus II:
784:Chorus IV:
699:Chorus II:
412:media help
261:See also:
182:of 1897.
95:1897-02-19
3095:Nicaragua
3087:Nicaragua
3079:Nicaragua
2989:Wisconsin
2932:Tennessee
2927:Rocky Top
2858:Oklahoma
2817:Bilingual
2779:Minnesota
2678:Colorado
2636:Zacatecas
2583:Greenland
2366:Nicaragua
2341:Guatemala
2088:Languages
2078:Education
2047:Transport
1971:Elections
1920:Volcanism
1848:Geography
1757:Guatemala
1555:cite book
1136:Palladium
1022:Chorus I:
939:Coro III:
662:Chorus I:
579:Coro III:
225:Guatemala
48:Guatemala
3119:Virginia
3062:Maryland
2964:Virginia
2897:Carolina
2862:Oklahoma
2834:New York
2799:Nebraska
2789:Missouri
2774:Michigan
2744:Kentucky
2724:Illinois
2699:Delaware
2669:Arkansas
2626:Tlaxcala
2616:Coahuila
2421:Anguilla
2351:Honduras
2321:Dominica
2296:Barbados
2267:National
2220:Category
2115:Religion
2032:Currency
1986:Military
1961:Congress
1944:Politics
1761:articles
1623:(1930).
1601:cite web
976:Coro IV:
902:Coro II:
616:Coro IV:
542:Coro II:
309:—
3046:Grenada
2994:Wyoming
2959:Vermont
2827:Spanish
2822:English
2794:Montana
2729:Indiana
2709:Georgia
2704:Florida
2664:Arizona
2654:Alabama
2631:Yucatán
2611:Chiapas
2512:Curaçao
2507:Bonaire
2474:Ontario
2464:Alberta
2426:Bermuda
2405:Regions
2356:Jamaica
2336:Grenada
2291:Bahamas
2197:Outline
2148:Cuisine
2135:Culture
2061:Society
2042:Tourism
2010:Economy
1895:Islands
1769:History
1472:. 1896.
1124:quetzal
865:Coro I:
764:quetzal
505:Coro I:
450:, 1897.
219:Origins
214:History
153:Spanish
93: (
88:Adopted
3014:Alaska
3007:Former
2874:Oregon
2804:Nevada
2739:Kansas
2714:Hawaii
2659:Alaska
2621:Oaxaca
2593:Mexico
2484:Quebec
2456:Canada
2371:Panama
2361:Mexico
2306:Canada
2301:Belize
2225:Portal
2143:Anthem
2098:People
2083:Health
2027:Coffee
1915:Rivers
1870:Cities
1759:
1647:
1158:Higher
1144:condor
360:Lyrics
83:, 1896
55:Lyrics
3054:Haiti
2944:Texas
2764:Maine
2719:Idaho
2502:Aruba
2346:Haiti
2204:Index
2168:Music
2163:Media
2073:Crime
1900:Lakes
1890:Flora
1885:Fauna
1581:(PDF)
1470:]
1182:Notes
444:]
354:]
251:]
240:]
172:]
81:]
70:Music
2954:Utah
2854:Ohio
2734:Iowa
2517:Saba
2316:Cuba
2269:and
2153:Flag
1695:2022
1645:ISBN
1607:link
1593:2022
1561:link
1531:2022
1509:2022
1445:2022
1419:2022
1393:2022
1366:2022
1052:And
147:The
133:help
128:file
61:and
1076:III
916:III
713:III
556:III
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1603:}}
1599:{{
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519:II
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